EKFE KARDITSAS Peiramata Xim Lykeiou 6 2009

.... .
.. ..

....:
2009
( )
.
(....) .
5 / / 43100
.: 24410 79170-1 & fax: 24410 79172
e-mail: mail@ekfe.kar.sch.gr & ekfekar@sch.gr
website: http://ekfe.kar.sch.gr
ISBN 978-960-89715-8-5
1 :
2 :
3 :
2005
2005
,
2007
::
.... 5 . 5 . 2441 079 170 - 1 5 fax: 2441 079 172 5 e-mail: ekfekar@sch.gr 5 website: http://ekfe.kar.sch.gr
( )

, ,
04
. . () .

, .
(
).

....
,
.

.

( . 88167/7/4-7-2008/ :
2008-2009),
.

...., ..
04,
.
. 241 . 261 .
:
F
F ( )
F .. r..
F .. ..
F .. .. ( . 241)
F ( . 241)
F (
. 455-461)
F ( . 453-454)
F ( . 462-465)
F ( . 454)
F ( . 241)
F ( )
. 260 ( Fehling, Tollens
. Lugol), . 258-259 (
) pH
, & .
( )
, . 445 451
, ,
, ... - .
( ),
,
.

, , (grude), P.I. - Pro Analysis (pure &
extra pure), X HPLC.
,
, (. 2003-04), (. 2006-07),
(. 2008-09)
.
. ,
.
,
.
, 16 2009
.... .
( )

( )
1. %w/w %w/v
2.
. 6
. 7
4 .
. .
3. pH , ,
pH MultiLog
. 8
4.
. 13
5.
. 15
5 .
. .
6 .
. .
7 .
. .
( )
1. -
2.
. 16
3.
. 19
4.
. 20
5.
. 22
. 17
1 ()
. . .
3 .
. .
5 .
. .
6 .
. .
( )
1.
. 24
2.
. 26
3. ( )
. 28
4.
. 29
1 .
. .
2 .
. .
3 ()
. . .
( )
4 .
. .
5.
. 32
5 .
. .
( )
1.
. 33
2.
MultiLog
. 36
1 .
. .
2 .
. .
1. ..
. 39
2. (..)
. 44
3.
. 46
, ..
.
,
( )
%w/w, %w/V
:
1.
(.130.0)
2.
100mL (.300.4) (.290.)
3.
(.040.0)
4.
(.180.1)
5.
(.235.0)
6.
(.250.0)
7.
100mL (.295.4)
8.
9.

:
1.
2%w/w :
- .
2g
2g .
200mL.
98g
98g .
.
2.
3%w/V :
- .
3g
3g .
200mL 50mL .
.
- 100mL
, 100mL.
( )

:
1.
(XH.580.0).

, .
.
2.
HCl 1M (.455)
3.
NH3 1M (OY.040)
4.
CH3COOH 1M (.325)
5.
6.
7.

8.
100mL (.300.4)
:
3

.
3
:
.
:
1.
100mL,
50mL . 10mL,
1g 40g .
.
2.

