Total No. of Pages 2 Roll No. 1. SEVENTH SEMESTER B.E. (EC) END SEM EXAMINATION NOV./DEC.-2008 EC-401 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING Time: 3:00 Hours Max. Marks: 70 Ifa (iu) b (i) Gi [ec] fa) b- Question No. ONE is compulsory Answer al J ) Assume suitable missing data, if any. (i) Why isolator is connected in the microwave experimental bench after microwave source? 3x2 What is meant by space charge wheel? (iii) Why Ge and GaAs is the most commonly used semiconductor material for making tunnel diode. Distinguish between the following: 2x2 O-Type and M-type devices Transferred electron devices & dvalanche iransit‘titne devices. Explain waveguide Irisessports and tutning screws. 4 What) are/ the’ limitations of conventional tube at microwave frequencies? Explain how these limitations can be overcome? 6 Derive Maxwell!’s equations and state their physical significance. 8 Explain the operation of Gunn diode with the help of two valley model. 8 Discuss the operation of MASER. 6 What do you understand by the terms cutoff wavelength, dominant & degenerate modes, guide wavelength phase velocity, group velocity and wave impedance. A 20 mW signal is fed into one of collinear port ! of a lossless H plane Tee junction. Calculate the power delivered through each port when other ports are terminated in matched load. 3 How waveguides are different from normal two wire transmission lines. Discuss the similarities and dissimilarities. 3[a] Sta] {b] 6[a] [b] (al [b] [c] [d] lel (f] {g] A matched isolator has insertion loss of 0.5 dB and isolation 25 dB. Find the scattering matrix. 2 Explain the operation of circulator. Mention their typical application. 6 Explain the operation of E-H plane Tee junction. Why a E-H plane Tee is referred to as Magic Tee. Derive its scattering matrix. 8 With the help of an applegate diagram explain the operation of two cavity Klystron. Show that optimum drift space length 3.682V v4 hop = op V, An X band pulsed cylindrical Magnetron has ¢he\ following operating parameters Anode voltage : Vo =26kV Beam current: yb=27 A Magnetic flux density: By = 0.336 wb/m* Radius oftathode cylinder: a= 5 cm Radius of vane edge to center: b = 10 cm Compute (i) The cyclotron angular frequency Gi) The cutoff voltage for a fixed Bo ii) The cutoff magnetic flux density for fixed Vo 8 Write technical notes on any four of the following: 4x3.5 Rat-race junction Attenuator & phase shifter Reflex Klystron Tunnel diode IMPATT diode Directional coupler TWIT .Flow table of the Machine M* Total No. of Pages 4 Roll No. 2.0: joo SEVENTH SEMESTER B.E. (COE/EC) Present states | Next states & ae poets END SEM EXAMINATION NOV./DEC.-2008 x= x=1- Sy Ss, 0 Sq, 0 COE/EC-402 DIGITAL CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS-II So Sy, 0 $),0 ise 7 rs. 0 Se 1 Time: 3:00 Hours Max. Marks : 70 Sa S6, 0 S3, 0 cee. Ss_ _|S1,0 | 87,0 Se Sz, 0 So So, 1 [a] Analyse the circuit diagram and find the flow table of the sequential Fig.5 circuit shown in Fig.1. Also draw the resulting state diagram. 7 14 a $5 ls 4 z x aR < kK ee ing xm A - ak 7 cu Fi ig. (b] Dévelop~a procedure to determine the shortest input sequence that distinguishes a state Si from another state Sj of a given machine. Apply your procedure to determine the shortest input sequence that distinguishes state A from state G of the machine in table given in Fig.2. PS NS, X=0 A,O N Rielsfele|Pfe os ]ts | O}HlolHlol-lo Dl> | H|O|O| |< fop=fe]slalel> alala el a &2[al A sequential circuit has two pulse inputs x sand c and one level output z. ¢ pulse occurs at regular intervals and x pulse occurs only midway between two consecutive c pulses. Change in z are to be coincident with c pulses. Z is to become 1 after two consecutive x pulses have occurred and is to become 0 upon the occurrence of the second consecutive ¢ pulse with no Z pulse in between (i) show the reduced state table (ii) give the excitation and output tables, using D flip flops as memory elements. if [b] Design an overlapping sequence detector that detects the sequence 101011 in the given binary input stream. Me 3[a] | Minimize the machine shown in the table in Fig.3 and d itlusing D flipflops. Show that the equivalence partitioi ic ae WN PS | A EXO XE] | iy 5 ne) C OLL E,0 [D.0 ) C |D,1 |A,0 \D_|C,1 |B,0 B,0 |D,0 Fig3 10 [b] Design a 3 input multiplexer such that it does not exhibit any static hazard. 