9/13/2009

Chng 2: Bin dng do v c tnh

2.1. Bin dng do v ph hu

2.1.1. Khi nim v bin dng do

Tii trng F

2.1. Bin dng do v ph hu

Fb

Th ko mu thp (Movie)

Fa

Fh

c
a) Ban u: cc nguyn t dao ng xung quanh v tr cn bng.

b) Bin dng n hi: cc nguyn t x dch phm vi hp so vi thng

s mng, c th tr v v tr ban u khi b ti trng.
c) Bin dng do: cc nguyn t x dch phm vi ln hn mt thng s
mng (trt), khng tr v v tr ban u khi b ti trng.
d) Ph hu: lin kt gia cc nguyn t b ct ri

K/n: Bin dng do l bin dng d khng b mt i sau khi

b ti trng tc dng.
0

a1

a2
Biu ti trng - bin dng

dn di l

ng sut tip gy ra bin dng do (trt), ng sut php

khng gy ra bin dng do.

9/13/2009

2.1.2. Trt n tinh th

a) Cc mt v phng trt

Mt d
dy
c nht?
ht?

Mt trt

Phng trt

Mt trt: mt (tng tng) phn cch gia hai mt nguyn t

dy c nht m ti xy ra hin tng trt

- lin kt gia cc nt bn vng nht

- khong cch gia 2 mt l ln nht

Hin tng trt trong n tinh th

Trt trong n
tinh th Zn

/n: Trt l hin tng chuyn di tng i gia cc phn tinh th

theo cc phng v mt nht nh gi l phng trt v mt trt

Phng trt: phng c

mt nguyn t ln nht
H trt: L s kt hp gia mt
phng trt v mt mt trt

H trt trong mng A2

H trt trong mng A1

H mt trt {110} : 6 mt trt

H mt trt: {111} S
lng: 4 mt trt

H phng trt <111>: 2 phng trt

H phng trt <110>: 3 phng trt

S h trt = s mt x s phng = 12 h trt

S h trt = s mt x s phng = 12 h trt

9/13/2009

H trt trong mng A3

Kiu mng

Mt xp
cht nht:
(0001) S
lng: 1 mt trt

S mt trt

S phng trt

S h trt

12

12

Fe, Cr, W, V

Fe, Al, Cu, Au

Ti, Zn, Mg,

Be

H phng xp cht nht <1120>: 3 phng trt

Kim loi

S h trt = s mt x s phng = 6 h trt

b) ng sut gy ra trt

nh lut Schmid

b) ng sut gy ra trt

a))

Mt trt

= 0 cos.cos th

nh lut Schmid

ng sut tc dng

b)

c))

Phng trt

R = 0
=90
= 900

Din tch mt trt: S=S0/cos

R = /2
=45
= 450
=45
= 450

0
=
R90
=0

=90

sut
ng
t tip
ti trn
t phng
h
trt:
t
t
S0

= (F/S)cos=(F/S0)coscos

Khng xy
ra trt

D xy ra
trt

Khng xy
ra trt

= 0 coscos

9/13/2009

c) Tnh d trt
L thuyt: th~ G/2

c) Tnh d trt
Chuyn ng lch trong n tinh th

Thc t: th~ G/(8.1038.104)

Lch trong n tinh th LiF (x750)

2.1.3.Trt trong a tinh th

a) c im
Cc ht b bin dng khng
u
C tnh ng hng
C bn cao hn
Ht cng nh th bn v
d cng
do
cao

c=0+kd-1/2

Chuyn ng lch (Movie)

b)T chc v tnh cht sau bin dng do

T chc

Cc ht c xu hng di ra theo phng bin dng

= 40-50% cc ht
s b phn nh v ko
di to th
= 70-90% cc ht
b quay, cc phng
mng cng ch s
song song t chc
textua bin dng
Bin dng ht tinh th (Movie)

9/13/2009

b)T chc v tnh cht sau bin dng do

Tnh cht
Ht tinh th b ko
di theo phng bin
dng : tnh d hng

b)T chc v tnh cht sau bin dng do

Tnh cht
C tnh thay i: cng, bn tng, do v dai gim.
in tr tng, kh nng chng n mn gim
ch,MPa

, %

b ,MPa

ng sut d ln
do x lch mng
tinh th (tng mt
lch)
Mc bin dng , %

2.1.4. Ph hu

a) Ph hu trong iu kin ti trng tnh

Khi ng sut > [b ] ph hy do t, gy, v

Ph hu do: km theo
bin dng do ng k.

Ph hu gin: khng km theo bin dng,

gm nhiu mnh v.

