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NHÂN TỐ HOA KÌ TRONG CHÍNH SÁCH CỦA PHÁP Ở ĐÔNG DƯƠNG (1945 -1954)
NHÂN TỐ HOA KÌ TRONG CHÍNH SÁCH CỦA PHÁP Ở ĐÔNG DƯƠNG (1945 -1954)
cng nhn Vit Nam l quc gia t do v nguyn tc hp nht ba k bng trng cu
dn, nhng i li Php t c tham vng l a 15.000 qun ra min Bc, Vit
Nam t b quc gia c lp v ha s tham gia Lin bang ng Dng v khi Lin
hp Php.
Sau khi hip nh Vit Php c k kt, tnh hnh tr nn kh khn, do Php
trin khai cc hot ng tri vi hip c c k kt. Cuc gp g y tranh ci
din ra sau ti cc hi ngh Lt (17/4/1946) v Fontainebleau (6/7/1946).
ca Php mun phc hi ton b quyn li ca Php ti ng Dng trn cc lnh vc
chnh tr, kinh t, qun s, vn hav nhng iu ny b pha Vit Nam phn i.
Cui cng hai bn i n k bn Tm c (14/9/1946)3, v pha Vit Nam, vic k bn
Tm c p ng mt s yu cu ca Php v Php cam kt v vic trng cu dn
Nam B Vit Nam v chin s Nam B phi chm dt ngy 30/10/1946.
S vic khng dng li , sau khi k Tm c, Php lin tip trin khai cc
hot ng t Nam ra Bc nhm ph hoi cc Hip nh k, Cao y DArgenlieu l
ngi chu trch nhim nhng hnh ng ny.
Vy l m mu v chnh sch ca Php i vi ng Dng r rng, iu ny
phn nh bn cht ch ngha thc dn Php v quyn v li ch bt thit ca h khng
ch v kinh t, chnh tr m cn nhiu lnh vc khc tiu khu vc (ng Dng).
V t nm 1946 n 1954, Php trin khai thc hin hng lot cc k hoch v
chin lc ln tin hnh cc cuc chin tranh trn ton b ng Dng. Tuy nhin,
Php khng t c mc tiu ra v lin tip b cc cuc tn cng quyt lit t pha
cc nc ng Dng, Php ngy cng xa ly vo cuc chin tranh hao ngi tn ca,
tm n s tr gip ca phng Ty, t bit l M. iu ny to c hi cho M can
thip su vo ng Dng.
2. Hoa K vi chnh sch ca Php ng Dng
Nghin cu v chnh sch ca Hoa K i vi Php v vn ng Dng, cng
nh quan h Php M sau chin tranh th gii hai, hay ni khc hn l trong cuc
chin tranh ng Dng ln th nht (1945 1954), c th phn chia lm hai thi k:
t nm 1945 n nm 1949 v t 1949 n nm 1954. S phn chia ny xut pht t
c s bi cnh quc t sau chin tranh th gii hai v hai ch th quyt nh tnh cht
ca cuc chin tranh ng Dng l M v Php.
Thi k 1945 1949
Xem: L Phng Hong (2008), Lch s quan h quc t ng Nam t sau chin tranh th gii
th hai n cui Chin tranh lnh (1945 1991), i hc s phm Tp.HCM, tr.56-61.
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Trong khong thi gian 1945 1949, nhiu hc gi cho rng y l thi k M
thc hin chnh sch khng can thip vo chnh sch ca Php ng Dng hay
c hiu l chnh sch trung lp ca M. Ti sao li nh vy? Phi chng y l mt
s tht lch s?
Nhiu ngun ti liu cho rng, trong thi gian Tng thng M Roosevelt ng
nhim, M lun th ght ch ngha thc dn, ln n gay gt ch thuc a h khc
ca Php v ch trng t ng Dng di hnh thc y tr quc t cai tr bn
o ny trong vng 3 -4 thp k sau Chin tranh th gii th hai4, v theo Roosevelt khi
gip mt Th tng Anh W. Churchill l khng th tin chng ta (ng minh) c th
nh bi ch n l pht xt m chng phi lm g gii phng cc dn tc khp ni
trn th gii khi chnh sch thuc a li thi5 v i vi trng hp c th ng
Dng Php c t nc gm 30 triu dn trong gn 100 nm v ngi dn y
sng t hn so vi lc Php n, Php vt kit t nc ny trong sut 100 nm.
