300 ,

15000 . ,
20, , 90%
.
( 18-20%) , ,
2000-15000 .

.
2015
.
1.5 . 250
1 .
2000
2,5 .
,
. ,
,
,
.

, .
.
, ,
,
.
( )
,
.
2012

1. .......................................................................................................... 5
1.1. ....................................................................... 5
1.2. ..................................................................................... 5
2. ............................................................................................ 7
2.1. ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.2. () ........................ 7
2.3. ...................................................................... 8
2.3.1. ......................................................................................................................8
2.3.2.
........................................................................................................................9
3.
() ............................................................................. 11
3.1. .............................................................................................................. 11
3.2. .................................................. 14
3.2.1. ....................................................................................................................14
3.2.2. ....................14

3.2.2.1.
3.2.2.2.
3.2.2.3.
3.2.2.4.

........................................................................................................... 14
........................................................................................ 14
Imhoff ........................................................... 16
............................................. 16

3.2.3.
- .....................21
3.2.4. ......................................24
3.3. .................................................. 25
3.3.1. ...............................................................................................................25

3.3.1.1.

..................................................... 27

. & ..................................... 27
A.1. ............................................................. 27
A.2. ............................................................ 29
A.3.
( ) .................................................................................... 30
A.4. (SBR) .................................. 32
A.5. (Moving Bed Bio-Reactor, MBBR) ..... 34
. ............................................. 37
.1. (embrane Bioreactor MBR) ... 37
.2.
(Moving Bed Membrane Reactor, MBMR) .................................... 39
.3. .......... 39
. ...................................................................................... 44
.1. ............................................................................. 45
.2. ............................................................................ 51
.2.1 ...................................................................................... 51
.2.2. (textile filters) ......................................... 52
. (RBC) ........................................... 53

3.3.1.2.

.................................................................................. 56

. ............................................................ 56
. ................................................................. 58
3

. ............................................................... 60
. ........................................................................... 61
. ........................................ 66
. ( ) ...................................... 68
4. ........................................................................ 72
5. .......................................... 74
5.1. .............................................................................................................. 74
5.2. ................................................................................. 78
5.2.1. (<2.000) 1 ( 3)....78
5.2.2. (<2.000) 2 ( 4)....78
5.2.3. ()
........................................................................78
5.2.4. ()
........................................................................78
5.2.5. ....................................79
5.2.6. ---
.................................................................................................................79
5.2.7. &
( 7) ..............................................................................................80
6. ................................................................................... 81

1.

1.1.

. ,

2000 ( 91/271),
.

.
( )

.

. ,
, ,
.
,
.

, .
:


.
,
.


.
, , .


.
(.. ,
.)

1.2.

.
.
. ,
, ...
, ..., MSc.
, & / ..., MSc.

, :

1. CODE OF PRACTICE - Wastewater treatment Manuals, Treatment Systems for Single Houses (p.e. 10), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2009.
2. WASTEWATER TREATMENT MANUALS, Treatment Systems for Small Communities, Business, Leisure, Centers and
Hotels, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1999.
3. MANUAL Wastewater Treatment/Disposal for Small Communities, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
1992.
4. Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2002.
5.
(500-5.000 ),
, 2001.
6. Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems, McGraw-Hill, Crites-Tcobanoglous, 1998.
7. , , ,
, .. G. Tchonanoglous, 1995.
8. Wastewater Engineering, Treatment Disposal Reuse, Third Edition, Metcalf & Eddy.
9. Terms and Definitions of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 91/271/EEC, Compiled FINAL Version,
Brussels 16 January 2007.
10. Bouwer, H. (1991). "Role of Groundwater Recharge in Treatment and Storage of Wastewater for Reuse." Wat Sci
Technol 24(9).
11. USEPA Wastewater (1999) Technology Fact Sheet, Sequencing Batch Reactor, EPA 832-F-99-073.
12. . (2009) -

2.

2.1.
91/271/
, ...
5673/400/1997, - , ,
.

,
.

... 5673/400/1997 -
- 2005 .. 2.000
.
,
,
, .
(agglomerations)
/

.
2.000
. ,
.

2.2. ()

.221/65 ( 138/24-2-65), (..),
, . 7
.. 1/65 , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
. ,
, , Imhoff,
, , ,
.
, 4, . 1 ... 5673/400/1997 ....

, ,
,
..
, , / :


(
),

, .
7

2.3.
2.3.1.

