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GIAO TRINH Phan Tich Cac Sản Phẩm Lọc Dầu Nghề Phan Tich Dầu Tho Khi Va Cac Sản Phẩm Lọc Dầu
GIAO TRINH Phan Tich Cac Sản Phẩm Lọc Dầu Nghề Phan Tich Dầu Tho Khi Va Cac Sản Phẩm Lọc Dầu
LAO
o t NG
o
- THNG BINH V X HI
TNG CC DY NGH
D n gio dc k thut v dy ngh (VTEP)
Logo
H Ni - 2004
1
Tuyn b bn quyn :
Ti liu ny thuc loi sch gio trnh.
Cho nn cc ngun thng tin c th c
php dng nguyn bn hoc trch dng cho cc
mc ch v o to v tham kho .
Mi mc ch khc c lch lc hoc s
dng vi mc ch kinh doanh thiu lnh mnh
s b nghim cm.
Tng cc Dy ngh s lm mi cch bo v
bn quyn ca mnh.
Tng cc Dy Ngh cm n v hoan nghnh
cc thng tin gip cho chng tI sa cha,hiu
nh v hon thin tt hn ti liu ny.
a ch lin h:
D n gio dc k thut v ngh nghip
Tiu ban Pht trin Chng trnh Hc liu
..................................................
M ti liu :
M quc t ISBN : ......
Li ta
(Vi nt gii thiu xut x ca chng trnh v ti liu)
Ti liu ny l mt trong cc kt qu ca D n GDKT-DN ..
(Tm tt ni dung ca D n)
(Vi nt gii thiu qu trnh hnh thnh ti liu v cc thnh phn tham gia)
(Li cm n cc c quan lin quan, cc n v v c nhn tham gia )
(Gii thiu ti liu v thc trng)
Sch hng dn gio vin l ti liu hng dn ging dy cho tng m
un/mn hc trong h thng m un v mn hc o to cho
Ngh cp ..
Cc thng tin trong ti liu c gi tr hng dn gio vin thit k v t chc
cc bi dy cho m un/mn hc mt cch hp l. Gio vin vn c th thay
i hoc iu chnh cho ph hp vi iu kin v bi cnh thc t trong qu
trnh o to .
y l ti liu th nghim s c hon chnh tr thnh Sch hng
dn gio vin chnh thc trong h thng dy ngh.
H ni, ngy . thng. nm.
Gim c D n quc gia
MC LC
mc
Trang
MC LC .......................................................................................................... 4
GII THIU V M UN .................................................................................. 5
V tr, ngha, vai tr m un: ......................................................................... 5
Mc tiu ca m un: ..................................................................................... 5
Mc tiu thc hin ca m un: ..................................................................... 5
Ni dung chnh ca m un: ........................................................................... 6
Cc hnh thc dy hc chnh trong m un ................................................ 6
LIT K CC NGUN LC CN THIT CHO M UN ............................... 27
GI T CHC THC HIN BI DY ........................................................ 29
Bi 1. XC NH CC CH TIU CA SN PHM NHIN LIU................ 29
Bi 2. XC NH THNH PHN CHNG CT PHN ON..................... 45
Bi 3. XC NH CC CH TIU CA SN PHM PHI NHIN LIU......... 49
P N CC CU HI V BI KIM TRA .................................................... 57
K HOCH V CCH THC NH GI KT QU HC TP M UN...... 59
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................... 61
GII THIU V M UN
V tr, ngha, vai tr m un:
Phn tch cc sn phm du kh l mng kin thc v k nng c bn cho
bt k ngi lao ng no lm vic lin quan n lnh vc phng th nghim
du kh. N gip cho ngi lao ng xc nh chnh xc cc ch tiu cht
lng ca cc sn phm du kh.
Trong qu trnh ging dy, ngi thy c bit ch n vic to dng v
rn luyn thc cng nh thi quen cho hc sinh trong vic s dng dng c
phng th nghim ha du, gi an ton phng th nghim. Ngi thy lun l
tm gng tiu biu cho hc sinh, do lun phi cn trng trong tng li ni
cng nh hnh ng ca mnh.