Dn ng Dng c quyn c hng iu tt p hn th6. Quan im ny ca
M b Anh phn i gay gt v n khi Php c gii phng (8/1945) v c kt
np lm thnh vin ca Hi ng bo an Lin hp quc th quan im ca M c cht
thay i nhng manh mn, v l nu c c li cam kt t pha Php rng h m
nhn cc ngha v ca y thc, M s ng cho Php gi cc thuc a ny (ng
Dng) vi iu kin c lp s l mc tiu cui cng7. Tuy nhin, khi Roosevelt qua
i, H.Truman ln thay, thay i hn lp trng ca M v vn ng Dng,
l ng cng nhn ch quyn ca Php ng Dng. iu ny th hin r trong
cuc gp vi De Gaulle, M tuyn b Chnh ph M khng phn i vic qun Php
quay tr li v khi phc ch quyn ca Php ng Dng8, iu trn y cng
c Anh ng h v mc nhin Anh, M bt n xanh cho Php quay tr li xm
lc ng Dng, iu ny cng cho thy quan h Php M xch li gn nhau
hn so vi trc y. Dn chng cho vn ny th hin hnh ng ca Anh v M
n thi im chin tranh Php Vit bng n (1946)9. Ti sao M li thay i thi
nh vy i vi Php? L do c bn do s bin chuyn ca tnh hnh th gii, nht l
s ln mnh ca phong tro cch mng th gii v s ln mnh ca Lin X, thng li
ca cch mng Vit Nam Ngoi ra, vic ng h Php ti chim ng Dng do tc
Xem: Sami Abouzahr (2004), America, France and Indochina 1947-1950, Published in History
Today Volume: 54 Issue: 10 2004, http://www.historytoday.com/sami-abouzahr/tangled-web-americafrance-and-indochina-1947-50
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ngoi giao vi Vit Nam, ng h cuc chin tranh chnh ngha ca nhn dn Vit Nam
v ta lin tip ginh nhng thng li v chnh tr, ngoi giao v qun s Tt c
to nn c sc cho M (k c Php), lm cho M v cng hong s v chong vng.
Ni tnh nc M b xo ng, khng kh chng cng bao trm khp nc M, buc
M phi iu chnh chin lc u , m trng im l ng Dng.
Th hai, ng Dng di mt ngi M chim mt v tr a chin lc v
a kinh t cc k quan trng. Nm 1952, M ra Ngh quyt v chnh sch ca M
ng Dng v cho rng: ng Dng c tm quan trng (c bit l Vit Nam)
chin lc ln trong li ch quc t ni chung v cng thit yu nh li ch ca Php
i vi nn an ninh ca th gii t do. Cng vi Triu Tin, ng Dng tr thnh
mt trong hai ging km chin lc ngn chn cng sn ca M ng chu . Do
vy, nn an ninh ca th gii t do ty thuc vo s sng cn ca ng Dng thuc
Php 16. iu ny ng vi quan im ca M, nht l phong tro cch mng ba
nc ng Dng ngy cng ginh nhng thng li p o trn chin trng, Vit
Nam tr thnh mt tin tiu trong mt trn dn ch chng quc ng Nam .
Ngoi ra, ng Dng cn c li ch v kinh t i vi M l khu vc giu
ti nguyn thin nhin (thic, mangan, g, than , go, cao su, ht tiu). Theo Hi
ng An ninh Quc gia M, ng Dng l a bn chin lc quan trng nht ca
M trong khu vc (ng Nam ). Nu mt ng Dng, s gy bt n cho nn kinh t
ca Nht Bn, v e da an ninh ca Nam v thm ch c. S mt mt ca ng
Nam s gy nguy him cho cc d n d tr ca M, cho php Trung Quc gim
bt tnh trng thiu lng thc v gip ca Lin X nhp khu nguyn liu quan
trng17. Nh biu hin ban u ca hc thuyt Domino cho thy, nc Php c th
khng c php rt khi ng Dng v buc M phi tng cng vin tr cho
Php.
Th ba, cuc chin tranh Triu Tin n ra v gy cho M nhiu kh khn, gii
cm quyn Php v tay sai cho rng y l c hi h ginh li mt s quyn li ca
mnh ng Dng, tuy nhin iu ny khng thc hin c bi v M khng cho
php Php lm iu . Mt khc, trong cng thi im 1950, Php lin tip tht bi
trn chin trng nh mt cch trng hp vi kh khn ca M chin tranh Triu
Tin, ngi M thc c s cn thit ca Php ti ng Dng v ng thi khng
nh c hai cuc chin tranh ca M v Php u nm trong chin lc chng s bnh
trng ca ch ngha cng sn. T nm 1952, M tng cng vin tr cho Php
gi ng Dng, n khi M rt khi chin tranh Triu Tin hao ngi tn ca tp
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17
Gereth Pater (1981), Vietnam: A history in documents, New American Library, London, tr.286.
Sami Abouzahr (2004), Ti liu trch dn.
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T l %
Vin tr ca M cho ng
Dng (triuUSD) (**)
1950
52,0
19,5
10,0
1951
62,0
16,1
30,5
1952
200,0
35,4
525,0
1953
285,0
43,8
735,0
1954
555,0
73,9
1.063
Tng
1.154,0
(*) Ngun: Ban ch o Tng kt chin tranh (Trc thuc B chnh tr) (2000), Chin tranh
cch mng Vit Nam 1945 1975: Thng li v bi hc, Nxb CTQG, H Ni, tr.498.
