Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

CHNG 2

CU TRC CA H THNG THNG TIN SI QUANG

2.1 Gii thiu chng
Sau khi c ci nhn v h thng thng tin quang qua tm hiu chng trc.
Trong chng ny, n tip tc i tm hiu v cu trc ca h thng thng tin si
quang. C th s tm hiu v b pht quang; si quang; suy hao trn si quang; tm
hiu v b thu quang v tm hiu v vai tr b khuch i quang trong h thng.
2.2 Cu trc ca h thng

si quang

Hnh 2.1 Cu trc c bn ca h thng thng tin quang

Nhn vo hnh 2.1, ta thy cu trc c bn ca h thng thng tin quang gm
nhng b phn sau:
+ B pht quang
+ Si quang
+ B khuch i quang
+ B thu quang
hiu r hn, n i vo tm hiu tng b phn di y:

Trang: 13

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

2.3 B pht quang

B pht quang ng vai tr chuyn i tn hiu in thnh dng tn hiu quang
a vo si v truyn n my thu quang. Thnh phn chnh ca my thu quang l
ngun quang. LED v Leser diode l cc ngun quang bn dn c s dng rng ri
trong thng tin si quang nh kch tht nh, tin cy v hiu sut cao, vng pht x
nh tng thch vi kch thc li si, c kh nng u ch trc tip ti cc tn s cao.
Vi nguyn l pht x nh sng sau
E2
h

E2

E2

12

12

12

E1

E1
Hp th
a

E1
Pht x t pht
b

12

Pht x kch thch

c

Hnh 2 .2 Mc nng lng v qu trnh chuyn dch

Gi thuyt c mt in t ang nm mc nng lng thp ( E1 ), khng c in
t no nm mc nng lng mc cao hn ( E 2 ), th iu kin nu c mt nng
lng bng vi mc nng lng chnh lch cp cho in t th in t ny s nhy ln
mc nng lng E 2 . Vic cung cp nng lng t bn ngoi truyn nng lng cn
ti mt mc cao hn c gi l kch thch s dch chuyn ca in t ti mt mc
nng lng khc c gi l s chuyn di.
in t ri khi mc nng lng cao E 2 b ht nhn nguyn t ht v quay v
trng thi ban u. Khi quay v trng thi E1 th mt nng lng ng bng E 2 - E1
c gii phng. l hin tng pht x t pht v nng lng c gii phng tn

Trang: 14

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

ti dng nh sng gi l nh sng pht x t pht. Theo c hc lng t, bc sng

nh sng pht x c tnh theo cng thc:

h
E 2 E1

(2.1)

Trong , h 6,625.1034 js (hng s Planck)

c 3.108 m/s l vn tc nh sng

Bc sng t l nghch vi lch nng lng ca cc nguyn t cu to nn

linh kin pht quang. Do bc sng nh sng pht x phn nh bn cht ca vt
liu.
Khi nh sng c nng lng tng bng E2 E1 p vo mt in t trng
thi kch thch, in t trng thi kch thch E 2 theo xu hng s chuyn di v trng
thi E1 nay b kch thch chuyn v trng thi E 2 . Sau khi hp th nng lng nh sng
p vo (hnh 2.2c). l hin tng pht x kch thch. Nng lng nh sng pht ra
ti thi im ny ln hn nng lng nh sng pht ra t nhin. Cn i vi c ch
pht x ca bn dn: l nh kh nng ti hp bc x pht quang ca cc ht dn trng
thi kch thch. T iu kin cn bng nhit, in t tp trung hu ht vng ho tr c
mc nng lng thp v mt s t vng dn mc nng lng cao. Gi s rng trong
bn dn c N in t trong c n1 in t vng ho tr n 2 in t vng dn. Khi
nh sng chiu t bn ngoi vo bn dn trng thi ny, t l gia bc x cng bc
v hp th t l thun vi t s n 2 v n1 . Vic hp th chim a s v nh sng pht ra
gim i.
2.3.1 Diode pht quang LED (Light Emitting Diode)
LED l ngun pht ra nh sng khng kt hp khi chng c phn cc bng
in p thun hoc ngun dng. nh sng khng kt hp l nh sng c pha tp thay
i ngu nhin theo thi gian, do qu trnh ti hp in t l trng xy ra c lp.
Ngha l pha v tn s ca mt photon to ra t s ti hp ca mt cp in t v l

Trang: 15

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

trng ny s khc pha v tn s ca mt photon to ra t s ti hp ca mt cp in t

v l trng khc. V vy, ng sng LED c ph tri rng.
C hai kiu cu trc b ghp quang khc nhau tng ng vi diode pht x mt
v pht x cnh. Hnh 2.3 l kiu pht x mt, trong cu trc ny mt phng pht ra nh
sng vung gc vi trc si quang, nh sng pht ra vung gc vi b mt ca cc lp.
Si quang
Vt liu
Ging khc
bao ph
hnh trn
Kim loi ho
Cht nn
Cc lp
d th kp