L dng h hng trm trng nht

nht, khng th khc phc
c thit hi v kinh t, con ngi.. cn phi c bin
php khc phc
c im chung: hnh thnh cc vt nt t vi pht trin vt
nt tch ri ph hu

Ph hy do

Ph hu gin

9/13/2009

a) Ph hu trong iu kin ti trng tnh (tip theo):

a) Ph hu trong iu kin ti trng tnh (tip theo):

Ph hu do pht trin vi tc chm, cn nhiu nng lng

cng ph hy ln
Ph hu gin pht trin vi tc rt nhanh (1000 m/s) , cn
nng
lng
l
nh
h cng
ph
h hy
h nh
h h
hn

Ph hy do hay gin l do:

+ Bn cht VL : thp, Al,
Cu - ph hy do; gang,
ceramic
i ph
h h
hy gin;
i

Ch : vt ph hy c th ct ngang cc ht hay theo bin

gii gia cc ht.

+ Nhit thp, tc
t ti nhanh VL do
b ph hu gin

+ Kt cu gy tp
trung ng sut VL
do b ph hu gin

Vt nt t vi Mm ph hy VL

C ch ph hu do

Vt
ct

Si

- Vt nt khi kt tinh, ngui nhanh;

- Cc r kh, bt kh trong vt c
- T cc p
pha
bn thp
p trong
g vt

liu (graphit trong gang)

- Sinh ra trong qu trnh bin dng do c tp hp nhiu lch
cng du chuyn ng trn cng mt mt trt v gp vt cn
(pha th hai)

1. Hnh thnh c tht (bin dng do cc b)

vt nt t vi
2. Xut hin
3. Cc vt nt t vi tch t, pht trin n kch thc ti hn
4. Vt nt trn ti hn pht trin nhanh

Ct gang xm
(Movie)

5. Ph hu vt liu : vt ct (450) gn b mt ni ng sut

trt ln nht , t chc si bn trong li do bin dng do

9/13/2009

b) Ph hu trong iu kin ti trng chu k

c im: vt liu chu ti trng khng ln (<< 0,2), thay i
theo chu k c th b ph hy sau mt thi gian tng i
di (105 106 chu k).
Th gp
Thng
cc
chi
hi tit : cu,
ttrc, b
bnh
h rng,

nhp,
h l xo,
C ch : T vt nt
u tin trn b mt
(ng sut ko ln
nht), pht trin vt
nt gy ph hy. Vt
nt sn
c trong qu
trnh ch to, lm co,
vt xc tng
bng b mt, to
s nn d trn b/m.

b) Ph hu trong iu kin ti trng chu k

Mt gy khi ph hy mi
3
2

1- vng nt u tin st b mt(mm)

2 - vng nt pht trin chm, nhn phng, c di phn cch
Ph trin vt nt mi (Movie)

2.2 Cc c trng c tnh

C tnh : cc c trng c hc cho bit kh nng chu ti
ca vt liu trong cc iu kin tng ng,

3 - vng gy tc thi c tit din nh nn ng sut ln.

a) bn tnh ()
Tp hp cc ch tiu v sc chu ng ti trng tnh ca vt liu

+ c s ca cc tnh ton sc bn, kh nng s

dng vo mt mc ch nht
.
+ c xc nh trn cc mu chun nh.
- Mu th ln thng c c tnh
thp hn.
- Cc
C ch
h tiu
ti c tnh
t h thng
th dng
d
:
bn, do, cng, dai
va p, dai ph hy.

9/13/2009

a) bn tnh ()

Gii hn n hi (h):

F
S

Gii hn bn (b):

(MPa)

l ng sut ln nht tc dng ln mu gy ra bin dng cc

b (hnh thnh c tht) dn n ph hy

l ng sut ln nht, sau khi b ti, khng lm mu b thay i

hnh dng, kch thc.

Fdh
( MPa)
S0

Fh: lc ko ln nht khng gy bin

dng mu sau khi b ti (N)
So: tit din mu th (mm2)

Gii hn n hi quy c (0,01, 0,05): 0, 01

F0, 01

Gii hn chy vt l (ch):

S0

( MPa)

l ng sut
b nht
gy bin
dng do

Gii hn chy quy c (0,2):

0, 2

F0, 2
S0

( MPa)

F0,2: lc ko to ra bin dng d 0,2% (N)

So: tit din mu th

(mm2)

Fb
((MPa)
S0

Fb: lc ko ln nht trn gin th

ko (N)
So: tit din mu th (mm2)

