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1
1.1 . . .
1.2
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 . . . . . . .
2.6
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3.1 ANSI-SPARC . . .
3.2 . . . . .
3.2.1 .
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18

3.2.3 . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 . .
3.3.2
3.3.3 . . . . .
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4 -
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4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4.3.2 . . .
4.3.3
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4.4 . . . . . .
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. 115

5 Microsoft SQL Server 2000

5.1 MSSQLS-2000 . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 MSSQLS-2000 . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 SQL Server Database Engine . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 SQL Server Enterprise Manager . . . . . .
5.2.3 SQL Server Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.4 SQL Query Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.5 SQL Profiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.6 Data Transformation Services (DTS) . . .
5.2.7 SQL Server Analysis Services . . . . . . . .
5.2.8 Microsoft Full-Text Search Services . . . .
5.2.9 English Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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5.2.10 Distributed Transaction Coordinator

5.2.11 SQL Server Service Manager . . . . .
5.3 . . . . .
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II

133

6
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 . . . . . . .
6.4.1
6.4.2 . . . . . . . . .
6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.1 . . . . . . .
7.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.1 .
7.2.2 . . .
7.2.3 . . . . . . .
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8
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.1 . . . . . .
8.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .

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20

8.1.3
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.1 (1NF) . . . . . . . . .
8.2.2 (2NF) . . . . . . . .
8.2.3 (3NF) . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.4 Boyce-Codd (BCNF) . . . . .
8.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.2 (4NF) . . . . . . . .
8.3.3 (5NF) . . . . . . . . .
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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9 SQL
9.1 SQL . . . . .
9.2 . . . . . . . . .
9.2.1 . .
9.2.2 . . . . . . . .
9.2.3 . .
9.3 . . . . . . . .
9.3.1 . . .
9.3.2 . . . . .
9.3.3 . . . .
9.3.4 . . . . .
9.4
9.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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10 MSSQLS-2000
10.1 . . . . . . . .
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 ,
10.4 - . . . . . . .
10.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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21

III
11
11.1 . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3 . . . . .
11.4 . . . .
11.5
11.5.1
11.5.2 . . .
11.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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12.1 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.1 E - . . . . . .
12.1.2 - . . . . . .
12.2 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3 + - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3.1 . . . . . .
12.3.2 .
12.3.3
12.3.4 . . . . . . .
12.3.5 E . . . . . . .
12.4 - . . .
12.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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287
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. 319
. 319

13
13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.4
13.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5.5 . . . . . .

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22

13.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

14
14.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3 . .
14.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.4 , . . . . . . . .
14.3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4.1
14.4.2 . . . . . . . .
14.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
15
15.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1.1 . . . . .
15.1.2 . . . . . . .
15.2 . . . . . . . . .
15.2.1 . . . . .
15.2.2 . . . . .
15.2.3 . . . . . . .
15.2.4
15.3 . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.1 . . . . . .
15.3.2 . . . . . . .
15.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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353
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379
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16
411
16.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
16.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
16.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

23

16.3.1 . . . . . .
16.3.2 . . . .
16.3.3 .
16.4 . . . . . . . . . .
16.5 . . . . .
16.6 . . . . .
16.7 SQL . . . .
16.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
17 MSSQLS-2000
17.1 . . . . . .
17.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.1.2 . . . . . . . .
17.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.2.1 . . . . . . . .
17.2.2 - . . . . .
17.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . .
17.3 .
17.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.4.1
17.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.4.3 . . . . . . . . . .
17.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.5.1 . . . .
17.5.2 . .
17.5.3 . . . . . . . .
17.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. 463

IV
18
18.1
18.1.1 , . . . . .
18.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.2 . . . . . .
18.3 . . . . . . . .

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24

18.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

19 -
19.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.2 SQL:1999 (SQL3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.2.3 .
19.2.4 . . . . . . .
19.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.2.8 . . . . . . . . .
19.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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20
20.1 - . . . . . . . .
20.1.1
20.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.3 . .
20.3.1 . . . . . . .
20.3.2 . . . . . . . .
20.3.3 OLAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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499
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. 521
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21 MSSQLS-2000
21.1 . . . . . . .
21.2
21.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.4 . . . . . . . . . . .

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21.5 . . .
21.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.5.2 MAS . . . .
21.5.3 OLAP . . . . . . . . .
21.5.4 .
21.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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541

551


1.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

. . . .
RAID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WORM.
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DAS, NAS SAN. . . .

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55
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73

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

ANSI-SPARC.
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94

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
, . . . . . 103
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
. . . 107
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
. . . . . . 109
. . . . . . 109
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
. . . . 112
.113
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

5.1
5.2

Enterprise Manager. . . . . . . 122

DTS Enterprise Manager. . . . . . 125
27

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28

5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
8.1
8.2
8.3

Enterprise
Manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Enterprise Manager. . . . 129
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Enterprise Manager. . . . . 131
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
, . . . . . . . . 140
NULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.1 . . . . . 147

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
. . . . . . . . . . . . 152
, . . . . . . . . 158
, ( >20 ()). 161
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
, . . 166
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
8.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8.8 . . . . . . . 193
8.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
8.10 . . . . . . 197

29

8.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
8.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
9.1
9.2

4.1 . . . . . 207
. . . 223

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7

. . 238
Enterprise Manager. . . . . . . . . . . 239
T-SQL Query Analyzer. . 240
Enterprise Manager.243
movies-db. . . . . . . . . . . 245
movies-db. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Enterprise Manager. . . . . . . . . . . 252

11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
11.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
11.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
11.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
11.8 . . . . . . . . . . . 266
11.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
11.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
11.11 . . . . . . . 274
11.12 . . . . . . . . 277
11.13 . O
CPU /. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
11.14 FIFO LRU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6

.
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . .

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. 288
. 288
. 289
. 289
. 291
. 294

30

12.7 - . . . . . . . . . .
12.7 - (). . . .
12.8 (3,5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.9 (3,15). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.10 -. . . . . . . . . .
12.11 -. . . . . . . . . .
12.12 + -. . . . . . . . . . . .
12.13 + - .
12.14 + - d=2 Bkf r=4. . . .
12.15 + - d=2 Bkf r=4. . . .
12.16 + - d=2 Bkf r=4. . . .
12.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.18 + -. . . . . . .

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. 295
. 296
. 299
. 300
. 302
. 303
. 305
. 307
. 311
. 314
. 315
. 318
. 318

13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3 . . . .
13.4 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5 . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.7 . . . . . . . . .
13.8 . . . . . .
13.9 bits. . . . . . . . . .
13.10 bits. .
13.11 . . . . . . . . . .
13.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.13 . . . . . . . . .

.
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.

. 326
. 332
. 333
. 334
. 335
. 336
. 336
. 340
. 342
. 343
. 344
. 345
. 347

14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
14.3 . . . . . . 359
14.4 1 (X 1 Y ). . . . . . . 361
14.5 . 370
14.6 -. . . . . . . 370
14.7 . . . . . . . . . . 371
14.8 . . . . . . . . . . 374
14.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
14.10 . . . . . . . . . 375

31

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
. . . . . 384
1 2. 385
. . . . . 387
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
. . . . . . . . . . . 389
. . . . . 391
15.2 15.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
15.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
15.10 () (). . . . . . . . . . 396
15.11 Thomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
15.12 . . . . . . . . . . . 404
15.13 5 . . . . . . 406
15.14 (
4 5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4

. 413
REVOKE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
A1 AND NOT A2 , = 1 AND
A2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
16.5 ASP
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
16.6
. . . . . . . . . . . 432
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

MSSQLS-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
. . . . . . . . . . 440
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
17.5 Enterprise Manager. . . . . . . . . . . . 444
17.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
17.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
17.8 Permissions Properties . . . . 456
17.9 Object Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
17.10 Column Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
17.11 Database User Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

32

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
ODMG ODL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
[Connolly 2002]. . . . . . . . . . . . 477
ODMG C++ ODL. . . . . . . . . . . 478
ODMG C++ OML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

19.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
19.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
20.1 . . . . . . . . . .
20.2 GIS .
20.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.4 R-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.5 . . . . . . . . . .
20.6 ( ). . .
20.7 . . . . . .
20.8 OLAP. . . . . . . .
20.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. 502
. 503
. 505
. 506
. 510
. 511
. 511
. 514
. 515
. 516
. 519

21.1 / MAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

21.2 Budget FoodMart2000. . 536
21.3 MDX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537


2.1
2.2
2.3

2.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
WORM. (:
www.asus.com, www.plextor.com, www.teac.com) . . . . . . . . . . .
. (:
www.hp.com, www.dell.com, www.ibm.com) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .

3.1

. . . . . 84

7.1
7.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

9.1
9.2

SQL-92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
LIKE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .

2.4

MSSQLS-2000.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
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.

.
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.
.

54
57
65
68
72

. 239
. 249
. 249
. 250

11.1 3380. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
12.1 (3,15). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
13.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
33

34

14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
16.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
16.2 . . 421
16.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
19.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4

OLTP OLAP .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .

.
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.

. 509
. 520
. 520
. 521

. , . , 1,
, .
, . ,
. 2
,
() . ,
,
. 3 -,
.
, -
. , 5
Microsoft SQL Server
2000, .

. , , (file system) ,

. ,

,
. ,

,
, (..,
, , ) .
,
, , ,
- (keywords) .
37

38

1.

:
,
.
,
,
.
. ,

.
,

.
,
.

.
, .
, . , 1
(.., , ),
2 .
1 , 2 . ,

,
,

39

.

.
.
.

. ,
1 (citations) .
1, ,
,
.
.
,
( C, C++,
Java, Visual Basic).
( Linux, Windows, MacOS). (binary)
(alphanumeric, text) .
.
,
. , . "" ,
.
(). : ) ) .
, .

40

1.
(.., ).
, . ,
,
.
( , ),
, . ,
.

,
.
.
,
(versions)
.

1.1

, .
,
. (database system) , ,
, .
:
(database),
, ,

41

( ) (database management system),

, , ,
, ,
.
() () ,
.

1.1: .
1.1 . .

. ,
.


(end-users).

42

1.
.
.

. ,
,
. ,


.
.
,
. ,
. ,
, . , ,
(format) , . ,
,
. , ,

.
.
.


. ,
,
.
.

43

. .
(username)
(password), .
,
, . ,

.
,
.
. .

,
. ,

.
.
(locking)
( ) .

.
.
,
. ,
.
,
.

44

1.

.
. ,

.

1.2
60 . .
(On-Line Transaction
Processing, OLTP). : )
, ) ) . :
. ,
,
,
.

.
.
. , , ,
, , , .

. .
.
,

45

, .
( , ,
, ...).
, , , , .


(.., ).

,
. . .

.

.
.

(). , , video.

. (multimedia databases)
. , : "
" "
", .
. , ( , , , ...),
(spatial) . ,
( )

46

1.
(..,
-, - ...). ( -, -, -, , ...). , ,
(Geographical Inforation System, GIS),
,
(Computational Geometry).
.


(decision support systems).
, , marketing ...,

.
,
, .
,
. (data warehouses),
(On-Line
Analytical Processing, OLAP)
, .
. (data mining)
,
( ),
, ,

.
, , ""
, ,

47

. (characterization), (discrimination), (classification),

(association rules), (clustering)
.
(machine learning) . ,


.
. (information retrieval) . , , .
.
.
(search engines) Google, Altavista ...
.
-
. ,
,
.
.
, , ,
.
: )
)
.

48

1.

.

,
, .

1.3
, . ,

. ,

.
.
.

. , .

.

1.1.
;
.
1.2.
.
1.3.
.
. ;

49

1.4. ,
.
1.5. .
;
1.6. ;
1.7. ;
1.8. .
,
;
1.9.
;
1.10.
;

.
(physical storage media).
.

(capacity) (access time) .
, , .
(reliability) ,
.


(storage hierarchy). ,
.
(registers).
(CPU) 51

52

2.
. , (bytes),
CPU .
CPU. ,

(machine code) (assembly).
(cache memory). , , (Random Access Memory, RAM). ,
CPU.

CPU,
, CPU
.
(main memory). (DRAM).
GBytes, .
(PC) 512 MBytes
2 GBytes, (servers)
.
.
Flash (flash memory). ,
flash
. flash EEPROM
(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), .
flash
. BIOS (basic input-output system) PCs EEPROM. ,
flash USB (universal serial bus)
.

53

(magnetic disk). ,
0 1. PC 80 GBytes 200 GBytes.

. ,
.
: )
( floppy disk) ) (hard disk).
.

.
(optical disk). laser.
. :
) (Compact Disk - CD) )
(Digital Versatile/video Disk - DVD).
: )
CD-ROM ( CD-R),
( Write-Once ReadMany, WORM) ) CD-RW, ( rewritable)
PC.
CD-ROM 650-700 MBytes. , DVD-ROM DVD-R
4.7 GBytes 27 GBytes. , ,
. CD DVD
,
(backup).
(magnetic tapes).
, , . ,

54

2.

.
.

. .

,
(primary storage), on-line (secondary storage)
off-line (tertiary storage).
,
.

, , . 2.1
1956
2003.
1956
1971
1976
1980
1981
1985
1987
1991
1994
1997
2003

IBM RAMAC
5 MBytes.
IBM floppy.
Wang Laboratories floppy 5 1/2 .
Philips
60 5 1/4.
Sony floppy 3 1/2 .
Philips CD-ROM.
RAID Berkeley.
Yamaha CD-R.
SanDisk flash.
Philips CD-RW Hitatchi
DVD-ROM.
iSCSI.

2.1: .

2.1
[Harker 1981, Ruemmler 1994]
-

55

. 2.1 .
(platters) (Constant
Angular Velocity, CLV) (spindle).

(tracks).

2.1: .
(cylinder). , (sectors)1
(interblock gap) . /. PC (..,
MS-Windows MS-DOS) 512 bytes, (.., UNIX)
4-8 kbytes.
, (recording
density) . , (, ) (, )
.
(head), (arm).
,
1

(page) block.

56

2.

, (access comb).
CPU (hard disk
controller). CPU
, CPU.

(bad sector)
. CPU, (interface)
(.., USB, IDE, SCSI). CPU ( )
:
.
( ) . ,
, .
(seek time, Tseek ).
.
.

,
. (latency time)
(rotational delay, Trot ).
.
,
CPU , .
(transfer time, Ttrans ), bytes
(data transfer rate).
(Taccess )
:
Taccess = Tseek + Trot + Ttrans

57

. 2.2
.

ytes

( )
( )
( )

Seagate
Barracuda 7200.8
400 GBytes
7.200 rpm
8
16
16383
512
8 MBytes
8 msec
4.16 msec
95 MBytes/sec

Western Digital
Caviar RE2
400 GBytes
7.200 rpm
4
8
16383
512
16 MBytes
8.7 msec
4.20 msec
150 MBytes/sec

Maxtor
DiamondMax 16
300 GBytes
5.400 rpm
8
16
16383
512
8 MBytes
< 12 msec
5.6 msec
133 MBytes/sec

2.2: .

(buffer cache).
.
RAM .
,
. , .

.
11.

, (Mean Time
Between Failures, MTBF),
.
300.000
1.500.000 .
(Mean Time to Repair, MTTR),

.
, ,

58

2.

.

1956 IBM RAMAC
5 MBytes. RAMAC
.

. , ,
,
RAMAC.

2.2
, .
, - (I/O). , .
(
),
.
.

(disk array) [Patterson 1988, Chen 1990, Chen 1994].
. RAID (redundant array of inexpensive/independent disks). RAID,
.

(RAID controllers), . RAID 2.2.
RAID .
RAID 0. . blocks, .

59

block .
, .
,
. .
RAID 1. (mirroring) (shadowing).
A A0
. , A (, A0 ) A0 (,
A). ,
.
RAID 2.
,
(error-correcting codes) Hamming. : ) )
(parity). bits byte , data stripping ( ,
). , Hamming
stripping . (
) bit , bits
bits .
RAID 2
. , .
RAID 3. data stripping
.
RAID 2 : ) data stripping byte bit )
.

. ,

.

60

2.

A
E

B
F

C
G

D
H

I
M

J
N

K
O

L
P

A
E

A
E

B
F

B
F

C
G

C
G

D
H

D
H

I
M

I
M

J
N

J
N

K
O

K
O

L
P

L
P

A0
B0

A1
B1

A2
B2

A3
B3

ECC/Ax
ECC/Bx

ECC/Ay
ECC/By

ECC/Az
ECC/Bz

C0
D0

C1
D1

C2
D2

C3
D3

ECC/Cx
ECC/Dx

ECC/Cy
ECC/Dy

ECC/Cz
ECC/Dz

A0
B0

A1
B1

A2
B2

A3
B3

RAID 3

C0
D0

C1
D1

C2
D2

C3
D3

C
D

A0
B0
C0
D0

A1
B1
C1
D1

A2
B2
C2
D2

A3
B3
C3
D3

C
D

A0
A1
A2
A3
4

B0
B1
B2
3
B4

A0
A1
A2
A3
4
9

B0
B1
B2
3
8
B4

C0
C1
2
C3
C4

D0
1
D2
D3
D4

RAID 0

0
E1
E2
E3
E4

2
7
C3

D0
1
6
D2
D3

0
5
E1

C4

D4

E4

C0
C1

RAID 1

RAID 2

RAID 4

RAID 5

RAID 6

E2
E3

2.2: RAID.

.
RAID 4. RAID 3

61

. , , data stripping byte block.

, block . , block block ,
. , , block blocks
.
block . .

,
. , block
, .
RAID 5. RAID 4 data stripping byte block.
, block
block ,
. , ,
.
.
. ,

RAID.
RAID 6. RAID 5 .
:
P+Q Reed-Solomon.
RAID 5, . . ,
. , RAID 6 -

62

2.
,
(. 2.2).
RAID.
. , RAID
0 RAID 1 (RAID 01 RAID 10),
. ,
RAID 0 RAID 3 RAID 03.

RAID , RAID 1, RAID 3 RAID 5.

RAID
, , (, ), . RAID
.

2.3
[Kenville 1982, Fujitani 1984, OLeary 1985]
, , ,
. , .
. ,

. ,
,
.


(WORM). . , (rewritable)
- , . (CD)
650-700 MBytes, (.., over-burn). DVD
27 GBytes (blue-ray DVD)

63

(multimedia) .
WORM ( CD-R)
12cm, (.
2.3). .
(label).
1.2mm.

2.3: WORM.

. laser,
.
.
laser . ,
. , . ,
bits
. (CD-RW) -
.
. :


(Constant Linear Velocity, CLV),
.

64

2.

CLV
.
, . ,
,
,
. ,
,
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CAV.
CLV
CAV, .
,
. ,

(zone). (multizone) (
MCLV).

,
. , ,
. ,

. (proximal window). ,
,
.


.
.
, 52x,
52 1x. 2.3
.

Asus CD-S520
Plextor PX-54TA
Teac CD-552E

52x
54x
52x

3.30-7.80 MBytes/sec
3.46-7.91 MBytes/sec
3.45-7.80 MBytes/sec

85 msec
95 msec
120 msec

65

128 KBytes
128 KBytes
128 KBytes

2.3: WORM.
(: www.asus.com, www.plextor.com, www.teac.com)
,
( ).
jukeboxes ( jukebox)
. ,
, .