Cc lp giam

SiO2

SiO2

Phin ta nhit
Hnh 2.3 Cu trc ca LED pht x mt

Lp
dn
nh
sng

Kim loi ha

Cht nn
Kim loi

Lp SiO2
Cc lp d
th kp
Ta nhit
nh sng
ra kt hp

Hnh 2.4 Cu trc d th kp ca ELED pht cnh

Trang: 16

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

Cn trong diode pht cnh ELED (Edge Light Emitting Diode) c biu din
nh hnh 2.4 th nh sng pht ra song song vi cc lp ny. Do tn hiu ng t hp th
dc theo chiu di ca lp hot tnh nn diode pht x cnh c rng ng nh hn
so vi diode pht x mt
2.3.2 Laser diode (LD)
Laser diode ( Light Amplificaltion by Stimulate Emission of Radiation). C cu
trc tng t nh cu trc ca diode pht x cnh. Tuy nhin, bng cch thm vo cu
trc gim photon theo chiu ngang nn nh sng pht ra l nh sng kt hp.
2.3.2.1 Bm bn ngoi
E2

Bm
ngoi

Hp th
kch thch

pht x
t pht

Pht x
Kch thch

E1

Hnh 2.5 H thng 2 mc nng

lng
Khi mt LD c vi trng thi nng lng th bm bn ngoi s kch thch cc ht
mang nhy ln trng thi cao. Khi quay v trng thi nn th chng gii phng nng
lng v to ra photon m hnh biu din h thng c hai mc nng lng, trong
cc ht mang c th mt trong hai trng thi E1 hot E2 khi khng c bm bn ngoi,
hu ht cc ht mang u trng thi nn do s n nh nhit, cn khi c bm bn
ngoi th ht mang nhy t mc E1 ln E2.

Trang: 17

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

2.3.2.2 Khuch i nh sng.

Tim
electron t
Bn ngoi

Di dn

Hp th
ph tng
kch
thch

pht
x t
pht

Pht x Ti hp
Kch
khng
thch
phn
x

Di ha tr

Tim l
trng t
bn ngoi

Hnh 2.6 S ti hp v pht x photon trong Laser Diode bn dn

Hnh 2.6 biu din qu trnh pht x v hp th trong h thng c 2 mc nng
lng. Khi ht mang c bm n trng thi cao hn th c th quay li trng thi
nn theo c ch t pht hot t kch ,tng ng vi qu trnh pht x photon t pht
hot t kch. Trong pht x t pht, cc photon to ra c tn s v pha ngu nhin
tng ng vi nh sng khng kt hp, trong khi cc photon pht x kch thch s
c cng tn s v pha v to nh sng kt hp. Ngoi ra cc photon cng c th b hp
th kch thch cc ht mang t trng thi t ln trng thi cao hn gi l s hp th
kch thch.
2.3.3 So snh gia LED v LD
Cc Thng S

LED

LD

Dng ngng

30mA - 300mA

10mA - 20mA

in p st

1,5V - 2,5V

1,5V - 2,5V

Cng sut pht

1mW - 10mW

1mW - 50mW

Gc pht quang

Pht x mt 120o
Pht x ra 30

5 - 10o

Trang: 18

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

Cc Thng S

LED

LD

Pht x mt 1% - 5%

Si n mode 30% - 50%

Pht x ra 5% - 15%

Si a mode 60% - 90%

rng ph

35 - 100nm

1 - 4nm

Tuyn tnh

Tt

Tt

Thi gian chuyn

Chm

Nhanh (1ns)

nh hng nhit

Nhiu

Gi thnh

Thp

Cao

Sn xut

Kh

Nguyn l pht x

T nhin

Kch thch

Hiu sut ghp quang

Bng 2.1 So snh gia LED v LD

2.4 Si quang
Si quang ng vai tr truyn tn hiu t my pht n my thu, trong h thng
thng tin si quang, rt t gy mo tn hiu so vi h thng thng tin vi ba s v thng
tin v tinh. Mt trong nhng u im ch yu ca si quang l tn hao nh sng trong
si rt nh, chng hn khi hot ng trong vng bc sng 1550 nm, tn hao trong si
n mode SMF ch khong 0,2 dB/km. Tn hao si l c s xc nh khong lp
trong cc h thng thng tin si quang. Mt thng s quan trng khc ca si quang l
tn sc si gy ra vn gin n xung tn hiu ti my thu. Nu cc xung b tri rng
vt qu khe thi gian cho php th cht lng tn hiu s b suy gim nghim trng.
Tn sc tr thnh vn quan trng trong h thng s dng si n mode khc nhau
vi cc tc khc nhau. Chnh v vy, hin nay ngi ta ch dng si n mode
truyn dn. tc bt cao, trong si ny cng xy ra hin tng tn sc vt liu do
chit sut ca si thay i theo bc sng nh sng, cng gy nn s gin n xung. Sau
y, n s i vo tm hiu c tnh ca si quang nhm hiu r hn cc vn trn.