( ) ( ) (
).
( )
( )
pH ,
, pH MultiLog
:
1.
(.280.6) (.080.0)
2.
100mL (.300.4) 50mL (.300.3)
3.
(.560.0)
4.
(.550.0)
5.
(.250.0)
6.
pH 3, 5 11
7.
(.730) (.790)
8.
() ( , )
9.
MultiLog (Data Logger) , (.610.0)
10.
pH (.800.0), (sensor cable)
11.
/ DB-Lab 3.2,
:
,
;
- CH3COOH 100mL C =
- CH3COONa 100mL C=
5 1
5
1
0 0
.
0 0
.
.
.
0
0
3
100mL CH3COOH 2, CH3COOH 100% (, ,
d=1,05g/mL, ). .
- (0,2mol 0,2x60g=) 12g CH3COOH 100%.
- 100mL.
- 100mL.
3
100mL . NaOH 2, NaOH (, , ).
- (0,2mol 0,2x40g=) 8g NaOH.
- 100mL.
- 100mL.
3
pH=4,745.
- 100mL 50mL CH3COOH 2 (n= C1V1
=20,05=0,1mol) 25mL NaOH 2 (n= C2V2 =20,025=0,05mol).
- 100mL .
CH3COONa + 2
- :
CH3COOH
+ NaOH
:
0,1mol
0,05mol
:
-0,05mol
-0,05mol
0,05mol
:
0,05mol
0,05mol
=0,5M.
=0,5M.
- Henderson-Hasselbach pH :
pH=pka+log(C/C)=4,74+log(0,5/0,5)=4,745.
3
100mL HCl 0,1, HCl 37%w/w (, ,
d=1,18g/mL, ). .
( )
- 100g HCl 37%w/w 37g 37:36,46=1,015mol. 0,01mol

(100x0,01):1,015=0,985g1g.
- 1g HCl 37%w/w.
- 100mL.
- 100mL.
3
pH=3.
- 100mL 1mL HCl 0,1.
- 100mL.
- 0,001, . pH=3.
3
100mL NaOH 0,1, NaOH (, , ).
- (0,01mol 0,01x40g=) 0,4g NaOH.
- 100mL.
- 100mL.
3
pH=11.
- 100mL 1mL NaOH 0,1.
- 100mL.
- 0,001, . pH=3 pH=11.
3
, 100mL ,
200mL 2, 500mL 5, ...
3

(.440.0), (.430.0), (.420.0)
(.450.0).
3

,
.
:
1.
50mL 5mL
pH=3, pH=5 pH=11, .
> 1, pH=3, 2-3 .
> 2, pH=5, 2-3 .
> 3, pH=11, 2-3 .
pH , MultiLog.
2.
( 50mL) 5mL
() .
> 1 2-3 , 2
2-3 .
pH (8,3>pH>4,5).
2 2 1 (pH=5).
pH , MultiLog.
> 1 2-3
, 2 2-3
.
pH
(pH>10).
10
( )
1 3 1 (pH=11).
pH , MultiLog.
9
pH :
> , , (
, , ).
> ( )
, pH.
> ,
pH .
9
pH :
> .
> ,
( pH 4, 7 10).
> .
> .
> .
:
.
9
pH MultiLog :
> pH MultiLog /-1.
> .
> MultLog / DB-Lab 3.2.
> MultiLog .
> DB-Lab 3.2 , .
> , 1 pH, 50,
10/sec.
> ,
pH .
> 1 pH ultiLog
(Azax) 2 (Tuborg).
( )
11
12
( )
NaOH
HCl