4 4 — Write short notes on any two of the following: {a] Behavioural modeling in VHDL 3 [b] Macrocell in CPLD 4 [c] data types in VHDL 3 [d] Modes in GAL. 4 5[a] Design the control circuit of the binary multiplier using D flipflops and a decoder. Also construct the ASM chart. 7 [b] Write the VHDL code for a full adder circuit and use it as a package in the VHDL code for design simulation of a 4 bit serial adder circuit. 7 6[a] For the problem statement in Q.2(b), write the VHDL code to implement the FSM. he [b] Write the VHDL code for a 4 to 16 decoder with active high outputs 3 using when-else statements. [c] Write the VHDL code for a 4 bit magnitude comparator with three outputs representing equal, less than, and greater than, respectively using: @ logical operators Gi) if-then-else statement. 4 7[aj Design a counter with following output sequence using microprogram 8 [b] Find the pod control unit: 000, 011, 100, 101, 111, 010, 000, 011,. The counter also has an enable signal E. Ir E =0, then ounter holds its current value and if E =1, then IN ce spies given sequence. pA! cE Eo! ‘or the following incompletely m in Fig.(4) and find out the flow table of Gok ai covers the original machine M, and is formed from fe sets of maximal compatibles. Do the states of the resulting machine decrease? Flow table of the Machine M; Present states | _ Next states Present outputs _ | 7 The flow table of a synchronous sequential machine M* is shown in Fig.5. Examine the machine to obtain partitions with substitution property (If possible) to obtain self-dependent subsets for suitable secondary state assignments. Provide the suitable state assignment and find out the switching functions for the next state and the output variables.Total No. of Pages 3 Roll No... SEVENTH SEMESTER B.E. (EC) END SEM EXAMINATION NOV./DEC.-2008 Time: 3: EC-403 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 00 Hours Max. Marks : 70 1a] [b] 2fal [b] 2[a] A (7, 4) linear block code is generated according to the following parity check matrix H. Post 0 17,07.0 H=\1 101010 10-04. 1-07-01 The received code word Y is 1000011 for a transmitted, cod@ wort X. Find the corresponding data transmitted? Communication channel has the fMewing ¢charinel matrix: deere? $ ae (i) Draw the channel diagram. (ii) If the source outputs are equally likely, compute the probabilities associated with the channel outputs for p=0.2. Derive the expression of channel capacity for a band-limited, power limited Gaussian channel. Write about it’s significance. The generator polynomial of a (15, 11) Hamming code is defined by o(X ) =1+X+-X°. Design the encoder and syndrome calculator for this code. OR Draw a shift register circuit for simultaneous multiplication by B(X) and division by D(X) where{b] 3fa] [b] 4fal [b Sta] B(X)=14X7 4X°4.X% D(X)=14+X°4+X%4.X° 4X8 If the input to the circuit A(X) = 1+X3, calculate the quotient and the remainder. Find the generator polynomial for the (7,5) RS code over GF(4). Draw the SR-encoder for the. code. If the message vector mMX)=a'X* +a°X? +1. the error vector e(X)=a'X" determine the code vector C(X) and the received vector W(X), show the decoding process to correct W(X). given g(X)=X? +a'X+a? A 2 bit uniform quantizer is used in the feed-forward path of a DPCM coder and a one-tap predictor is used in the feedback path. The input signal variance is unity. The auto-correlation of the 1/p for one sampling period delay is 0.95. Obtain the optimum value of the predictor gain. Prove that uniform and non-uniform quantizer cah work efficiently if the signal variance is constant, The matched filter has th frequency response. 