Trang: 19

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

2.4.1 c tnh ca nh sng

S truyn thng, khc x, phn x l cc c tnh c bn ca nh sng. nh sng
truyn thng trong mi trng chit sut khc x ng nht. Cn hin tng phn x
v khc x nh sng c th xem xt trong trng hp c hai mi trng khc nhau.
Vn tc lan truyn ca nh sng lun thay i theo chit sut ca mi trng m
n i qua. Th hin qua biu thc:
v=

c
n

(2.2)

V ch s chit sut, cc tia sng c truyn t mi trng c ch s chit sut

ln vo mi trng c ch s chit sut nh th s thay i hng truyn ca chng ti
ranh gii phn cch gia hai mi trng. Cc tia sng khi qua vng ranh gii ny b i
hng nhng vn tip tc i vo mi trng chit sut mi th gi l tia khc x cn
ngc li, nu tia sng no i tr v li mi trng ban u th gi l tia phn x. Theo
nh lut Snell ta c quan h:

n1 Sin1 n2 Sin 2

(2.3)

vi 1 l gc ti v 2 l gc khc x.
y v n1>n2 cho nn gc ti 1 < 2 nu gc ti 1 ln dn ln n mt gi tr c
th tia khc x song song vi ranh gii phn cch hai mi trng lc c gi l gc
ti hn, lc ny khng tn ti tia khc x mi trng th 2.

Trang: 20

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

php tuyn

php tuyn

Tia khc x

n2

2=/2

n2

n1

n1

1
Tia ti

1=c

Tia phn x

Tia ti

Tia phnx

Hnh 2. 7 M t hin tng phn x v khc x nh sng.

Khi tia sng c gc ti 1 ln hn gc ti c th u b phn x li. Hin tng
cc tia sng b phn x tr li mi trng ban u ti mt phn cch hai mi trng
gi l hin tng phn x ton phn ng vi gc ti hn c th gc khc x 2=900
sinc= n2/n1

(2.4)

Nh vy, iu kin xy ra hin tng ton phnl:

+ Cc tia sng phi i t mi trng c chit sut ln sang mi trng c chit
sut nh hn.
+ Gc ti ca tia sng phi ln hn gc ti hn.
2.4.2. Si quang v cp quang
Si quang l si mnh dn nh sng, gm hai cht in mi trong sut nhng
khc nhau v chit sut. Li si cho nh sng truyn qua cn lp v bao quanh li v
c ng knh ty thuc vo tng yu cu c th.
Theo nguyn l ngi ta ch to ra cc loi si quang c th truyn tn hiu
dng nh sng trong . Si quang dn c cu to t mt si thy tinh c bao bc
bng lp thy tinh c ngoi l v bc trnh cc ngun gy nhiu. Khi mt nh sng

Trang: 21

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

i vo si quang vi mt gc hp so vi trc ca si quang s b phn x lin tc cho

ti khi truyn n u cui ca si. C hai loi cp quang cp n mode v cp a
mode. Cp quang a mode c ch s phc tp hn v n ph thuc di thng v c
tuyn tn s ca si cp. ng knh ca si quang ph thuc vo mode ca n. i
vi si n mode thng c ng knh t 7-10um cn a mode t 50- 85um.
Cp quang gm mt hay nhiu b cc si quang nh c bo v bng mt lp
v kim loi hay nha chng li tc ng c hc. Vi cu trc ny cp quang c th
truyn c dung lng rt ln. Cp si quang cn phi m bo cc yu cu chnh
nh: khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t, khng b thm nc, lt nc...
Cc loi si cp quang:
C 2 loi l si n mode (Single mode) v si a mode (multi mode)
ng knh li si n mode: t 8 - 10 micromet
ng knh li si a mode: 50 micromet
Cu trc tng th ca si quang gm: Li thy tinh hnh tr trn v v thy tinh
bao quanh li.

Hnh 2.8 Cu trc si quang vi v c dng ng m lng

Li thy tinh dng truyn nh sng, cn v thy tinh c tc dng to ra phn
x ton phn ti lp tip gip gia li v v. Mun vy th ch s chit sut ca li phi
ln hn chit sut ca v. i vi cp trong nh th bn trong ng m khng cn cht

Trang: 22

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

nhi nhng i vi cp ngoi tri th phi bm thm cht nhi c tc dng ngn m, c
tnh nht khng tc dng ha hc vi cc thnh phn khc ca cp v d ty sch khi
hn v kh chy.