, ,
.
( )
13

:
1.
(.280.6)
2.
(.080.0)
3.
( ) (.260.0)
4.
1
:
3
,
.
3

.
:
1.
, Cl.
2-3mL . NaCl (aq), AlCl3 (aq) HCl (aq)
2 . AgNO3 (aq) .
NaCl (aq)
+
AgNO3 (aq)
AgCl
+
NaNO3 (aq)
()
+
3 AgNO3 (aq)
3 AgCl
+
Al(NO3)3 (aq)
AlCl3 (aq)
()
+
AgNO3 (aq)
AgCl
+
HNO3 (aq)
HCl (aq)
()
1 3 (aq) ( ).
2 3 (aq), ( 3).
3 ,
(, ).
2.
, SO4 2 .
5mL H2SO4 (aq)
2 . BaCl2 (aq) .
BaCl2 (aq)
+
H2SO4 (aq)
BaSO4
+
2 HCl (aq)
()
1 HCl (aq)
, 2 3 (aq), .
3.
, Al3+.
5mL AlCl3 (aq)
2 NaOH (aq) .
AlCl3 (aq)
+
3 NaOH (aq)
3 Al(OH)3
+
3 NaCl (aq)
()
1 NaOH (aq), .
2 HCl (aq) .
3 3 (aq) .
14
( )
4.
, Fe3+.
5mL FeCl3 (aq)
2 NaOH (aq) .
FeCl3 (aq)
+
3 NaOH (aq)
3 Fe(OH)3
+
3 NaCl (aq)
()
1 NaOH (aq) .
2 HCl (aq) .
5.
, .
KI (aq)
+
AgNO3 (aq)
AgI
+
KNO3 (aq)
()
+
AgNO3 (aq)
AgBr
+
KNO3 (aq)
KBr (aq)
()
+
2 NaOH (aq)
Cu(OH)2
+
Na2SO4 (aq)
CuSO4 (aq)
()
FeSO4 (aq)
+
2 NaOH (aq)
Fe(OH)2
+
Na2SO4 (aq)
()
+
2 NaOH (aq)
Ni(OH)2
+
2 NaNO3 (aq)
Ni(NO3)2 (aq)
()
+
2 NaOH (aq)
Pb(OH)2
+
2 NaNO3 (aq)
Pb(NO3)2 (aq)
()
( )
15
:
1.
(.130.0)
2.
100mL (.295.4), 500mL (.295.8) 1000mL (.295.9)
3.
(.040.0)
4.
(.180.1)
5.
(.235.0)
6.
(.250.0)
7.
100mL (.300.4)
8.
CuSO4.5H2O (.166)
9.

:
3

2%w/w (2% , . 2g 98g ) 3%w/V (3%
, . 3g 100mL ).
:
1.
CuSO4 0,1 :
> .
> 2,5g CuSO4.5H2O
2,5g 2,5g CuSO4.5H2O.
> 100mL 50mL .
> 2,5g CuSO4.5H2O .
> 100mL
, 100mL.
9 CuSO4.5H2O 249,68.
2,5
= 0,01mol .
9 2,5g CuSO4.5H2O n =
249,68
1000
9 100mL 0,01mol CuSO4, 1000mL
0,01 =
100
0,1mol. 0,1.
2.
CuSO4 0,1
:
> 100mL 500mL
1000mL. ,
0,1M 100mL
M1V1=M2V2 0,1100mL=M2500mL M =
2
500mL
M2=0,02M M1V1=M2V2 0,1100mL=M21000mL M =

2
0,1M 100mL
1000mL
M2=0,01.
16
( )

:
(.200.0)
:
( C, ,
, , )
:
1.
4.
7.
10.
13.
-
CH4
CH CH
-X
-COOH
2.
5.
8.
11.
14.
-
CH3-CH3
C5H10
CH3
CH=O
3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
--
CH2=CH2
O-H
-C-O-C C-CO-C-
( )
17

:
1.
(.280.6)
2.
(.080.0)
3.
100mL (.300.4), 50mL (.300.3)
4.
(.210.)
5.
25mL (.290.2)
6.
(.250.0)
7.
(.010)
8.
(.122)
9.
(.160)
10.
(.510)
11.
Bunsen (XH.005.0)
12.
(.020.0)
13.
5mL (.355.5)
14.
(.040.0)
:
3
2Cr27, 2Cr27 (, ,
, ).
- 10mL .
- 2Cr27 .
- 2Cr27 (
, ).
3

.
3

Fehling Tollens,
, .
18
( )
:
1.
1mL ( ),
5mL 2Cr27 0,5mL 2S4 (95-97%).
[2Cr27] [Cr2(S4)3] (
)
, . .
2.
Cu ( CuO).
25mL .
( CuO Cu CH3CH2OH CH3CHO).
( )
19

:
1.
(.280.6)
2.
(.080.0)
3.
50mL (.300.3)
4.
10mL (.290.1)
5.
100mL (.295.4)
6.
(.325)
7.
(.730)
8.
(.550.0)
9.
(NaHCO3)
10.
(.230)
11.
(.040.0)
12.
(.250.0)
:
3
CH3COOH 1M, CH3COOH 100% (, , ).
- 10mL 5,7mL .
- 100mL
.
3

