MC LC

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN KHNG DY......................3

1. nh ngha..........................................................................................................3
2. Cu trc ca mng cm bin khng dy..............................................................3
2.1.1 Vi iu khin...............................................................................................3
2.1.2 Sensor.........................................................................................................3
2.1.3 B pht radio..............................................................................................3
3.c im ca mng cm bin khng dy.............................................................4
4. ng dng ca mng cm bin khng dy...........................................................7
5. Nhng thch thc ca mng cm bin khng dy.............................................11
6. S khc nhau gia WSN v mng truyn thng................................................12
CHNG 2: MT S GIAO THC MAC TRONG MNG CM BIN KHNG
DY......................................................................................................................... 13
1. Giao Thc Mac.................................................................................................13
1.1 Yu cu thit k giao thc MAC cho mng cm bin khng dy.................14
2. Cc nguyn nhn gy nn lng ph nng lng.................................................16
3. Cc giao thc MAC trong mng cm nhn khng dy......................................18
3.1 CSMA..........................................................................................................18
3.2. Sensor-MAC...............................................................................................18
3.3. Tim e out-MAC..........................................................................................19
CHNG 3: K THUT TRUYN TN HIU V CC M HNH TRONG MNG
KHNG DY..........................................................................................................21
1.K thut truyn tn hiu trong mng khng dy.................................................21
1.1.Gii thiu.....................................................................................................21
1.2 DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum................................................22
1.3.WLAN Media Access Control.....................................................................23
1.3.1 CSMA/CA..........................................................................................23
1.3.2 RTS/CTS............................................................................................24
2.Cc m hnh mng khng dy............................................................................25
Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai Duyn Page 1

2.1 M hnh Ad-Hoc........................................................................................25

2.2 M hnh Infrastructure 1............................................................................25
2.3 M hnh Infrastructure 2.............................................................................26

Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai Duyn Page 2

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN KHNG DY

1. nh ngha
Mng cm bin khng dy (WSN) c th hiu n gin l mng lin kt cc node vi
nhau bng kt ni sng v tuyn, trong cc node mng thng l cc thit b n
gin, nh gn, gi thnh thp v c s lng ln, c phn b mt cch khng c h
thng trn mt din tch rng, s dng ngun nng lng hn ch v c th hot ng
trong mi trng khc nghit (cht c, nhim, nhit cao).
2. Cu trc ca mng cm bin khng dy
Cu trc ca mt mng cm bin khng dy gm : node cm bin v mng cm
nhn.Mt node cm bin c cu to bi 3 thnh phn c bn sau: Vi iu khin,
Sensor, b pht radio. Ngoi ra cn c cc cng kt ni my tnh.
2.1 Vi iu khin.
Bao gm: CPU; b nh ROM, RAM; b phn chuyn i tn hiu tng t thnh tn
hiu s v ngc li.
2.2 Sensor.
Chc nng: cm nhn th gii bn ngoi, sau chuyn d liu qua b phn chuyn
i x l.
2.3 B pht radio.
Node cm bin l thnh phn quan trng nht trong WSN, do vy vic thit k cc
node cm bin sao cho c th tit kim c ti a ngun nng lng l vn quan
trng hng u.

Mng cm nhn.

Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai Duyn Page 3

Hnh 1.1 Phn b node cm bin trong cc trng hp cm bin

Hnh 1.1 cho chng ta thy, mng cm nhn bao gm rt nhiu cc node cm bin c
phn b trong mt trng cm bin. Cc node ny c kh nng thu thp d liu thc t,
sau chn ng (theo phng php a bc nhy ) chuyn nhng d liu ny v
node gc. Node gc lin lc vi node qun l nhim v thng qua Internet hoc v
tinh. Vic thit k mng cm nhn nh trong m hnh
3.c im ca mng cm bin khng dy
- Kh nng chu li: Mt s cc node cm bin c kh nng khng hot ng na do
thiu nng lng, do nhng h hng vt l hoc do nh hng ca mi trng. Kh
nng chu li th hin vic mng vn hot ng bnh thng, duy tr nhng chc
nng ca n ngay c khi mt s node mng khng hot ng.
- Kh nng m rng: Khi nghin cu mt hin tng, s lng cc node cm bin
c trin khai c th n hng trm nghn node, ph thuc vo tng ng dng m con
s ny c th vt qu hng trm nghn node. Do cu trc mng c kh nng m rng
ph hp vi tng ng dng c th.
- Gi thnh sn xut: V mng cm nhn bao gm mt s lng ln cc node cm
bin nn chi ph mi node l rt quan trng trong vic iu chnh chi ph mng. Do vy
chi ph mi node cm bin phi gi mc thp.
- Tch hp phn cng: V s lng node cm bin trong mng l nhiu nn node cm
bin cn phi c cc rng buc phn cng sau: Kch thc nh, tiu th nng lng t,

Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai Duyn Page 4

chi ph sn xut t, thch hp vi mi trng, c kh nng t cu hnh v hot ng

khng cn gim st.
- Mi trng hot ng: Cc node cm bin thng kh dy c v phn b trc tip
trong mi trng (k c mi trng nhim, c hi hay di nuc). Node cm
bin phi thch ng vi nhiu loi mi trng v s thay i ca mi trng.
- Cc phng tin truyn dn: mng cm nhn, cc node c kt ni vi nhau
trong mi trng khng dy, mi trng truyn dn c th l sng v tuyn, hng
ngoi hoc nhng phng tin quang hc. thit lp c s hot ng thng nht
chung cho cc mng ny th cc phng tin truyn dn phi c chn ph hp trn
ton th gii.
- Cu hnh mng cm nhn: Mng cm nhn bao gm mt s lng ln cc node
cm bin, do phi thit lp mt cu hnh n nh.
- S tiu th nng lng: Mi node cm bin c trang b ngun nng lng gii
hn. Trong mt s ng dng, vic b sung ngun nng lng l khng th thc hin
c. V vy thi gian sng ca mng ph thuc vo thi gian sng ca node cm
bin, thi gian sng ca node cm bin li ph thuc vo thi gian sng ca pin. Do
vy, hin nay cc nh khoa hc ang n lc tm ra cc gii thut v giao thc thit k
cho cc node mng nhm tit kim ngun nng lng hn ch ny.

- Kin trc giao thc mng cm nhn

Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai Duyn Page 5

Kin trc giao thc p dng cho mng cm nhn c trnh by trong hnh 1.2. Kin
trc ny bao gm cc lp v cc mt phng qun l. Cc mt phng qun l ny lm
cho cc node c th lm vic cng nhau theo cch c hiu qu nht, nh tuyn d liu
trong mng cm nhn di ng v chia s ti nguyn gia cc node cm bin.
+ Lp vt l: c nhim v la chn tn s, to ra tn s sng mang,pht hin tn
hiu, iu ch v m ho tn hiu.
+ Lp lin kt s liu: C nhim v ghp cc lung d liu, pht hin cc
khung d liu, cch truy cp ng truyn v iu khin li. V mi trng c
tp m v cc node cm bin c th di ng, giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi
trng (MAC) phi xt n vn cng sut v phi c kh nng ti u ho
vic va cham vi thng tin qung b ca cc node ln cn.
+ Lp mng: Quan tm n vic chn ng s liu c cung cp bi lp
truyn ti.
+ Lp truyn ti: gip duy tr lung s liu nu ng dng mng cm nhn yu
cu. Lp truyn ti ch cn thit khi h thng c k hoch c truy cp thng
qua mng Internet v cc mng bn ngoi khc.
+ Lp ng dng: tu theo nhim v cm bin, cc loi phn mm ng dng
khc nhau c th c xy dng v s dng lp ng dng.
+ Mt phng qun l cng sut: iu khin vic s dng cng sut ca node
cm bin. V d:
Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai Duyn Page 6

o Node cm bin c th tt b thu sau khi n nhn mt bn tin

trnh to ra cc bn tin ging nhau.
o Khi mc cng sut ca node cm bin thp, n s pht qung
b sang cc node cm bin bn cnh thng bo rng mc nng
lng ca n thp v n khng th tham gia vo qu trnh nh
tuyn. Cng sut cn li c ginh cho nhim v cm bin.
+ Mt phng qun l di chuyn: C nhim v pht hin v ng k s chuyn
ng ca cc node. T c th xc nh xem ai l hng xm ca mnh.
+ Mt phng qun l nhim v: C nhim v cn bng v sp xp nhim v
cm bin gia cc node trong vng u thc hin nhim v cm bin ti cng
mt thi im.
4. ng dng ca mng cm bin khng dy.
WSN bao gm cc node cm bin nh. Thch ng c mi trng khc nghit.
Nhng node cm bin ny, cm nhn c mi trng xung quanh, sau gi nhng
thng tin thu c n trung tm x l theo ng dng. Cc node khng nhng c
th lin lc vi cc node xung quanh n, m cn c th x l d liu thu c trc khi
gi n cc node khc. WSN cung cp rt nhiu cc ng dng hu ch nhiu lnh vc
trong cuc sng.
-Cc ng dng trong bo v mi trng
o
o
o
o
o
o

Pht hin mn, cht c trong mi trng.