Mc tiu ca m un:
Hc xong m un, hc vin c kh nng:
-
Danh mc cc bi hc
Thi lng
(tit)
LT
TH
45
130
10
20
35
90
Cc hot
ng khc
1. Du m
Du m l tn gi tt ca du th, n l hn hp nhng hp cht hu c
t nhin, cha ch yu hai nguyn t chnh l cacbon (C) v hydro (H). Ngoi
ra cn c mt lng nh nit (N), oxy (O), lu hunh (S) v cc nguyn t
khc (Ni, V, ).
Du m c nhiu loi, t lng n c qunh, mu sc thay i t vng
nht n en sm, c nh hunh quang. Thng th lng nht, nhng cng
c loi du ngay nhit thng ng c. nht ca du m thay i
trong khong rt rng, t 5 ti 100 cSt (10-6 m2/sec) v c th hn na.
Ty theo thnh phn Hydrocacbon, chng c chia ra lm 3 nhm:
6
LNG
Propan - C3H8
Buatan - C4H10
LPG
Pentan - C5H12
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn phn loi kh theo hm lng hydrocacbon t
propan tr ln. Kh giu propan, butan v cc hydrocacbon nng (trn 150
g/m3) c gi l kh bo (hoc kh du). T kh ngi ta tng hp c
xng, kh ha lng (LPG) v cc hydrocacbon cho cng ngh tng hp hu
c.
Cn kh cha t hydrocacbon nng (t propan tr li, di mc 50 g/m3)
gi l kh kh (hoc kh gy), c s dng lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip
v i sng, lm nguyn liu cho cng ngh tng hp hu c, nguyn liu
cho sn xut m, sn xut etylen, axetylen, etanol.
Nu kh t cha cc thnh phn hydrocacbon c t 5 nguyn t tr ln
th khi ln mt t, ni c nhit , p sut bnh thng, chng s tn ti di
dng lng, do c gi l kh ngng t (condensat hoc xng t nhin).
Cn khi chuyn ch i xa (nht l vt i dng) trong iu kin khng c
ng ng dn v tin dng, ngi ta p dng cng ngh ha lng kh v
ch bng cc tu chuyn dng chu c p sut cao v nhit thp lnh
hn m 160oC. Khi n th trng, kh ha lng ny c chuyn ha li tr
thnh kh t bnh thng (di iu kin p sut v nhit kh quyn)
thng qua h thng chuyn ha ri li dn ti ni tiu th bng h thng ng
dn hay c np vo bnh v a ra th trng nh ta thng gp chng
du.
Sau
I.M.Gubkin,
D.A.Akharghensky,
N.D.Zelinsky
18
Nha ng (Bitume)
Bitum hay cn gi l Nha ng l loi sn phm nng nht thu c
t du m, c dng ch yu trong xy dng cc cng trnh giao thng,
ng x cu cng. Mt lng nh bitum cn c s dng lm vt liu tm
lp, vt liu chng thm, chng r r cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng,
cng nghip v cc h thng ti tiu trong nng lm ng nghip
T loi bitum gc thu c t du m ngi ta ch bin ra cc loi
bitum c cc c tnh khc nhau phc v cho nhiu mc ch khc.
Cc sn phm ha hc
T nguyn liu du kh c th ch bin ra cc sn phm phc v cho
mc ch sn xut, i sng con ngi gi l sn phm ha hc Thc t c
hn 90% sn phm hu c hin nay c ngun gc t ha du. Ngun nguyn
liu sn xut cc ch phm ha du bt ngun t cc hp phn ca du
kh. Cc sn phm ha hc c th chia thnh nhiu nhm mang tnh nng s
dng khc nhau.
Nhm cc ha cht c s: y l nhm ha cht thu c t cc dy
chuyn cng ngh ch bin kh. Chng c ngha rt quan trng v chng l
ngnh cng nghip tng hp ha du ch bin thnh nhng sn phm cui
cng rt phong ph v a dng, ng gp ln vo s pht trin kinh t quc
dn ca nhiu quc gia pht trin trn th gii, ng thi thc y s pht
trin ca s tin b khoa hc k thut ni ring v nn vn minh nhn loi ni
chung.