2.4
1950
mainframes. 1960

,
.


.
. ,
.
,
.
bits (Den) 1600
6250 bits (bpi). ,
/ (read/write
speed).
(record) -

66

2.

.
. ,
, 25g. ,
,
. (interrecord
gaps, IRG). / (start/stop time)
Ts/s . 0.75 0.60 7
9 , . (storage utilization factor, U )
.
, ,
(logical record) (length, R).
(physical record)
B. , (IRG) .
(blocking factor, Bf r).
,
,
.

byte. byte bits
(weight) Hamming.
bit . (even parity) bit
, Hamming . ,
(odd parity) bit ,
Hamming . bit
(vertical) bits
byte. , ,
. ,


.
.

67

, bytes
(longitudinal) bytes.
,
. ,
.

.
(linear) (longitudinal). ,

:
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,
. , /
,
, 2.4. ,
.
()

()

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()

2.4: .
(helical scan),
VCR.
10o -20o ,
2.4, .
/

68

2.
,
(, forward rewind )
50-75 .
, .
, 1500 ,
500.000 , 3,5 . ,
20-50 .
(transverse recording),
,
2.4. , . ,
.

2.4 .

HP DDS-4
HP AIT-100
DELL 110T DLT
IBM 7206 VX2

20/40 GBytes
100/200 GBytes
40/80 GBytes
80/160 GBytes

2.4/4.8 MBytes/sec
12/24 MBytes/sec
3/6 MBytes/sec
3/6 MBytes/sec

150m
230m
230m

2.4: . (:
www.hp.com, www.dell.com, www.ibm.com)
,
, jukeboxes,
. ,
,
(..,
). terabytes. ,

69

MSL6060 Hewlett Packard,

(configuration) 4
60 600 GBytes
192 ytes. 240 15 ,
30 MBytes/sec. , (MTBF) 250.000 , 28,5
(MSBF) 2.000.000 .
,
.

2.5
.
(punched card), (paper tape)
(magnetic drum), .
,
.
.

. ,
.
, PCs
3,5 ( 5,25) .
. Mylar,
.
(soft sectoring), (format) .
,
. , . /
( ), ,
.
(fixed-head disks) . ,
/ ,

70

2.

. (multiple disk
arms), /
. ,
.
mainframe.
(content addressable filestores) ,

( . 4). . ( ) CAFS-ISP ICL
900 GBytes .
(mass storage)

. , Control Data 3850 IBM 3850
1.000 472 GBytes, (, ).
.
(magnetic bubble memories)
(< 7 ms), .
.
,
, .
(semiconductor disks) 1978 ,
. (<0,5 ms),
, .
,
.
,
,
/ .

71

(optical tape) . ,
1/2 , ,
4/5 . ,
,
25
, 75 .
, :
,
,
.
,
,
WORM.
(holography)
,
. ,
1000 -
1 cm, 10
TBytes 1 cm3 . , ,
.
, (electron trapping).
, ,
. ,

.
, ,
. bit . ,
.
- . 2.5
.

72

2.

/MByte

5 GBytes
15 cm

200 GBytes
3480 ft

1 GBytes
30x30 mm

10 GBytes
13 cm

RAID

2.5: .

2.6


.
, (dedicated servers)
(LAN).
: ) DAS, ) NAS ) SAN,
2.5 :
DAS (direct attached storage). (.., SCSI).
(.., NFS).
. DAS
.
NAS (network attached storage). NAS
,

73
LAN

IDC

IDC

IDC

IDC

IDC

IDC
IDC

LAN

IDC

LAN

SCSI

RAID

DAS

NAS

SAN

2.5: DAS, NAS SAN.

,
(file sharing).

.
.
SAN (storage area network). SAN (centralized)
.
(fibre channel), .

, (switches).
SAN
.

2.7

.

74

2.

.
.

. ,
, . ,

.
.
. ,
.
. ,
.
.

.

2.1.
.
;
2.2. 11 ,
200 , 20 ,
512 bytes, 128 bytes.
bytes ;
,
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;
2.3. C ,

75

.
.
,
;
2.4. , .

, .
.

.
.
;
2.5.
RAID. RAID 0, RAID 1 RAID 5.
2.6. 1000 GBytes
. 80 GBytes. RAID 0 RAID 1.
2.7. RAID
block 4 . , block Pi block B4i3
B4i . RAID ; / ;
1
B1
P1
B8
..
.

2
B2
B5
P2
..
.

3
B3
B6
B9
..
.

4
B4
B7
B10
..
.

2.8. / .

76

2.

2.9. .
;
2.10. : ,
.
2.11. 2.400 , 1.600 bpi /
50 /sec. 0,5 ,
/ 0,01 sec.
200 bytes, X%
; Y B bytes;
2.12. . 512 bytes,
1.600 bpi, 0,5
20 / . 2400 ;
2.13. 150.000
. , . , ,
20% .
,
/ 50 /sec /
0,02 sec. ,
.
2.14.
.
30.000 500 .

.
7 ms, 8,3 ms,
.
.

77

2.15. .

.
:
(naive users).
.
,
. ,
TAXIS, ,

.
.
(casual users).

.
(SQL) , .
79

80

3.
(application programmers). ,
.
API (Application Programming Interface)
.
(.., C++, Java)
,
.
(database designers).
.
. ,

.
,
.
.
(database administrators, DBA). ,
,
.

.

3.1 ANSI-SPARC

(Data Base Task Group) CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems
and Languages) 1971 [DBTG 1971].
. , .

81

(1975) ANSI-SPARC (American National Standards Institute - Standards Planning and Requirements Committee) , ANSI-SPARC [Jardine 1977,
Tsichritzis 1978]. ANSI-SPARC ,
.

3.1: ANSI-SPARC.
ANSI-SPARC 3.1.
: (external), (internal) (conceptual).
. .

.
""
.
:

82

3.

, .
.
.


.

(..,
).

.

, ANSISPARC :
.
.
,
.
()
. ,
.
. .
12 (.., 2:00 ), 24
(.., 14:00).
.
.
. , (.., ) .

,
.

83

. .
(.., ,
...) .
.
(schema).
, .
,

.
,


.
.
,
.
(instance). . ,
.

(data independence),
. :
(logical) ,
,
(physical) ,
( ) .
. ,

.

84

3.

.
(.., PDF). ,
.
, .
X1 , X2 X3 . X1
, X2
, X3 .
3.1.

1001
1002

2099
2100
3000

PDF

399

30

1001.pdf

3000

600

100

1002.pdf

8000

500

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400

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2000

500

70

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3.1: .
, :
.

. , ,
.
PDF
. , X1
1001
1002. X2

85

1001, 1002, 2099 2100. X3 ,

, .
, (
), ,
:
X1 : , ,
, , .
PDF.
X2 : , ,
, , .

PDF.
X3 : , ,
, , .
: , ,
, , , PDF, .
: , , , , , PDF,
. ,
, .

,
.
. ,
,
PDF.

3.2
. (Data Definition Language, DDL)

86

3.

.
(.., ,
). (Data Manipulation Language, DML) , , .
. ,

. ,
(declarative).
, . ,
.

3.2.1

. ,
. , .
.
,
,
. .

(data dictionary)
(data directory) (system catalog). - (metadata),
. (, , )
. ,
,
.
, . , .
: ,
, , .

87

:
CREATE TABLE
( INTEGER,
CHAR(20),
CHAR(20),
INTEGER,
INTEGER);

: )
() , )
)
.

3.2.2

.
. )
, ) , )
) ( ).

. ()
(query language).
(procedural) - (non-procedural).

, . ,
, (, ifthen-else, ...) ( for, while, repeat)
. -
(.., > 110). ,
,
.

88

3.

- SQL (Structured Query

Language) QBE (Query By Example). , Transact-SQL Microsoft SQL Server PL/SQL Oracle.

SQL.
.
.
INSERT INTO
VALUES (1, Stilo, FIAT, 1600, 103);
INSERT INTO
VALUES (2, 106 Rallye, Peugeot, 1600, 122);
INSERT INTO
VALUES (3, Saxo VTS, Citroen, 1600, 122);
INSERT INTO
VALUES (4, Golf, VW, 1600, 115);
INSERT INTO
VALUES (5, S 2000, Honda, 2000, 241);

115 . :
SELECT *
FROM
WHERE > 115;

"106
Rallye", "Saxo VTS" "S 2000" .

3.2.3
- (4th generation languages, 4GL),
. , -

89

,
.
:
(form generation).
.
, , .
.

.
(report generation). .
.
,
.
(graph generation).
. ,
,
(x y)
.
(application generation).

, . (demo), . ,

.

3.3
, . , ,

90

3.

. (data models), (
).
.
. .
ANSI-SPARC,
: , . ,
: (record-based models), (object-based
models) (physical data models).

3.3.1

.
(records) (layout).
(fields)
(attributes). ,
.
, . ,
.
: (relational model),
(network model) (hierarchical model).
. (columns).
.
(video club) 3.2 ,
: , -.
-

.
,

1
2
3
4
5

The others
Armagedon
Contact
Midnight run
Fifth element

DVD
3
2
6
2
7

1
1
Nicole Kidman
2
2
Jodie Foster
3
3
Bruce Willis
3
4
Robert de Niro
4
5
Charles Grodin
5

91

VHS
3
1
5
1
7

1
3
2
5
4
4

-
3.2: .
(links, pointers). (graph).

.
. ,
,
( ).

3.3.2
(object). ,
.
: (entity-relationship), (object-oriented), (semantic) (functional).
.

92

3.

ANSISPARC.
- ,
. ,
, , .
, .
.
.
- (E-R diagram).
3.3. .

3.3: -.

, (properties) (methods)
.
.
.
.
(object classes), (.., C++, Java).

(. 18).

93

3.3.3
(physical data models)
. , .
(unifying model)
- (frame-memory model).
.

3.4
. ,
.
.
.
,
.
3.4 ,
. ,
.

.
DML (DML query compiler).
.
.
.
DDL (DDL compiler).
.
.
,
() .
.
(execution engine). .

94

3.

3.4: .
,

. ,
.

95

(concurrency control manager).

.
,
.

.
(locking)
.
(logging and recovery manager).
. . . ,
(log) ,
(redo) (undo)
.
(transaction manager). .
,
.
.
: ) ) .

.
(file manager). , , .
.
(buffer manager).
. ,
.
11.

96

3.
(storage manager).

.

(blocks).

H
:
.
. .
. .
(. 12) (. 13).
.

.
. ,

.
-,
.
, .

3.5
ANSI-SPARC .
: , .
.
: )

97

, ) ,
, ,
.
.
: ) )
.

, -
.

. .

3.1. .
3.2. .
3.3.
. .
3.4. ANSI-SPARC. ;
3.5. .
;
3.6. . ;
3.7. . .

98

3.

3.8.

.
3.9. , .
3.10. ;
3.11. ;
.
3.12. ;
.
3.13.
.

. ,
.
3.14. , , .
3.15. ,
.

o- () ,
.
.
Chen [Chen 1976]
. .
.
. (semantic)
,
, .

4.1 -
- (ER diagrams).
99

100

4. -

,
, . 4.1
.




4.1: .
:
, , , 1 . ,
,
.
,

1

, ,
, .

101

. 4.1
:
: , , , , , , .
: , , , , , , .

4.2
,
. "", ,
,
. (entity set)
. ,
.
.
,
, ISBN, ...

. , ISBN
,
ISBN.

4.2.1
. ,
:
. (simple) (atomic)
. (composite) .
,

102

4. -
. , o
.
, .
. (singlevalued) . , . .
(multi-valued). ,
. .
,
. ,

(..,
).
. (null)
. , , .
. (,
) (
). ,
, ,
.
. (derived)
, . , ,
.
(-) .
.

103

4.2
.

4.2: , .

4.2.2
(key)
(domain).
. ,

. (candidate).
(primary) ,
(alternative) .
.

,
, . , ,
( )
.
(composite) . ,

.
,

.

104

4. -

ID . 4.1
.

4.3
. , " " " ".
" " " ".
(relationship set)
. ,
. , E1 , E2 , ..., En ,
R {(e1 , e2 , ..., en ) |
(e1 E1 , e2 E2 , ..., en En )}, (e1 , e2 , ..., en ) . ,
. .
(participation),
E1 , E2 , ..., En R.
(binary)
, (,
). .
, (ternary) ...
. , , ,
. 4.3 .

4.3: .

105

(degree) .
(role). ,
.
,
. ,
: , 4.4.

: , , ...
(recursive).
, ,

.

4.4: .

4.3.1
A B R
.

(cardinality ratio)
. :
-- (one-to-one). a A
b B b B
a A. "1:1".

106

4. -
-- (one-to-many). a A b B, b B
a A.
"1:".
-- (many-to-one). a A
b B, b B
a A.
":1".
-- (many-to-many). a A b B b B
a A.
":".
A

--

--

--

--

4.5: .
4.5.

.
,
( 1, )
.

107

,
.
4.5,
:, 1: :1 (
). , ,
:1, 2 ,
.

4.3.2
. , 4.6
, .
,
.

. ,
,

.

4.6: .

2

:,
:1.

108

4. -

. :1 1:

, .
1:1
. ,
.

4.3.3

.

, .
0
1 . ,
(total), (partial).

4.7: .
, , ,
4.7.
. ,
. , .
.
.

. 4.8.

109

4.8: .
. . ,
.

4.9: .
, . , 4.9
,
. ,
3 .

4.3.4
(existence dependency). , A
B, A
B. B,
3

,
,
.

110

4. -

A. B
(dominant) A (subordinate). , ,
. 1000,
" ". " ", 1000.

4.3.5
(weak)
. ,
, (strong). ,

:
( , 1, 2, ...), . ,

, (,
...).
:, . ,
, .
4.10 ,
4 ,
(identifying). , , , , (discriminator)
(partial key),
. ,

.
4.10
, . ,
.
,
, 4

111

4.10: .
. , .

4.4
, , . ,


[Codd 1979].
.

4.4.1
, .
, (specialization),
. ,
.
(generalization). .
,
.
, ,
.

112

4. -

ISA (is a),
(superclass) (subclasses). 4.11
, .
, .

ISA

4.11: .
ISA .
(overlapping). ,
,
. ,

,
(, ).
,
.
(covering) (completeness).
. ,
. , Formula1,

.

113

4.4.2
/ (inheritance) .

ISA. , 4.11 , ,
.


. , ,
(. 18).

4.4.3
,
. , . ,
(aggregation).

4.12: .

114

4. -

4.6 . , ,
.
, , 4.12.
, .

. ,
,
.
.

4.13: .

, 4.13.
,
, ,
. , .

115

4.5
- () .
.
.
, ( ).
. ,
. ( ) .
.
, : 1:1, 1:, :1 :.

.
.
.
.
.
.
/.


. ,
, .
[Batini 1991] [Thalheim 2000].

4.1. , , ,
.
4.2. ;

116

4. -

.
4.3. ;
4.4.
; .
4.5. 1:1, 1: :.
.
4.6. .
4.7. .
4.8.
; .
4.9. .
, .
4.10.
. .
4.11. .
4.12. 4.1
.
4.13. ,
R A, B, C. , R, a1, a2 A,
b1, b2 B, c1, c2 C.

117

(), () ()
. .
A, B C 100, 1000
10 ,
R;
M

a1
a2

b1 c1
b1 c2
()

a1
a2

b1 c1
b2 c1
()

a1
a1

b1
b1
()

c1
c2

4.14.
. :

IP (.., 155.207.113.100),
(.., skyblue.csd.auth.gr) (..,
Windows 2000 Advanced Server).
(directories).
. ,
.
.
, .
IP
.
.

.

118

4. -

4.15.
,
:
.
,
DVD. .
, ,
, ...
,
.
.

.

Microsoft
SQL Server 2000

. Microsoft SQL Server 2000 (MSSQLS-2000)1 ,
. (SQL Server 2005) .
, SQL Server 2000 . ,
,
. , ,
.
,
,
1

119

120

5. Microsoft SQL Server 2000

.

SQL Server, [Petkovic 2000, Riordan 2000, Sharma 2002, Rankins 2003,
Beauchemin 2004].

5.1 MSSQLS-2000
MSSQLS-2000 ,
. :
SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition.
.
MSSQLS-2000,
.

,

.
.
SQL Server 2000 Standard Edition. ,
.
SQL Server 2000 Personal Edition.
(mobile terminals), ,
, .
SQL Server 2000 Developer Edition. ,
. Enterprise,
,
(production database).
SQL Server 2000 Windows CE Edition.
Microsoft Windows CE.

121

SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Evaluation Edition.

120
.
MSSQLS-2000 .
SQL Server 2000 Desktop Engine.
(database engine)
.

5.2 MSSQLS-2000
MSSQLS-2000 .
,
. MSSQLS-2000,
.
, .

5.2.1 SQL Server Database Engine

.
:
,
,
,

,

,
.

122

5. Microsoft SQL Server 2000

5.2.2 SQL Server Enterprise Manager

. ,
MSSQLS-2000. Enterprise Manager 5.1.

5.1: Enterprise Manager.

, :
,
,

,
,

123

,
,
(error log)

5.2.3 SQL Server Agent

SQL Server Agent
. , (..,
). , Agent

e-mail .
SQL Server Agent (service)
Windows,
MSSQLS-2000. Agent
Enterprise Manager (service
management) Windows.
MSSQLS-2000, Agent
MSSQLS2000.

5.2.4 SQL Query Analyzer

SQL Query Analyzer
SQL .
MSSQLS-2000
. (templates) , ,
, ...

5.2.5 SQL Profiler

SQL Profiler
MSSQLS-2000.
. SQL Profiler :

124

5. Microsoft SQL Server 2000

SQL
.

.
Access Violation, Profiler
.
SQL Profiler .
.

. .

5.2.6 Data Transformation Services (DTS)

DTS .
DTS Designer, Enterprise Manager,
5.2, :
MSSQLS-2000 ,
( Oracle, DB2 ...)
OLEDB ODBC,
(scripts)
,
ftp servers
(download) ,
e-mail ,
MS Message Queue
, .

125

5.2: DTS Enterprise Manager.

5.2.7 SQL Server Analysis Services

. MSSQLS-2000
Analysis Services
OLAP .
:
, (..,
),
(..,
80% supermarket
),

(..,
,
).

126

5. Microsoft SQL Server 2000

5.2.8 Microsoft Full-Text Search Services

, (.., PDF).
- (keywords)
. ,
. ( )
.

(.., Google, AltaVista, ...). MSSQLS-2000
(full-text) FullText Search Services.

5.2.9 English Query

English Query
,
.
Visual Studio English Query Model Editor.

5.2.10 Distributed Transaction Coordinator

, . ,
,
.
Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MS DTC) . ,
MSSQQLS-2000
MS DTC.

5.2.11 SQL Server Service Manager

SQL Server Service Manager ( SQL Server)

MSSQLS-2000:

127

MSSQLS-2000 (SQL Server database

engine),
SQL Server Agent,
(full-text search engine),
(distributed transaction coordinator),
OLAP,
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128

5. Microsoft SQL Server 2000

5.3: Enterprise
Manager.
tempdb: ( tmp UNIX TEMP
Windows).
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129

5.4

Enterprise
Manager. e-library,
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130

5. Microsoft SQL Server 2000

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131

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132

5. Microsoft SQL Server 2000

MyFirstDB.
.
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135

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137

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6.