Yu t nh hng n bn: mt lch

Gii hn
n bn

dh

Si Fe: 1300 Mpa

Fe sch kt: 250 Mpa

4
3
108cm-2

1010-1012 cm-2
mt lch

1. bn theo l thuyt
2. bn ca n tinh th
3. Cc kim loi nguyn
cht sau
4. Kim loi sau bin dng,
ho bn

Cc bin php ho bn vt liu

b) do (%, %)

Bin dng do: tng mt lch bin cng, tng bn;

K/n : L tp hp cc ch tiu c tnh phn nh bin

dng d ca VL b ph hu di ti trng tnh

Hp kim ho: tng x lch mng, mt lch tng bn;

To ra cc pha cng phn tn: to cc chng ngi cn
tr chuyn ng ca lch tng bn, cng;

l1

l0

Nhit luyn ti+ram: to qu bo ho tng bn,

cng;

Ha nhit luyn (thm N, C): tng bn, cng b

mt chu mi mn
mt,
mn, chu mi;

Lm nh ht: tng tt c cc ch tiu bn, do, dai.

Mu trc th ko

Mu sau th ko

Mu trc th ko

Mu sau th ko

Cc ch tiu: gin di tng i & co tht tng i

l1 l0
.100%
l0

S0 S1
.100%
S0

9/13/2009

Tnh siu do

Nu % t t 100-1000% Vt liu c gi l siu do

Hp kim
Ti siu
n hi

c) dai va p (ak)
Khi nim: Kh nng chng ph hy ca vt liu di tc
dng ca ti trng ng

Thp siu do lm v xe

u im: - Tit kim c nng lng;

- D ch to cc sn phm rng,
di, tit din khng u, phc tp...
Bin php t hiu ng siu do:
- Lm cho ht nh mn, ng trc, ng u
v n nh
- Bin dng nhit cao (0,6-0,8)Ts
- Tc bin dng rt nh c 10-3-10-4s-1

c) dai va p (ak)

Phm vi p dng:

Cng ph hy tnh cho mt n v din tch ct ngang mu

sample

Chi tit chu va p: ak>200

0,8-1% C

kJ/m2

Chi tit chu va p cao: ak>1000 kJ/m2

Mi
tng quan gia ak v (0,2x)

ak ch (0,2) x

(Charpy)

0,2% C

Cc bin php nng cao ak

final height
g

ak

Ak
S

Nm/cm2, kJ/m2 v kGm/cm2

initial height
g

- To cu trc ht nh mn: tng bn, do tng dai;

- Ha bn b mt tng bn, cng, khng lm gim do
tng dai;
- Hnh dng ht trn, a cnh c dai cao hn ht c dng
tm, kim.

9/13/2009

d) cng

Nguyn l xc nh cng:

Khi nim: kh nng vt liu chng li bin dng do cc b

di tc dng ca ti trng thng qua mi m.

p ti trng xc nh ln mu thng qua mi m bng vt

liu cng to vt lm trn b mt; vt lm cng rng (su)
cng cng thp.

c im:

i
- Ch biu th cho tnh cht b
mt (vt liu khng ng nht);
- Kh nng chng mi mn ca
vt liu;
- Khi vt liu ng nht ( phi
): biu th bn v kh nng
gia cng ct ca vt liu;

Ph loi:
Phn
l i

- S dng mu nh, n gin, nhanh chng, khng ph hy,

c th o trc tip trn chi tit ph hp vi iu kin sn
sn xut.

- cng t vi (dng ti trng

nh, mi m b): xc nh
cng ca cc ht, pha trong t
chc ca vt liu;
- cng th i (ti trng v
mi m ln): phn nh kh
nng chng bin dng do ca
nhiu ht, pha --> xc nh
cng chung cho VL;
- K hiu bt u : H (hardness)

cng Brinell (HB)

cng Rockwell HR (HRA, HRB, HRC)

Mi m: Bi thp ti cng, ng knh D

f
f

Thp v gang: D=10mm, F=3000kG, t=15s

u im: quan h bc nht vi b

b = a.HB (a = 0,3 0,5)

Nhc im:
- Ch o c cho cc VL mm,
mu phi phng, to, dy, vt lm to;
- Khng cho php o trn cc loi
trc, thi gian o lu.

h (mm)
f: ti trng s b 10kg
F: ti trng chnh (90kg cho thang B, 140kg cho
thang o C v 50kg cho thang o A)

HR = k - (h/0,002)
k = 100, thang o A, C, mi m: nn kim cng, gc nh 1200
k = 130, thang o B dng cho mi m = bi thp, D = 1,588
Ch : HR l loi cng quy c, khng c th nguyn

10

9/13/2009

Phm vi p dng:

cng Vickers HV

- HRC o thp sau khi ti, ti + ram, thm cacbon;

- HRA o lp thm mng: thm nit, cacbon-nit;
- HRB o vt liu mm hn: thp , thng ha, gang c.