Hnh 2.9 Cu trc c bn ca si quang in hnh

2.4.3 So snh si n mode v si a mode
tn sc ca si n mode nh hn nhiu so vi si a mode, c bit bc
song = 1300nm tn sc ca si n mode ny rt thp (gn nh bng khng). Do
di thng ca si n mode rt rng, song v kch thc ca cc linh kin quang
cng phi tng ng v cc thit b hn ni si n mode phi c chnh xc rt

Trang: 23

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

cao. Cc yu cu ny ngy nay u c th p ng do si n mode ang c

dng ph bin
Si n mode
Ch c php truyn 1 mode sng trong
mt si quang
tn sc rt nh

Si a mode
Cho php truyn nhiu mode sng trong
mt si quang
tn sc rt ln

Bng thng ln

Bng thng nh

ng knh si nh ( 7 -10m)

ng knh si ln ( 50-85 m)

Gi thnh r

Gi thnh ln

Thch hp cho h thng WDM

Thch hp cho h thng khc

Bng 2.2 So snh si n mode v si a mode

2.4.4 Suy hao trn si quang
Suy hao ca nh sng khi n truyn dc theo si l yu t rt quan trng cn
c xem xt khi thit k h thng thng tin si quang v n ng vai tr ch yu xc
nh khong cch truyn dn ca i gia phn pht v phn thu hoc quyt nh c
t b khuch i trn ng truyn hay khng. C ch suy hao ch yu trn si l suy
hao do hp th, tn x v bc x nng lng nh sng. Suy hao do hp th lin quan
n vt liu ch to si, trong khi suy hao tn x lin quan c vt liu si v tnh
khng hon ho ca cu trc si. Ngoi ra cn c cc suy hao bn ngoi bn cht si
nh suy hao ghp ni gia si quang v b thu, suy hao do un cong qu gii hn cho
php.
Suy hao tn hiu trn si quang c nh ngha l t s cng sut quang li ra
Pout ca si c chiu di L v cng sut quang u vo Pin . T s cng sut ny l mt

hm ca bc sng. Ngi ta thng s dng biu th suy hao tnh theo dB/km.

10 Pin

log
L
Pout

(2.5)

Trang: 24

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

Cc si dn quang thng c suy hao nh v khi di qu ngn th gn nh khng c

suy hao, khi Pout Pin .
2.4.4.1 Suy hao tn hiu do tp cht hp th
S khng tinh khit trong cu trc si quang l nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn
suy hao. Trong thy tinh, cc tp cht nh nc v cc ion kim loi chuyn tip lm
tng c tnh suy hao. c bit cc ion OH to ra cc nh tn hao cc bc sng
1200nm v 1400nm. Gia cc nh ny c cc vng suy hao thp gi l cc vng ca
s truyn dn. l vng ca s th nht 800nm, th hai l 1300nm v th ba l
1550nm c cc h thng thng tin si quang s dng truyn nh sng nh minh
ha hnh trn.

Hnh 2.10 Suy hao tn hiu trong si quang theo bc sng [1]

Trang: 25

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

2.4.4.2 Suy hao tn hiu do in t hp th

Suy hao ny lin quan n di hp th in t trong vng cc tm v lin quan
n thy tinh khng kt tinh. Suy hao xy ra khi mt photon tng tc vi mt in t
trong di ha tr v kch thch n n mc nng lng cao hn. B cc tm ca cc di
hp th in t ca c hai vt liu khng kt tinh v kt tinh.
2.4.4.3 Suy hao do tn x Rayleigh
Suy hao do tn x trong si dn quang l do tnh khng ng u rt nh ca li
si gy ra. l do nhng thay i rt nh trong vt liu, tnh khng ng u v cu
trc hoc cc khuyt im trong qu trnh ch to si.
Vic din gii suy hao do tn x gy ra l kh phc tp do bn cht ngu nhin
ca phn t v cc thnh phn xit khc nhau ca thy tinh. i vi thy tinh thun
khit, suy hao tn x ti bc sng do s bt n nh v mt gy ra c th c
din gii nh cng thc di y:

scat 83 (n 2 1) 2 k BT f T
3

(2.6)

n: ch s chit sut.
k B : hng s Boltzman.
T : h s nn ng nhit ca vt liu.

T f : nhit h cu (l nhit m ti tnh bt n nh v mt

b ng li thnh thy tinh).
2.4.4.4 Suy hao un cong si quang (suy hao bc x)
Suy hao do un cong l suy hao ngoi bn cht ca si. Khi bt k mt si
quang no b un cong c bn knh xc nh th s c hin tng pht x nh sng ra
ngoi v si v nh vy nh sng lan truyn trong li si b suy hao.
C 2 loi un cong si.
+ Un cong v m: l un cong c bn knh un cong ln hn hay bng ng
knh si khi ta un si theo mt gc no .

