POST-TENSIONING MANUAL SIXTH EDITION gti POST-TENSIONING INST ongBy Prestressed Concre First edition, f Institute printing Copyright® 1976 By Post-Tensioning Institute Second edition, first printing Copyright© 1981 By Post-Tensioning Institute ‘Third edition, first printing, 1981 Third edition, second printing, 1982 Copyright© 1985 By Post-Tensioning Institute Fourth edition first printing Copyright© 1990 By Post-Tensioning Institute Fifth edition, first printing, 1990 Fifth edition, second printing, 1995 Fifth edition, third printing, 1997 Fifth edition, fourth printing, 1999 Fifth edition, fi printing, 2000 Copyright® 2006 By Post-Tensioning Institute Sixth edition, first printing All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the Post-Tensioning Institute, ISBN 0-9778752-0-2 Printed in U.S.A Post-Tensioning Manual/Sixth EditionACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Efforts to develop the 6" Edition began in 1997, The manual has come to fruition thanks to the efforts of hundreds of peo- ple, This eight-year effort involved contributions from all segments of the post-tensioning industry. Key contributors are identified below; however, there are many others too numerous to list—who assisted in this project. The Editors Because of the extended development time for this manual, editorial responsibilities were shared by several individuals. Dr. Pawan R. Gupta, PTI Technical Director, was the chief editor for the final published version. He was preceded by Dr. Fadi Alkhaiti, former PTI Technical Director, Larry Krauser, DYWIDAG-Systems International USA, Inc. and Juergen Plachn (retired), The Authors Because of the scope and complexity of this manual, many people helped author the various chapters. The principal author(s) for each ehapter is listed below: Chapter 1 Introduction Theodore L. Neff, PT! Chapter 2 Applications Pawan R. Gupta, Ph.D. and Theodore L. Neff, PTI Chapter3Post-Tensioning Systems Pawan R. Gupta, Ph.D. PTL Chapter — Specifiing Post-Tensioning Fadi Alkhairi, Ph.D. and Theodore L, Neff, PTL Chapter 5 Analysis and Design Fundamentals Kenneth B, Bondy, Consulting Structural Engineer Chapter 6 — Detailing and Construction Procedures for Pawan R. Gupta, Ph.D. PTL Buildings Chapter 7 Design Examples Fadi Alkhairi, Ph.D. and Pawan R. Gupta, Ph.D. Chapter 8 Seismic Design of Past-Tensioned Concrete Florian Barth, Walid Naja and Chris Bane, EBA Ine, Structures Chapter Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors Kenneth B. Bondy, Consulting Structural Engineer Chapter 10. Post-Tensioned Parking Structures Florian Barth, FBA Inc Chapter 11 Post-Tensioned Stabs-on-Ground James Rogers, Evaluation-Certification Services, Ine. Chapter 12 Bridges Paul Gauvreau, Ph.D., University of Toronto Chapter 13 Stay Cables David Goodyear, T. ¥. Lin International Chapter 14 Storage Structures ‘Theodore L. Neff, PTI; with contributions from Steven Close and Ib Jorgensen,* lorgensen Close Associates Chapter 15 Rock and Soil Anchors ‘Theodore L.. Neff, PTL Chapter 16 Design of Prestressed Barrier Cable Systems James Rogers, Evaluation-Certfication Services, Ine Chapter 17. Prestressed Concrete Under Dynamic Loads Antoine Naaman, Ph.D. University of Michigan; Juergen. ‘and Fatigue Plaehn (retired); Theodor Krauthammer, Ph.D,, Pennsylvania ‘State University; and Fadi Alkhaird, Ph.D. Chapter 18 Fire Resistance Armand Gustaferro® Chapter 19 Durability Andrea Schokker, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University Chapter 20. Inspection James Rogers, Evaluation-Certfication Services, Ine Chapter21 PTT Certification Programs James Rogers, Evaluation-Certfication Services, Ine * Deceased wiThe Reviewers ‘An extensive review process was used to ensure the technical accuracy and quality of the manual, For each chapter, the author prepared a draft that was submitted for several rounds of review. The first level of review was provided by stafT and selected individuals with expertise relative