.
:
1.
10mL CH3COOH 1M
10mL . 2-3
.
pH.
2.
20mL CH3COOH 1M 20mL
. (Mg)
( 2)
Mg .
3.
10mL CH3COOH 1M
10mL . NaHCO3 ( )
( CO2) CH3COOH.
20
( )

:
1.
(.280.6)
2.
(.080.0)
3.
250mL (.300.6)
4.
25mL (.290.2)
5.
(.130.0)
6.
(.235.0)
7.
(.250.0)
8.
Bunsen (XH.005.0)
9.
(.040.0)
10.
(.020.0)
11.
5mL (.355.5) 10mL (XH.355.6)
(.090)
12.
13.
(.490)
14.
15.
Tollens [ . 3 (.040) 2mL . AgNO3 (.280) 0,1
]
16.
Fehling (.910) [ Fehling (.911)
Fehling (.912)]
:
,
;
3
Fehling, Fehling (, )
Fehling (, , ).
- 1mL Fehling
.
- 1mL Fehling
Fehling .
- Fehling .
3
Tollens. .
- 2mL AgNO3 0,1
.
- 3 (26%)
, Ag2O .
3
100mL AgNO3 0,1, AgNO3 (, , ,
).
- 1,7g AgNO3.
- 100mL 50mL .
- 1,7g AgNO3 .
- 100mL
, 100mL.
( )
21
3
Fehling Tollens
. .
:
Tollens
1.
5mL 0,5g 1,
0,5g 2 0,5g 3. .
2.
1 2mL Tollens.
250mL, .
, Ag (
) .

.
3.
Tollens 2 3
.
( ) (
).
Fehling ( )
4.
5mL 0,5g
1, 0,5g 2 0,5g 3
.
5.
1 2mL Fehling.
,
(Cu2O). Fehling
.

. Fehling
Tollens.
6.
Fehling 2 3
.
.
22
( )

:
1.
250mL (.300.6)
2.
Bunsen (.005.0)
3.
(.015.0)
4.
(.020.0)
5.
100mL (.290.4)
6.
(.170.0)
7.
(.235.2)
8.
(.190.0)
9.
(.010)
10.
(.450)
11.
(0.540)
12.
,
;
3
100mL 30%w/V.
- 30g .
- 100mL 50mL .
- 30g
100mL .
3
100mL . Cl.
- 100mL 36g ( 20 C
Cl 36g 100mL )
100mL .
:
1.
250mL 5mL 10mL .
( )
23
2mL OH.
Bunsen
().
.
2.
15
40mL .

.
3.

(50-55mL) .
.
4.
,

.
.
24
( )

:
1.
250mL (.310.6)
2.
(.030.1)
3.
250mL (.290.6), 500mL (.290.8) 1000mL (.290.9)
4.
250mL (.295.6), 500mL (.295.8) 1000mL (.295.9)
5.
(.130.0)
6.
(.210.)
7.
(.450)
8.
(.455)
9.
(.250.0)
(.040.0)
10.
:
3
1000mL Cl 0,5M, HCl 37%w/w (, ,
d=1,18g/mL, ). .
- 41,75mL HCl 37%.
- 1000mL.
- 1000mL.
3
500mL NaOH 0,5, NaOH (, , ).
- 10g NaOH.
- 500mL.
- 500mL.
3
:
) 1g 1C 1cal
) 1g 1C 0,2cal.
3
(
) (
).
3