Nhm cc ha cht c s li c phn chia thnh nhiu nhm khc
nhau ch yu l cc nhm cc olefin (etylen, propylen, butylen, butadien)
nhm cc hydrocacbon thm (benzen, toluen, xylen) nhm cc hydrocacbon
olefin nng, nhm acetylen, nhm kh tng hp (hn hp CO 2 v H2 theo
nhng t l khc nhau thu c t ngun du kh) nhm parafin lng, parafin
rn v xerizin
Nhm cc sn phm cui: Nhng sn phm cui cng ca ngnh cng
nghip ha du l cc loi cht do, cht hot ng b mt. Cc sn phm
cui cng ca ngnh ch bin ha du c mt trong hu ht cc ngnh sn
xut ca nn kinh t quc dn v phc v mi mt i sng con ngi.
5. Cc phng php ly mu
Ly mu l mt cng vic rt quan trng v n s nh hng rt nhiu
19
trn trong b.
Mu gia: L mu cc b ly ti im gia ca cht lng cha trong b
(im nm trung im cc im ly mu trn v ly mu di).
Mu di: L mu cc b ly ti dim gia ca 1/3 ct cht lng pha
di trong b.
Mu di ca ra (clearance): L mu cc b c ly v tr cch mp
20
di ca ra 4 inch(102mm).
Mu y:
Hnh 1. S v tr ly mu cc b
Ly mu ba im: nhng b c sc cha ln hn mt 1000 thng
(barrel) cha hn 15 feet (4.6m) du, phi ly vi th tch bng nhau ti cc
im trn, gia v di hoc ch van xut khi c yu cu. Vi cc b c sc
cha bng hoc di 1000 barrel cng dng phng php ny.
Mu ly ti hai im: Vi nhng b c sc cha ln hn 1000 barrel
cha trn 10 feet (3.0m) n 15 feet (4.6m) du, phi ly vi th tch bng
nhau ti cc im trn v di hoc ch van xut khi c yu cu. Vi cc b
c sc cha bng hoc di 1000 barrel cng dng phng php ny.
Mu cc b trung bnh: nhng b c sc cha ln hn 1000 barrel
cha trn 10 feet (3.0m) du hoc thp hn th ly mt mu cc b gn
21
Qui trnh ly mu
B cha, hm tu, x
Ly mu bng chai,
lan, t xitec, xe ti
bng by ng
B cha c vi
Ly mu bng vi
B cha c vi
Ly mu vi
ng ng
Ly mu trong
ng ng
B cha, hm tu, x
Ly mu bng chai
13.8 kPa
lan
13.8 kPa
np h
Nh trn
Phuy, thng, hp
Ly mu ng
Ly mu y hoc
bng by ng i vi
cht lng c RVP
t xitec, b cha,
Ly mu bng by
ng
Ly mu mc
Ly mu mc
13.8 kPa
Cht lng v cht bn
lng c RVP 13.8
kPa
B cha, hm tu, x
lan, t xitec, xe ti
Ly mu t ng,
bng by ng,
22
bng chai, vi
Hydrocacbon thm
B cha, hm tu, x
Ly mu bng chai
cng nghip
lan
Sp, bitum c, cc
cht c xp khc
Ly mu khoan
Than cc du m, cc
Ly mu xc
cht rn ng cc
bao, thng, hp
M, sp mm, asphalt
Vt liu asphalt
B cha, t xitec,
ng ng, bao gi
Asphalt nh ha
Nh trn
Ly mu m
Dng c ly v cha mu
Dng c ly mu t ng: c dng ly mu mt cch t ng. Tuy
nhin trn c s tha thun c th dng cc phng php ly mu th cng
ly mu t cc b kho ven bin hay ly mu khoang tu.
Chai ly mu: C th lm bng chai thy tinh hay bng ng, c nng
sc lm chm bnh, ming chai ly mu phi ph hp vi cch ly mu.
Bnh cha mu: C th l chai l, bnh thy tinh khng mu hay mu nu.
Chai khng mu c thun li cho ngi i ly mu l d kim tra sch
bng mt thng v cng d kim tra mu c nc hay cn ln vo. Chai
thy tinh mu nu li c tc dng chng nh sng. Ch c mt loi can c
s dng l loi can m mp ni c hn mt ngoi vi nha thng tr
dung trong mt dung mi thch hp. Cht tr dung d ty i bng xng,
trong khi cc cht khc rt kh khn. Mt vt nh ca nha thng cng lm
bn mu v lm sai lch kt qu kim nghim v cch in, bn oxy
ha v s to cn.