Trang: 26

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

+ Un cong vi m: Trong lc si c to thnh cp, si c th b un cong mt

cch ngu nhin,t hng b xy ra trong lc si c bc thnh cp.
Hnh 2.11 minh ha trng mode c bn trong on si b un cong. Hin
tng un cong c th thy c khi gc ti ln hn gc ti hn cc v tr si b un
cong. i vi trng hp si b un cong t th gi tr suy hao xy ra l rt t v kh c
th m thy c. Tuy nhin, khi bn knh un cong gim dn th suy hao s tng theo
quy lut hm m cho ti khi bn knh t ti mt gi tr ti hn no th suy hao un
cong th hin rt r. Nu bn knh un cong ny nh hn gi tr im ngng th suy
hao s t ngt tng ln rt ln.

Hnh 2.11 Trng mode c bn trong giai on si b un cong [2]

Hnh 2.12 minh ha trng hp si b un cong, c th b bin dng khi b tc
ng bi ngoi lc. gim thiu suy hao do un cong do tc ng ny, ngi ta lng
lp v chu p sut bn ngoi si, lc lp v s b bin dng nhng si vn c th
duy tr trng thi tng i thng.

Hnh 2.12 V chu nn gim vi un cong do cc lc bn ngoi.

Trang: 27

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

Ngoi cc suy hao trn th cn c cc lai suy hao khc nh suy hao do hin
tng tn sc.
2.5 Thit b thu quang
2.5.1 c im chung ca my thu quang
My thu quang ng mt vai tr quan trng trong h thng thng tin quang, n
c nhim v chuyn i tn hiu quang nhn c ti u ra ca si quang thnh tn
hiu ban u, N gm mt b ghp, mt photodiode (b tch sng quang) v mt b
gii iu ch v mch in t thc hin nhim v iu khiu v hi tip. B ghp tp
trung tn hiu quang v b tch sng quang. Cc photodiode bn dn c s dng ph
bin v tn tng thch ca chng vi ton b h thng quang.
Mch in
t

Tn hiu
quang
vo

B ghp

Photodiode

B gii iu
ch

Tn
hiu
in ra

Hnh 2.12 S tng qut my thu quang

c tnh ca h thng s c c trng bi t l li bit BER. N c nh
ngha l xc sut trung bnh ca bit thu b li trong tng s bit c pht i. Chng hn
khi BER =10-9 th tng ng vi xc sut xut hin mt bit li trong tng s mt t bit
c pht i.
Mt h thng thng tin si quang yu cu BER <10-14 . i khi ngi ta cn s
dng m sa sai, t yu cu BER cho trc.
Mt thng s quan trng ca my thu l nhy n c nh ngha l cng
sut quang trung bnh nh nht n my thu sao cho my thu vn lm vic bnh thng
ngha l tha mn t s BER cho trc tng ng vi tc bit nht nh, nhy ph

Trang: 28

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

thuc t s tn hiu trn nhiu ngha l ph thuc vo cc loi ngun nhiu khc nhau
tc ng vo my thu.
C hai loi photodiode bn dn c s dng ph bin l photodiode PIN v
photodiode thc APD c cu trc bn dn xen gia p-i-n .APD c thm mt lp in
trng mnh to ra nhiu cp in t l trng cho php tng dng photo.
Nhm nng cao nhy v tc p ng ca ma thu quang ngi ta
nghin cu v ch to cc loi photodiode da vo cc cht bn dn InGaAs.
2.5.2 C ch thu quang
Nh ni trn, c s ca hiu ng quang in l qu trnh hp th nh sng
trong cht bn dn. Khi nh sng p vo mt vt th bn dn, cc in t trong vng
ho tr c chuyn di ti vng dn nhng nu khng c mt s tc ng xy ra th s
khng thu c kt qu g m ch c cc in t chuyn ng ra xung quanh v ti hp
tr li vi cc l trng vng ho tr. Do bin i nng lng quang thnh in ta
phi tn dng trng thi khi m l trng v in t cha kp ti hp. Trong linh kin
thu quang, lp chuyn tip P - N c s dng tch in t ra khi l trng. Khi nh
sng p vo vng P s b hp th trong qu trnh lan truyn n vng N. Trong qu
trnh , cc in t v l trng c to ra v ti vng ngho do hp th photon s
chuyn ng v hai hng i ngc nhau di tc ng ca in trng nn chng
tch ri nhau. V khng c in trng bn ngoi vng ngho nn cc in t v l
trng c to ra do hiu ng quang in v s ti hp trong qu trnh chuyn ng ca
chng. Tuy nhin, s c mt vi in t di chuyn vo in trng trong qu trnh
chuyn ng v c kh nng thm nhp vo mi vng. V do c mt in th s
c to ra gia cc min P v N. Nu hai u ca min c ni vi mch in
ngoi th cc in t v l trng s c ti hp mch ngoi v s c dng in chy
qua.