MultiLog.
- MultiLog /-1.
- .
- MultiLog .
-
MultiLog PORT (INPUT-1 Voltage), SENSOR (
Temperature), RANGE ( -25 110).
- Rate 10/sec Samples 20 50.
- MultiLog.
:
1.
NaOH .
- 250mL .
( )
25
- 200mL , ,
1 .
- 2g (0,05mol) NaOH .
- , 2 .
-
, Q=mc.
2.
NaOH Cl 0,5M.
- 250mL .
- 200mL Cl 0,5M, 1
.
- 2g (0,05mol) NaOH .
- , 2 .
- ()
, Q=mc.
3.
Cl 0,5 . NaOH 0,5M.
- 250mL .
- 100mL Cl 0,5M, 1
.
- 100mL NaOH 0,5M, ,
2 .
- ()
, Q=mc.
26
( )

:
1.
(.280.7)
2.
(.080.0)
3.
250 mL (.315.6)
4.
(151.0)
5.
3 0,02
6.
2SO3 0,4%w/w (.185)
7.
250mL (.295.6)
8.
250ml (.300.6)
9.
Cl 1M (0.455)
10.
(.130.0)
:
,
;
3
250mL 3 0,02M, 3 ( )
- 1,07g 3.
- 250mL.
- 250mL.
3
2SO3 0,4%w/w ( )
- 1,26g 2SO3.
- 250mL
50mL .
- 1g .
. 150mL
.
250mL.
- 10mL HCl 1M.
- 250mL.
:
3
. ,
, .
3
3, ,
B.
3
pH ,
.
:
1.
.
- .
- 1 10mL B 10mL .

.
( )
27
- 2 10mL B 9 mL 1mL .
.
- 3 10mL B 7 mL 3mL .
.
- 4 10mL B 5mL 5mL .
.
3
.
2.
.
- 10mL 10mL

2 .

.
.
.
3.
:
20 C

(mL)
(mL)
(mL)
(s)
10
0
10
17
9
1
10
20
7
3
10
25
5
5
10
32
( ,
)
61 C
( )

(mL)
(mL)
(mL)
(s)
10
0
10
8
9
1
10
10
7
3
10
13
28
( )
( )
:
1.
(.280.8) [ ]
2.
(.080.0)
3.
(.235.0)
4.
(.465)
5.
(.105)
6.
[ ]
7.
(.260.0)
8.
(.040.0)
:
3

.
:
1.
1g nO2
22. 22 2 (
, ).
2.
10mL 22 nO2.
(
). nO2
( )
.
( )
29

:
1.
(.280.6)
2.
(.080.0)
3.
250mL (.300.6)
4.
10mL (.290.1)
5.
100mL(.295.4)
6.
(.040.0)
7.
(.180.1)
8.
(.235.0)
9.
(.130.0)
10.
Bunsen (XH.005.0)
11.
(.260.0)
12.
(.020.0)
13.
(.122)
14.
(.570)
15.
(.450)
16.
(.455)
17.
(.166)
18.
(.540)
19.
(.250.0)
,
;
3
100mL 2Cr27 0,1, 2Cr27 (, ,
, ).
- 2,94g 2Cr27.
- 100mL.
- 100mL.
30
( )
3
100mL 2Cr4 0,1, 2Cr4 (, , ,
).
- 1,94g 2Cr4.
- 100mL.
- 100mL.
3
100mL HCl 1, HCl 37%w/w (, ,
d=1,18g/mL, ). .
- 100g=(100:1,18)mL=84,75mL HCl 37% w/w 37g 37:36,46=
1,015mol. 0,1mol (84,75x0,1):1,015=8,35mL.
- 100mL 8,3mL HCl 37%w/w.
- 100mL.
3
100mL NaOH 1, NaOH (, , ).
- (0,1mol 0,1x40g=) 4g NaOH.
- 100mL.
- 100mL.
3
100mL CuS4 0,1, CuS452 (, ,
, ).
- 2,5 g CuS452.
- 100mL.
- 100mL.
3