1
2
3

R-trees Have Grown Everywhere

Similarity Query Processing
Design of ATM Networks

1
2
3

R-trees Have Grown Everywhere

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Design of ATM Networks

1
2
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153

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159

(R)
,, (R)
R1 R2

R1 R2
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7.

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7.

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2
3
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b
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20
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40

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100
200
300
400

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1
2
3
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321
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2
3

b
10
20
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165
c
100
200
300

d
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321
111

R1 1 R2

7.4: .

, .
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a, b d :
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R1 .a=R2 .a

(R1 R2 ))

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:
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166

7.

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1
2
3
4

b
10
20
30
40

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100
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400

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10
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100
100
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400

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2
3
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b
10
20
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40

c
100
200
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400

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167

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168

7.

>1/1/2000.
:
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X = ( )
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R S, R
X, S Y ,
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Z = X Y (, Z X Y ). R S
C :
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X A1, A2, A3, A4, A5
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1
2
4
4

A2
1
2
2
2

A3
2
2
8
8

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3
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8
3

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169

7.2
(relational calculus) .

, .
: (tuple relational calculus)
(domain relational calculus).
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7.2.1
:
{t | E(t)}
t E(t)
(true) (false). :
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t R t () R.
E(t)
. .

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t R, t R .

/ .
s[x] ~ t[y], s t , x y ~
7.2.
t[x] ~ C, C
x.

:

170

7.
.
E , : E (E).
E1 , E2 , : E1 E2 , E1
E2 , E1 E2 .
E(t) t ,
: s R(E(s)) s R(E(s)).

s R(E(s)) : " s R
E(s) ". , s R(E(s))
: " s R E(s)".
:
E1 E2 = (E1 E2 )
s r(P (s)) = s r(P (s))
E1 E2 = E1 E2
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t .
:
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s

171

t s s 1."
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:
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7.2.2
(domain variables),

172

7.

. :
{hx1 , x2 , . . . , xn i | E(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )}
xi ( 1 i n) E .
,
. :
hx1 , x2 , . . . , xn i R, R n
xi ( 1 i n)
.
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:
.
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E2 , E1 E2 .
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.
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a, b, c , , , .

173

:
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x1 , . . . , x12 ,

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. , -

174

7.

:
{hx1 , . . . , x8 i | hy1 , y2 , y3 i (y2 = y2 =
) hz1 , z2 , z3 , z4 i (x1 = z1 z2 = y1 )}

7.2.3
,
. , : {t | t
(t )}. . - (unsafe)
.
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)}
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175

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N2 > 0. , ,
.
.
7.6. R(A1, A2, A3)
S(A4, A5, A6) :
R 1R.A1=S.A4 S
R 1R.A2=S.A5 S
R 1R.A2=S.A5AN DR.A3=S.A6 S
RS
7.7.
.

176

7.
A1
1
2
3

A2
10
20
10

A3
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200
300

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1
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7.8. .
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177

7.12. . (partial compatibility),

, (outer union)
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:
B (R)
A=143 (R)
SR
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(normalization)
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179

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8.

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8.

t1 t2 X,
Y .
Y
(functionally dependent) X. Y
X
X 9 Y . , 8.3
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F
. ,
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F (closure)
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G F + .
F G (equivalent) F + = G+ .
.
Armstrong
[Armstrong 1974]:
1. (reflexive rule): Y X X Y .
2. (augmentation rule): X Y XZ Y Z.
3. (transitive rule): X Y Y Z X Z.
.

183

.
,
.
"",
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Armstrong ,
F + .
1. (decomposition rule): X Y Z X Y
X Z.
2. (union rule): X Y X Z X Y Z.
3. - (pseudotransitive rule): X Y W Y
Z W X Z.
4. (accumulation rule): X Y Z Z BW
X Y ZB.
5. (general unification rule): X Y
Z W X (Z Y ) Y W .

Armstrong. .
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{X A1 , X A2 , . . . , X An },
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.
, F W, U, V, X, Y, Z
: W U V, U Y, V X Y Z.
,
F + .

184

8.

F + W X Z
. , ,
W U V . W V ,
W X V X. ,
V X Y Z W X Y Z,
W X Z.

8.1.2
F +
F . , () F + .
, A B F + ,
.
X (attribute closure),
F ,
X
X + . A B,
A,
8.4.
1.
2.

3.
4.

X = A.
F
C D, C X. ,
D X.
2
X.
B X, A B
F + .
8.4: .

. F :
V Y Z, V Z W, W Y, V Y W
:
V Y, V Z, V Z W, W Y, V Y W

185

. ,
F ,
F .
V Y . :
1: X = V .
2: X = V Z V Z.
3: X = V ZW V Z W .
3: X = V ZW Y W Y .
3: .
4: Y V ZW Y , V Y (F {V Y })+
.
V Z :
1: X = V .
2: X = V Y V Y .
3: X = V Y W V Y W .
3: .
4: Z * V Y W , V Z 6 (F {V Z})+
.
V Z W ,
W Y , V Y W .
. ,
.
,
F 0 ( V Z W Y ),
F .
,
,
F
. , ,
F V Y V Z W ,
V Y W . , F
: V Z, W Y V Y W .

186

8.

8.1.3
(extraneous) . ,
X Y F A :
A X F (F {X Y })
{(X A) Y },
A Y (F {X Y }) {X (Y A)}
F .
F (minimal) (irreducible) :
F
.
X Y
Z Y Z X ( X Z ).
F
F .
Fmin
(minimal cover) (canonical cover) F Fmin
F .
F . 8.5
Fmin
F.

8.2
. (normal forms)

. ,
,

.

 :
1.
2.
3.

4.

187

Fmin = F .
X {A1 , A2 , . . . , An } Fmin
{X A1 , X A2 , . . . , X An }.
X Y Fmin
B X,
(Fmin {X Y }) ({X B} Y )
Fmin , X Y {X B} Y
X Y Fmin ,
Fmin {X Y }, Fmin ,
X Y Fmin .

8.5:
.
, . 8.6 .
,
.
'
'
'
'
'

1NF

2NF

3NF BCNF 4NF 5NF

&
&
&
&
&

$
$
$
$
$

%
%
%
%
%

8.6: .
[Codd 1970],
Boyce-Codd [Codd 1972]. [Zaniolo 1976, Fagin 1977, Fagin 1979,
Fagin 1981]. Maier [Maier 1983] .

188

8.

8.2.1 (1NF)

. , .
.
,
.
. ,
. , ,
. ,
,
. 8.2
8.3
, .

. .
:
(, , , , ,
)

(
) .
. :
9
9
9
,
.

189

, :

.


.

.

8.2.2 (2NF)

. X Y A X
. , X Y
X, , .


. .
, ,

.

:
1. .
2. .
3.
.
, :

190

8.

(, )
( , , , )
(, )
.
,
.
:


.

.

.
.

, .
.

.

8.2.3 (3NF)

.
(transitive dependencies). X Y Y Z, Y
. Z X,
.

191

.

:






. .
. ,
:
(, )
( , , )
( , )
(, )

8.2.4 Boyce-Codd (BCNF)

.
. Boyce-Codd
X Y X
. ,
Boyce-Codd
X Y
X ( ) .

Boyce-Codd.
, ,
Boyce-Codd.

192

8.

Boyce-Codd. , , :
R( , , )
,
,
.
,
, .
, ( ).
, Boyce-Codd . ,
. ,
,
. , ,
. , R . R :
R1( , )
R1( , )
R1(, )

R2( , )
R2( , )
R2(, )

,
, .

.

8.2.5

.
. , R(X, Y, Z) 8.7, R1(X, Y )
R2(Y, Z).

 :
X
x1
x2
x3

Y
y1
y1
y1

Z
z1
z1
z2

X
x1
x2
x3

Y
y1
y1
y1

Y
y1
y1

193
Z
z1
z2

8.7: .
R1 R2,

( 8.8).

.
.
(lossless
schemas) (losslessjoin decomposition).
X
x1
x2
x3
x1
x2
x3

Y
y1
y1
y1
y1
y1
y1

Z
z1
z1
z2
z2
z2
z1

8.8: .

R R1 R2,
F
.
F + :
R1 R2 R1 R2
R1 R2 R2 R1

F : X Y , :

194

8.
XY Y Z XY Y Z Y X
XY Y Z Y Z XY Y Z

, F +
.
: R1(X, Y ) R2(X, Z).
R, F ,
k > 2 , R1 , R2 , . . . , Rk ,
tableau
[Aho 1979b]. (),
A1 , A2 , . . . , An
R, R1 , R2 , . . . , Rk . H (i, j)
aj Aj Ri ,
bij . --

. X Y ,
X,
Y . bij
ai .
aj ( 1 j n), .
, R(X, Y, Z, W ) F : X Z, Y Z, Z W . R :
R1(X, Y ), R2(Y, W ), R3(X, Y, Z).

R1(X, Y )
R2(Y, W )
R3(X, Y, Z)

X
a1
b21
a1
()

Y
a2
a2
a2

Z
b13
b23
a3

W
b14
a4
b34

R1(X, Y )
R2(Y, W )
R3(X, Y, Z)

X
a1
b21
a1
()

Y
a2
a2
a2

Z
a3
a3
a3

W
b14
a4
b34

R1(X, Y )
R2(Y, W )
R3(X, Y, Z)

X
a1
b21
a1
()

Y
a2
a2
a2

Z
a3
b23
a3

W
b14
a4
b34

R1(X, Y )
R2(Y, W )
R3(X, Y, Z)

X
a1
b21
a1
()

Y
a2
a2
a2

Z
a3
a3
a3

W
a4
a4
a4

8.9: .

195

8.9. X Z. X
,
Y . 8.9.
Y Z.
Y ,
Z. 8.9. ,
Z W .
Z,
W , 8.9. aj ,
.

8.3
Boyce-Codd
, , .
[Teorey 1994].

8.3.1
. ( ) .
, .
, (multivalued) , . ,
R A, B, C ( R), A B
B A C.
A C [Fagin 1977].
, ,
( ).
,
. ,

196

8.

. , :
1. (reflexive rule): X X.
2. (augmentation rule): X Y Z W
W X Y Z.
3. (transitive rule): X Y Y Z X
Z Y.
4. (decomposition rule): X Y X Z
X Y Z X Y Z X Z Y .
5. (union rule): X Y X Z X Y Z.
6. - (pseudotransitive rule): X Y W Y
Z W X Z (Y W ).
7. (complementation rule): X Y X
R (XY ).
8. (coalescence rule): X Y , Z Y
W W Y = W Z,
X Z.
9. (replication rule): X Y X Y .

. , . , ,
.

8.3.2 (4NF)
8.10, ,
.
--,
( ),

( ).

1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3

C
C++
C
C++
Pascal
Fortran
Ada
Java
Cobol
C++

197

8.10: .
, .
.
Boyce-Codd .
.
8.11
.
,
, .
, ,
F + :
R1 R2 R1 R2
R1 R2 R2 R1
.

198

8.

1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3

C
C++
Pascal
Fortran
Ada
Java
Cobol
C++

1
1
1
2
3

8.11: .

8.3.3 (5NF)
,
, . ,
, . ,
. ,
,
(join dependencies).
R R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn
R, R = R1 R2 . . . Rn . R

R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn . , . ,
R :
R = R1 (R) 1 R2 (R) 1 . . . 1 Rn (R)

- (project-join normal form, PJNF)
. .
.
8.12 R -

199

8.12: .

.

. ,
. ,
.

8.13: .
8.13 R1(, ), R2(-

200

8.

, ) R3(, ), .
:
R = , (R) 1 , (R) 1 , (R)

8.4

.
,
, . , .
.
X Y Y
X. X,
Y .
.

F , , F +
.
. ,

.

.
(1NF), (5NF) .
,
Boyce-Codd (BCNF), ( X Y ) .
. ,
.
. , -

201

8.1. .
XY Z, Z X Z Y
X Y, Y Z X Y Z
F = {X Y, Y Z, XY Z, X Y Z}
G = {X Y, Y Z} {G F }
8.2. : X Y, XY V, XY Z W .
: Y Z W, X W .
8.3. F : X Y Z, Y
U V, XY W, V XY . V W
F .
8.4. : X Z, Y V W, Y
V, Y W, Z XV .
. .
8.5. ; BCNF
.
8.6. :
:
:
:
:
:

:
, ,

202

8.

:
R1(, , , )
R2(, , , )
:

;
,
.
8.7. R(X, Y ) X Y
Y X. :
X ;
Y ;
R ;
8.8. R(X, Y, Z, W ) Y Z W .
; .
8.9. R(X, Y , Z, W ) ZW Y .
; .
8.10. R(X, Y, Z, W ) Y Z.

:
X
1
2
3
4
5
6

Y
1
1
2
3
4
4

Z
1
1
2
2
3
3

W
1
1
2
3
3
4

203

;
;
Boyce-Codd;
8.11. R(X, Y, Z, U, V, W ) F :
X Y, X Z, Z W, XY Z U, U V .

, , BCNF, .
8.12. R(X, Y, Z) XY Z
Z X.
R R1(X, Y ) R2(X, Z).
8.13. R(X, Y, Z, U, V, W )
X Y W V . R R1(X, Y, U, V ), R2(X, Z, U, W ) R3(Y, Z, V, W ).
8.14. R(X, Y, Z, U, V ) .
X Y Z ZU Y V .
X
a1
a1
a2

Y
b1
b2
b1

Z
c1
c1
c1

U
d1
d2
d1

V
e1
e1
e2

8.15. 8.11.

8.10.
, .

.

SQL

(Structured Query Language - SQL) , .

SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language)
IBM. Oracle
1979. 1986,
(American National Standards Institute, ANSI) 1987
(International Standards Organization, ISO)
SQL SQL-86,
SQL [ANSI 1986]. 1989 SQL-89 [ANSI 1989] SQL1.
(1992), , ANSI SQL
SQL-92 SQL2 [ANSI 1992]. ,
SQL
SQL:1999 SQL3. , SQL3
205

206

9. SQL

. SQL3
19.
SQL ,
:
SQL, .
.
, SQL.
SQL
.
SQL .
(. 7). (. 3), SQL : )
(DDL), )
(DML). ,
, , . SQL
DDL SQL DML SQL-92.
SQL (table), (row),
(column), , , . SQL
, .
,
, .
,

4 6. , 9.1.

9.1 SQL
, . SQL-92

207

(, , , , , , , )
( , )
(, , )
( , , , )
(, , , , , , , )
( , )
(, , PDF, , ,
, , ,
, , , )
( , )
(, , , , , , )
( , )
(, , )
(, , , , ,
)

9.1: 4.1 .
, 9.1 .

BOOLEAN
CHARACTER, CHARACTER VARYING
BIT, BIT VARYING
NUMERIC, DECIMAL, INTEGER, SMALLINT
FLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION
DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP
INTERVAL

9.1: SQL-92.
(BOOLEAN) (TRUE)
(FALSE). TRUE
FALSE, BOOLEAN
.
(character data) (string).
. ASCII EBCDIC.

208

9. SQL

:
CHARACTER [VARYING] []

CHARACTER CHAR,
CHARACTER VARYING VARCHAR.
.
(
VARYING)
, .
,
, .
BIT BIT VARYING ( VARBIT)
(bits).
1 0. :
BIT [VARYING] []

,
.
.
.
( ).
.
. :
NUMERIC NUMERIC() NUMERIC(,)
DECIMAL DECIMAL() DECIMAL(,)
INTEGER INT
SMALLINT

NUMERIC DECIMAL ( DEC)

, 0, .
()
.
,
. , 123.45 5 2.
NUMERIC DECIMAL
NUMERIC
, DECIMAL

209

,
.
.
INTEGER ( ), SMALLINT
( 32.767).
( )
.
, (mantissa)
(exponent) (.., 0.22 , 0.31416 ).
. REAL DOUBLE
PRECISION .
:
FLOAT [()]
REAL
DOUBLE PRECISION

DATE
(YEAR), (MONTH) (DAY).
0001 9999. 01 12. ,
01 31.
TIME
(HOUR), (MINUTE) (SECOND).
00 23. , 00 59. ,

00 59. TIME

.
TIMESTAMP, . TIME TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
TIMEZONE HOUR TIMEZONE MINUTE
UTC (coordinated universal time).
DATE, TIME TIMESTAMP :
DATE
TIME [()] [WITH TIME ZONE]
TIMESTAMP [()] [WITH TIME ZONE]

210

9. SQL

. YEAR, MONTH,
DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND. : )
- ) -.
, , ,
. ,
. :
INTERVAL {{ TO } }
= YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR
| MINUTE [(-)]
= YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR
| MINUTE | SECOND [(-)]
= | SECONDS
[(-[, -])]

9.2
,
.
,
. SQL CREATE, ALTER
DROP,
.

9.2.1
SQL :
CREATE SCHEMA - AUTHORIZATION -;

AUTHORIZATION.
DROP SCHEMA . ,

.

211

9.2.2
CREATE TABLE,
:
CREATE TABLE -
(1 -,
2 -,
...
N -,
--1,
--2,
...
--);

.
, . ,
,
6.
DROP TABLE .
.
CREATE TABLE _
( INTEGER NOT NULL,
CHAR(50) NOT NULL,
_ INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
PRIMARY KEY (),
UNIQUE (),
CHECK (_>=0));

NOT NULL , . .
, PRIMARY KEY (),
, CHECK ( >=0). UNIQUE
. , UNIQUE
()
. DEFAULT , .

212

9. SQL

, .
CREATE TABLE _
( INTEGER NOT NULL,
VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
DATE NOT NULL,
CHAR(20),
__ INTEGER NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (),
FOREIGN KEY (__)
REFERENCES _ ()
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE);

, -
. .
FOREIGN KEY ( ) REFERENCES
(). ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE
CASCADE -

.
,
CASCADE.
, SQL ON DELETE ON UPDATE.
ON DELETE ON UPDATE
.
,
. SQL ALTER TABLE, :
,
,
,
,

213

,
(default) ,
.
,
/ . ALTER TABLE
:
ALTER TABLE
ADD COLUMN /_ DATE NOT NULL;

/ :
ALTER TABLE
DROP COLUMN /_;

DROP TABLE. :
DROP TABLE RESTRICT;
DROP TABLE CASCADE;

(..,
). ,
.

9.2.3
SQL
. :
CREATE DOMAIN --
[AS] -
[DEFAULT ]
[CHECK ()];

, ,
"" () "" ().

214

9. SQL

CREATE DOMAIN AS CHAR

DEFAULT
CHECK (VALUE IN (A, ));

,
.
;
,
CREATE TABLE.
.
CREATE DOMAIN AS CHAR (20)
DEFAULT
CHECK (VALUE IN (, , ));

,
,
.
,
,
.
:
CREATE TABLE
( INTEGER NOT NULL,
,
PRIMARY KEY ());

DROP DOMAIN :
DROP DOMAIN RESTRICT;
DROP DOMAIN CASCADE;

,
, . ,

CHAR(20).

