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EEE 1217 Analog Electronic Circuits: Dr. Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury
EEE 1217 Analog Electronic Circuits: Dr. Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury
46
Transistor Construction
There are two types of transistors:
pnp
npn
pnp
47
Transistor Construction
48
Transistor Operation
forward-biased diode
Reverse-biased junction of a pnp transistor.
heavy flow of majority carriers
forward-biased diode
from the p- to the n-type
flow of minority carriers from
material
the n- to the p-type material
49
49
Transistor Operation
With the external sources, VEE and VCC, connected as shown:
50
Currents in a Transistor
Emitter current is the sum of the collector and
base currents:
IE IC IB
51
Transistor Operation
Active region
In the active region the collector-base junction is
reverse-biased, while the base-emitter junction is
forward-biased
Cutoff region
In the cutoff region the collector-base and baseemitter junctions of a transistor are both reversebiased.
Saturation region
In the saturation region the collector-base and baseemitter junctions are forward-biased
52
Common-Base Configuration
53
Common-Base Amplifier
Input Characteristics
This curve shows the relationship
between of input current (IE) to input
voltage (VBE) for three output voltage
(VCB) levels.
54
Common-Base Amplifier
Output Characteristics
This graph demonstrates
the output current (IC) to
an output voltage (VCB) for
various levels of input
current (IE).
55
Operating Regions
56
Approximations
Emitter and collector currents:
I
Base-emitter voltage:
VBE 0.7 V (for Silicon)
57
Alpha ()
Alpha () is the ratio of IC to IE :
dc
IC
IE
Ideally: = 1
In reality: is between 0.9 and 0.998
Alpha () in the AC mode:
ac
I C
I E
58
Transistor Amplification
10mA
I E Ii
20
Ri
I
I
V
Voltage Gain:
Av
VL
Vi
50V
200mV
250
I 10 mA
i
I R (10 ma )(5 k) 50 V
L
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET
59
CommonEmitter Configuration
60
Common-Emitter Characteristics
Collector Characteristics
Base Characteristics
61
IE = IC + IB
Actual Currents
IC = IE + ICBO
ICEO
ICBO
1
I B 0 A
62
Beta ()
represents the amplification factor of a transistor. ( is
sometimes referred to as hfe, a term used in transistor modeling
calculations)
In DC mode:
dc
IC
IB
In AC mode:
ac
IC
IB
VCE constant
63
Beta ()
Relationship between amplification factors and
1-
I C IB
I E ( 1)I B
64
CommonCollector Configuration
65
CommonCollector Configuration
66