.
:
1.
.
- .
- 1 5mL 2Cr27 0,1, .
- 2 5mL 2Cr4 0,1, .
- 3 4 1mL 2Cr27 0,1 1 .
- 3 ( ) NaOH 1 (
Cr42-, ).
HCl 1 .
- 4 ( ) HCl 1 .
NaOH 1 .
- 5 6 1mL 2Cr4 0,1 2 .
- 5 ( ) NaOH 1 .
HCl 1 .
- 6 ( ) HCl 1
( Cr272-, ).
NaOH 1 .
2.
.
- 10mL . CuS4 0,1 () 2g NaCl.
.
- (5mL )
( ).
( )
31
- 1 .
+ Na2S4.
[ :
CuS4 + NaCl '
CuCl2

.]
- (
) .
32
( )

:
1.
10mL (.290.1)
2.
(.280.7)
3.
0,1 (0.166)
4.
(0.168)
5.
3 (0.160)
6.
1cm2 (0.510)
7.
1cm2 (0.580)
8.
2cm (0.230)
9.
1cm2 (0.380)
:
9
1.
.
9

.
:
1.
.
Cu, Fe, Mg Zn.
2.
10mL CuS4 0,1
5 . ,
, .. ,
, , .
3.

ZnSO4 0,1M.
4.
H2SO4.
( )
33

:
1.
100mL (.290.4) 1000mL (.290.9)
2.
100mL(.295.4) 1000mL (.295.9)
3.
10mL (.355.6)
25mL (.360.2) (.010.0) 60cm
(.030.2) 80cm (.030.3), (.020.0) (.040.0)
4.
250mL (.300.6) 50mL (.300.3)
5.
(.170.0)
6.
X (.180.4)
7.
(.040.0)
8.
(.560.0)
9.
(.130.0)
10.
CH3COOH, HCl, NH3, NaOH 2
11.
(.250.0)
12.
,
:
,
;
3
1000mL CH3COOH 2, CH3COOH 100% (, ,
d=1,05g/mL, ). .
- (2mol 2x60g=) 120g CH3COOH 100%.
- 1000mL.
- 1000mL.
3
1000mL HCl 2, HCl 37%w/w (, ,
d=1,18g/mL, ). .
- 100g=(100:1,18)mL=84,75mL HCl 37%w/w 37g 37:36,46=
1,015mol. 2mol (84,75x2):1,015=167mL.
- 1000mL 167mL HCl 37%w/w.
- 1000mL.
3
1000mL NH3 2, NH3 26%w/w (, ,
d=0,9g/mL, , ).
.
- 100g=(100:0,9)mL=111,11mL NH3 26%w/w 26g 26:17= 1,53mol.
2mol (111,11x2):1,53145mL.
- 1000mL 145mL NH3 26%w/w.
- 1000mL.
3
1000mL NaOH 2, NaOH (, , ).
- (2mol 2x40g=) 80g NaOH.
- 1000mL.
- 1000mL.
3
, 1000mL, 100mL
10, 200mL 5, ...
34
( )
3

(.440.0), (.420.0), (.450.0)
(.430.0).
- CH3COOH 100mL C=
5 1
5 1.
0 .
0 0
.0 0
.
0
:
1.
pH=4,74.
- 100mL 50mL CH3COOH 2 (n=C1V1=
20,05=0,1mol) 25mL NaOH 2 (n= C2V2 =20,025=0,05mol).
- 100mL .
- :
CH3COOH
+
NaOH
+
2
CH3COONa
:
0,1mol
0,05mol
:
-0,05mol
-0,05mol
0,05mol
:
0,05mol
0,05mol
=0,5M.
- CH3COONa 100mL C=
=0,5M.
- NH3 100mL C=
5 1
0 ,
5 1,
0 0
,0 0
,
0
pH=pka+log(C/C)=4,74+log(0,5/0,5)=4,74.
- pH .
2.
pH=9,26.
- 100mL 50mL NH3 2 (n=C1V1=20,05
=0,1mol) 25mL HCl 2 (n= C2V2 =20,025=0,05mol).
- 100mL .
- :
NH3
+
HCl
NH4Cl
:
0,1mol
0,05mol
: -0,05mol
-0,05mol
0,05mol
:
0,05mol
0,05mol
- NH4Cl 100mL C=
=0,5M.
=0,5M.
pH=pkb+log(C/C)=4,74+log(0,5/0,5)=4,74 pH=14-pOH=14-4,74=9,26.
- pH .
3.
pH .
- 25mL 1 1mL HCl 2.
pH .
- pH 25mL , .
, , 1mL HCl 2
pH, .
- pH
.
- 25mL 1 HCl 2
pH . mol HCl
( )
35
1L .
mol .
- ,
HCl NaOH.
, , .
36
( )