215

9.3
SQL ,
.
SQL (data manipulation). SQL :
SELECT, ,
INSERT, ,
UPDATE, ,
DELETE, ,

9.3.1
SELECT, :
SELECT [DISTINCT] < >
FROM < >
[WHERE ]
[GROUP BY < >]
[HAVING ]
[ORDER BY < > [ASCENDING | DESCENDING]];

SELECT ,
1 . DISTINCT
SELECT
. FROM
. WHERE. GROUP BY
(grouping) .
HAVING. , SQL
,
.
ORDER BY,
1

SELECT SQL () , ().

216

9. SQL

ASCENDING ( ASC) DESCENDING ( DESC)

.
SQL
.
.
SELECT,
.

SQL. (.., ) SQL .- .

,
.
.
1: " ."
SELECT *
FROM ;

SELECT , ,
FROM ;

"*" ALL
. ,
.
2: " ."
SELECT
FROM ;

3: " ."

217

SELECT DISTINCT
FROM ;

4: " ,
,
,
."
SELECT ,,
FROM
WHERE =
ORDER BY , ;

5: " ."
SELECT ,
FROM
WHERE _ IS NOT NULL AND
__ IS NOT NULL;

IS NOT NULL.
NULL
.
NULL (.., x = NULL, x <> NULL).

(. 7),
. ,
(. 5) (.
8), .
WHERE2 ,
.
6: "
."
2

FROM SQL.

218

9. SQL

SELECT .,,
FROM ,_,
WHERE .=_ AND
__=_.;

.
, . ,
. ,


.
.
7: "
.
"
SELECT .,.
FROM , , _
WHERE .=_._ AND
_._=.
ORDER BY .;

8: "
."
SQL
. ,
. SQL
:
SELECT .,_.
FROM ,_
WHERE _.=__;
SELECT .,_.
FROM JOIN _
ON _.=__;

219

... JOIN ... ON ...,

. , SELECT
. , SQL
:
R1 LEFT JOIN R2 ON R1.a=R2.b ( )
R1 RIGHT JOIN R2 ON R1.a=R2.b ( )
R1 FULL JOIN R2 ON R1.a=R2.b ( )
,
SQL
, .
SQL UNION, EXCEPT INTERSECT,
.
9: " ."
SELECT
FROM _
UNION
SELECT
FROM ;

,
.
UNION .
10: " ( )
."
SELECT
FROM
INTERSECT
SELECT
FROM ;

220

9. SQL

, .
INTERSECT,
.
11: "
."
SELECT ,
FROM
EXCEPT
SELECT ,
FROM
WHERE _ IS NOT NULL;

,
.
.
EXCEPT,
:
SELECT ,
FROM
WHERE _ IS NULL;

SQL ( ).
SELECT .
:
12: "
."
SELECT SUM( )
FROM ;

SUM( ).

221

.
. AS SELECT :
SELECT SUM( ) AS
FROM ;

AS FROM SELECT.
.
. (A, B),
A .
13: "

."
SELECT A. AS , B. AS
FROM _ AS A, _ AS B
WHERE A._ < B._;

(aggregate functions) . SQL
:
,
MAX ,
AVG ,
SUM, ,
COUNT, .

SQL.
14: " ."

222

9. SQL

SELECT COUNT(.)
FROM ;

15: "
1."
SELECT COUNT( . )
FROM
WHERE . =1;

. ,
.
.
,
( ).
,
GROUP BY ( HAVING
).
16: " ."
SELECT , COUNT(_) AS _
FROM ,_
WHERE =_
GROUP BY ;

GROUP BY WHERE.
GROUP BY
.
.
.,
.
SQL GROUP BY .
SELECT
. 9.2

223

1
1
2
2
3
4
4
2
3
3
2
2
2

1
2
3
4
6
7
9
10
12
14
13
5
4

1
2
3
4

A. Guttman
D. Knuth
J. Gray
A. Corral

...
...
...
...
...

A. Guttman
D. Knuth
J. Gray
A. Corral

2
6
3
2

9.2: .
HAVING,
GROUP BY. HAVING
. ,

,
, WHERE SQL.
17: " ."
SELECT ,COUNT(_) AS _
FROM , _
WHERE =_
GROUP BY
HAVING _>3;

224

9. SQL

SQL .

. ,
(.., ).
LIKE NOT LIKE.
18: "
."
SELECT *
FROM
WHERE LIKE \%;

"%" .
"%" ,
. ,
"".
" " .
,
. NOT LIKE ,
.
9.2 LIKE.

SQL
. .
WHERE HAVING SQL3 .
19: "
."
SELECT
FROM _
WHERE _ >
3

INSERT, UPDATE
DELETE.

%
%
%%

225

,
,
,

9.2: LIKE.
(SELECT AVG(_)
FROM _);

. ,

, , .
20: "
."
SELECT
FROM _
WHERE NOT IN
(SELECT __
FROM );

,
. ,
, . ,
.

226

9. SQL

IN NOT IN.
SQL.
EXISTS
.
EXISTS
. .
21: "
."
SELECT _
FROM _ AS
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM
WHERE =._ AND
_ IS NOT NULL AND
_ IS NOT NULL);

SQL SOME ( ANY) ALL (, ).

.
SOME ALL (=, >, <,
>=, <=, <>).
22: "
."
SELECT
FROM _
WHERE _ > SOME
(SELECT _
FROM _);

23: "
."
SELECT
FROM _

227

WHERE _>ALL
(SELECT _
FROM _);

HAVING, :

24: "
,
."
SELECT _,
COUNT (_) AS _
FROM _
GROUP BY _
HAVING _ >
(SELECT COUNT(*)/10
FROM _);

H SQL
, . ORDER BY .
25: "

."
SELECT ,_
FROM _
WHERE _ > 100
ORDER BY ASC;

ASC .

DESC.
26: "

."

228

9. SQL

SELECT ,_
FROM _
WHERE _ > 100
ORDER BY DESC;

.
,
.
27: "

.

."
SELECT ,_
FROM _
WHERE _>100
ORDER BY _,;

SQL WHERE .
BETWEEN ( NOT BETWEEN)
. BETWEEN.
28: "
10
20."
SELECT
FROM _
WHERE _>=10 AND
_<=20;

:
SELECT
FROM _
WHERE _ BETWEEN 10 AND 20;

229

OVERLAPS .
( , ) ( , ).
TRUE,
FALSE. ,
WHERE
:
(TIME 10:43:00, TIME 11:43:00)
OVERLAPS
(TIME 10:50:00, TIME 11:10:00)

, ,
. TIME DATE
TIMESTAMP.

9.3.2
, . , , .
SQL .
INSERT,
:
INSERT INTO - [(1,2,...,)]
VALUES (1, 2, ..., N);

-- VALUES.
.
.
, (NULL).
INSERT ,
. ,
. :
INSERT INTO _
VALUES (10, , 0);

230

9. SQL

.
10, "
" 0.
,
:
INSERT INTO _ (,)
VALUES ( , 10);

.
,
, . , (NULL).

. ,
--
INSERT, ,
. , SQL SELECT .
(, )
. INSERT
:
INSERT INTO _
AS
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231

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232

9. SQL

9.4
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233

SQL .
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9.5
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CHAR VARCHAR.
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234

9. SQL
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235

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9.8.
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INSERT

.

10

MSSQLS-2000

MSSQLS-2000 .

SQL
Query Analyzer. MSSQLS-2000 T-SQL
(Transact-SQL) SQL-92.
MSSQLS-2000
.

, (video club). ,
5.
movies-db.
10.1.
, ,
. DVD VHS
.
237

238

10. MSSQLS-2000

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

The others
Armagedon
Contact
Midnight run
Fifth element

DVD
3
2
6
2
7
0
0

VHS
3
1
5
1
7
4
5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Nicole Kidman
Jodie Foster
Bruce Willis
Robert de Niro
Charles Grodin

1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7

1
3
2
5
4
4
7
6

10.1: .

10.1
MSSQLS-2000
Enterprise Manager T-SQL.
, ,
.
Enterpsise Manager
. 10.2
Enterprise
Manager. .
.
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239

10.2: Enterprise Manager.

,
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unicode

oolean

CHAR[(n)], VARCHAR[(n)], TEXT
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INT, BIGINT, SMALLINT, TINYINT
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FLOAT[(n)], REAL
MONEY, SMALLMONEY

CURSOR, TIMESTAMP, SYSNAME,

TABLE, SQL VARIANT, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER

10.1: MSSQLS-2000.
T-SQL.
MSSQLS-2000 SQL Query An-

240

10. MSSQLS-2000

alyzer. Query Analyzer Enterprise Manager

,
MSSQLS-2000.

movies-db .
Query Analyzer "Query"
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movies-db.
CREATE TABLE.
:
CREATE TABLE
( INT NOT NULL,
VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
VARCHAR(20),
DVD INT,
VHS INT,
PRIMARY KEY ());

10.3 -

10.3: T-SQL Query Analyzer.

241

Query Analyzer.
"The command(s) completed successfully".
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10.2
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.
UNIQUE:
.
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.
, .
, ,

.
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242

10. MSSQLS-2000

TABLE Query Analyzer Enterprise

Manager.
:
CREATE TABLE
( INT NOT NULL,
VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT ,
DVD INT DEFAULT 0,
VHS INT DEFAULT 0,
PRIMARY KEY (),
UNIQUE (),
CHECK (DVD>=0),
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ADD CONSTRAINT CHECK (DVD<20);

. .
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CREATE TABLE
(_ INT NOT NULL,
_ INT NOT NULL,
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REFERENCES ()
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY (_)
REFERENCES ()
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE);

243

ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE .

,
. ,
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10.3 ,
,
Enterprise Manager Query Analyzer.
Enterprise Manager
,
.
. moviesdb "Open Table" "Return all
Rows" ( ) . 10.4
.

Nicole Kidman
Jodie Foster
Bruce Willis
Robert DeNiro
Charles Grodin

10.4: Enterprise Manager.

,

244

10. MSSQLS-2000

T-SQL INSERT, DELETE UPDATE .

SQL-92 (. 9).

:
INSERT
VALUES
INSERT
VALUES
INSERT
VALUES

INTO
(1, Nicole Kidman);
INTO
(2, Jodie Foster);
INTO
(3, Bruce Willis);

1 :
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WHERE =1;

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SET =Tom Cruse WHERE =1;

,
WHERE ,
.

10.4 -
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. Enterprise Manager, "Diagrams".
10.5 movies-db. ,
.
. 10.6
.
, ,

245

10.5: movies-db.

10.6: movies-db.

.

246

10. MSSQLS-2000

.
.

10.5
T-SQL SELECT ... FROM ... WHERE
.
:
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FROM < >
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[HAVING ]
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Query Analyzer.
.
Query Analyzer.
1. :
3 DVD.
T-SQL:
SELECT *
FROM
WHERE DVD>3;

2. :
2 DVD 3 VHS.
T-SQL:

247

SELECT ,
FROM
WHERE DVD>=2 AND VHS<=3;

3. : .
T-SQL:
SELECT
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4. : , .
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FROM ,,
WHERE .=._ AND
.=._;

248

10. MSSQLS-2000
SELECT. WHERE

, .
:

5. : DVD VHS
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FROM ;

SELECT
.
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SUM.
MSSQLS-2000,
.
10.2. 10.3 ,
10.4 .
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MAX
MIN
SUM
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10.3: .

249

250

10. MSSQLS-2000

ASCII(c)
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251

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R 6.
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.

252

10. MSSQLS-2000

10.6
MSSQLS-2000 Enterprise Manager T-SQL
Query Analyzer.
, DVD VHS
.
(Views) movies-db
Enterprise Manager. ,
.
. , . .
SQL,
.
10.7.

10.7: Enterprise Manager.

253

T-SQL
CREATE VIEW, :
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SELECT
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WHERE ( ).
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2. :
CREATE VIEW _
AS

254

10. MSSQLS-2000

SELECT *
FROM
WHERE DVD>2
WITH CHECK OPTION;

DVD,

.
. SELECT
T-SQL. , MSSQLS-2000
,
.
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,
SELECT (.
6).

10.7
MSSQLS-2000 .

SQL
Query Analyzer. MSSQLS-2000 T-SQL
(Transact-SQL), SQL-92.

MSSQLS-2000 (movies-db) .
T-SQL SQL Query
Analyzer. , Enterprise Manager
-.
, Enterprise Manager
SQL Query Analyzer.

10.1. MSSQLS-2000.

255

10.2. MSSQLS2000; .
10.3. Enterprise Manager movies-db. , Query Analyzer
T-SQL movies-db, , .
10.4. . ,
UPDATE
.
10.5. T-SQL Query Analyzer
VHS DVD
.
10.6 T-SQL Query Analyzer .
10.7 T-SQL Query Analyzer .
10.8. movies-db ( , ),
.
10.9. MSSQLS-2000;
.
10.10. MSSQL-2000
4.1.

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. ,
.

(load factor, Lf ), :
Lf =

n
bkm Bkf r

bkm .
. ,
, .

.

. .
,
. , , . ,
.

. ,

328

13.

i n :
i

n!
1
1 ni
P (i) =

1
i! (n i)!
bk
bk
n bk
Poisson:
n i
en/bk bk
P (i) =
i!
:
nBkf
Xr

j P (Bkf r + j)

j=1

:
100

nBkf
Xr
bk

j P (Bkf r + j)
n
j=1

13.1 .
200 .

2
3
5
8
12
17
23

50%
10,3
5,9
2,4
0,8
0,2
0,1
0,0

55%
11,9
7,3
3,4
1,3
0,5
0,2
0,0

60%
13,6
8,8
4,5
2,0
0,8
0,3
0,1

65% 70% 75% 80%
15,3
16,9
18,7
20,5
10,3
11,9
13,6
15,3
5,7
7,1
8,6
10,2
2,9
3,9
5,2
6,7
1,4
2,1
3,1
4,3
0,6
1,1
1,9
2,8
0,3
0,6
1,1
1,9

85%
22,0
17,0
11,9
8,3
5,8
4,1
3,0

90%
23,7
18,8
13,7
10,0
7,5
5,7
3,0

95%
25,4
20,6
15,6
11,9
9,4
7,5
6,2

13.1: .

.
172.148 7000 .

:

329

(prime number division). ,

,
.


. : 172148 mod 6997 = 4220.
,
.

20.
(radix conversion).
. 11, :
1 115 + 7 114 + 2 113 + 1 112 + 4 11 + 8 = 266373
6997.
487.
(mid square). . ,
,
029634933904. 4 , 3493.
7000 34937000/9999=2445.
(move, folding). .
. 17207359
, 1720 7359.
9079 (shift
folding). ,
(boundary folding). 1720 9537,
7359. 11257. .
9079 7000/19.998 = 3178,
11.257 7000/19.998 = 3940.

330

13.

13.2

. , Larson [Larson 1978], .
:
.

.
.
, bk, .
h1 (key) = key mod bk , .
" ". .
, , ,
.
bk Bkf r ,
(Bkf r+1)- .

(Bkf r+1) .
h2 (key)
( )
(bitstring) , 0 1 .
bits,
. . ,
, bit 0 (, 1), (, ) .
, bits
Bkf r+1 .
bk
, .
,
. , ,
.

331

. ,
, .

. h1 , ,
h2 0
1.

. ,
: , ,
.
: , ,

.
0 1, .
.
4, 5, 10, 12,
19, 52, 56, 71 90. ,
h1 = key mod 3,
.
. , ,
key mod 10, 0 9.
,
R(), 0 1 (,
50%).
13.2. 13.2

.
R(0)
1011

R(1)
0000

R(2)
0100

R(3)
0110

R(4)
1111

R(5)
0101

R(6)
0001

R(7)
1110

R(8)
1001

R(9)
0011

13.2: .

. -

332

13.
0

r
0 Q 1

Q
Qr
r
?
?
12 71

90

r
0 Q 1

Q
Qr
r
?
?
4 10

19 52

r
?
5 56

13.2: .

.
.
,
,
.
.
69%.
-
.
Scholl [Scholl 1981]
.
, (Bkf r+1)-
.
Bkf r ,
1 2. (deferred splitting).
,
.

. , ,
.
de .
.

333

13.3
H Fagin et al. [Fagin 1979b]
.
13.3.

- H(key)

13.3: .
. o
.
, . ,
216 65521.

, bits.
bits , .
bits ,
. 2d
, d
(depth) (level)
.


. ,
. 13.4, ,
.
.

bit 0110100101100101.
bits . ,

334

13.

d=3

d0 =2
H(key)=00...

d0 =3
H(key)=010...

QQ
s

d0 =3
H(key)=011...

d0 =1
H(key)=1...

@
H@
R
H@
j
H
*

13.4: 3 .
3 (
) .
, d0 ,
(depth) (level) .
bits
d. ,
0
2dd .
,
. , .
, d bits. ,
. ,
. ,
.
H
.
100%,
, 50%.
, .
13.4
. ,
. ,
. , .

335

. ,
50%
. 13.5.

1...

10... 11... .
d=3

d0 =2
H(key)=00...

d0 =3
H(key)=010...

QQ
s

d0 =3
H(key)=011...

d0 =2
H(key)=10...

d0 =2
H(key)=11...

@
H@@
R
HH
j
@
H@
R
H@
j
H

13.5: .

.
, d=d0 ,
.
13.5 . .
, .
, .
d .
. , 13.5
, , , , , ,
.
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

. ,
,

336

13.

d=4

BXX
z
X
B B
1
B
XXX
z
BB1

B
BBN

d0 =2
H(key)=00...

d0 =3
H(key)=010...

d0 =4
H(key)=0110...

d0 =2
H(key)=10...

d0 =2
H(key)=11...

d0 =4
H(key)=0111...

13.6: .
. 13.6.
,
d=d0 , .
. ,
() 10, 142

d=1

- 10
XXX
z

142

() 12, 19
d0 =1
d0 =1

() 52, 56

d=3

* 10

52 56
H
HH
H
j
Hj
Q H
QQQ
s
PQ
qQ
s
XP
XX
z 142

d0 =3
d0 =3
d0 =2

d=4

10 12

Q
S QQ
s
19
@S
S@S
w
RS
@ S@
@ @S 52 56
@@@
w
RS
R
@
S@
R
S@
@
@ S
R
@
@
w
qX
P
XP
RS
@
X
z
- 142

d0 =4
d0 =4
d0 =3
d0 =2
d0 =1

d0 =1

13.7: .

337

13.7
, 10 (= 000010102 )
142 (= 100011102 ). 52 (=
001101002 ) 56 (= 001110002 ),
, 10, 52 56
bits.
12 (= 000011002 ) 19 (= 000100112 ).
24 =16 ,
.
. :
50%, ,

d0 ,
d0 1
.
,
d0 . ,
13.5.
, ,
. ,
.
,
. ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , . ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, .

. , d
d
, NULL.

338

13.

.

, .
, 50%,

. , 50%. , :
, n, ,
,
,
50% .
, .
, ,
100%, 50%.
69%,
n
Bkf rln
2 .
n
Bkf r(ln 2)2 .
, .
,
,

. .

. ,
+ -.