Cc chai bng cht do c lm bng polyetylen mch thng khng
pha mu c th dng ng v ct gi cc loi du ha, diezen, mazut v
du nhn. Cc chai ny khng nn dng ng xng, nhin liu my bay, du
th, phn on ru du m, du trng y t v cc sn phm c si c
bit, tr trng hp ha nghim xc nh khng c s ha tan, s nhim bn,
tn tht phn on nh.
Mt s iu cn lu
23
V sinh lao ng
-
iu 2:
iu 3:
iu 4:
iu 5:
iu 6:
iu 7:
26
27
Thit b xc nh ch s ph nh
Thit b xc nh t trng
Thit b xc nh hm lng nc
Thit b xc nh c tnh tch kh
Thit b xc nh bay hi.
Thit b xc nh ch s mu saybolt.
Thit b xc nh ch s khc x
Dng c thy tinh v mt s thit b th nghim khc nh: Pipet, buret,
bnh nh mc, ng ong c dung tch 500 ml, 5 becher, chn nung, phu,
bnh cu, ng nghim, bnh ht m, gi st, kp ng nghim, kp gp chn
nung.
2. Vt t, ha cht:
Ha cht chnh bao gm: Anilin, aceton, toluen, HCl, NaOH,
Mt s loi kh thng dng nh: kh LPG, kh CO2, N2, H2, O2,
Cc mu nhin liu cn cho thc nghim nh: Cc loi dung mi,
xng, du diezel, nhin liu t l (FO), nhin liu phn lc, du
nhn, m nhn,
Cc thit b phng chy, cha chy trong phng th nghim.
Cc catolague hng dn s dng dng c, thit b.
T thuc phng tai nn.
Ti liu hng dn phng php phn tch cc ch tiu cht lng
sn phm theo tiu chun ASTM v TCVN.
28
1.
nht:
Khi s dng cc sn phm du m, vic vn chuyn, bm rt, s dng
30
Nhit ng c:
Nhit kt tinh:
im kt tinh ca nhin liu hng khng l nhit thp nht m ti
Nhit vn c:
Hm lng lu hunh:
im anilin:
S c mt ca hydrocacbon thm c trong xng nng cao tnh chng
Hm lng nc:
Bit hm lng nc trong du c ngha quan trng trong ch bin,
31
Hm lng tro:
Hm lng tro l lng cn khng chy hay cc khong cht cn li sau
khi t chy du. Mt lng tro nh cng c th l thng tin cho php xem xt
liu sn phm c thch hp s dng cho mc ch chn khng.
Tro c trong nhin liu t l s lm gim nhit lng ca nhin liu.
Tro ng li trong ng dn c th lm hng cc b phn .
Ch s mu saybolt:
2.
Xng khng
ch
90
92
95
90
92
95
0,013
Phng php
th
ASTM D2699
TCVN 6704-2000
ASTM D3237
Bo co
- im si u, 0 C, khng ln hn
70
120
- 50%, 0 C, khng ln hn
190
- 90%, 0 C, khng ln hn
215
ASTM D86
34
2.0
4. n mn tm ng 50 0 C, khng ln
hn.
5. Hm lng nha thc t ( ra dung
(ASTM D130)
TCVN 6593-2000
(ASTM D381)
TCVN 6778-2000
240
hn.
7. Hm lng lu hunh, % khi lng,
(ASTM D525)
0.15
khng ln hn.
8. p sut hi Ried, 37,8 0 C, kPa.
TCVN 2694-2000
s 1
TCVN 1266-2000
TCVN 5731-2000
43-80
(ASTM D323)
TCVN 6703-2000
(ASTM D3606)
Bo co
ASTM D1298
Trong sut,
khng c tp
cht l lng
mt thng
DO
DO
0.05S 0.025S
1. Hm lng lu hunh , % Khi
lng khng ln hn .
0.05
0.25
DO
Phng
0.5S
Th
0.5
Php
TCVN 2708:2002
(ASTM D 1266)
45
ASTM D976
370
TCVN 2698:2002
50
ADTM D86
khng ln hn.