MultiLog
:
1.
(.010.0)
2.
(.030.X)
3.
(.040.0)
4.
(.020.0)
5.
50mL (.360.3)
6.
250mL (.300.) 250mL (.310.6)
7.
(.180.2)
8.
50mL (.290.3) 250mL (.290.6)
9.
NaOH 0,1M (.450)
10.

11.

12.
(.790)
13.
(.125.0)
14.
MultiLog (Data Logger) , (.610.0)
15.
pH (.800.0) (sensor cable)
16.
(.650.3)
17.
/ DB-Lab 3.2,
:
3
100mL NaOH 0,1, NaOH (, , ).
- (0,01mol 0,01x40g=) 0,4g NaOH.
- 100mL.
- 100mL.
:
1.
.
3 250mL 5mL
250mL. 50mL ,
2 .
3 50mL 0,1,
.
3 0,1
, .
3 ,
,
.
VmL .
3 CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + 2.
mol CH3COOH NaOH 1:1.
( )
37
0,1mol VmL
= V 10 4 mol . mol
1000mL
CH3COOH 50mL .
3 5mL 5V10-4mol CH3COOH, . 5V10-460g=3V10-2g.
% 0,6V%w/V, 100mL
3 V 10 2 g 100mL

= 0,6 Vg .
5mL
2.
MultiLog.
3 50mL
, .
,
, , pH (
) .
0,1.
3 MultiLog
1.
/-1 .
2.
/-2 pH.
3 MultiLog / DB - Lab 3.2.
3.
.
4.
.
5.
1 -25C 125C (1 3).
6.
2 pH.
7.
1/10s.
8.
50 100.
3 Ta VmL
9.

. pH
.
,
, .
10.
.
38
( )
( )
39
..
( ):
1.
100mL (.290.4) 1000mL (.290.9)
2.
100mL(.295.4) 1000mL (.295.9)
3.
10mL (.355.6)
4.
250mL (.300.6) 50mL (.300.3)
5.
(.170.0)
6.
(.180.4)
7.
(.040.0)
8.
(.235.)
9.
(.130.0)
10.
(.250.0)
11.
,
12.

13.
(.240.) (.245.)

:
3

(.440.0), (.430.0), (.420.0)
(.450.0).
3
(.490.0)
, .
3
,
Sigma-Aldrich (. 210 9948010, fax 210 9943831,
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/Area_of_Interest/Europe_Home/Greece.html).
3
% %w/w ( %..),
.
3
, .. 1L ~ 1,19Kg,
.
3
..
d204=1,18 20C 1,18Kg/L ( g/mL)
4C.
3
, . .
.
100%
: C2H4O2
: 60.05
d204: 1,05
9
9
9
9
250mL
1L ~ 1,05Kg
40
( )
37%
: HCl
: 36.46
d204: 1,18
9
9
9
9
250mL
1L ~ 1,19Kg
95-97%
: H2SO4
: 98.08
d204: 1,83
9
9
9
9
250mL
1L ~ 1,84Kg
65%
: HNO3
: 63.01
d204: 1,40
9
9
9
9
250mL
1L ~ 1,40Kg
26%
: NH3.2
: 17.03 + 2
d2020: 0.892-0.910
-
9
9
9
9
1L
1L ~ 0,91Kg
9
9
9
9
2,5L
1L ~ 0,788Kg
99.8% (v/v)
: C2H6O
: 46.07
d204: 0.792
: absolute (), denaturated with 1%
methylethylketone ( )