Mi m kim cng, hnh thp 4 mt u

vi gc gia hai mt i din 1360;
Ti trng tc dng nh (1-100kg), iu kin
chun 30kg vi t = 10-15s.
10 15s

u im:
- o c cc vt liu t
tng i mm n cng;
- Vt lm kh nh, c th o
mng,
g, lp
p ha bn
cc vt
v ngay trn thnh phm v
trn mt trc;

u im:
- Kt qu o khng ph thuc ti trng;
- Xc nh c cng cho mi loi vt
liu, mu mng;
- cng chun trong NCKH.

- o nhanh, tin li ph hp
vi iu kin sn xut.

Nhc im: thit b t tin, khng tin li

bng phng php o Rockwell.

2.3. Nung kim loi qua bin dng do

Chuyn i gia cc thang o cng

cng
Thp
Ti
cao
Cao

HV
240
513
697

HB
240
475
-

HRC
20
50
60

HRA
60,5
75,9
81,2

HRB
100
-

Cc mc cng ca thp

2.3.1.Trng thi kim loi sau bin dng do

Mc x lch trong mng tinh th
ln, mt lch cao, kim loi b
ho bn, bin cng (trng thi
khng cn bng) c xu hng
chuyn v trng thi nng lng
thp hn - trng thi trc bin
dng do.

- Mm: HB< 150

- Thp: HB ~ 200

- Trung bnh: HB ~ 300-400

- Tng i cao: HRC ~ 50-58

- c th tip tc bin dng do (ko si);

- Cao HRC ~ 60-65

- Rt cao HRC > 65

- c th gia cng ct c d dng;

Ti sao cn phi nung kim loi qua bin dng do?

- Kh b ng sut bn trong trnh ph hy gin.

11

9/13/2009

2.3.2.Cc giai on chuyn bin khi nung nng

a) hi phc: nung nhit thp (0,1 0,2 Tnc)
- Gim sai lch mng;
- Gim mt lch;
- Gim ng sut, in tr;
- T chc t vi cha bin i
c tnh hu nh cha
thay i.

Tktl

b) kt tinh li: nung nhit xc nh TTktl

Qu trnh hnh thnh cc ht mi theo c ch to mm v pht
trin mm nh kt tinh.

Nhit

/s trong
cng
bn
do

Hi phc

Kt li

Kt tinh li ln 2

Sau kt tinh li kim loi c t chc ht a cnh, ng trc

Kch thc ht ph thuc: %, T , .
do tng, bn, cng gim (thi bn)

Tktl = a.Tnc (0K), a= 0,2-0,3; 0,4; 0,5-0,8

Fe - 450oC, Cu - 270 oC, Al - 100oC,
Pb, Zn, Sn < 25 oC.

- Xut hin cc mm mi khng cha sai lch do bin dng, thng

ti cc vng b x lch mnh nht (mt trt, bin ht);
- Bin dng do mnh, s lng tm mm nhiu, ht nh mn.

c) kt tinh li ln 2: nung nhit caoTTktl2

Nhit cao, thi gian gi nhit di qu trnh st nhp ca
cc ht theo c ch ht ln " nut " ht b;
S pht trin ht l qu trnh t nhin v lm gim tng bin
gii ht
g
do lm g
gim tng
g nng
g lng
g d
tr;;
Kt tinh li ln 2 lm xu c tnh nn phi trnh.
8s, 580 0C

15m, 580 0C

10m, 700 0C

12

9/13/2009

2.3.3. Bin dng nng

Bin dng do nhit cao hn nhit kt tinh li
(W Tktl = 1200 0C Sn, Zn, Pb - Tktl < 250C)
T ~ (0,7-0,75)Tnc
Cc qu trnh xy ra:
- bin dng do lm x lch
mng to nn ha bn, bin
cng;
- kt tinh li lm mt x lch
mng gy ra thi bn, gim
cng.

Kt tinh li ln 2 (movie)

2.3.3. Bin dng nng

u im:
- Kim loi xt cht, do cao hn, t b nt, khng b bin cng;
- Nng sut cao,dng lc p nh, gia cng c phi ln;
- Ci thin

ht
(pha
(p g
gin),
), m bo c tnh tng
g hp.
p
Nhc im:
- Kh khng ch nhit
ng u trn phi
mng, ln;
- Kh khng ch chnh
xc hnh dng, kch
thc chi tit;
- Cht lng b mt
khng cao: vy oxyt,
thot cacbon.
Rn (movie)

13