,
,
.
, :
 .. 1/65, ,
( ). ..
, ,
, ,
, . .. 1/65
1970 (1 : 1971 1/17831 2 : 1974 4/1305),
(. 6)
(. 9). 8 ../65
3 2008,
(.2/... 133551), , ,
... 145116/2011, .
 ... 5673/400/1997, ,
( 7), /

( 2, . 9).
 ... 145116/2011 ( 354) ,
,
..1 ,
...
( )
( 2, . .). ...
. ...
( 3, . 3).

(3) :
1. (, , ). ,
91/271/,
... 5673/400/1997.
2. : ,
... 145116/2011.
3. . 2 (
), ... 145116 354/8-5-2011.

2.3.2.

... 145116/2011 -

2.000 .. .
:

... ,
:



.

2000
,
BOD5/SS 5673/400/5.3.97...,
.
EC 1000 EC/100ml.
,
2.000 .. , ,
:
 ( BOD5) .
-
.
 .

, :
 ()
.
15mg/l

.
, .
 .

1.000 C/100ml
.
,
.

 ()
.
9

,
( ), :
- BOD5
: 30-50 0%
- A SS
: 50-60%

10

3.
()

3.1.


,

, ,
.
( ),
, ( 4, . 1 ...
5673/400/1997). , , ,
,

,
.
,

.

50 /.
50 /,
.

, /

10.000
9.000
8.000
7.000
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
-

50

100

150

200

250

, cap/ha

1. ..
(: , , 2008)

11

.
:

,
. ,
D 70 /
(L) :
L = 2,75 x D + 60,58
70 ./
250 /.

250 / .
, ,
..
( ),
.

.
,
,
.
,
(, ) .

,
.
( ),
(, ), (..
).
, ,

,
, ,
.
( ),
,
(...<2.000),
,
/ .
,
,

12

, .
(
) .
. ,

. ,
, ,
.
- -
().
:

(
),


.
,

&
.
().

,
( ),
.
,
,
, ,
,

.

13

3.2.
3.2.1.
,
.
, ( )
.

Imhoff. .
()

.
( )
(.. , , ..).
,
(compact units).

3.2.2.
3.2.2.1.

, :
 . H
(
). Imfoff,
.
 , .

3.2.2.2.

. 24 . ,
, ,
.

, (
) .
(plug flow reactor).
:
, ()
.

.

14

,
. (
) ,
( )
(, , , ..).
,
,
.

( 12 ). ,
, 1/6

, .
,
.

.
, .

.

(.. , fiberglass
).
30-50% BOD5, 50-80%
60-80% .
BOD
.

15

. (US EPA)
:
V=(q P+2.000)
:

V= ( )
P= ( 4)
q= (lt/.-).

,
(, )
.

,
.
2,50m3.
1,5-2,0m
/ 3/1. -
.
0,3m.

3.2.2.3.

Imhoff

Imhoff.
.
Imhoff
. .

. ,
BOD5 25 -35%
50%.
Imhoff

.

. Imfoff .

3.2.2.4.

BOD .
.
- -
, .
,
.
16

,
.
2,50m 0,50-0,55m.

1,2m.
,
( )
,
.
,
.
,
.
.


.

.
.
,
, ,
, .
,

.
.

.
.

.
.
.
( ),
,
.

, :

17

.1

.2

2,50 m

.3

0,50 m

.4

( )

0,85 m

.5

-
(
)

.6

1. 0,30m
2.
3. 0,55mm
8-32mm
1. : 10m
2. : 3m
3. : 3m
4. A : 4m
5. - : 10m
6. - : 50m

()

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

18,0 m

100 mm (110mm)
0,5%
0,2%

1. :
1.1. 8mm 75mm
1.2. 3
2. :

, :
/

.1

.2

.3

.4

-
(
)

.5

.6

0,60 m
1. 0,30m
2. ANEIA
3. 0,45mm
8-32mm
4
1. : 10m
2. : 3m
3. : 3m
4. A : 4m
5. - : 10m
6. - : 50m

()

.1

.2

.3

4 lt/m /d

32 mm

1. :
1.1. 6mm 300mm
1.2. 1

2. :

(CODE OF PRACTICE - Wastewater treatment Manuals, Treatment Systems for Single Houses - p.e. 10, EPA,
2009)

18

.
" "
:
30cm
30x30cm (x), 90cm . ,
24.