to the particular subject matter. The edited draft was then reviewed by the Tech: nical Advisory Board (TAB), The TAB-approved draft was then reviewed and edited by a professional writer, Ms. Coleen Bondy: The finalized chapter drafts were then reviewed by staff and an editorial task group to ready them for printing PTL is particularly indebted and would like to express its appreciation to the members of the Technical Advisory Board who Dut in countiess hours in the review of this manual. Many corrections and technical enhancements resulted from these eviews. Without the hard work and dedication of the TAB members listed below, this manal would not have been possible. Prt ECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD Chairman Florian Barth, FBA, Ine. Rashid Ahmed, Walker Parking Consultants Joseph M. Ales, Jr, Ph.D., Walter P. Moore and Associates, Inc. Asit Baxi, Ph ., Sune st Post-Tension, L.P, Kenneth B. Bondy, Consulting Structural Engineer K. Dirk Bondy, Seneca Structural Engineering, In. James R, Cagley, Cagley & Associates Gregory P. Chacos, Gregory P. Chagos PLLC John Crigler, VSI Pawan R. Gupta, Ph.D., Post-Tensioning Insitute Cary Koperynsk, Cary Kopczynski && Compa, Ine Merri Walstad, Walstad Engineering, Ine. Many other individuals contributed to the manual and helped to review select sections of the manual. These review= ers included: Bryan Allred Steven Close Edward Hohman Donald Illingworth Brian Gallagher Ib Jor Jack W. Graves, Jr Rattan Khose Robert Gulyas Larry Krauser Thomas Mathews Gerard MeGuire Michael Russillo Andrew Micklus, Fr Andrea Schokker Heinz Nierlich Pete Scoppa Robert Van Noord David Weatherby Russell Prive José-Luis Quintana Thomas Richards H. Trey Hamilton Manuscript preparation and graphic layout for printing was handled by: Stefanie Friel, PT] Janet Huff, PTT ‘A special acknowledgement to Kenneth B. Bondy, Florian Barth, Gregory P. Chacas, Coleen Bondy, and PTI stalf, whose dedication and tireless efforts have made this publication possible. PTI would also like to acknowledge the support of the Executive Committee and Board of Directors for the suecessful completion of this complex project. wvTABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .. ul 12 13 14 1s 16 APPLICATIONS . 21 210 HISTORY, ‘SAGE STATE-OF-THE-ART DEVELOPMENTS POSFTENSIONING INSTITUTE, CHANGES FROM EARLIER EDITIONS. SUMMARY. INTRODUCTION BUILDINGS 22.1 Office Buildings . 22.2 Condominiums/Residential Buildings 223° Hotels 224 Mixed Use, 228° Casinos... . 2.2.6 Research/Academic Institutions... PARKING STRUCTURES . 23.1 Commercial 232 Airports . 233 Underground Parking Structures 234 Mixed Use BRIDGES : 24.1 Cast-in-Place Box Girders 242 Segmental 24.3. Cable-Stayed Bridges 244 PIT Bridge Decks 245 Precast Spliced Girders. STORAGE STRUCTURES. 25.1 Water Storage Tanks. 252 Silos 53. Nuclear Containment GRANDSTANDS AND STADIUMS STAGED CONSTRUCTION/TRANSFER GIRDERS TENSION MEMBERS 28.1 Post-Tensioned Tension Rings, 28.2. Post-Tensioned Tie Beams ROCK AND SOIL ANCHORS. 29.1 Retaining Walls 2.9.2 Dam Tiedowns 2.9.3 Earth Stabilization 2.94 Excavation Stabilization 29.5 Resist Uplift 2.9.6 Tower Tiedowns cee POST-TENSIONED SLABS-ON-GROUND 2.10.1 Residential Slab-on-Ground Foundations 2.102 Light Industrial Foundations 39 4 a4 46 46 46 46 4 ro 47 48 48 499 9 Sunsoy pur woneaynuep s'P'P squouoamboy Suuoisuay, Lp"p Bunny rr send srr onwoynusPL PrP Buyjpurys pue Bas Crt sofmoysuy pUENS-HIN CYP rug PrP SNOANAL CANON DNIASIOAdS wopsmisuoy eh uoneaugey CCP wroumwounaug aAISSISSY TEP 88 “yuna rer SNOGNAL GNVULS-ATONIS GAGNON ONIAMOAdS, soieig Bunnag pur safeoyouy — 7z'p . Borg Fussansaig 17 STVIWALVIN ONINOISNALLSOd Counsvy) seo woseuodsne por enya ots Jeveneposy usuauIy FTF (oy) aimpsuz aya1oueD WesuOMY CLF (isy) sieuareyy pur Supsay 10} Aio!90g weoUDWIY ZT" (114) amansuy SoKsUaLAeL Ly SCUVONVIS SONATA ‘DNINOISNILLSOd ONIAATITS SWYAL GASN AINOWIWOD 40 SNOLLINLEIG. -suopuy, paptioquig pue papuog Jo Aiapes pu