5. nht ng hc 400C , cSt
TCVN 6608:2002
(ASTM D 3828)
1.6 5.5
ASTM D 445
35
6. Cn cacbon ca 10% cn
chng ct, % khi lng khng
ASTM D 189/
ASTM D 4530
0.3
ln hn .
TCVN 3753:1995
7. im ng c 0C, khng ln
hn
+9
0.01
ASTM D 482
ASTM D 97
khng ln hn
ASTM D 2709
9. Hm lng nc v tp cht
ng hc , % th tch khng ln
0.05
TCVN 2694:2000
hn
10. n mn tm ng 500C , 3h
ASTM D 130
khng ln hn
11. Khi lng ring 150C kg/l
TCVN 6594:2000
Bo co
ASTM D 1298
1) Phng php tnh ch s cetan khng p dng cho c c loi nhin liu Diezen
c ph gia ci thin.
2) 1 Cst = 1mm2/s
Bng 3. Ch tiu cht lng ca nhin liu t l (TCVN:6239-2002)
Mc
FO N02
Tn ch tiu
FO N01 FO N02A
(2,0 S)
0.965
0.991
0
FO N02B FO N 3
Phng php
th
(3,5 S)
0.991
0.991
TCVN
6594:2000
ASTM D 1298
87
180
180
380
2.0
2.0
3.5
3.5
ASTM D 445
TCVN6701:2000
ASTM D 2622/
36
(ASTM D 129)/
(ASTM D 4294)
4. im ng c 0C,
max
+12
+24
+24
+24
TCVN
3753:1995
ASTM D 97
TCVN
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.35
2690:1995
ASTM D 482
TCVN
6. Cn cacbon
coradson, %kl, max
16
16
22
6324:2000
ASTM D 189/
ASTM D 4530
TCVN
7. im chp chy
cc kn, 0C, min.
66
6680:2000
ASTM D 3828/
ASTM D93
8. Hm lng nc,
1.0
% th tch, max.
9. Hm lng tp
cht,%kl,max.
10. Nhit tr cal/g2),
min.
1)
1Cst = 1 mm2/s
2)
1 Cal = 4,1868 J
TCVN
2692:1995
ASTM D 95
0.15
9800
ASTM D 473
ASTM D 240/
ASTM D 4809
3.
Gii thiu cc phng php tin hnh thc nghim theo tiu chun
ASTM.
4.
37
5.
Hng dn cho hc sinh quy trnh tip nhn, phn tch v qun l mu ti
phng kim nghim.
Hc sinh phi nm bt c cc ni dung chnh v:
Mc ch:
m bo tt c cc mu th gi n phng du kh u c tip
38
TRCH NHIM
LU TRNH
Nhn mu + PCM
Xem xt
mu
PTP-Q.O
PTP
Phn cng th
KNV
Th nghim mu
Bo co KQTN
B phn nhn mu
Khng ph hp
Khng ng
PTP
Xem xt
bo co
PTP
Lp phiu KQTN
KNV
c
phn cng
Gi h s mu ra PHK
PCM
PTP
: Phn cng mu
: Ph trch phng
39
Q.O
: Cn b cht lng
KQTN : Kt qu th nghim
PHK
: Phng h tr k thut
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. T chc cho hc sinh tham quan cc thit b phn tch ch tiu ca cc
sn phm nhin liu.
11. Hng dn hc sinh thit lp cc cng thc tnh ton kt qu t kt qu
phn tch th.
12. Phi lm cho hc sinh nm vng cc yu t nh hng n kt qu o.
T yu cu cht lng ca tng loi sn phm t dn n cc yu
cu v cc ch tiu cho tng loi sn phm.
13. Cho hc sinh t thao tc v gio vin s hiu chnh cc thao tc cha
ph hp.
Cch thc nh gi- kim tra
nh gi s hiu bit ca hc sinh thng qua cc v d c th, kim tra u
gi nh:
-
41
chun ASTM.
-
b. n-parafin
c. naphtha
d. aromatic
6. Hm lng lu hunh xc nh theo phng php trn l:
a. Hm lng lu hunh dng H2S
b. Hm lng lu hunh dng mercaptan
c. Hm lng lu hunh dng sunfua
d. Hm lng lu hunh dng lu hunh tng
7. n mn tm ng s ph thuc vo cc yu t no sau y:
a. Thi gian th nghim
b. Th tch mu
c. p sut th nghim
d. a v c
8.