1-e°"" H(f)=——— 2aif (i) Determine the impulse response h(t). (ii) Determine the signal waveform to which the filter is matched. Consider the following binary sequence 1110011000111010100001110110. Use the Lempel-Ziv algorithm to encode this sequence. Assume that binary symbols 0 and 1 are already in the code book. A linear delta modulator is designed to operate on speech signals limited to 3.4 KHz. The specifications of the modulator are as follows Sampling Rate = 10f, ; where fy is the Nyquist rate of the speech signal. Step size (A) = 100 mV. The modulator is tested with a 1 KHz sinusoidal signal. Determine the maximum amplitude of this test signal required to avoid slope over load. Plot the spectrum of a PAM wave produced by the modulating signal m(t) = A, .cos 2nf,t Assuming a modulation frequency f, = 0.25 Hz, sampling period T, = ( 1 sec and pulse duration T=0.45 sec. Using an ideal reconstruction filter, plot the spectrum of the filter output. AFSK system transmits binary data at the rate 2.5 x 10° bps. During the course of transmission, white Gaussian Noise of zero mean and power spectral density of 10° W/Hz is added to the signal. In the absence of noise, the amplitude of the received sinusoidal wave for ( digits 1 or 0 is ImV. Determine the average probability of symbol error for the coherent binary FSK. Write about the MAP algorithm. Design the decision.logic Yor the binary data sequence, using ML algorithm. Do write about ‘the ( decision logic likelihood functions/ratid aind use them to-implement the decision logic. Derive~the \thresheld, value, “assuming generalized detection, For\a PCM Coded NRZ-L encoded signal. Derive the expression for ( probability of error for QPSK modulated signal. Figure~l displays the waveforms of four signal S,(1), S2(t), S3(t) and « Si(t). (i) using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure, find an orthonormal basis for this set of signals. (ii) construct the corresponding signal space diagram. . ) ( oe oe oy su ( * Als t wis te oy TKO ot ey on aLN-1 24) oA) anf n=O ule” = x = -n) [5] 7. fa] Design an FIR low pass (Butterworth) filter for the following specifications: Pass band gain = -1.5dB Pass band frequency @, = 200Hz Attenuation required = -30dB Stop band frequency=500Hz Assume sampling frequeney to be 2000Hz. [10] fh} Use ‘the Bilinear transformation to convert the analog filter with system function H(s)= s+0.1 (s+0.1)° +9 into a digital IIR filter. Select T=0.1 and compare the location of zeros in Hz} with the location of zeros obtained by applying impulse invariance method in the conversion of H(z). 14] Total No. of Page(s): 4 Roll NO......0:0cceresees EIGHTH SEMESTER B.E. (ECE) B.E. END SEM. EXAMINATION, Nov-Dec. 2008 EC-404 : DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING-I Time: 3:00 Hrs. Max. Marks: 70 Note: Answer any FIVE questions. Assume missing data if any suitably. 1. [a] Test whether the following functions are: i) Linear or non-linear ii) Time varying or time invariant iii) Causal or non-causal (1) yife}= n° xf] 3 ; (2) ¥. [n] =pt Sala -é, B is non zero constant. t=0 16] [b] Determine DTFT of the following |sighal ane oy (41 {[c] Given—that x{n] has the Fourier transform x(e @) express the Fourier Transform of the following signal in terms of X{e/° xi[n]=(n—1P xf] 4] [a] Determine the ‘N’ point DFT of the following length ‘N’ sequence defined for O sh bl= se ole" ()ao n= 4. [a] Compute an 8-point DFT of the following sequence using decimation in frequency algorithm. x [n}=[1, 23, 204, 2,18, 2 OR [a] Perform linear convolution of finite duration sequences h[n}=(1,1,1) and x[n] = {1, -1, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, -4, 3, 2} by using overlap and add method. [b] If x{n] be a length ‘N’ real sequence defined for 0AN]=x"[K] ii) X{0] is real. 14] 5. [a] Given the second order transfer function -2 ag seeoSne) es 141.327 +0.362" Perform the filter realization and write the difference equations using the following realizations i) Direct form I and Direct form IT ii) Cascade form via the first order section Ne i \ 10] iii) Parallel form via the first order Ct. [bh] au - e ore ing minimum \\. RSE Vag a\iedeter \ [4] 6. [a] Design a band reject filter with the desired frequency response a for lls a (iol 7 ae and |a| > 0 otherwise Find the value of Aln] and H(z) for N=7 using i) Hann Window ii) Hamming Window. [9] [b] Show that the frequency response of linear phase FIR filter with symmetric impulse response for even number of samples ‘N’ is given asTotal No. of Pages 3 Roll No. ...... SEVENTH SEMESTER B.E. (EC) END SEM EXAMINATION NOV.IDEC.-2008 EC-405 OPTICAL FIBRES Max. Marks: 70 1 Derive general expressions of SNR for @ DIM (ii) DSB-IM (iii) FM-IM (iv) PM-IM Compare their performance. 14 2[a] A slicon APD (x = 0.3) has a capacitance of 5_pF, négligible dark current and has BW of 40 MHz. When the photocurtent before gain is 0.2 pA and temperature_is 18°C, find-SNR_ improvement between M=1 and M=My¢ 7 [b] Follewing parameters are given for an optical fibre system operating at 0.85 am: © Mean power launched = -3dB © Cable fibre loss = 1.8 dB/km ¢ Splice loss = 0.3 dB/km © Connector loss at transmitter and receiver = 1 dB each e Power at APD receiver =-45 dB ¢ Safety margin =9 dB Calculate: (i) maximum possible link length (ii) reduction in link length when there is dispersion loss of 5 dB. 7 3[a] Give various applications of optical fibre communication system in G) military communication (ii) civil and consumer applications ab] 4[a] b] c @ b] c b] 8[a] Explain various types. of scattering and dispersion losses in optical fibres. 7 An optical fibre has core reftactive index’ of 1.45 and cladding refractive index of 1.40. Find (i) critical angle (ji) numerical aperature (iii) acceptance angle. 5 GaAs has a band gap energy of 1.45 eV at 300°K. Find cutoff wavelength, 4 A photo-transistor has collector current of 16 mA when the incident optical power at 2. = 1.3 pm is 120 .W. Find (i) optical gain (ii) common emitter gain if quantum efficiency is 45%. 5 Compare the features of following optical detectors 10 Photodiode (ii). APD (iii) PIN diode (iv) Reach through APD List performance and compatibility requirements_of opfic@hdetectors. 4 What are the advantages of optical fibre Sommunication systems? 4 Give the block representation ef digital optical fibre link and explain its features. 5 Compare the features of (i) “stp index and graded index fibres (ii) single and multimode fibres. 5 Give the requirement for an optical fibre source. 6 Explain the principle of (i) Injection laser diode Gi) LED Give their typical features and applications. 8 A multimode step index fibre has following specifications: Core diameter = 80 pm Relative index difference = 1.4% Wave length = 0.80 pm Core refractive index = 1.49 Find (i) number of guided modes (ii) normalized frequency 4 [b] (c] The quantum efficiency of an APD is 85% operating at 4 = 0.85 um. When the incident optical power is 0.45 W, output current from the device after avalanche gain is 10MA. Calculate the multiplication factor. 5 A photodiode has a quantum efficiency of 65% when operating at 0.85 pm. The dark current is 4 nA and load resistance is 4kQ. The incident optical power is 200 nW and bandwidth of the receiver is 4 MHz. The noise figure of the,system /is,3.dB., Compare shot noise with thermal noise generated iteload at 20°C. 5