5532703723

2206 101

2555

2206 101
2



.



...............................................................................................................................................(1)
1. ...........................................................................................................................................1
2. .................................................................................................1
3. ......................................................................................................2
3.1 (Relative age)...........................................................................................2
3.1.1 (Fossil) ............................................................................................2
3.1.2 (Stratigraphy) .................................................................................5
3.1.3 ..................................................................................7
3.1.4 ................................................................................7
3.1.5 .............................................................................7
3.2 (Absolute age) ...............................................................................................8
3.2.1 ............................................................................8
3.2.2 ................................................................................11
3.2.3 ....................................................................................12
3.2.4 .................................................................................12
4. ..........................................................12
5. ...........................................................................................................................................13
................................................................................................................................. 14

1.
The Present is the key to the Past (Tarbuck [n.d.]: 7)
(James Hutton)*






( )
(Fossil)

2 (Relative age)
(Absolute age)

(Stratigraphy)**


(Radioactive dating)
2.
(Geological
timescale)***

(James Hutton) ..1726-1794

**
3.1.2 5
***

, ,
*

2
3.
2

3.1 (Relative age)

3.1.1 (Fossil)

-
(
[...])


fossil
fossus
- (Index fossil)



-

3
1. (Radiolaria)
(Protozoa)

*
(Paleozoic)** 1 (Anderson, and Riedl 2006)

1 :

**
542-251
*

4
2. (Graptolite)

(Cambrian)* (Carboniferous)**
2 (Bapast 2012)

2 :
3. (Ammonite)

(Mesozoic)***
3
(Wright 2012: 187)

3 :
542-488
359-299
***
251-65.5 3 (Triassic),
(Jurassic), (Cretaceous)

(Jurassic) 200-145.5
*

**

5
4. (Coccolith)

(Coccolithophorlida)
4
(Mcintyre 2006)

4 : Coccolith
3.1.2 (Stratigraphy)

5 (
, )

5 :
5
( , )

6
- (Law of Original Horizontality)

- (Law of Stratigraphic Superposition)

6
D
C
B

A
6 :
D
A
- (Law of Cross-cutting Relationship)

7
C

B
A

7 :
A B C C
A B B
A
- (Law of Lateral Continuity)

- (Law of Faunal Succession)
( )
A A B 300
B A

7
3.1.3
8

4
3
2
1

8 :

1. 5 1, 2 3 5 1, 2 3

2. 1, 2 3 1 3
( )
3. 4
1, 2 3
9

9 :
3.1.4

3.1.5

2

8
3.2 (Absolute age)

3.2.1
-

1. *

2. (Decay)
-216 (Po-216) 8
4 4 -212 (Pb-212)

3.
,
4.
(Exponential function) 10 (Steingass 2012)

10 :

(Nucleus)
(Neutron) (Proton)
*

N (t ) N0et

N0

t

5. (Half-life)

N (t )

T1/2

ln 2

6.
(Activity) A(t )
A(t ) A0e t

A0 N0
-


1. - (Potassium-Argon)
100,000
-40 (K-40)
-40 (Ar-40)
2. (Uranium-Series)
(Quaternary)*


11 (Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) 2013)
A0

(Quaternary) 2.6

10

11 :



3. (Carbon)
2 (Isotope)* -14
-12 -14

50,000
-
-14
(C-14) Serway (2006: 1034)
25.0 g
14 C 250 /

(Isotope)

11

( ) 14 C 5,730

ln 2
T1/2
0.693
3.8 1012 s 1
7
5,730 yr 3.16 10 s / yr

14 C
12

N (12 C )

6.02 1023 nuclei / mol

25.0 g
12.0 g / mol

1.25 1024 nuclei

14 C 12 C 1.3 1012 *
14 C
N (14 C ) 1.3 1012 1.25 1024 nuclei
1.6 1012 nuclei

R0

R0 N 0 3.83 1012 s 1 1.6 1012 nuclei

368 decays / min

R R0e t t

R
ln
R0
1

250
1
3
ln
3.2 10 yr
12 1
3.8 10 s
368

3,200
3.2.2
-


(Ionized)**

14 C 12 C 1.3 1012
**
(Ionized)
*

12

(Thermal luminescence)
(Optical Stimulated luminescence)

(Feldspar)
100,000-150,000 300,000
-

1.
(Quartz)
2.

3.
4. (Mississippi)

3.2.3

3.2.4


4.

13



5.




(Tarbuck [n.d.]: 7) The Present is the key to the Past

14

. . [...]. [].
: http://kanchanapisek.or.th/kp6/New/sub/book/book.php?book=31&
chap=6&page=chap6.htm 21 2556.
. . : , 2551.
. . :
, 2544.
. ( 1). [ ].
[...]: , [...].
.
. , 2553.

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Science and Technology. (2006): [Online]. Form: Credo Reference Search Item:
9810662. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
Bapast, David. What is Graptolites? 2012. [Online]. Available: http://home.uchicago.edu/
~dwbapst/graptolite.html Retrieved May 8, 2013.
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(2006): [Online]. Form: Credo Reference Search Item: 9808514. Retrieved April 30,
2013.
Dunbar, Carl O., and Rodgers, John. Principle of stratigraphy. New York: JOHN WILEY
& SONS, 1957.
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15

Mcintyre, Andrew. Coccolithophorida. McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of

Science and Technology. (2006): [Online]. Form: Credo Reference Search Item:
9806780. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
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Available: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-andHealth/Naturally-Occurring-Radioactive-Materials-NORM/#.UYqIW6IqyQk
Retrieved April 29, 2013.
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4th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks-Cole, 2006.
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Avaliable: http://www.oregonbeachcomber.com/2012_07_01_archive.html
Retrieved April 29, 2013.
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10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, [n.d.].
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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2012.00850.x/full
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