Trang: 29

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

2.5.3 Nhiu trong my thu quang

+ Nhiu dng ti: Lin quan n cc in t v l trng c to ra do nhit ti

mi ni P -N ca photodiode. Chng di chuyn theo in p phn cc bn ngoi, to ra
dng ti, khi khng c nh sng tc ng vo photodiode.
+ Nhiu nhit: c to ra t chuyn ng nhit ngu nhin ca cc in t
mt nhit nht nh.
+ Cc loi nhiu chnh trong my thu quang bao gm nhiu lng t (hay cn
gi l nhiu bn), nhiu dng ti v nhiu nhit (hay cn gi l nhiu mch). Nhiu
lng t v nhiu dng ti lin quan n photodiode, nhiu nhit lin quan n cc
mch in t.
+ Nhiu bn (hot noise) biu th bn cht ngu nhin (c tnh xc sut) ca nh
sng (di dng ht) tc ng vo photodiode. ng thi, phn nh c tnh c bn ca
qu trnh tch sng l s bin thin ca ht mang photon c to ra trong photodiode.
2.5.4 Photodiode PIN
Photodiode PIN l b tch sng dng bin i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu
in. Cu trc c bn ca Photodiode PIN gm cc vng P v N t cch nhau bng
mt lp t dn i rt mng. thit b hot ng th cn phi cp mt thin p ngc
vng bn trong rt ht cc loi ht mang. Khi c nh sng i vo Photodiode PIN th s
xy ra qu trnh nh sau. Nu mt photon trong chm nh sng ti mang mt nng
lng h ln hn hoc ngang bng vi nng lng di cm ca lp vt liu bn dn
trong Photodiode th photon c th kch thch in t t vng ho tr sang vng dn,
qu trnh ny s pht ra cc cp in t, l trng. Thng thng, b tch sng quang
c thit k sao cho cc ht mang ny ch yu c pht ra ti vng ngho l ni m
hu ht cc nh sng ti b hp th (hnh 2.13). S c mt ca trng in cao trong
vng ngho lm cho cc ht mang tch nhau ra v thu nhn qua tip gip c thin p
ngc. iu ny lm tng lung dng mch ngoi, vi mt lung dng in s ng
vi nhiu cp mang c pht ra v dng ny gi l dng photon.

Trang: 30

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

Trong trng hp l tng, mi photon chiu vo phi sinh ra mt xung in

mch ngoi v gi tr trung bnh ca dng in sinh ra phi t l vi cng sut ca nh
sng chiu vo nhng trong thc t, khng t c nh vy m mt phn nh sng b
tn hao do phn x.
Thin p

L trng

in t

Tr
ti

IP

Photon
Vng
cm

in t
P

Vng dn

hv >E
L trng
Vng ngho

Vng ho tr

Hnh 2.13 S vng nng lng ca Photodiode PIN.

2.5.5 Photodiode APD
tng nhy it quang ngi ta ng dng h thng ging nh hiu ng
nhn in t trong cc b nhn quang in.
Photodiode thc k hiu APD (Avalanche photodiode) c c tnh tt hn i
vi tn hiu nh. Sau khi bin i cc photon thnh cc in t th n khuch i ngay
dng photon bn trong n trc khi dng ny i vo mch khuch i tip sau v
iu ny lm tng mc tn hiu dn ti nhy my thu tng ln ng k. thu c
hiu ng nhn bn trong th cc ht mang phi c tng dn nng lng ti mc

Trang: 31

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

ln ion ho cc in t xung quanh do va chm vi chng. Cc in t xung quanh

ny c y t vng ho tr ti vng dn ri to ra cc cp in t- l trng mi sn
sng dn in. Cc ht mang mi ny to ra tip tc c gia tc nh in trng cao
v li c th pht ra cc cp in t - l trng mi khc. Hiu ng ny gi l hiu ng
thc.
Trng in
+

Vng thc
p

Trng ti thiu cn
thit tc ng ion ho
Vng ngho

P+

Hnh 2.14 Cu trc Photodiode thc v trng in trong vng tri.