13.4
B .
,
. ,

339

. , Lomet [Lomet 1983],
.
,
. ,

2max
. ,
64, 128 ... .

. ,
.
,
. , .
,
:
exhash(k) = 2h(k) 1
k , h(k) ,
exhash(k) .

.
. 13.3 exhash(k)
h(k) . , h(k) 0,067,
exhash(k) 0,47,
exhash(k) 0,90.
h(k)
0,000
0,067
0,133
0,200

exhash(k)
0,000
0,047
0,097
0,149

h(k)
0,267
0,333
0,400
0,467

exhash(k)
0,203
0,260
0,320
0,382

h(k)
0,533
0,600
0,667
0,733

exhash(k)
0,447
0,516
0,662
0,662

h(k)
0,800
0,867
0,933
1,000

13.3: .

exhash(k)
0,741
0,823
0,910
1,000

340

13.

bits exhash(k) ,
. (
), ,
bits exhash(k).
,
- ( overflow).
.
, bits
exhash(k).

000

001

010

01

011

100

101

110

111

0-

0
1

0
1

? 0-

00
01
10
11

000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111

6
-

-?

1
01

00

01

??

13.8: .

13.8.
, max=3. .
,
.
204.
exhash(204) = .00110011002 . , bits ,
001. ,
. 1, . ,

341

13.8.
, 641.
, exhash(641) = .10001011002 . bits
100, ,
. 8,
bits ,
. bits 010
, . , -.
,
. bit 00 01,
, . ,
bit 1, . , 641 ,
, .
,
.
.
, 670.
, exhash(670) = .10010010112 . bits 100,
. bits
100
. ,
-.
, -. ,
670 .
, .
-
.

, .
:
,
.

342

13.

13.5
, Litwin [Litwin 1980]
.
,
.
( ) ( ) k bits
. , , bits

. 13.9 ,
.
000

56

001

113

193

5 = 0000 0101

010

10

146

10 = 0000 1010

011

19

19 = 0001 0011

100

56 = 0011 1000

101

113 = 0111 0001

4 = 0000 0100

110

146 = 1001 0010

111

193 = 1100 0001

13.9: bits.
,
k bits,
k+1 bits. 13.9
113 193 ,
001. 001,
113 193 bits, 0001.
010,
10 146,
. 13.10,
.
, k
bits, k+1 bits.
(boundary value) -

343

0000
0001

113

193

0010

90

146

* 011

19

100

101

12

52

- 100
12 = 0000 1100

110
111

71

52 = 0011 0100

1000

56

71 = 0100 0111

1001
1010

90 = 0101 1010
10

100 = 0110 0100

13.10: bits.
k bits. k.
13.10 011 3 .

13.5.1
k bits . k
bits , k+1 bits. ,
13.10
bits 1000 1101, 4 3 bits ,
.

.
Bkf r 50, Lf 75%,
1.05 1.27 , .
:
Taccess (success) = 1.05 (s + r + dtt)
Taccess (unsuccess) = 1.27 (s + r + dtt)

. ,

344

13.

, .

. k bits

k+1 bits. ,
. , .

.

13.5.2

.
. , , 70%.
, .
*000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

@
@
@
@
@
@

@@
@
@
@
@@
@
@
@
@

@
@

@
@
@

@
@
@
@
@

@@
@
@
@
@
@
@

@@
@

@
@
@
@
@@

@
@
@

0000
*001
010
011
100
101
110
111
1000

@
@
@
@

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

@@
@
@
@
@@
@

@
@
@
@
@

@
@
@

@@
@
@
@

@@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

@@
@
@
@

@
@
@
@@
@

@
@

@@

@
@

13.11: .
13.11
56 . , -

345

70%. 7 ,
, 70%. , Lf Bkf r ,
. , 000
0000
1000. ,
k.
*00

01

10

10

11

19 71 175 - 215

12

()

000

56

000

56

001

113

*01

*10

10

10

10

11

19 71 175

- 215

11

19 71 175 - 215

100

- 100

100

101

12 52
() 52, 56

12 52

() 100, 113

13.12: .
.
. ,
,
.
13.12, .
67%, .
13.12, .
52 56
, 13.12. ,

346

13.

100 113 .
13.12,
.
.
Bkf r=50 Lf =75% 2,62
. .

. 1/Bkf r ( ) .
.
- . ,
, . ,
:
Tinsert = Taccess (success) + 2r +

s + r + dtt s + r + dtt + 2r + s + r + dtt

+
Bkf r
Lf Bkf r

Bkf r=50 Lf =0.75, :

1
2
1
Tinsert =
1.27 +
+
(s + r + dtt) + 1 +
2r
50 37
37
= 74ms = 2.34 31.8ms = 2.34 (s + r + dtt)
.
. ,

. , .

. , . , .

13.5.3
.

.
, .

347

Bkf r Lf
,
.
:
Tdelete = Taccess (unsuccess) + 2r
.

.
0000
*001
010
011
100
101
110
111
1000

@
@
@
@

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

@@
@
@
@
@@
@

@
@
@
@
@

@
@
@

@
@
@
@
@

@@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

@@
@
@
@
@

@
@
@
@@
@

@
@

@@

@
@

*000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111

@
@
@
@@
@
@
@

@
@@
@@
@
@
@@

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

@
@

@
@
@
@
@

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

@@
@@
@

@
@
@
@
@@

@
@
@

13.13: .

.
Bkf r Lf .
k bits. 13.13,
9 .
010, 011 1000, . 0000 1000
, 000 .

348

13.

13.5.4
,
. ,
, :
Texhaustive = n 1.05 (s + r + dtt)

,
. ,
,
.

,
(offset).

13.5.5

. .
(partial expansions),
Larson [Larson 1980],
,
.
Bkf r/2 , .

.

.
Tharp [Tharp 1987] (priority splitting).
, .
-
.

. , -

349

,
,
[Manolo 94].
,

. , ,
+ -.

13.6
,
.
.
.
, .

. .
.
,
.

, : )
, ) , )
) .

13.1.
Bkf r=2 10 , ;
13.2. Bkf r=2 42, 57, 16, 52, 66, 77, 12, 25, 21 33.
h1 (key), h2 (key)
13.2.
=1,5.

350

13.

13.3. 27, 18, 29, 28, 42, 13 16.

h(key) = key mod 11,

.
16, 29 13. bits
bits.
13.4. NULL.
13.5. bits

10.000 25 ,
100.000 10 ,
1000.000 8 .
10.000 , 1..216 ,
1..224 1..232 .
13.6.
- ,
.
.
,
.
255, 200, 56, 64, 155, 67, 43, 12, 205, 132, 128, 144 79.
13.7. Bkf r=20 Lf =0.7
n=200.000 .
bits ; Bkf r=30, Lf =0.6 n=100.000.
13.8. Bkf r=2 Lf =0.5 42, 57, 16, 52, 66, 77, 12, 25, 21

351

33. .
. Bkf r=3 Lf =0.67.
13.9. ,
.
13.10. Bkf r=3, Lf =0.67 24
42, 57, 16, 52, 66, 77, 12, 25, 21, 33, 32, 14, 50, 49, 47, 7, 56, 13, 62, 27, 31,
41, 30, 4, 10 6. ;
;
;
13.11.
.
13.12.
.
13.13. , ,
()
, () .
13.14. 13.2
.
13.15. 13.9
.

14

( SQL).

.
.
(optimization) [Chaudhuri 1998]. , . , ,
, , .
(query execution plan)
. ,
. ,
353

354

14.

, .
(execution engine),
.
14.1.

14.1: .
, . ,
, . ,
.
:
.
.
10ms,

355

1000 .
.

.
CPU. ,
. , .
. ,
. , ,
.
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
" " ,
.
:
,
,

,
,
.
(dynamic) (static).

356

14.

.
.
. , ,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
.

14.1

,
, .
,
.

:
X, Y , Z ,
a, a1 , ..., aN , b, b1 , ..., bN , c, c1 , ..., cN
,
A, B, C ,
p, q, w .
,
.
[Aho 1979].
1. pqw (X) = p (q (w (X)))
2. p (q (X)) = q (p (X))

357

3. A B C (X) = A (X)
4. a1 ,...,aN (p (X)) = p (a1 ,...,aN (X))
5. X Y = Y X X 1 Y = Y 1 X
6. p (X Y ) = (p (X)) Y p (X 1q Y ) = (p (X)) 1q Y pq (X Y )
= (p (X) (q (Y )) pq (X 1w Y ) = (p (X) 1w (q (Y ))
7. AB (X 1p Y ) = (A (X)) 1p (B (Y )))
8. X Y = Y X X Y = Y X
9. p (X Y ) = p (X) p (Y ) p (X Y ) = p (X) p (Y ) p (X Y ) =
p (X) p (Y )
10. A (X Y ) = A (X) A (Y )
11. (X 1 Y ) Z = X 1 (Y Z) (X 1 Y ) 1 Z = X 1 (Y 1 Z)
(X 1p Y ) 1qw Z = X 1pw (Y 1q Z)
12. (X Y ) Z = X (Y Z) (X Y ) Z = X (Y Z)
(expression tree),
. ,
.
, () . "
". .
14.2 4 7,
.
SQL ,
100 :
SELECT ., _.
FROM , _
WHERE __=_.
AND _._>100;

358

14.

14.2: .

100.

. 14.3,
,
.
.
;
.

14.2
. ,
.
,

,

>

>

359

>

14.3: .

. ,

,
.
1: .

360

14.

,
. , 1

2, 4, 6 9
,
.
2: .
,
. 3
4, 7 10 ,
.
3:
, .
,
. , ,
, .
, : (X Y ) = X 1 Y .
4: ,
.
. ,
.

.
, .
5:
.
, ,
.

361

.
,

- .

.

. (X 1 Y ),
X, Y
Y . ,
. ,
6,
14.4.

14.4: 1 (X 1 Y ).
X Y
X Y , . ,

.
X Y --, .

.
.

362

14.

14.3
, , ,
.
(cost-based optimization), ,

. ,
.
,
. ,

.

,
.
14.1. f anI , heightI lI ,
.

nT
bT
bf rT
sT
d(T, a)
sc(T, a)
f anI
heightI
lI

T
T
T
T (bytes)
a T
a
(fanout) i
i
i

14.1: .
-

363

(, , )
.
. ,
, .

Si , Pi , Ji
, i .

14.3.1
,
. , ,
.
.
(S1 )
(linear scan) (full table scan) --
.
.

( )
.

, CS1 = bT . ,
.
. ,
:
CS1 = bT /2

364

14.

(S2 )
(binary search)
,
. :
CS2 = dlog2 (bT )e + d

sc(T, a)
e1
bf rT

.

. sc(T, a)
dsc(T, a)/bf rT e ,
.
, (1).
, d(T, a) = 1,

:
CS2 = dlog2 (bT )e
, sc(T, a) =
nT /d(T, a).
(S3 )

, ( )
,
.
,
:
CS3 = heightI + 1
(S4 )

(clustering index),
.

365

,
. sc(T, a)
a .
dsc(T, a)/bf rT e .
, :
CS4 = heightI + d

sc(T, a)
e
bf rT

( ),
X . ,
:
CS4 = heightI + sc(T, a)
(S5 )
, :
,

(>, <, , ). ,
. a v a < v ( a
v ) .

v.

, :
CS5 = heightI +

bT
2

(S6 )

B+ - ,
. , + . ,
, .

366

14.

+ -,
.

:
CS6 = heightI +

lI
nT
+
2
2

(range queries)
(.., 10 100).


.
;

(conjunctive selection), :

,

.
--
. ,
.

(composite index),
. ,
, -- .

,

(record pointers),
. , , . ,
.

367

, --
.
.
.
.
,

.

14.3.2

.
: )
) (
). , ,
.
(P1 )
,
. ,
, .
(P2 )
h(x1 , ..., xN ) .
, .
, . ,
,
.

14.3.3

368

14.

[Mishra 1992].
. ,
.
(J1 )
(nested-loop join) X Y .
x X y Y ,
.
,
. : ) )
.
,
.
,
:
CJ1 = bX + bY
nX nY X Y .
X Y .

, :
CJ1 = nX bY + bX
(J2 )

, (block nested-loop join).
,
.

.
, . , :
CJ2 = bX bY + bX

369

:
CJ2 = bX + bY
(J3 )
x X
y Y . Y
,
.
x X
Y .
, X
Y .
nX nY X Y .
X Y
. :
CJ3 = bX + nX C
C ,
.

(indexed loop join) (=). , ,
.
, B+ -
. 14.5
.
- (J4 )
- (sort-merge)
. X
Y . X Y
.
. ,
. ,

370

14.

14.5: .

.
, .
14.6 . ,
, ,
.

a
9
5
6
1

x1
2
1
2
1

x2
4
2
4
2

()

a
9
1
7
6
8
1
9

y1
11
3
7
5
9
1
13

y2
12
4
8
6
10
2
14

a
1
5
6
9

x1
1
1
2
2

x2
2
2
4
4

a
1
1
6
7
8
9
9
()

y1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13

y2
2
4
6
8
10
12
14

a
1
1
6
9
9

x1
1
1
2
2
2

x2
2
2
4
4
4

y1
1
3
5
11
13

y2
2
4
6
12
14

()

14.6: -.

371

, :
CJ4 = bX + bY
.


.
(J5 )
-
. .


.
,
. ,

.
-.

a
9
5
6
1

x1
2
1
2
1

x2
4
2
4
2

a
9
1
7
6
8
1
9
10

y1
11
3
7
5
9
1
13
1

y2
12
4
8
6
10
2
14
1

14.7: .
14.7
. h(x) =
x mod 9 a.
.
,

372

14.

. , 1 10 a .
.

. , : ) , )
, ) .
,
:
CJ5 = 3 (bX + bY )
(J6 )
.

.
(join index), a b.
a
b . .
.
,
.
. -
.

. ,
,
,
(
).

14.3.4 ,
: ) ) -

373

.
,
-. (X Y )
( ).
(X Y )
. , (X Y )
X Y .
,
, . X. ,
Y .
x X y Y ,
y .
y
. , y
x X. ,
x y,
.

14.3.5
(.., -) (.., ORDER BY SQL). ,

. ,
(external sorting).

(mergesort). N
n
. 14.8.
n

. .
m
m (m-way mergesort).
-

374
1.
2.
3.
4.

14.
M =dN/ne , n
.
M ,
(.., heapsort, quicksort).
M
M/2 .
3
N .
14.8: .

. , .

(.., ).
14.9 2
. , 14.9 12 ,
M =12/3=4,
14.9, 3 .
14.9 2, 6 . , 14.9 .
a.
a
9
5
6
1
1
2
3
4
8
7
9
5

x1
2
1
2
1
1
2
5
5
6
7
0
2
()

x2
4
2
4
2
1
5
5
5
7
7
0
2

5
6
9

1
2
2

2
4
4

1
1
2

1
1
2

2
1
5

3
4
8

5
5
6

5
5
7

5
7
9

2
7
0

2
7
0

()

1
1
2
5
6
9

1
1
2
1
2
2

2
1
5
2
4
4

3
4
5
7
8
9

5
5
2
7
6
0

5
5
2
7
7
0

a
1
1
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
9

()

14.9: .

x1
1
1
2
5
5
1
2
2
7
6
2
0
()

x2
2
1
5
5
5
2
2
4
7
7
4
0

375

14.4

.
. , .
.
. (materialized processing).
. , .
(pipeline processing).
,
.

14.4.1
14.10.
.

. ,

>

14.10: .

376

14.

T1 .
T1
T2 . ,
.

,

.

14.4.2

. (pipelining), .
,
. , 14.10, ,
.
.

14.5
.

. ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
,

.
:
) ) .

,
.
.

377

14.1.
;
14.2.
.
14.3. ; .
14.4.
;
14.5. R1 (a,b,c) R2 (a,f,g).

.
14.6. R1 (a,b,c) R2 (c,d,e). R1 30000 R2 60000 . 20
R1 30 R2 .

)
, ) )
.
14.7. N ,
.

2(N 1))!
(N 1)!

14.8. : 10, 15, 5, 22, 25, 30, 20, 40, 35, 45, 42, 43, 44,
60, 50.
.
14.9. SQL:
SELECT ., .,
_.
FROM , , _
WHERE .=_ AND
__=_.;

378

14.

,
.
14.10.

.

15

(atomic execution)
. ,
.
(transaction).
, ,
. ,

(transaction manager).

. ,

, .

. ,

, ()
379

380

15.

[Bernstein 1987].
, .
(concurrency control) .
, ,
.
,

. (data recovery),
.

15.1

.
BEGIN TRANSACTION END TRANSACTION.
.

15.1.1
(committed)
(aborted)
.
. ,
.
15.1
:
(active).
.
(partially committed).
.
(failed).
.

381

15.1: .
(aborted).
, .
(committed).
.
, ) )
. .
.
, .
.
.
(rollback).
: )
) .

382

15.

,
.
. ,
.

15.1.2

, ACID ,
(atomicity), (consistency), (isolation)
(durability).
.
, .
.
. . .
.

.
,
( ).
.
.
. ,
.

15.2
. .

383

.
. .

:


(CPU) .
CPU
.

, CPU .

(throughput).


.
. (waiting time)
(mean response time).
, ,
.
. .
, (concurrency control) .

.

(lost update problem). .

384

15.

;
R
A

S
i

s
W

15.2: .
15.2 . 2
A 1,
A 1.
A 1 .

(dirty read), 15.2.

.
. ,
1 A .
, 2 A M
A. A 2
, 1 , A
( 1).

(.., , ) .
(incorrect summary)
15.2. 1
. , 2 1 ( X),
2 1 (

385

Y ). .

15.2.1

.
(schedule).

.
(serial schedule)
. 15.3
1 2.

15.3: 1 2.
n ,
n .
n! .
,
.
, (CPU,
) .


.

. -

386

15.

.

.
(serializability) : ) (conflict serializability) ) (view serializability). (read) (write).
.

S Ei Ej 1 2 , . Ei
Ej , .
D, .
:
1. Ei = read(D) Ej = read(D).
.
2. Ei = read(D) Ej = write(D). Ei Ej ,
Ej D Ei . Ej
Ei , Ei
Ej . ,
.
3. Ei = read(D) Ej = write(D).
.
4. Ei = write(D) Ej = write(D).
. , D

.


. ,
Ei Ej (conflict).
Ei Ej ,

387

S 0 . S 0 S

. S S 0
S S 0 (conflict equivalent). S

.

X
X

X
X

X
X

Y
Y
)

X
X
Y
Y

Y
Y
)

Y
Y

X
X
Y
Y
)

R
;

15.4: .
15.4.
Write(X) 2 Read(Y )
1, . 15.4.
,
15.4,
. ,
.
; 15.5
()
() ().

S S 0 . S S 0 (view equivalent)
:
D, i

388

15.

15.5: .
D S, i
D S 0 .
D, i
Read(D) S
j , i
j S 0 .
D,
Write(D) S,
Write(D) S 0 .

. , ,


. S
(view serializable)
. 15.6 .
15.6 , 15.6
.

15.2.2
(locks). -

389

15.6: .

.
:
(read lock) (shared lock)

,
(write lock) (exclusive
lock)
.
.
, . ,
,

. ,
. :

. , .