.
( : / .. min/cm)
( ) .
50 min/inch (120 sec/mm),
,
90 min/inch (210 sec/mm),
.
,
3 min/inch (7 sec/mm) .
,
:
A = P x Vp x C
:
= , m2
P = , ..
Vp = , sec/mm
C = .
150 lt/..-, C
, 0,20.
, :

min/inch

sec/mm

m2/..

3,0
5,0
15,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0

7,20
12,00
36,00
48,00
72,00
96,00
120,00

1,4
2,4
7,2
9,6
14,4
19,2
24

m
*/..
3
5
14
19
29
38
48

* 0,50m

19

(CODE OF PRACTICE - Wastewater

treatment Manuals, Treatment Systems for Single Houses - p.e. 10, EPA, 2009)
, ( 0,50m)
18,0m (
), 9m2/..
( ) 2,50m,
10..,
400-500m2 .
,
, ,
15-25 m2/.. ,
.

.

20

3.2.3.
-

, (on-site)
.
-
,
.
BOD5 ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
BOD5 .
,
,
.
. .

, ,
.

.
.
. (
), ,

.
, .
,
,
.
-
18 mm 6 mm - ,
0,05m3 50 cm.
BOD5 40-75%
40-65%. O
(BOD5=200-250 mg/l)
(BOD5=100-120 mg/l).
18-24 ,

21

,
.
.
0,6 mm
1.5-2.0. , 0,30 m :
.
1,5-2.0 m3/m2
BOD5
70% 60%.
3-5 .

(80%), .

5-10 cm,
.
.

. BOD5
- - ,
20 mg/l,
.


- .

,
.

(0.5-0.6 m/),

,
( ).

(BOD5
20 cm/l).
.

22

: ,

( , , , ).
BOD ,
.
( )
.
:
, ,
, .
40-50%

.

,
.
, .

,
1-2 .

.
,
...

) , )
)

23

) , )
) .

3.2.4.

.
, :
 .
 .
 .


(.. ,
..) :

(.. , SBR)

( , ,
..)

(RBC)

(R)


, , .
,

,
, :
 (,)
 (.. )


 ( ).

BOD5
20 mg/l .

24

,
, 7
.. 51/2008.
3.2.4,
( ) , ,
(. . 3.3).
( ) ,
,
, 3.2.3

3.3.
3.3.1.
,
,
,
.
(, ),
(, , )

.
.
:


(Attached Growth Systems).

(Suspended Growth Systems).

.

, :

(
)

( )
.

, ,
,
.
:

25

-
1.
i.
ii.
iii. ( )
iv. (SBR)
v. (Moving Bed BioReactor, MBBR)
2.
i. (R)
ii.
(Moving Bed Membrane Reactor, MBMR)
iii.
3.
i. 1 : ( ) /
( )
ii. : , (textile filters)
iii.
4.

1.
i.
ii.
iii.
2.
i. (FWS)
ii. (SFS)
- (HF)
- (VF)
3.
4.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

:

,
.

, , ,

( ).

( )
.
.
1

26

(
), .

,
.

3.3.1.1.

. &

A.1.

.
, ,
.
, .
.
, ,
(40-70%), (25-40% D5).
, (
), .
.
, , ,

, , . ,
, .

. ,
, .
(
).
,

. , ,
, -
( ) .

.
,
.
,
.
( ) ,
() .

27

.
,
, ,
,
.

.
, , ( 50%
)
91/271 .. .
, ,
, ,
,

.
, ,
( )
.

20-25% , ,
,

( 10%).
:
.

BOD5 .
(
).
.
( ).









:
.
.
.
.
,
( ).
.
.

28

A.2.

, .

.
,
,
(
).
,
,
.

.
, ,
( ,
) .
( )
. ,
( ).
,
.
.

, .
, (
) .
( )
,
.

29

- .
,
-
.


.

.
:

BOD5 .
.
.

.

, .

.


.






:
.
.
.

.

A.3. ( )

, .
(>4.000mg/l),

(
).
,
.
,
(-), .

30

,

.

.
, ,
.



, 24.
,
.

- . , ,
. ,
,
.

().
,
.


.
, ,


.
.
,
.
,
.
, :

BOD5 .
.
( ,
).
.

31

.
.
:
 .
 , ,
.

..,
,
.
 .

A.4. (SBR)
, ,
,

.

. (3)
, .
SBR
SBR
( )
.

32

SBR
SBR .
( ) .

( )
( ) .
( )
, ,
.
, /

( ).
IV ( ) ,
,

. .
,
,
,
.