2.5.6 c tnh k thut ca APD v PIN:
- APD c nhy thu cao hn PIN t 5 - 15dB
- i ng ca APD rng hn PIN
- Dng ti ca APD ln hn so vi PIN
- n nh ca PIN tt hn so vi APD nn APD cn mch in phc tp hn
- Tc lm vic ca APD cao hn PIN
- APD c dng nhiu ln hn PIN
- APD c in th hot ng cao v yu cu n nh cao hn PIN.
- Gi thnh sn xut APD cao hn PIN

Trang: 32

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

2.5.7 Tham s c bn ca thit b thu quang

2.5.7.1 Hiu sut lng t
Hiu sut lng t c nh ngha l t s cp in t - l trng c sinh
ra trn s photon c hp th. Thng cc diode t hiu qu khong 30% n 90%.
2.5.7.2 nhy quang
nhy quang cho bit kh nng bin i cng sut quang thnh dng in.
Nu ti mt bc sng c s photon ri vo l N 0 v nng lng mi photon l:m
E

th cng sut quang thu c l:

vi

(2.7)

c dN 0
dt

(2.8)

q0 N 0e

(2.9)

PT h

v lng in tch sinh ra l:

hc

e 1,6.10 19 c

T ta tnh c dng in sinh ra t cc photon l:

i0

dq0
dN
.e 0
dt
dt

ip

..ePT
hc

(2.10)

SPT

gi S nhy quang c th nguyn [A/W] v S

..e
hc

(2.11)

2.5.7.3 Tp m ca tch sng quang

i vi cc b tch sng quang, b thu quang cn phi c nhy thu rt cao,
iu i hi cc photodiode phi tch c tn hiu quang rt yu t pha ng
truyn ti. thc hin thu c cc tn hiu rt yu ny, cn phi ti u ho c b
tch sng quang v c cc mch khuch i tn hiu i km theo , iu ny cho php
ta nhn c t l tn hiu trn tp m S/N:
Pp
S

N PTS PKD

(2.12)

Trang: 33

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

vi Pp : Cng sut tn hiu do dng photon to ra.

PTS : Cng sut tp m ca b tch sng.

PKD : Cng sut tp m ca b khuch i.

t c t l S/N cao th phi hi cc iu kin sau:

+ S dng cc b tch sng quang c hiu sut lng t cao nhm to ra cng
sut tn hiu ln.
+ Phi hn ch c cc tp m ca b tch sng quang v b khuch i tn
hiu trong b thu quang cng nhiu cng tt.
+Tp m ca cc b khuch i quang l tp m ca b tin khuych i v ca
cc b khuych i pha sau. Nhng trong thc t, phn ln tp m l do cc b tch
sng v cc b tin khuych i quyt nh.
2.6 Cc gi tr tham s ca cc thnh phn
Thit b pht quang:
Tham s

Gi tr

Bc sng lm vic

1300nm hay 1550nm

Di sng lm vic

50nm

Cng sut ra
Thi gian ln
rng ph

LED: -32 n 15dBm

LD: -12 n 7dBm
LED: 3ns(max)
LD: <1ns
LED: 30 n 100nm
LD: 1 n 2nm

Trang: 34

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

Cp si quang:
Tham s
rng bng thng 1km cp si quang

Gi tr
100 n 2500Mhz
MM<2dB/km

Suy hao ca si(sh)

SM ti 1300nm:0.36dB/km
SM ti 1550nm:0.22dB/km
MM<6ps/nm.km

H s tn sc(D)

SM ti 1300nm <3,5 ps/nm.km

SM ti 1550nm <18 ps/nm.km

Thit b thu:
Tham s

Gi tr
PIN: -43 n 27,1 dBm

nhy(S)

APD: -41,5 n 29,6 dBm

Hiu sut

60%-90%

Dng id , i L

1nA

Suy hao do hn ni v b ni:

Tham s

Gi tr

Suy hao mi hn

0,3 dB(max)

Suy hao b ni

0,5 dB(max)

2.7 T l li bt (BER) trong my thu quang

S khi ca mt my thu quang in hnh trong h thng truyn dn s c
th c m t nh hnh di. Bao gm mt b tch sng quang, b tin khuch i,
khuch i, b cn bng, b lc v mch quyt nh. Khi ti u vo photodiode, tn
hiu quang c bin i thnh tn hiu in tng ng. V tn hiu in sau khi tch

Trang: 35

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

sng l rt yu, n c khuch i ti mch tin khuch i v a vo b khuch i

nng tn hiu ln mc in p ph hp vi cc mch tip theo. Sau tn hiu vo
b cn bng v b lc lm phng bng thng, hn ch nhiu v c a vo mch
quyt nh. y, n s so snh vi mc ngng thu c xung mong mun trong
khe thi gian ca n. Khe thi gian ny c xc lp nh xung ng b trch ra t
chm tn hiu s v a vo mch quyt inh.

Hnh 2.15 S khi ca b thu quang in hnh trong truyn dn s.