390

15.
,
.
,

. ,
.
.
.

.

. .
(upgrade)
. ,
,
(downgrade) .

. ,
15.7.
Lock Unlock 15.7.
X Y X=100 Y =400.
1 2
X=220 Y =330. 2
1 X=210 Y =340. X=220 Y =340.
.
.
.
. (locking protocol)

391

15.7: .
.
.

(2-phase locking protocol)
:
1. (growing phase) ,
2. (shrinking phase)
.

,
.
[Eswaran 1976].

: ) ,

392

15.

) ) . 15.2.

.
. 15.8
.

L
A

15.8: 15.2 15.2.

,
. ,


.

.
D = {d1 , ..., dn } n
.

393

D : di dj
di dj di
dj . (directed acyclic graph).
, (tree protocol)
. :

,

dj di di dj ,
,

,
.

.
15.9
, 2
.
1

d5

d2

d3

d6

Lock-W(d5)
Read(d5)
Lock(d2);
d2 := d2 + d5;
Write(d2);
Unlock-W(d5);
Unlock-W(d2);

d4

d8

d9

2
Lock-W(d9);
Read(d9);
Lock-W(d6);
Read(d6);
d6 := d6 + d9;
Write(d6);
Unlock-W(d6);
Unlock-W(d9);

(d3)
.

d7

15.9: .

394

15.

15.2.3
(deadlock).
,
. ,
. ,

.
:
1. (deadlock prevention),
,
2. (deadlock detection and recovery)

.
.
. ,
.



.
,
.
.
(timestamps). [Rosenkrantz 1978]
:
Wait-Die. ( )
( ). ,
.

395

Wound-Wait.
.
,
.


. , .

.


(wait graph).
V E.
.
i j , i
j
i .
, .
, .
15.10. 15.10 , 15.10 2 , 3 , 8 , 9
10 .

,
.
;
.

.
.
(ROLLBACK1 ). :
1

ROLLBACK .

396

15.

10

()
( )

()
( )

15.10: () ().
1. ROLLBACK.

ROLLBACK. .
:

.
.
.
ROLLBACK.
2. ROLLBACK. ,

ROLLBACK.
, . ,
.
.

397

, ROLLBACK .
3. . (starvation)

ROLLBACK. .

,
.

15.2.4


.
(timespamps),
.
.
(timestamp) . (system clock)

. i TS(i ).

.
( ). .
. .
(read
timestamp) (write timestamp).
timestamp-W timestamp-R .

.
.
D,

398

15.

timestamp-W(D) timestamp-R(D).

.

,
.
:
i D. :
1. TS(i ) < timestamp-W(D), i
D . .
2. TS(i ) timestamp-W(D), timestamp-R(D)
: timestamp-R(D) = max{timestamp-R(D),TS(i )}.
i
D. :
1. TS(i ) < timestamp-W(D), .

ROLLBACK i .
2. TS(i ) < timestamp-R(D), D
. , ROLLBACK.
3. ,
i : timestamp-W(D) = TS(i ).
ROLLBACK , .
Thomas
,
(TS(i ) < timestamp-W(D)),

399

ROLLBACK. ,
, .

. 15.11.
1
2 TS(1 ) < TS(2 ). , write(X) 2
. , write(X) 1
ROLLBACK 1 , TS(1 ) < timestamp-W(X).

15.11: Thomas.
Thomas .
.
. :
1. TS(i ) < timestamp-W(D),
.
.
2. TS(i ) < timestamp-R(D), D
. ,
ROLLBACK.
3. ,

i : timestamp-W(D) = TS(i ).

400

15.

15.3
(data recovery)
. ,
. ,
,
. :
, ,
, , ,
,
(run-time error)
,
, , ...
,
,
.

15.3.1
,
:
(backup)
,
(log)
,
(checkpoints),
,

401

, , , .
,
.
. (..,
, ).

.
,
.
(incremental) .
.

. ,
.
(.., )
(.., 10 GBytes).

.

:
,
, ,

.

.

402

15.

ROLLBACK (
UNDO, ) ROLLFORWARD
( REDO, ).
. ,
.
.

15.3.2

. :
1. ,
.
.
ROLLFORWARD

.
.
2.
.
ROLLBACK ROLLFORWARD .
.
.
.

(deferred update)
(commit). ,
ROLLBACK. ,

403

ROLLFORWARD ,
. :
1. (transaction
start).
2. (write)

.
3. , .
, .
4.

.
.
.
( ) . [tc , tf ]
. :
[tc , tf ]
(transaction start)
(transaction commit),
ROLLFORWARD. ROLLFORWARD .
.
[tc , tf ]
(transaction start)

404

15.
(transaction abort),
.

[tc , tf ] ,
( ) .

15.12 . "S" (start), "C" (commit) "A"

(abort). 4
, .
1 2 ROLLFORWARD
[tc , tf ].
. ,
tf . , 3 ,
5 6 .

1
C

6
A

tc

tf

15.12: .

, (immediate update)
,
(commit). ,

405

ROLLBACK.
:
1. (transaction start).
2.

.
3.
.

.
4. (transaction commit) .
. ,
,
.
.
, tc
tf .
:
[tc , tf ]
(transaction start)
(transaction commit),
ROLLFORWARD. ROLLFORWARD .
.
[tc , tf ]
(transaction start) (transaction commit),

406

15.
ROLLBACK. ROLLBACK
.

ROLLBACK,
ROLLBACK ROLLFORWARD.

(shadow paging)
,
[Lorie 1977]. .

.
n 1 n.
(page table).
. 15.13
.
.

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
5

4
3

15.13: 5 .

. (current page table) (shadow
page table). .
, -

407

.
. D
p.
1. p , .
2. ,
:
p0
,
p0 ,
p
p0 .
15.14 . 4 5.
.
.

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
5 ()
3
4 ()
5 ()
4 ()

1
2
3
4
5

15.14: (
4 5).
.
.
,

408

15.

. ,
.

15.4

. ,
, .
,
. : ) , )
, ) ) .
,
.
.
.
.
.

( ).
. (REDO ROLLFORWARD),
(UNDO ROLLBACK).
: ) , )
) .

15.1. .
15.2.
;
15.3.
.

409

15.4. (2PL).
;
15.5. A, B C ,
. ;
.
15.6. ;
;
15.7. :
T1:
read(X);
read(Y );
if (X == 0) Y = Y + 1;
write(Y );
T2:
read(Y );
read(X);
if (Y == 0) X = X + 1;
write(X);
(2PL)
. ;
15.8 .
15.9 .
15.10.
.

16

,
,
.
.
,
,
(confidentiality), (integrity) (availability) .
.

.
.

411

412

16.

, ,
. , ,
,
, .

.

(audit control) . (database security)

,
[Castano 1995, Clark 1991, Fernandez 1981, Natan 2005].

16.1


. . ,
. ,
, . ,
. ,

.

.

. ,
, ,
. ,

413

. 16.1,

.

16.1: .

16.2
(authorization)
. (subject)
, (object) , , , , ,

. ,
,
,
.
(authentication) ,
.

. ,
.

414

16.

,
.
(username)
(password) ,
. ,
.
,
. ,


. ,
.

16.3
(Discretional Access Control, DAC) (Mandatory Access Control, MAC)
.
, .
.

16.3.1

(privileges) SQL [Polk 1993]. ( ,
) . ,
.
.
SQL :
SELECT: ,

415

INSERT: ,
UPDATE: ,
DELETE: ,
REFERENCES:
,
USAGE: .
SELECT UPDATE , . , REFERENCES
,

,
.
SQL
GRANT REVOKE.
CREATE TABLE, (owner)
.
. ,
GRANT. ,

.
CREATE VIEW,
. ,
(SELECT) . , INSERT,
UPDATE DELETE
.

,

416

16.

GRANT. . -

:
GRANT <_> | ALL PRIVILEGES>
ON <_>
TO <_ | PUBLIC>
[WITH GRANT OPTION];

, :
SELECT [< >]
DELETE
INSERT
UPDATE [< >]
REFERENCES [< >]
USAGE
, , , ...,
. , GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES . GRANT PUBLIC
.
WITH GRANT OPTION
. WITH GRANT
OPTION, . WITH GRANT OPTION
GRANT,
.
,

.

417

REVOKE.
REVOKE
GRANT.
REVOKE :
REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR] <_>
| ALL PRIVILEGES
ON <_>
FROM <_> | PUBLIC
[RESTRICT | CASCADE];

ALL PRIVILEGES

. GRANT OPTION FOR WITH GRANT OPTION
GRANT .
RESTRICT, REVOKE

. RESTRICT . CASCADE REVOKE


.
REVOKE ,

. , C
, C
.
16.2
employee SELECT B C (
1 2, ) WITH GRANT OPTION.
C D
( 3 4, ). D
SELECT employee E ( 5). ,
SELECT CASCADE
( 6), ,
D D C.
C D,

418

16.

N
C

16.2: REVOKE.
SELECT ON employee
D E.
, ,
, - . ,
R

R. ,
S INSERT S
. , B

R
(.., )
R, , S
. , -
R
. ,
, (trojan horse)
, ,
.
.

.

419

16.3.2

. (security class)
(security clearance) .

.
.
SQL
.

Bell-LaPadula [Bell 1974]
, , .
L
class(L) class(), . , :
(top secret, TS), (secret, S), (confidential, C) (unclassified, U).
TS > S > C > U, A > B
.
Bell-LaPadula
:
( - no reads
up): L O
class(L) class(O). , S
, U
.
-* ( - no writes down): L class(L)
class(O). , S S .

, -

420

16.

.

,
, . ,

GRANT SQL
.

16.3.3
,
.
.
(multilevel relation), .
,
16.1.

4
2
4
3
2

C
C
C
S
TS

16.1: .
TS ,
S C
, U
.
U
< , 1, U>.

421

. U,
U.

Bell-LaPadula,
.

4
2
4
3
2
1

C
C
C
S
TS
U

16.2: .

.
,
U,
16.2. , U , C
, S TS
, .
,
.


.
(polyinstantiation) .
(trusted)
BellLaPadula. ,

422

16.

,
.

.

16.4
6.5,
.
, , .

.
, . ,
,
. ,

.

,
:
CREATE VIEW _
AS
SELECT _,
FROM
WHERE =current_user();

SELECT
,
. ,
,
.

423

16.5
(encryption)

(encryption key).
,
.
.
( )

.
(client)
(server) .
(irreversible) (reversible) . ,
. , .
.
-
(cryptosystem), 16.3 :
,
(plaintext)

16.3: .

424

16.
(cyphertext) ,
,
.

(symmetric encryption) . ,
.
DES (Data Encryption Standard [NBS 1977]), IBM.
, . 56 bits
64 bits. DES
,
. ,
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)
128 bits .
64 bits
. ,

. 80 bits , 128 bits
.
[Ramakrisnan 2003],
DES , 149
128 bits.
,
(asymmetric encryption)).

, , (public key) (private key)

425

.
,
.
,
. (digital
signature)
. RSA (
[Rivest 1978]).
,
. ,

,
[Denning 1983].

16.6
(statistical) (
)
. , " ;" , " ;"
.

, .
(deduction of sensitive information by inference) [Adam 1989] .

.
,
.

426

16.

-40
3-14
-22
6-07
-10
1-10
3-31

4455
2138
4483
6320
7012
7025
2121

2000
1500
2300
2720
1250
1750
1800

16.3: .

.
, ,
16.3. ,
,
"". , ,

.
:
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM
WHERE ((=) AND (=));
SELECT SUM()
FROM
WHERE (=) AND (=);

1 2000 . ""
,
. ,
,
.


c.

427

, :
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM ;
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM
WHERE (<>) AND (<>);
SELECT SUM()
FROM ;
SELECT SUM(*)
FROM ;
WHERE (<>) AND (<>);

7, 6, 13.320 11.320, . , ""

, 13.320
11.320=2.000. ,
n c,
n .
,

b [c, n c]
. 16.3, c=2,
b [2, 5]. WHERE (=)
AND (=) . :
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM
WHERE =;
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM
WHERE (=) AND NOT
(=);

428

16.

16.3
4 3, . ,
, ""
(
""). ""
:
SELECT SUM()
FROM
WHERE =;
SELECT SUM()
FROM
WHERE (=) AND NOT
(=);

8.820, 6.820.
, ""
, 8.820 6.820=2.000.
( = ) AND ( = ) (individual tracker) [Denning 1979a],
.
,
A
1 AND 2,
A1 AND NOT A2
, 1 A1 AND NOT A2
, [c, n c].

1
1 AND NOT A2:
{x : A} = {(x : A1) AND (x : A2)} = {x : A1} - {(x : A1) AND NOT (x : A2)}

Venn
16.4.
,

A1

A2
A1 AND A2

A1
A1 AND A2
A1 AND
NOT A2

A2

A1

429

A2
A1
(A1 AND
NOT A2)

16.4: A1 AND NOT A2 , = 1 AND

A2.
,
. [Denning 1979b]

.
,
.
.
, ,

. ,
,
.
.
.

.


.


.

16.7 SQL
(injection) SQL.
Rain Forest Puppy,

430

16.

.

[Spett 2002]. ,
, .
,

.
.
,
ASP (Active Server Page)
.
16.5 1 .
username=Request.form("username");
password=Request.form("password");
var con=Server.CreateObject(ADODB.Connection);
var rso=Server.CreateObject(ADODB.Recordset);
var sql="SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = "
+username +" AND password = "+password+" ";
rso.open(sql,con);
if not rs.eof() then
response.write("Welcome to the database");

16.5: ASP
.
, ,

SQL Users username password.
16.5 :
sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = "
+ username +" AND password = " + password + " ";

. 1

H
SQL ASP.

431

username password
. :
username: george
password: 45dc&vg3

:
SELECT *
FROM Users
WHERE username = george AND password = 45dc&vg3;

Users,
. ,
:
username: george
password: anything or 1 = 1 or =

:
SELECT *
FROM Users
WHERE username=george AND password=anything OR
1 = 1 or = ;

Users. , ,
anything .
Users,
.

SQL,

.

.

432

16.

SQL SQL . WHERE

SQL .
,
SQL. , ,
,
. , mdonald
mdonald, . 16.6
.
function escape (input);
input = replace (input, "", "");
escape = input;
end function;

16.6:
.

16.8
: ,
.
.
(backup)
(security patches).

.
(Denial of Service, DoS).

.
.

433

RAID.
.

.
, .

. ,
.

. ,

.

,
.
. .

(track what the user knows).
, ,
.
.


.
,
,
.

434

16.

16.1. , ;
16.2.
;
16.3. ;
16.4. ; .
16.5. -
; ;
;
16.6.
16.2. TS
(, 4) (, 5).
; C
TS;
16.7. , , C, D E
P
.
.
.

A
B
D
C

GRANT
GRANT
GRANT
GRANT

SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT

ON
ON
ON
ON

P
P
P
P

TO
TO
TO
TO

B,C WITH GRANT OPTION

D WITH GRANT OPTION
C, E WITH GRANT OPTION
E

SELECT
P, .

435

(: .)
, REVOKE SELECT ON P FROM D CASCADE. .
16.8.
. , , ,

2.

1100
800
750
950
500
1850
890
1500
1160

:
Q1: SELECT SUM() FROM WHERE =
;
Q2: SELECT SUM() FROM WHERE ( =
) ND (=).

min|Qi | 2.
; .
16.9 ;
;

436

16.

16.10.
4.1.

17

MSSQLS-2000

MSSQLS-2000.
, ,
, MSSQLS2000 .

17.1
MSSQLS-2000
. ,
MSSQLS-2000 .
, (memory pools)
, . MSSQLS-2000 .
437

438

17. MSSQLS-2000

(buffer pool).
(page) 8KBytes.
,
(buffer manager) .
- .
() .
.
TEXT, NTEXT IMAGE
. 96 bytes,
,
.
8060
bytes,
(8192 bytes). 17.1
.

17.1: MSSQLS-2000.

17.1.1

(extent) 8 ( 64
KBytes). :

(.., ),

439

(.., ).

.
(log). ,
. :
(primary data file), .
. *.mdf.
(secondary data file), .
. *.ndf.
(log file),

.
, .
*.ldf.
,
.
FAT NTFS,
.

0. (file ID). ,
. ,
. , ,
. 17.2
2MBytes 512KBytes.
.

440

17. MSSQLS-2000

17.2: .
, .
, .
,
.

17.1.2
MSSQLS-2000 ,
. (clustered
index) (heap table).
. ,

.
Index Allocation Map (IAM).
IAM. IAM
FirstIAM sysindexes, indid 0.
sysindexes.
IAM (extents) . ,
. IAM
63903 . IAM

441

. ,
,
.
17.3.
sysindexes
id

indid

FirstISAM

root

17.3: .
(clustered table) . ,
. ,
(
).

.


MSSQLS-2000.

442

17. MSSQLS-2000

17.2
.
,

.
,
.
.
MSSQLS-2000 B-
. B+ -,

. B+ - ,
. B+ - (clustered index) -
(non-clustered index).

17.2.1
,
.

.
, .
. sysindexes
root indid=1
.

(index pages).

.
. (data
pages) .
17.4.

id

indid
0

sysindexes
... FirstISAM ...

443

root

17.4: .

17.2.2 -
, - (non-clustered indexes). -
. MSSQLS-2000
249 - .
-
( ).

. , -
,
.

444

17. MSSQLS-2000

17.2.3
Enterprise
Manager, Tools, Wizards, Create Index Wizard.

. Manage Indexes
. 17.5
Enterprise Manager1 .

() Create Index Wizard

() Manage Indexes

17.5: Enterprise Manager.

T-SQL CREATE INDEX
.

. :
CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX _
ON ();

CLUSTERED,
. ,
-
:
1

(table designer).

445

CREATE INDEX _
ON ();

. MSSQLS-2000
.
,
:
CREATE INDEX _DVD_VHS
ON (DVD,VHS);

.
.
WHERE
, .
:

(joins).
, 14.
(selectivity). ,
,
. , ,
,
.
,
, .


WHERE .

: ) ORDER BY , ) (..,
a > 10 AND a < 100), ) ( ) (join).

446

17. MSSQLS-2000
- : )
, )
WHERE ORDER BY .

MSSQLS-2000 , Index Tuning Wizard. Index Tuning

Wizard ,

. Index Tuning Wizard
,

. SQL Profiler
.

17.3
MSSQLS-2000 . 14
, ,
, ,
.
MSSQLS-2000 (cost-based optimization).
,
.

(logical I/O) .
(physical I/O), .
, .
MSSQLS-2000 :
.

447

.
WHERE (.., a = 1, a 10).
WHERE
.
.
.
MSSQLS-2000.
.
.

.
.
,
.
MSSQLS-2000
, 14: ) (nested-loop join), )
(merge join) ) (hash join). .
Query Analyzer
.
,

. . Query Analyzer.

2 DVD:
SELECT
FROM
WHERE DVD>=2;

17.6.

448

17. MSSQLS-2000

17.6: .
.
,
DVD 2.
:
SELECT ,
FROM ,,
WHERE .=._ AND
.=._;

17.7.
,
.
, (..,
CPU I/O).
.