(**) Ngun: Lu Vn Li Nguyn Hng Thch (2002), Php ti chim ng Dng v Chin
tranh lnh, Nxb CAND, H Ni, tr.189.
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nc thc dn nh ngh, c sc mnh vt tri, giu kinh nghim trong vic bnh
trng thuc a, nn ng Dng khng th trnh khi cuc ng u v tranh chp
trong chin lc ca mi nc.
Th hai, chnh sch ca M i vi Php ng Dng cng cho thy mc tiu
ca M ban u cha ch trng khu vc v sau i n gip thng qua vin tr
kinh t, qun s cho Php tng bc can thip su vo ng Dng, xut pht t
chnh sch ton cu ca M trong thi k u ca chin tranh lnh, M mun ngn chn
s bnh trng ca ch ngha cng sn, e da li ch ca M chu u v b Ty
Thi Bnh Dng. c bit sau cuc chin tranh Triu Tin v s tht bi lin tip ca
Php trn chin trng ng Dng, M khng cn hy vng g Php nhm ngn
chn s tin trin v lan rng ca ch ngha cng sn. V th M buc phi tng bc
thay i chin lc ca mnh i vi Php v khu vc.
Th ba, vic can thip ca M vo chnh sch ca Php ng Dng sau chin
tranh th gii th hai, c bit t nm 1950 phn nh chnh quyn M c nhng
bc chun b v l trnh thc hin trong gii hn tham vng ca mnh, biu hin s
can d ngy cng bc l r nt, c lc cng khai v iu ny buc Php phi chp
nhn s ph thuc vo M, c hai u c mc tiu cho ring mnh phng lao th phi
theo lao. Nhng kt cc mang li hon ton khc nhau: Php tht bi v M c nhiu
c hi tip theo sau . Quan h M Php i t ng minh n mi quan h rn nt,
nhiu mu thun khng th vt qua.
Ti liu tham kho
1.Sami Abouzahr (2004), America, France and Indochina 1947-1950, Published
in History Today Volume: 54 Issue: 10 2004, http://www.historytoday.com/samiabouzahr/tangled-web-america-france-and-indochina-1947-50
2. Ban ch o tng kt chin tranh trc thuc B chnh tr (2000), Chin tranh
cch mng Vit Nam (1945 1975): Thng li v bi hc, Nxb CTQG, H Ni.
3. Robert K.Bringham (1993), Nhng ng minh thn trng Mt trn Vit Minh,
ngi M v cch mng thng Tm, Tp ch Nghin cu Lch s, s 4/1993.
4. i hc KHXH NV H Ni (2005), in Bin Ph t gc nhn ca cc nh
khoa hc Vit Php, Nxb CTQG, H Ni.
5. V Nguyn Gip (2000), in Bin Ph - im hn lch s, Nxb QND.
6. L Phng Hong (2008), Lch s quan h quc t ng Nam t sau chin
tranh th gii th hai n cui Chin tranh lnh (1945 1991), i hc s phm
Tp.HCM.
7. R.E.M.Irving (1968), The MRP and French policy in Indochina 1945-1954,
University of Oxford.
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8. R.E.M.Irving (1975), The first Indochina war: French and American policy
1945-54, London : C. Helm, 1975.
9. Lu Vn Li Nguyn Hng Thch (2002), Php ti chim ng Dng v
Chin tranh lnh, Nxb CAND, H Ni.
10. Phm Thu Nga (2004), Quan h Vit M 1939 1954, Nxb HQG H Ni.
11. Gereth Pater (1981), Vietnam: A history in documents, New American
Library, London.
12. Nguyn Thnh (1986), Qu trnh can thip ca M trong chin tranh xm
lc ca thc dn Php ng Dng v i sch ca ng ta ,Tp ch Lch s
qun s, s 12/1986.
13. Vin KHXH Vit Nam UBND tnh in Bin (2004), 50 nm chin thng
in Bin Ph v s nghip i mi pht trin t nc, Nxb CTQG.
14. Vin Lch s qun s Vit Nam (1994, 1995), Lch s khng chin chng
thc dn Php (1945 1954), Tp 1-2, Nxb Qun i nhn dn, H Ni.
15. Vin Lch s qun s Vit Nam (1996), Lch s khng chin chng M cu
nc (1954 1975), Tp 1, Nxb CTQG, H Ni.
16. Vin S hc (1996), Lch s Vit Nam 1954 1965, Nxb KHXH, H Ni
THNG TIN TC GI
H tn: V Minh Tp, NCS i hc KHXH-NV TP.HCM
C: 276/3/45 (khu ph 6) M L, P.Bnh Tr ng A, Q.Bnh Tn, Tp.HCM
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