33

SBR ,
10.000 mg/l. ,
.

.
,
95%.
, .

70-80%.

. ,
.

,
(..
).
:

BOD5 .
.
.
. ,
.
,
.

.
.

.
:
 ,
.
 .
 .
 .

A.5. (Moving Bed Bio-Reactor, MBBR)

MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor)
.
1980
.

34

,
()
.
MBBR
. , ,
. , MBBR
,
.
()
.
,
. ,
MBBR

(degaard et al.,
2000).
MBBR

MBBR-IFAS (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor) - (Integrated
Fixed-Film Activated Sludge),
.

(),
.

.
964 mm , (> 500
m2/m3).
10% 65%,
. . ,
,
. ,
(compact),
.
.
, .

.
, ,,
( ),

. ,

35

,
,
.
,
.
, .
.
.

MBBR

MBBR-IFAS
, ,
.
,
15-90 ,

. ,
7 10 gBOD5/m2.d 10C.
MBBR
:
: ,
: ,
, ,
, .

36

: ,
,
,

.
: ,
, ,
.
R :

.
MBBR-IFAS .

 .
 .

.1. (embrane Bioreactor MBR)

(R)
.
, ,
( F-UF)

.
,
.
R
10
20kgr/m3 30-60
.

( MF UF) 0,01m 1m
0,4m. 5Q ( Q
)
0,5-1,5Q.

37

MR
,
( )
3 .


.
.
O ( ,
sMBR)
. 3-10
, ,
.
,
,

.
RB (sMBR)
(side-stream MBR).
R
,
(
). ,
,
.

38

,
, /
5-10% .
,
.
H MRB :
(
BOD5 > 95%).
91-271/
>100.000 .

.
...
.
.

.
.

.
( ..
).
:
 .
 (
).
 ( ).
 .
 .

.2.
(Moving Bed Membrane Reactor, MBMR)
MBBR (Moving Bed
Biofilm Reactor) ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
, .

.3.

39

,
,
. :



.3.1. ()


, .
,
BOD 50-70% 80-90%.
, ,
.
,
, (, , ). .
50 m, 5 m 0,05 m
0,001-1 m.
0,1-0,6 mm ,
,
.


0,1-2,0 mm .

.

:
) (full-treatment process):
: , , .

( 50-125 mg/l, 0,2-1 mg/l)
.

.
) (direct filtration): : ,
.
2-15
mg/l 40-50 mg/l .
) (contact filtration):


. 2-10 mg/l
40-50 mg/l .


.

40

.
, ,
.
,
.. ( ).
:

,
, .

.
.
-
, - .
.
( 0,30-0,50m)
.
,
.
,
,
.
, , .

- . ,
1,40m 2,0m.

. ,
.
,
.
:

.
.

,
.
, ,
.

41

.
,

. .
,
.

, ,
,

. ,
.
,
.
.
,
:
:
( - ).
,
.

:
 .
 .
 .
 (
).

(
) ,
(.. ) .
,
, , (
) , .
.
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
,
. ,

42

. ,
, .
.
,
.
, ,
.
, .
,
:
:

.
.
.
.
:

 ,
(-).

.3.2.
,
.
(<2 mg/l)
(<1NTU).

.

.

.
, .
,
.


.
, .

.
.
.

. ,

.

43

( ).
.

.
,
,
.
.


/ Cl.

, ,
.

(suspended growth),
(attached growth).
, ,
,
.

.

.

:

 ( , , ,

..).
, ,
, .
,
.

.
.
,

44

.
.

.1.
:



,
,
.
, (-) ,
, :
1.
.
, ,
.
2. .

. .

.
3. ,
( )

.
4.
.
,
( BOD, ).
,

.
,
.

.

.

45

.
:

.1.1.
1.
2,5-10 cm
5 cm. 100 m2/m3
50% .
, .
1,0-2,5 m.
,
.

( m3 /m2 )
( kg BOD/m3 ).
.

. ,
(
),
( ). (
.. > 2 m)
(= 50%),
.

( ).
(..
)
.
,

.
.
( )
( ).
:

BOD5 .
, ,
.

.

46

, .
, ,
, -

, ,
.









:


( D5>300mg/lit)
.
(..
)
.
,
(
).
(
, ).

2. (ISF)
(ISF Intermittent Sand Filters)

. ,
,
.
(.. ).
ISF 0,6m.
. ,

.
.
ISF ,
(. ) .