17.4
15 , .

449

17.7: .
MSSQLS-2000
.
MSSQLS-2000 (transaction log)
.

.
.
MSSQLS-2000:
(AutoCommit). T-SQL
. COMMIT.
, MSSQLS-2000
AutoCommit.
, ,
SQL, .
(explicit transactions). -

450

17. MSSQLS-2000
BEGIN TRANSACTION
COMMIT/ROLLBACK TRANSACTION.
. T-SQL
.
: CREATE DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE, DROP DATABASE,
BACKUP DATABASE, RESTORE DATABASE, RECONFIGURE, BACKUP LOG,
RESTORE LOG, UPDATE STATISTICS.
(implicit transactions).
, .

T-SQL: ALTER TABLE, CREATE, DELETE, DROP, FETCH, GRANT,
INSERT, OPEN, REVOKE, SELECT, TRUNCATE TABLE, UPDATE.
, ,
COMMIT TRANSACTION ROLLBACK TRANSACTION.

SET IMPLICIT TRANSACTIONS ON (OFF
).

17.4.1
MSSQLS-2000 (locking)
. MSSQLS-2000
SQL Server Lock Manager. MSSQLS-2000
,
. :
(shared locks). .

. T-SQL ,
.
,
.
(update locks).
. ,

451

,
. ,
. .
.

. , .
(exclusive locks).
, .

, .
(schema locks). . :
1. (schema stability locks).
,
.
(.., / ,
) ,
.
2. (schema modification locks).
,
.
,

.
(bulk update locks). .
,
.

452

17. MSSQLS-2000

,
. ,
.

T-SQL,
. MSSQLS-2000
:
. , . ,
(offline) .
master tempdb (. 5) ,
.
. (allocation) (deallocation). ,
.
.

.
.
.
, (pointers) .
.
,

.
.
, .
. MSSQLS-2000
,
,
.

453

17.4.2
(deadlock), . 15
: ) )
, .
MSSQLS-2000 .
. ,
. SET
LOCKTIMEOUT.
, .
MSSQLS-2000 LOCK MONITOR.

.
CPU
.
CPU .

17.4.3

(. 15). (transaction log)
, .
MSSQLS-2000 write-ahead
.
.
:
1.
(BEGIN TRANSACTION)
.
2. .

454

17. MSSQLS-2000

3.
.
4. , (COMMIT
TRANSACTION) .
5. .
.
. ,
.
(lazy writer process)
(checkpoint process).
.
, . MSSQLS-2000
(checkpoints) .
(checkpoint process) .
,
,
.
MSSQLS-2000 (. 15). MSSQLS-2000
(commit).
. , MSSQLS-2000 ROLLBACK
( UNDO) ROLLFORWARD ( REDO).

455

17.5

.
, ,

. ,
,
.

17.5.1



.
SQL Server : (system privileges) (object privileges).
. ,
.


.
: CREATE TABLE, CREATE VIEW, CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE DEFAULT, CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE RULE, BACKUP DATABASE, BACKUP
LOG.
Enterprise Manager,
Properties. Permissions Properties,
. 17.8,

.
(grant). (deny) , ,
(revoke).
(grant) (deny)

456

17. MSSQLS-2000

, .

17.8: Permissions Properties .

, T-SQL
:
GRANT <-> | ALL [PRIVILEGES]
TO <->;
REVOKE <-> | ALL [PRIVILEGES]
FROM <->;
DENY <-> | ALL [PRIVILEGES]
FROM <->;

, GRANT, REVOKE
DENY, , T-SQL.
:
GRANT
<_> | ALL [PRIVILEGES]

457

{
[<_>] ON <_> | <_>
| ON <_> | <_> [<_>]
| ON _ | _
| ON ___
}
TO <_>
[WITH GRANT OPTION];

.
, ON.
,
EXECUTE
SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE REFERENCES. ALL
[PRIVILEGES] . ,
. TO
. WITH GRANT OPTION
.
:
GRANT SELECT
ON TABLE1
TO USER1
WITH GRANT OPTION;

REVOKE DENY GRANT:

REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR]
<_> | ALL [PRIVILEGES]
{
[ <_>] ON <_> | <_ >
| ON <_> | <_> [<_>]
| ON _ | _
| ON ___
}
FROM <_>
[CASCADE];

458

17. MSSQLS-2000

DENY
<_> | ALL [PRIVILEGES]
{
[<_>] ON <_> | <_>
| ON <_> | <_> [<_>]
| ON _ | _
| ON ___
}
TO <_>
[CASCADE];

REVOKE GRANT
GRANT OPTION FOR CASCADE.


. CASCADE
DENY. ,
WITH GRANT OPTION, REVOKE
DENY CASCADE,
.
SQL Server Enterprise Manager. , Enterprise Manager WITH GRANT OPTION. ,
.
,
All Tasks Manage Permissions.
17.9 Object Properties
.
Columns Object Properties SELECT UPDATE
. 17.10 Column Properties .
Enterprise
Manager Database User Properties 17.11. ,
,
Properties.

17.9: Object Properties.

17.10: Column Properties.

459

460

17. MSSQLS-2000

17.11: Database User Properties.

.

17.5.2
.
.
.
,
SQL. , :
CREATE VIEW ___
AS
SELECT , COUNT(*)
FROM
WHERE =
GROUP BY ;

461

GRANT SELECT
ON ___
TO george;

(. george) ,

.
.
,
, .

17.5.3
SQL Server (hashing
function) pwdencrypt() [Andrews 2003] sysxlogins
master. , SQL Server
:
SELECT password
FROM MASTER.dbo.sysxlogins
WHERE name=sa;

:
0x01008D504D65431D6F8AA7AED333590D7DB1863CBFC
98186BFAE06EB6B327EFA5449E6F649BA954AFF4057056D9B

, :
SELECT pwdencrypt();

:
0x0100544115053E881CA272490C324ECE22BF17DAF2AB96
B1DC9A7EAB644BD218969D09FFB97F5035CF7142521576

, SQL Server , pwdcompare(), 1 . pwdcompare()

, :

462

17. MSSQLS-2000

SELECT pwdcompare
(_sa,
(SELECT password
FROM MASTER.dbo.sysxlogins
WHERE name = sa), 0 );

Application Security Inc. ,

DbEncrypt2
SQL Server
DLL (dynamic link library) SQL Server.
.
.
dbencrypt keys.
.
ActiveCrypt
SQL Server, XP CRYPT3 , .

17.6
MSSQLS2000.
8 . 8 KBytes . .
.
: ) , )
) .
MSSQLS-2000 : )
) .
. ,
- . + -.
2
3

http: //www.appsecinc.com/products/dbencrypt/mssql
http://www.activecrypt.com/product.htm

463

.
SQL Query Analyzer
.
, : , , , , .
.
SQL Server
. ,
.

17.1.
MSSQLS-2000.
17.2.
;
17.3.
MSSQLS-2000.
17.4.
MSSQLS-2000 ;
17.5. MSSQLS2000 .
17.6. MSSQLS2000;
17.7.
MSSQLS-2000;
17.8. .

464

17. MSSQLS-2000

17.9.
SQL Server.
17.10. 16,

. , .

 IV

.
,
.

. 18
(object-oriented) . 19 ,
.
- (object-relational) . 20

, 21
MSSQLS-2000.

18

( , , ..). , .
(computer-aided design - CAD),
.
:
,
(.., ),
,
467

468

18.

.
;.
:
.
() .
.
.
,
.
.

.
.
,
SQL.
. ,
GIS (..,
, , )
( , ...).
, .
. , , .
,
, .
.

.

469

. :

,
.
- , .

18.1
Smalltalk, C++ Java1 .


. , .
.

18.1.1 ,
(object) (
). (attributes). (state) .
.
(methods) . (behavior) . ,
.
(encapsulation).
.
(information hiding).
1

470

18.

(object class).
.
(object identifier) , .
CAD/VLSI
.
rectangle .
- -
, .

. , rectangle (
C++) 18.1. public,

.

class rectangle :
{
int x1;
int y1;
int x2;
int y2;
public:
setRectangle (int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);
resizeRectangle (int dx, int dy);
moveRectangle (int newx1, int newy1);
};

y
y2

y1

x1

x2

18.1: .

18.1.2

. ,
. (inheritance) .
, A ( ).

471

, .
,
. (employee)
(salesperson) ,
2 .
18.2 . (name),
(address), (code) (phone)
. (region) . ,

(prog-language) .
.
class employee :
{
int code;
char[20] name;
char[20] phone;
char[100] address;
int salary;
public :
changeSalary ();
changePhone ();
changeAddress ();
};

class salesperson : employee

{
char[100] region;

class programmer: employee

{
char[20] prog-language;

public :
changeLocation ();
...
...
};

public :
changeLabguage ();
...
...
};

18.2: .
(specialization hierarchy),
. B 2

,
.

472

18.

A ISA ( ISA A),

(. 4).
18.3.

ISA

ISA

ISA

ISA

ISA

()

ISA

ISA

ISA

ISA

ISA

ISA

ISA

()

18.3: .

. (multiple inheritance),
. 18.3.
.
,
.

18.1.3
(containment hierarchy),
. IS-PARTOF ISA.
(complex objects)
.
. 18.4 ,
, .

IS-PART-OF

IS-PART-OF

IS-PART-OF

473

...

IS-PART-OF
IS-PART-OF

...

18.4: .

18.2
(OODMBS)
.
.
.

: ) ) . ( ) [Atkinson 1989].

(object-oriented database system manifesto).
.
:
,
( ),
,
,
.

474

18.

(persistent) 3 . (object definition language)
(object query language, OQL) ODMG 3.0. (bindings)
C++.
ODMG (Object Data Management Group) .
ODMG

(portability). ODMG [Cattell 2000].

(persistence) .

.
, .
, .
H ODMG ODL
(object definition language, ODL)

ODMG.

.
(person) (employee)
(
). (branch)
-- ( ) 18.5
3

475

ODMG ODL.

[Eaglestone 1998, Cattell 2000].
class Person
{
attribute struct person_name {string first_name, string last_name} name;
};

Person

ISA
class Employee extends Person
(extent employee)
{
attribute string emp_no;
attribute enum sex_type {M, F} sex;
attribute enum pos_type {Manager, Supervisor, Assistant} position;
attribute date date_birth;
attribute float salary;

Employee

WorksAt

Has

int getAge ();

void increaseSalary (in float salary_incr);
};
class Branch
(extent branches)
{
attribute string branch_name;
attribute struct branch_address {string street, string city, string postal_code} address;

Branch
relationship set<Employee> Has inverse Employee::WorksAt;
};

18.5: ODMG ODL.

ODMG OQL
(object query language, OQL) ,
SQL . OQL
(C++, Java). OQL

SQL. OQL (associative access) (navigational access):
.

.

476

18.

.

OQL.

.
:
employee

,
:
branches

OQL SQL .

. :
SELECT b.name,b.address
FROM b IN branches
WHERE b.address.city=;

.
.
:
SELECT e.name.last-name
FROM b IN branches, e IN branches.WorksAt
WHERE b.address.city=

OQL
Connolly Begg [Connolly 2002].
ODMG C++
(bindings)
.

477

.
ODMG Smalltalk,
C++ Java. C++.
C++,
ODMG ODL.
.
C++ . ,
C++, (object manipulation
language, OML)
. 18.6
(executable) .


18.6: [Connolly 2002].

.
d . , d String,
d Float, d Date string, float,
date . d Ref . d Set d Bag set bag.
d Object .

478

18.

. 18.7
(person), (account), (customer) (branch).
18.7.
Person

ISA

Account

M
Customer

1
Branch

()
class Branch : public d_Object
{

...
};
class Person : public d_Object
{
d_String name;
d_String address;
};
class Account : public d_Object
{
d_Float balance;
public :
d_Set<d_Ref<Customer> > owners;

class Customer : public Person

{
public :
d_Long customer_id;
d_Ref<Branch> home_branch;
d_Set<d_Ref<Account>> accounts;
};

float getBalance ();

void setBalance (float new_balance);
};
() ODMG C++ ODL

18.7: ODMG C++ ODL.

ODMG C++ OML ODMG C++ ODL
. ODMG C++
d Database :

479

(open (dbname)),
(set object name (object, name)),
(lookup object (name)),
(rename object (oldname, newname)),
(close (dbname)).
d Transaction. Trans d Transaction.
Trans.begin()
Trans.commit(). ,
, . insert element delete element, . 18.8 ODMG C++ OML,
(Branch).
d Database accountDB;
accountDB->open("ACCOUNT DATABASE");
d Transaction MyTransaction;
MyTransaction.begin();
d Ref<Branch>branch=new (accountDB,"Branch")Branch;
branch->name="New Branch";
branch->address.city="New City";
branch->address.street="New Street";
branch->address.postal code="54321";
MyTransaction.end();

18.8: ODMG C++ OML .

. C++ ODL/OML OQL. ,
d OQL Query :
d_OQL_Query MyQuery;
MyQuery("SELECT b.name, b.address

480

18.
FROM b IN branches
WHERE b.address.city=");

18.3

. ,
. :
.
. .
.
.
.


.
.
.
(schema evolution) .
, .
.

.
.
:

481

.
.
ODMG de facto .
. ,
,
.
.
.

.

, .
.
, .

18.4


. ,
,
.
. ,

: , , ,
.

18.1.
;

482

18.

18.2. , , .
18.3. . ; .
18.4.
-.
18.5. .
. ;
.
18.6. , , 4x4.
.
18.7. ODMG ODL ODMG
OQL.
18.8. ODMG C++;
18.9.
.
18.10.
4.1.

19

.
.
,

.

- (object-relational DMBS)
. ,
. , SQL

. ,
483

484

19. -

,
.
[Stonebraker 1996]
- , [Devarakonda 2001] .

19.1

(. 5).
(1NF) 7.

.
(nested relations),
.
(non-first normal form, N1NF).
N1NF
(nested-relational model)

.
. 4 .
(. 5) . .
.
, , ,

.
19.1.
19.1

. 19.1.
, 19.1 . 19.1 19.1.

12
44
55

()

12
44
55

6977333222
6945123456
6937222999

485

12345
54321
11111

()

12
44
55

12345
54321
11111

6977333222
6945123456
6937222999

()

12

44
55

{6977333222
2310111111
2102444555}
6945123456
6937222999

12345
54321
11111

()
19.1: .


. ,

.

19.2 SQL:1999 (SQL3)

SQL.
SQL .
SQL SQL3 [ISO 1999a, ISO 1999b, Eisenberg 1999,

486

19. -

Eisenberg 2001, Gulutzan 1999], SQL

:
,
,
,
,
,
,
, .

19.2.1
SQL3 .
. , ,
.
, .
, , , .
CREATE TABLE SQL3. ROW
:
CREATE TABLE
( INT,
CHAR (50),
ROW ( CHAR(30),
CHAR(4),
_ CHAR(6),
CHAR(30),
CHAR(30)));

. INSERT
:

487

INSERT INTO
VALUES
(1000, A. ,
(,13,56225,,));

19.2.2

. SQL3
CREATE
TYPE. (user-defined
types, UDT).

.
:
CREATE TYPE RectType AS
(x1 INT, x2 INT, y1 INT, y2 INT,
FUNCTION getArea(r RectType) RETURNS FLOAT
RETURN (x2-x1)*(y2-y1);
END,
FUNCTION getPerimeter(r RectType) RETURNS FLOAT
RETURN 2*(x2-x1)+ 2*(y2-y1);
END)
REF IS SYSTEM GENERATED
INSTANTIABLE
NOT FINAL;

INSTATIABLE .
, NOT INSTATIABLE.
NOT FINAL RectType .
REF IS SYSTEM GENERATED .


. . RectType
,
.
,
.

488

19. -

.
PointType :
CREATE TYPE PointType AS
(pointNo INT NOT NULL, x INT, y INT,
PRIMARY KEY (pointID),
FUNCTION ...,
FUNCTION ...,
...
);

GeneralRectType PointType:
CREATE TYPE GeneralRectType AS
(p1 PointType, p2 PointType, p3 PointType, p4 PointType,
FUNCTION ...,
FUNCTION ...,
...
);

:
CREATE TABLE VLSI
( INT, GeneralRectType);

SQL3
(
SQL3).
RGB.
ColoredGeneralRectType,
GeneralRectType:
CREATE TYPE ColoredGeneralRectType UNDER GeneralRectType
AS
(colorR INT, colorG INT, colorB INT,
FUNCTION ...,
...
);

489

ColoredGeneralRectType colorR, colorG colorB

GeneralRectType. , GeneralRectType -.
SQL,
CREATE TABLE
.
. ,
PointType,
:
CREATE TABLE
( PointType,
PRIMARY KEY (pointNo);

19.2.3
- .
, ,
(.., C++), SQL3.
SQL3

.
:
CREATE FUNCTION MyFunction (IN MyParameter)
RETURNS FLOAT
EXTERNAL NAME MyFunctionFileName
LANGUAGE C
PARAMETER STYLE SQL
DETERMINISTIC
NO SQL;

EXTERNAL NAME
.
(LANGUAGE C).
SQL

490

19. -

PARAMETER STYLE SQL. DETERMINISTIC

. IN MyParameter ,
.

OUT. , NO SQL SQL
. SQL3
.

19.2.4
. .
.
SQL3
. SQL3
(reference type) .
.

C/C++.
.
.
.
()
, .
( ).

.
. :
CREATE TABLE
( INT NOT NULL,
VARCHAR(100),

491

VARCHAR(15),
REF(PointType) SCOPE
REFERENCES ARE CHECKED
ON DELETE CASCADE,
PRIMARY KEY ());

SCOPE
. REFERENCES ARE CHECKED
.
REFERENCES ARE NOT CHECKED.

19.2.5

. . CHAR
VARCHAR
. , CHAR VARCHAR. SQL3
, (large objects, LOBs).
LOB .
CLOB (character LOB) NCLOB (national character LOB) , BLOB (binary LOB)
(.., , , video). :
CREATE TABLE
( INT NOT NULL,
VARCHAR(40),
BLOB(200K),
_} CLOB(20K),
PRIMARY KEY ());

SQL3,
BLOB.
BLOB ,
.
BLOB SQL3
BLOB, CLOB NCLOB,
, , ..

492

19. -

19.2.6
SQL3
(computationally complete).
.
[ISO 1999b].
SQL3,
C PASCAL:
.
DECLARE :
DECLARE x INT;
DECLARE p BLOB(100K);
DECLARE flag BOOLEAN;

. IF ... THEN ... ELSE ...

END IF
IF. CASE,
:
CASE x
WHEN 1 THEN y=100;
WHEN 2 THEN y=200;
WHEN default THEN SET y=0;
END CASE;

. FOR ... END FOR, WHILE ... END WHILE

REPEAT ... UNTIL
.

19.2.7
(trigger)
.
, [Ceri 2000].
,
.
:

493

, ,
(logging),
,
.

CREATE TRIGGER :
CREATE TRIGGER -
BEFORE | AFTER - ON -
[REFERENCING < >]
[FOR EACH ROW | STATEMENT]
[WHEN (-)]
BEGIN
-
END;

, .