9.
44
Mt s thut ng:
Th tch mu (Charge volume): Th tch ca mu em phn tch, 100ml,
c np vo bnh chng ct.
S phn hy (Decomposition): Hydrocacbon b phn hu nhit
(Cracking) sinh ra cc phn t nh hn c nhit si thp hn so vi cc
Hydrocacbon ban u, thm ch c th thc hin phn ng dehydro ha.
im si u (Innital boiling point): L nhit o ti git lng u tin
ngng t ri t h thng sinh hn xung ng ong hng mu.
im si cui (Final boiling point): L nhit cao nht c c trn nhit
k.
Phn trm thu hi c (Percent recovered): Th tch ca phn mu
ngng t quan st c trong ng ong hng mu mi nhit tng
ng c tnh theo phn trm th tch mu c np vo bnh ct.
Tng phn trm thu hi (Percent total recovery): Kt hp phn trm thu
hi v phn trm cn trong bnh ct.
Phn trm cn (Percent residue): Th tch ca phn cn trong bnh v
c tnh bng phn trm so vi th tch mu em ct.
46
47
48
Thit b xc nh im nh git ca m
Thit b xc nh to bt ca du nhn
nht quy c l t s gia thi gian chy qua nht k (tnh bng giy)
ca 200 ml sn phm du m cn th nghim nhit cn thit, v thi
gian chy ca 200 ml nc ct 200C. Gi tr ca t s ny biu th thnh
nht quy c Engle ( 0E ).
Cch ghi: E5020 :ch s trn ghi nhit khi o thi gian chy ca
cht lng kho st, ch s di ch nhit ca nc khi o.
Gia nht quy c v nht ng hc c mi quan h thc nghim,
n c biu th bi cng thc gn ng sau:
- Nu nht
t
- Nu nht
t
t 1 n 120mm2/s th:
=
7,31x0E -
6,31
o
E
>120mm2/s th :
= 7,4x0E hay
E = 0,0135 x
p l mt
Ch : cng thc ny c th dng tnh chuyn nht ng hc
thnh nht quy c dng trong thc t. Vic tnh chuyn ngc li t
nht quy c Qu.t thnh nht ng hc th khng nn do vic xc nh
nht quy c khng chnh xc v ch yu l nht quy c khng phn
nh tnh cht vt l ca cht lng.
-
Ch tiu im nh git ca m:
Phn khng tan trong pentan c th bao gm nhng cht khng tan trong
du v mt s cht nha khng tan trong du c ngun gc t du hoc ph
gia b bin tnh hay c hai.
Nhng cht khng tan trong toluen c ngun gc t vic nhim bn t
bn ngoi, nhng hp cht c hm lng cacbon cao sinh ra do s bin tnh
ca du hay ph gia hay do s n mn vt liu.
ngha ca hm lng cht khng tan trong pentan hay khng tan trong
toluen (khng c cht ng t) v hm lng nha khng tan l nh gi s
thay i tnh cht ca du nhn.
-
Ch tiu to bt ca du nhn:
Xc nh c tnh tch kh
Xc nh xuyn kim ca m v bitum
Xc nh chy mm ca bitum
Xc nh im nh git ca m
Xc nh hm lng khng tan trong du nhn qua s dng
Xc nh nht v ch s nht ca du nhn
Xc nh to bt ca du nhn
Xc nh ch s khc x ca dung mi
6.
7.
8.
9.
54
56
P N CC CU HI V BI KIM TRA
Bi kim tra s 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. d
11. b
12. d
Bi kim tra s 2:
1. b
2. b
3. a
4. d
5. d
Bi kim tra s 3:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
c
57
8.
9.
10. c
58
Cch tnh im
Trng s
im thc hnh,
tho lun (TH)
im bi
kim tra
(KT)
im bi thi (da
trn bo co, tiu
lun, bn v) (BT)
30%
20%
50%
im bi i )/4
i 1
59
Cch xp loi im ca mn hc
im
Xp loi
Khng t
8- 10
Gii
7- cn 8
Kh
5- cn 7
Trung bnh
3,5-cn 5
Yu
< 3,5
Km
60
61