Vic la chn b tch sng quang thng c da vo cc yu t cn c
quan tm nh qu cng sut ca h thng, di thng theo yu cu, tnh phc tp phn
cng, hiu qu kinh t.
2.8 B khuch i quang trong h thng thng tin si quang
Trong cc h thng truyn dn quang c c ly di, gii hn v suy hao c
khc phc bng cch s dng cc trm lp quang in thc hin qu trnh bin i
quang in v in quang. Qu trnh bin i ny dng cho h thng truyn dn
quang SDH. Tuy nhin, i vi h thng truyn dn quang ghp nhiu bc sng nh
h thng WDM th cn rt nhiu trm lp khuch i iu ny lm tng phc tp

Trang: 36

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

cho h thng WDM. Do cc b khuch i quang c s dng trong h thng

WDM nh l mt thit b b suy hao c hiu qu nht cho si quang. Cc thit b ny
c th khuch i trc tip vo tn hiu quang m khng cn thng qua qu trnh bin
i no. Hin nay, c cc loi khuch i quang nh l khuch i laser bn dn,
khuch i si pha tp Erbium, khuch i Raman v khuch i Brillouin. Nguyn l
tng qut ca cc b khuch i quang (m t qua hnh 2.16) c thc hin qua qu
trnh khuch i nh sng din ra trong vng tch cc (Active medium).

Hnh 2.16 Nguyn l tng qut ca mt b khuch i quang [3]

Cc tn hiu nh sng a vo khuch i trong vng tch cc vi li nh
hay ln ph thuc vo nng lng cung cp t ngun bm bn ngoi bm vo (Pump
source). Tu thuc vo tng b khuch i s c ngun bm khc nhau. Tn hiu nh
sng sau khi c khuch i s cho ra tn hiu nh sng tt hn a n u vo
my thu.
ng dng vo cc h thng thng tin quang ca cc b khuch i quang,
bng 2.3 nh gi v c im ca tng b khuch i quang nh sau:

Trang: 37

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

Loi

Nguyn l

Khuch

Khuch

i laser

i laser

FP-LD

TW-LD

Bc x t

Bc x t

nghch o

nghch o

tch lu

tch lu mi

mi trng

trng

Cng sut

8dBm

ra bo ho
Bng tn

9dBm

Khuch i

Khuch

EDFA

i Raman

Bc x t
nghch o tch
lu mi trng

11dBm

1~3GhZ

>5ThZ

0,5~4ThZ

6~9dB

5,1dB

3~5dB

Suy hao

Ln

Ln

Nh

Phn cc

TE-mode

TE-mode

c lp

25~30dB

20~30dB

40~50dB

10mA

~100mA

khuch i
Mc tp
m

khuch
i
Dng/cng
sut bm

Khuch
i
Brillouin

Tn x

Tn x

Raman

Brillouin

c kch

c kch

thch

thch

20dBm

~1ThZ

50MhZ

Nh
Tn

Tn

hiu/bm

hiu/bm

~50dB

~30dB

20mW~100mW ~vi W

~vi W

Bng 2.3 nh gi v c im ca tng b khuch i quang [3]

Qua nhng c im trn, ta thy la chn b khuch i vo h thng thng
tin quang WDM ch yu tp trung vo b khuch i EDFA. c bit hng n
nguyn cu ng dng vo h thng a knh vi tc bt cao cho tng lai vi s kt
hp hai b khuch i EDFA. Do , khi dng b khuch i EDFA cho h thng
WDM phi m bo cc yu cu sau:

Trang: 38

Chng 2: Cu trc ca h thng thng tin si quang

- li khuch i ng u i vi tt c cc knh bc sng (mc chnh lch

khng qu 1 dB).
- S thay i s lng knh bc sng lm vic khng c gy nh hng n
mc cng sut u ra ca cc knh.
- C kh nng pht hin s chnh lch mc cng sut u vo iu chnh li
cc h s khuch i nhm m bo c tuyn khuch i l bng phng i vi tt c
cc knh.
2.9 Kt lun chng.
Qua qu trnh kho st nhng thnh phn chnh trong h thng thng tin si
quang ta thy mt trong nhng thnh phn h thng c c trng c bn nh sau: Si
quang a mode c tn sc ln so vi si n mode, LED hot ng tc bt thp.
Do , s phi hp gia LED v si a mode thng c p dng cho tuyn truyn
dn ngn, tc bt thp. Cc tuyn truyn n di v tc bt cao thng c s
dng laser v si quang n mode. Vic la chn photodiode da vo cng sut nh
nht yu cu ti my thu tng ng vi tc bt nht nh n t c t l li bt
BER cho trc v phc tp trong cu hnh ca n. Photodiode PIN thng c s
dng ph bin trong cc h thng thng tin si quang hin ti, n n gin v n nh
nhit hn so vi photodiode APD. Tuy nhin, nhy ca APD cao hn PIN, n c
kh nng khuch i tn hiu nn thng c s dng khi tn hiu ti u vo my thu
yu. T nghin cu l thuyt nh trn, mt phn no nm r hn vn , n s i
vo thc tin tnh ton thit k mt tuyn thng tin quang c v s c trnh by
chng tip theo.

Trang: 39