. BEFORE INSERT, BEFORE DELETE, BEFORE UPDATE
AFTER INSERT, AFTER DELETE, AFTER UPDATE. (FOR EACH ROW)
(FOR EACH STATEMENT). REFERENCES

. BEGIN END .
COMMIT ROLLBACK
.

19.2.8
SQL3 SQL2,
, SQL3 . , ,
, .

494

19. -

19.3
Stonebraker [Stonebraker 1996] , :
) )
. :

, .
.
,
,
.


.
CAD.
, , , - .
.

19.2. , - (
1996) .
, -
. IDC [IDC 2000],
-
11.1 ,
211 . . 2004, IDC
18.2% 12.5%

495

19.2: .
. 2000.
-
. 19.1
, - .

19.4
-

. - ,
.


,

. IBM,
Microsoft Oracle
-.

496

19. -

SQL2

ACID

ODMG

, ODMG

SQL3
, REF
, UDT

UDT
, UDT
, UDT

, REF

19.1: .
SQL.
SQL
.
SQL SQL3, SQL
: ) , )
, ) , ) , )
, ) , )
,
.

19.1.
- ;

497

19.2. SQL3.
19.3. .
19.4.
.
19.5. ;
19.6. ;
19.7. R1 (a, b, c) R2 (a, d, e), a
.
R1 R2 .
, SQL.
19.8.
.
(.., ).
SQL3 Time-Sequence,
1024.
, , , .
.
0 1023.

.
19.9. Polygon
, SQL3.
19.10. 19.2.

20

. ,
,
.
,
.
:
- .
(spatial data)
- (spatio-temporal data).
. -
. ,
,
,
.
499

500

20.
.
. (multimedia data) (GIF, JPG, TIFF),
(MPG, AVI), (MP3, WAV)
(TXT, DOC, RTF, PDF). (..,
, ).
.
, . .
.
(data warehouses)
(on-line analytical processing, OLAP) [Chaudhuri 1997].
. OLAP
(.., ,
).
. (data mining)
(knowledge discovery) .

. ,

.

20.1 -
.
-
(GIS). GIS , ,

501

, ,
[Laurini 1993, Rigaux 2002].

20.1.1
GIS
(thematic layer). ,
,

. (geographic objects). ,
, .
:
1. ,
. , .
2. , . ,
,
, , ...

, , ,
. 20.1
. 20.1 , .
20.1 ,
( ),
( ).
(.
).

20.1.2

. -

502

20.

()

()

20.1: .
, , .
:
(spatial range query), R , R
,
(nearest-neighbor query),
x k
k X,
(spatial join), x,y
x X y Y (..,
).

.

20.1.3
, ,

503

GIS,
. GIS ,
20.2 :
1. ,
2. ( -),

.

&

&

20.2: GIS .
GIS
, ( ). ,
-
.
:
CREATE TABLE
( INT NOT NULL,

504

20.

VARCHAR(30),
INT,
- VARCHAR(20),
VARCHAR (30),
PolygonType,
PRIMARY KEY ());

PolygonType .
.
GIS
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
,

.
4.
(.., -)
.
. ,

R (. 20.3).
{, }.
; ( ).

.

.
.

505

20.3: .

R- (R-tree) [Guttman 1984,

Manolopoulos 2005] B-
. R-
. , ()
(minimum bounding rectangle, MBR). R-
MBRs .
. .
. 20.4
R-.
, R-
R.
20.4, R1 R2.
.
, -

506

20.

R1

R2

R ( )

R1

R2

R3

R()

R()

R()

R3

R(A)

R()

R()

R()

R()

R()

()

() R-

20.4: R-.
. . E.
R(E) .
R- MBR , .
, R-
. (computational geometry). [Manolopoulos 1999, Manolopoulos 2003] , -
.

20.2

( , video,
animation) ( ).

. :
, ,
.

507

.
:
(text), (image), (audio), (video).
GIS,
(.., ) (content).

.
(..,
).
BLOB (. 18) ,
SQL3. ,
BLOB,
BLOB. ,
BLOB video MPEG,
BLOB
MPEG . , SQL3
,
. ,
. ,
:
. , ,
, (image retrieval by content).

. .

.

508

20.

.
video ,
video .

,
. ,
,
. ,


.
IBM QBIC, Virage Excalibur,

(query by image content).

[Khoshafian 1996, Subrahmanian 1998].

20.3
(data warehouse)

.
,
.
[Inmon 1996]:
, , , ...
.

. , .
,
(.., 30 ).
.

509

. , .

( , )

.

. .
OLTP (on-line transaction processing).
(decision making).
OLAP (on-line
analytical processing). OLTP
OLAP 20.1 [Han 2001, Dunham 2003].
OLTP

//





()

(GBytes)


, ,
-

OLAP









()

(TBytes)


, ,

20.1: OLTP OLAP .

510

20.

20.3.1
20.5.
,
. (data cleaning) ,
. (data transformation)
.
.
.

(..,
).

20.5: .

20.3.2

, .
(multidimensional data model).
(cube) .
. , ,
. (, , ) 2002.
, -

50
100
100 100 100
300
100 100 100 100

100 100100100100100100
1 200 200100300100 0 100 100
100 100100100100100100
2 200 100100100100100100 100
100 100100100100100100
3 100
0 100100100100100 100
100 100 100 100
4 300 200 100 100

511

100
100
100
100

20.6: ( ).
, . 20.6
. . ,

, 1 2002.

20.7: .
20.7 :
1. (star schema).

512

20.
(fact table)
(dimension tables).

2. (snowflake schema). . . .
3. (constellation schema). , , , . .

. ,
.
(measures)
(aggregation)
(summary data).
.

20.3.3 OLAP

. (concept
hierarchy) .

. 20.6.
, , ,
, , .
,
. .
OLAP :

513

ROLL-UP.
, . , ,
ROLL-UP
, ,
.
DRILL-DOWN. ROLL-UP. DRILL-DOWN . ,
, DRILL-DOWN
.
SLICE DICE. . SLICE
, DICE .
. .
PIVOT. pivot
, .
20.8
OLAP.
,
DRILL-DOWN ROLLUP.
.
,
.
OLAP (OLAP servers)
. OLAP

. :
MOLAP (multidimensional OLAP). OLAP
. ( -

514

20.

50
100
100 100 100
300
100 100 100 100

100 100100100100100100
1 200 200100300100250100 100
100 100100100100100100
2 200 100100100100100100 100
100 100100100100100100
3 100
0 100100100100100 100
100 100 100 100
4 300 200 100 100

200
500
100 100 100 100
700
100 100 100 100

100 100100100100100100 100

1 400 300100400100350100 100
100 100100100100100
2 400 200100200100200

100
100
100
100

D
C

1
1

100 100
1 300 250
100
2 100 100

200

200

300

250

20
50
100 100 100
200
100 100 100 100

100 100100100100100100
50 100100 50 100 50 100 100
100 100100100100100100
50 100100150100120100 100
100 100100100100100100
100
0 100100100 80 100 100
100 100 100 100
100
10
50
30
10
100
100
70
40
20
20
100
100
50
70
120 10
100
100
50
0
10
40
100
100
0
10
20
30
100
100
20
0
80
60
100
100
10
100 100 20
100
100
70
20
10
50
100
150 30
60
80

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

20.8: OLAP.
)
MOLAP .
ROLAP (relational OLAP).
,
. OLAP
(multidimensional views) .
HOLAP (hybrid OLAP). MOLAP ROLAP. ,
(detailed data)
(summary data) .

515

20.4
OLAP,
.
.
OLAP
, .
80% .
.

(data mining). " " " "
,
.
.
: ) (predictive) )
(descriptive).
20.9.

20.9: .

. [Han 2001, Dunham 2003] .
, -

516

20.

:
(clustering),
(association rules).

20.4.1
X = {x1 , x2 , ..., xn } n . k Y1 , ..., Yk
X.
(similar) .
.
,

, , .
, , , .

.
, ,
(web servers)
(log) .
20.10
.

()

()

20.10: .

517

, 20.10. O
,
. ,

.

.
:
. , 20.10
. (outliers)
.
.
(, , ),

.

, (incremental)
.

(domain expert).
,
.


[Han 2001]:
. k
.
: ) , ) .
k

518

20.
. .
. k-means [MacQueen 1967]
k-medoids [Kaufman 1990].

.
.
. .

.
. , n , n .

. ,
. top-down divisive bottom-up agglomerative .

(
bottom-up),
( ).
.
CURE [Guha 1998], BIRCH [Zhang 1996] C2P
[Nanopoulos 2001].
. .
.
.
20.11.
,
. DBSCAN [Ester 1996] OPTICS [Ankerst 1999].
.
(cells)

519

20.11: .
(grid).
, . CLIQUE [Agrawal 1998], Wave-Cluster [Sheikholeslami 1998]
STING [Wang 1997].
.
,
.

20.4.2
(association rule mining) ,
. ,
.

supermarket, . ,
.
barcode
.
20.2 [Dunham 2003].
, (support)

. .
20.2

520

20.

a1
a2
a3
a4
a5

, ,
,
, ,
,
,

20.2: .
20.3. ,
25 1 = 31.

{}
{}
{}
{}
{}
{,}
{,}
{,}
{,}
{,}
{,}
{,}
{,}
{,}
{,}
{,,}

40
80
20
40
60
20
0
20
0
20
20
60
0
20
20
0

{,,}
{,,}
{,,}
{,,}
{,,}
{,,}
{,,}
{,,}
{,,}
{,,,}
{,,,}
{,,,}
{,,,}
{,,,}
{,,,,}

0
0
0
0
0
0
20
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

20.3: .
(transaction).
14. D={d1 , d2 , ..., dn } T ={t1 , t2 , ..., tm }.
X D, Y D X Y 6= D,
X Y X = Y .
H X = Y X Y . H (confidence)

X Y

521

X. .
20.4
.

{} = {}
{} = {}
{} = {}
{} = {}
{} = {}

60
60
20
20
0

75
100
50
100
0

20.4: .
{} = {}.
20.2, . , 60%.
100%, X ({})
X Y ({,}). ,
, .

,

.

. Apriori [Agrawal 1994, Mannila 1994]
.

20.5


. ,
. :

522

20.
- ,
,
, , video,
, ROLL-UP, DRILL-DOWN, SLICE, DICE,
,
.

20.1. (.., GIS).
20.2. R- .

R-
.
20.3. B R-.
20.4.
B- . .
20.5. ,
.
20.6. ;
OLTP OLAP.
20.7. OLAP
. .

523

20.8. : ) ) .
20.9. .
20.10. , .

21

MSSQLS-2000

MSSQLS-2000 - (object-relational)
,
. , ,
.

MSSQLS-2000.
, , , .

21.1
MSSQLS-2000 (stored procedures).
, :
525

526

21. MSSQLS-2000

. ,
, .

, .

, .
,
.

T-SQL CREATE PROCEDURE

. :
CREATE PROCEDURE _ [;]
[[(]@ _=_[OUTPUT]
[, ... ] [)]]
[WITH{RECOMPILE | ENCRYPTION | RECOMPILE, ENCRYPTION}]
[FOR REPLICATION]
AS
T-SQL
[RETURN [__]];

.
.
DROP.
.
(default value)
. OUTPUT .
, T-SQL.

527

RECOMPILE
.
. RECOMPILE MSSQLS-2000
.
. ENCRYPTION
,
.
FOR REPLICATION (replicated
data). WITH RECOMPILE.
,
T-SQL . T-SQL,
,
. , , ,
.
T-SQL ,
C++ Java.
, .
.
. ,


. :
CREATE PROCEDURE _} (@ INT=5)
AS
UPDATE
SET = + *@/100;

@ INT=5

5. EXECUTE.

528

21. MSSQLS-2000

10%.
:
EXECUTE 10;

movies-db. T-SQL
Query Analyzer.
,
.
:
CREATE PROCEDURE __
AS
SELECT * FROM WHERE =.;

Query Analyzer
EXECUTE:
EXECUTE ;

.

DVD .
:
CREATE PROCEDURE _DVD (@ INT,
@_DVD INT)
AS
UPDATE
SET DVD=DVD+_DVD;

DVD 1:
EXECUTE DVD @=1, @ DVD=5;

ALTER PROCEDURE,
DROP PROCEDURE.

529

21.2
MSSQLS-2000 .
(user-defined function) T-SQL, .
T-SQL
.
MSSQLS-2000.
T-SQL CREATE FUNCTION
. :
CREATE FUNCTION _
([{@ _ [=_]}
[, ...n]])
RETURNS _
[WITH {ENCRYPTION
| SCHEMABINDING
| ENCRYPTION, SCHEMABINDING}]
AS
BEGIN
T-SQL
RETURN
END;

. , .
RETURNS. , TSQL, BEGIN END. ENCRYPTION (
). ,
SCHEMABINDING,
.
DVD:
CREATE FUNCTION _ (@ _DVD INT)
RETURNS INT
AS
BEGIN

530

21. MSSQLS-2000

RETURN
(SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM
WHERE DVD>=@_DVD)
END;

,
TABLE. ,
DVD DVD:
CREATE FUNCTION (@ _DVD INT)
RETURNS TABLE
AS
BEGIN
RETURN
(SELECT *
FROM
WHERE DVD>=@_DVD)
END;

ALTER FUNCTION,
DROP FUNCTION.

21.3
MSSQLS-2000
18 SQL3. :
// ,
,

(logging),
, .

531

T-SQL CREATE TRIGGER, :

CREATE TRIGGER _
ON _ | _
{FOR | AFTER | INSTEAD OF}
{[INSERT][,][UPDATE][,][DELETE]}
[WITH ENCRYPTION]
AS
{ T-SQL
| IF UPDATE() [{AND | OR} UPDATE()]
T-SQL};

AFTER ,
. INSTEAD OF
,
. AFTER ,
INSTEAD OF .
IF UPDATE

. IF UPDATE
AND OR. WITH ENCRYPTION
.

.
inserted
deleted. deleted
. , inserted
. UPDATE, deleted
, inserted
.

21.4
MSSQLS-2000
. T-SQL (.., INT, CHAR). :

532

21. MSSQLS-2000
TEXT: 231 -1 ,
NTEXT: 230 -1 unicode,
IMAGE: ,
, video, 231 -1 .

.
, (..,
DVD ) trailer video.
,
ALTER TABLE :
ALTER TABLE
ADD
( TEXT,
IMAGE,
video IMAGE);

,
TEXT IMAGE.
MSSQLS-2000
TEXT, NTEXT IMAGE,
.
MSSQLS-2000
.

21.5
MSSQLS-2000 (data warehouses) Microsoft Analysis Services
(MAS ). MAS

. , Cube Wizard , Dimension Wizard
.

533

21.5.1
MAS / (client/server) . 21.1 /
MAS. MAS Analysis Server PivotTable.
Analysis Server
OLAP. ,
PivotTable
(clients) ADO Multidimensional (ADO MD)
OLE DB.

MOLAP
OLE DB
ROLAP

HOLAP

DSS
Analysis Server

ADO

Pivot Table

21.1: / MAS.
Analysis Server
MOLAP, ROLAP HOLAP 19. MOLAP , ROLAP , HOLAP .
MAS
:
(database) - (logical container)
.
(cube) - .
(datasource) -
.
(measure) -
OLAP (.., , ).
1034 .

534

21. MSSQLS-2000
(dimension) - .
(aggregation)
. , ( ) ( ),
( ) (
).
(cell) -
. .

() 2000 ( 1)
( 2) (
3).
(partition) -
(partitions).
,
.

.
(hierarchy) - (members) .
(balanced) - (unbalanced).

,
- .

21.5.2 MAS
MAS ,
.
:
(regular cube) -
.
(datasource) ,
.
(virtual cube) -
.

535

.
(linked cube) -
MAS.
(local cube) -
(portable files)
Analysis Server.
(real-time cube) -

OLAP (real-time OLAP).

.
(write-enabled cube) -
,
.

21.5.3 OLAP
MAS Analysis Manager
.
, ,
, ,
. , Analysis Manager
OLAP . MAS FoodMart2000.
21.2 Budget Analysis Manager.
Analysis Manager .

; MAS MDX (multidimensional expressions)
. MDX

SQL.

536

21. MSSQLS-2000

21.2: Budget FoodMart2000.

MDX SQL. MDX OLAP OLE DB.
SQL, MDX
SELECT, FROM,
WHERE.
,
.
MAS
MDX .
21.3 MDX
. FoodMart2000.

21.5.4
MAS .
Microsoft (Microsoft Research).
MAS : )
(decision trees) ) .
(classification)

537

21.3: MDX.
. (nearest neighbors). (
) .
MAS

.

21.6
MSSQLS-2000 . .
, .
TEXT, NTEXT IMAGE

538

21. MSSQLS-2000

, (.., ).
Microsoft Analysis Services
OLAP . ,
.

21.1. .
21.2. movies-db , .
VHS
DVD 0. VHS DVD
0. ,
.
21.3. MSSQLS-2000 ;
21.4.
MAS (Microsoft Analysis Services).
21.5. , , .
21.6. MDX; .
21.7. MSSQLS2000;
21.8. MSSQLS-2000.
21.9. MSSQLS-

539

2000.
21.10. MSSQLS2000.


[Adam 1989] N. Adam and J. Worthmann: "Security-control Methods for Statistical Databases: a Comparative Study", ACM Computing Surveys, Vol.21 No.4,
pp.515-556, 1989.
[Agrawal 1994] R. Agrawal and R. Srikant: "Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules", Proceedings 20th International Conference on Very Large Data
Bases, pp.487-499, 1994.
[Agrawal 1998] R. Agrawal, J. Gehrke, D. Gunopoulos and P. Raghavan: "Automatic Subspace Clustering of High-Dimensional Data for Data Mining Applications", Proceedings ACM SIGMOD Conference, pp.94-105, 1998.
[Aho 1979] A. Aho, Y. Sagiv and J. D. Ullman: "Equivalence Among Relational
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pp.297-314, 1979.
[Andrews 2003] C. Andrews, D. Litchfield, B. Grindlay and NGS Software: "SQL
Server Security", McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2003.
[Ankerst 1999] M. Ankerst, C. Elsen, M. Ester and H.-P. Kriegel: "Visual Classification: an Interactive Approach to Decision Tree Construction", Proceedings
International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp.392-396,
1999.
[ANSI 1986] ANSI: "American National Standards for Information Systems:
Database Language SQL", FDT, ANSI X3,135-1986, ANSI, New York, 1986.
[ANSI 1989] ANSI: "Database Language SQL with Integrity Enhancement", ANSI
X3,135-1989, ANSI, New York, 1989. Also as ISO/IEC Document 9075:1989.
541

542

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Service Manager, 126
Transact-SQL, 237

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Bayer, 290, 317
Bell-LaPadula, 419
Boyce, 187
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Snyder, 300
Stonebraker, 494

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Thomas, 398

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CREATE TABLE, 87, 211, 415
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GRANT, 415, 416
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INSERT, 88
INTERSECT, 220
IS NOT NULL, 217
IS NULL, 217
JOIN, 219
LIKE, 224
NOT BETWEEN, 228
NOT LIKE, 224


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PRIMARY KEY, 211
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SELECT, 88, 215
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UNIQUE, 211

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