.
.

47

.
,
.
,
.
BOD5 SS
5 mg/L 80% .
.
,
(, )
.
.
.
ISF .

.
,
,
.
.

.

48

(2-3 cm)
.
( )
,
.

.1.2.
1.

,
,
.
,
, , .
, ,
.
( 1/3)
. 1-2,5 m
,
, . ,
,
.
:
( )




:



 .

 (
, ).


2. (RSF)
(RSF Recirculating Sand Filters)
ISF .
.

.
.

49

ISF RSF
, .

.
RSF ,
.

(
).
.
.

.
0,6 m. (0,3 m
) .
,
.
,
.
.

RSF (
).
RSF BOD5 SS
85-95%.
50%.
RSF
ISF.

50

.2.

.

.2.1
,

. ,
.
, .

( 100 m2/m3) ( 350
m2/m3), , ,
93% 95% ( 50% )
.

.
.

.
( , )
12 m.

51

(65-80%)

. ,
5-6 (
/ )
.


.

, .

, .

. ,
(.. )
,
. (wetting rate)
. 0,3-0,7
l/m2sec.
(Roughing Filter)

.
.
:
,



( 12m)


:
 BOD5.

.

 (
, ).


.2.2. (textile filters)

. ,
.

52

(.. fiberglass).

. .

( 90% BOD5 ).

.
.






:
BOD5.

(startup)






:
.

. (RBC)

( )
( , ).


. ,

,
.

.

,
, HDPE, .
, 70
,
( 100.000 ) .

53

.


.
,


.

( 4 m)
, ,
.
, .
1.100m2 /m

.
1.400 2.000 m2
m
.
0,0049 m3 / m2 .
40%
.
1,4 1,8 m.

.
mg/l.

.


.

, 90 95% BOD5.



.

.


.

54

.


.

( 100 mg/l)

.
,

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(16 32 m3/m2-, 90 140 kgSS/m2-).
(4-5%)
.

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55

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56

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57

.

(5-50 mm/h),
.
( 0.9-1.2 m)
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8,4.
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58

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0,03 - 0,4 m/. ,
4-10%.
.


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6-20 .

59

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(4-60 ./103m3d),
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60

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(<0,6m),
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2.000 ,
(BOD5<5mg/l) (SS<10mg/l),
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.

61

(Free Water Surface

Treatment Wetlands-FWS)

(Subsurface Flow Systems-SFS).

:
(HF)
(VF).
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,

, (Phragmites
communis), (Juncus spp.), (Scripus spp.)
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).

62

FWS :
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-> .






FWS, :
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.2.1. (HF)

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63

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64

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:
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65

0,6-0,8 m
.
Phragmites australis. ,
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2-5 m2 ..

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(1-3 )





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2-5 m2 . .


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Eichhornia crassipes, Hydrocotyle
Lemnaceae.
BOD,
.

66

,
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-
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24 360m3/.
. (BOD5 SS<30
mg/lt) 20-60 m3/. .
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16 Kg/. .


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67

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.1.
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m 25 180 .
:

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68

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BOD
.
, .

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BOD
30-40mg/l. , ,
10-100mg/l ,
.
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40%-95%.
, 40%. ,
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120 .
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 2,2-2,8 kg/..
 1 2m 2,5 m.
 6 .

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69






( ).
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0,3 0,6m.

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. 20-50 .

.

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70

,
:
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.4.
,
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. 2 5 m
3 6 . BOD
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0,5 1,0 ,
.
. ,
BOD5 =20-40 mg/l SS=20-60 mg/l.
,
.

.
(
) :
 .
 2-5 , .

71

4.

,
,
.
:
i.

-
( 1)
- SBR ( 2)
- R ( 3)

ii.
iii.

, ,
2,

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-

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,
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:

( 1).

--

= 1.200
0,75

- SBR
( 2).

= 2.500
0,70

MBR
( 3).

= 4.250
0,60

:
=
=

( 50 ..
)
2

, .

72

. ,
, ,
.

20 ... ( / ..) 550
, - ( 1), 990
1.250 /.. 2 3 .
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(
4% 15 40
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MBR
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500

450

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1.
3
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400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

2.
0

20

40
, ..

73

60

5.

5.1.
.4014/2011 ( 209/2011)
,

,
, .
.4014/2011 ... 1958/13-01-2012 ( 21/2012

1 4 .4014/2011,
.4014.

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15277/2012
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2.000 (..)
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77

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81