Kouepumpay CFE ‘suopta] popuogur] pue popuogl Jo uors2101g WoIsONIO TPE swiaisdg papuoqun pur papuog Jo mBuang Lye WALSAS ONINOISNEL-LSOd JO. ANIOND FE z moi SEE Sunpeaysnana yee Fue Lid CCE safeioysuy TEE pois Sussansaig * NOGNAL V dO SLNINOAWOD £E swiss Buyworsuaj sod PUNT ETE suarsag BuluolsupL-wsog popu ZC suiarsXg Suwuoisuaj-Isog popuoqU [TE SWALSAS ONINOISNAL-1SOd 40 SAUAL TE Wwaanay Te WALSAS DNINOISNALASOd NOLVLIMAVHAY ONY UVa £17 saTavo WARRAVE ZIT STINLIMAULS AINOSVIN 117 suowoned 901% suney wods. S017 uonrepunog we ¥OT'T jonepunog (wpisnpuy AAC CONT €ANALYS Sl 52 53 54 55 56 DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES FOR BUILDINGS .. 61 62 63 64 66 AND DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS .... BASICS OF POSE-TENSIONED CONCRETE. S.L.1 Introduction 5.12 Difference Between An FLEXURAL ANALYSIS 5.2.1 Freebody Diagrams and Design 5.2.2 The Equivalent Load Freebody Diagram 5.2.3 The Combined Freebody Diagram FLEXURAL DESIGN, 53.1 Building Codes $3.2. Service Loading 53.3 Nominal Stee 53.4 Transfer of Prestress Force. SHEAR . 5.4.1 Shear in One-Way Slabs. 5.42. Shear in Beams. 5.43. Shear in Two-Way Slabs VARIABLE PRESTRESS FORCE, PRESTRESS LOSSES GENERAL DESIGN ISSUES ‘1 6.2.1 Information on Structural Drawings. 6.2.2 Floor Shortening and Restraint Cracking, 6.2.3 Measures to Mitigate Restraint Cracking CONSTRUCTION ISSUES 6.3.1 Tendon Layout 6.3.2 Detailing of Anchorage Zones 633. Joints GENERAL NOTES/STANDARD DETAILS . 64.1 General Notes 64.2 Standard Details... CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURI 6.5.1 Document Flow 6.5.2 Formwork 6.5.3 Tendon Placing 6.54 Concrete Placement 6.55 Stressing Operations. 6.5.6 Form Removal and Re-Shoring 6.5.7 Protection of End Anchorages SPECIAL ISSUES, 66.1 Lif-OM Procedures. 6.62. De-Tensioning Tendons 6.6.3 Splicing Tendons. 6.64 Future Slab Penetrations and Openit 96 100 104 104 104 104 106 107 107 107 108 no no 413 3 113 m3 13 113 6 116 17 17 1g 118 - 122 128 128 129 129 132 132 133 133 ~ 133 133 134 - 34 13aDESIGN EXAMPLES. 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2. DESIGN OF A ONE-WAY SLAB IN A PARKING STRUCTURE 73. DESIGN OF A TWO-WAY SLAB 74 DESIGN OF A SINGLE SPAN CASTIN-PLACE BEAM 7.5 ANALYSIS OF ATWO SPAN BEAM 7.6 ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN EISMIC DESIGN OF POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE STRUCTURES .....-.-- 8.1 INTRODUCTION . 82 ROLE OF POST-TENSIONING IN SEISMIC DESIGN : 8.2.1 Strength and Duetility of Post-Tensioned Conerete Members 8.2.2 Post-Tensioned Gravity Frames 8.2.3 Post-Tensioned Lateral Force Resisting Systems. 83. POST-TENSIONED MEMBER DESIGN 83.1 Beams 83.2 Slabs $4. SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNBONDED P’T WALL AND FRAME SYSTEMS 84,1 Wall Systems 84.2 Frame Systems POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE FLOORS. 9.1 FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS 9.1.1 Transfer Slabs and Beams 9.1.2 Penetrations and Openings 9.13. Other Applications 6.2 PLANNING AND DESIGN OF POSE-TENSIONED FLOOR SYSTEMS 9.2.1 ‘Types of Floor Systems . POST-TENSIONED PARKING STRUCTURES. ...... 10.1 INTRODUCTION 102. APPLICATIONS OF POST-TENSIONING IN PARKING STRUCTURES 10.2.1. Freestanding Parking Structures. 10.2.2 Parking Facilities as Part of Other Building Occupancy 10.2.3. Barrier Cable 10.3, ECONOMICS OF PARKING STRUCTURES. 104 ADDITIONAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR P/T PARKING STRUCTURES 10.4.1. Design Loading 10.4.2. Material Properties a 10.43. Cover Requirements for Reinforcement 10.44 Minimum Average Compression Limits, 10.4.5. Allowable Stresses 104.6 Drainag: 10.4.7. Floor Surface Treatments POST-TENSIONED SLABS-ON ILL INTRODUCTION I1.L.1 Advantages of Post-Tensioned Slabs-On-Ground GROUND ... 137 BT 137 waz 1sL 14 136 wt rat tel 161 162 162 ~ 162 - 163 163 167 167 167 169 169 170 170 170 vt 175 175 7 177 178 179 180 180 180 181 181 183 183 183 183 185 185 Iss