30%
: H2O2
: 34.02
d204: 1,11
: extra pure ()

: NaCl
: 58.44
: extra pure ()
9
9
9 500mL
9 1L ~ 1,11Kg
9
9
9 50g
( )

: aOH
: 40.00
: Purified ( )
41
9
9
9 250g

: KI
: 166.01
: extra pure ()
9
9
9 50g

: KBr
: 119.01
: extra pure ()
9
9
9 50g

: AgNO3
: 169.88
: extra pure ()
-
9
9
9 10g

: Pb(NO3)2
: 331.20
: extra pure ()
- -
9
9
9 50g
7H2O
: FeSO4.7H2O
: 278.02
: extra pure ()
9
9
9 50g
()6H2O
: FeCl3.6H2O
: 270.30
: granulated (), pure ()
9
9
9 100g
5H2O
: CuSO4.5H2O
: 249.68
: crude ()
-
9
9
9 100g
42
( )
6H2O
: AlCl3.6H2O
: 241.43
: extra pure ()
9
9
9 50g
6H2O
: Ni(NO3)2.6H2O
: 290.81
: extra pure ()
9
9
9 50g
2H2O
: BaCl2.2H2O
: 244.28
: extra pure ()
9
9
9 250g

: K2Cr2O7
: 294.19
: technical ( )

9
9
9 100g

: K2CrO4
: 194.20
: extra pure ()
T
9
9
9 100g
(IV)
: MnO2
: 86.94
: extra pure ()
9
9
9 100g
FEHLING
:
: ()
9
9
9 1L
FEHLING
:
II: ,
9
9
9 1L
( )
0.1%..
: C14H14N3NaO3S
: 327.34
9
9
9 4X100mL
1%..
: C20H14O4
: 318.33
9
9
9 4X100mL
D(+)-.2
: C6H12O6.H2O
: 198.17
: extra pure ()
9
9
9 100g
43
44
( )
(. .)

. ., .
:
1. .
2. , .
3. ( ).
.
4. .

, , (
....)
(.. 1
, ...):

F

(. , . , . , . , . )
1, 2, 3, 4
F

(. , . , . , . , . )
1, 2, 3, 4
F

(. , . , . , . , . , .
)
1, 2, 3, 4
F

(. , . )
2
F

(. , . , . , . )
2, 3, 4
F

(. , . , . , . )
1, 2
F

(. , . , . , . )
2, 3, 4

F

(. , . , . , . , . , . , .
)
( )
45
1, 2, 3
F

(. , . , . )
2
F

(. , . )
2, 3
F

(. , . )
2,3
F

(. , . )
2,3,4
F

(. , . )
2,3,4

F

(. , . , . )
2
F

(. , . , . )
2
F

(. , .-. , . , . )
1,2
F

(. , . , . , . , . , . , .
, . )
2
F

(. - , . , . , . , . )
1,2

2 [ ] (. 421-465)
46
( )
1.
- , . , .
, , 2002
2.
- ,
. , . , , 2002
3.
- ,
. , . , , 2004
4.
- ,
. , . , , 2002
5.
, , 2002
6.
- , . ,
, 2007
& ,
7.
. , , 2007
8.
-- , . ,
, 2007
9.
http://www.learningfundamentals.com.au/wp-content/uploads/chemistry-map.jpg
( . 3)
ISBN 978-960-89715-8-5

EKFE KARDITSAS Peiramata Xim Lykeiou 6 2009

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.... .

- 100g HCl 37%w/w 37g 37:36,46=1,015mol. 0,01mol

M2=0,02M M1V1=M2V2 0,1100mL=M21000mL M =

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