CHAPTER 1: TRANSPORTATION

- initiated and coordinated by pacemaker

Sinoatrial nodes (SA Nodes)

P1
P4

Atria
Cause
Wall

P5

Atrial wall
contract

Effect

blood pumped
into ventricles

P3

SA nodes
Spread
Generate electrical
impulse
P2

P7

Bundle branches
Bundle of His fibres
Throughout
Purkinje fibres

Spread
AV
impulse
Impulse
reach

P8

P9

Ventricles
Cause
Wall

P10

Venrical
Effect
Contract

Blood pump out of

ventricles to lungs
and body

P6

- controlled by:
i. parasympathetic nerve slow down the pacemaker
ii. sympathetic nerve
speed up the pacemaker
iii. hormone e.g: adrenaline

Diagram: The pumping of the Heart

D1

Change of BP

Baroreceptor } location: arch of aorta and carotid arteries

BP increases

Baroreceptor

BP decreases

Cardiovascular centre

Weaker cardiac muscles contraction

Heart

Stronger cardiac muscles contraction

Relax and widening (vasodilation)

To lower the resistance of blood flow

Smooth muscles of the arteries

Contract and narrowing (vasoconstriction)

To higher the resistance of blood flow

Normal BP
Diagram: How blood pressure is regulated

D2

Clumped platelets

Form activator:

Damage cells

Thromboplastin

Clotting factors in
the plasma

Fibrinogen

vit K & Ca
Prothrombin

(inactive plasma
protein)

Thrombin

(active plasma
proptein)

(soluble protein)

Fibrin
(insoluble protein)

Mesh
(trapping RBC)

Scab
D3

Diagram: Mechanisme of Blood Clotting

1. blood that enter the arterial end of a capillary is under high hydrostatic pressure
2. cause some of plasma diffuse blood capillaries to space between cells.
3. form
4. Content: all blood components except RBC, plasma protein, albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen, platelets

Interstitial fluid

5. Function: exchange materials between blood capillaries and cells occurs

6. 85% of the interstitial fluid re-enter blood circulation at the end of the venule
7. 15% diffused into lymphatic vessels
8. to form lymph
9.

10.
ileum

transported

11.

lacteal

diffuses

fatty acids

glyserol

lymphatic system
subclavian vein
D4
12. blood circulatory system
Diagram: Formation of Lymphatic system

1. Surface of mesophyll covered with a thin layer of water

2. heat from the sun cause water on the external surface evaporate
3. saturating the air spaces
4. concentration water vapour

compare in surrounding

5. water vapour evaporate and diffuse out through

stomata
6. movement of air carry away water vapour

Root pressure
Adjacent cell
Root hair
4. diffuse
2. water

Cortex

osmosis
1. surrounding soil
is hypotonic

3. hypotonic

5. moves inward
through:

Endodermis
6. has Cosparian strip
block the water
through cell wall

i. cytoplasm

Xylem
vessel

7. moves inward
through:

ii. vacuole

i. cytoplasm

iii. cell walls

ii. vacuole

8. Create a pushing force that result the inflow of water into the xylem root pressure
Capillary action
9. Cohesive force between water molecules draw up water in the xylem vessels
10. Adhesive force between water molecule and wall of xylem vessel

Transpiration pull
11. water evaporates from the surface of the mesophyll cells into air spaces
12. the water evaporates into surrounding through stomata
13. the water is lost from mesophyll cell is replaced by water in the xylem
Diagram: Transportation of water from soil to leaves
D6