Gim st l lt, bo, gi, ma
Pht hin nhim, cht thi.
Pht hin hot ng ni la.
Pht hin ng t.
Gim st chy rng.

-Cc ng dng trong y t.

o
o
o
o
o

nh v theo di bnh nhn.

H thng bo ng khn cp.
Cm bin gn trc tip ln c th con ngi.
phn tch nng cc cht.
Chm sc sc kho.

Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai Duyn Page 7

o H tr chm sc bnh nhn.

Hnh 1.3 Cc ng dng trong y t

-Cc ng dng trong gia nh.
o H thng giao tip v iu khin t xa cc thit b.
o H thng cnh bo an ninh

Hnh 1.4 ng dng iu khin trong gia nh.

Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai Duyn Page 8

-H thng giao thng thng minh

Giao tip gia bin bo v phng tin giao thng.
H thng iu tit lu lng cng cng.
H thng bo hiu tai nn, kt xe
H thng nh v phng, tr gip iu khin t ng phng tin giao thng.

o
o
o
o
o

Hnh 1.5. ng dng nh v phng tin giao thng

-ng dng trong an ninh, qun s
o
o
o
o

nh v, theo di di chuyn ca cc thit b qun s.

iu khin t ng cc thit b qun s, robot..
Kch hot thit b, v kh qun s.
theo di bin gii kyt hp vi v tinh.

Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai Duyn Page 9

Hnh 1.6. ng dnh cm bin trong qun s

-ng dng trong thng mi.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Qun l kin trc v xy dng.

Qun l sn xut.
H thng x l vt liu.
Qun l ti trong tiu th in nng.
iu khin nhit .
H thng t ng.
Thu thp d liu thi gian thc.

Hnh 1.7. Cc ng dng trong cng nghip.

5. Nhng thch thc ca mng cm bin khng dy.
WSN thc s tr ln rng khp trong cc ng dng, mt s thch thc v tr ngi
cn vt qua.
Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 10

Vn v nng lng.
Nng lc x l, tnh ton.
B nh lu tr
Thch ng tt vi mi trng
Ngoi ra cn c mt s thch thc tr ngi th yu nh: Vn m rng
mng, gi thnh cc node, quyn s hu

6. S khc nhau gia WSN v mng truyn thng

Da vo trnh by trn, ta d dng nhn thy s khc nhau gia WSN v cc mng
truyn thng:
-

S lng node cm bin trong mt mng cm nhn ln hn nhiu ln so

vi node khc trong cc mng truyn thng.

Cc node cm bin thng c trin khai vi mt dy hn.
Nhng node cm bin d hng, ngng hot ng hn.
Cu trc mng cm nhn thay i kh thng xuyn
Mng cm nhn ch yu s dng truyn thng qung b, trong khi a

s cc mng truyn thng l im im.

Nhng node cm bin c gii hn v nng lng, kh nng tnh ton, b

nh.
Nhng node cm bin c th khng c s nh dng ton cu(global

identification) (ID)..
Truyn nng lng hiu qu qua cc phng tin khng dy.
Chia s nhim v gia cc node lng ging.

Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 11

CHNG 2: MT S GIAO THC MAC TRONG MNG CM BIN

KHNG DY
1. Giao Thc Mac
Mng cm bin khng dy l loi mng c bit vi s lng ln nt cm bin c
trang b b vi x l, thnh phn cm bin v thnh phn qun l sng v tuyn. Cc nt
cm bin cng tc vi nhau hon thnh mt nhim v chung. Trong nhiu ng dng,
cc nt cm bin s c trin khai phi cu trc nh mng ad hoc. Chng phi t t
chc hnh thnh mt mng khng dy a bc nhy. Thch thc chung trong mng
khng dy l vn xung t do hai nt gi d liu cng lc trn cng knh truyn
Giao thc iu khin truy nhp ng truyn (MAC) c pht trin gip
mi nt quyt nh khi no v lm sao truy nhp knh. Vn ny cng c bit
nh s nh v knh hoc a truy nhp. Lp MAC c xem xt bnh thng nh mt
lp con ca lp lin kt d liu trong giao thc mng. Nhng giao thc MAC
nghin cu rng ri trn nhng lnh vc truyn thng ca truyn thng ting ni v d
liu khng dy. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (Time Division multiple Access TDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (Frequency Division Multiple Access FDMA) v a truy nhp phn chia theo m (Code Division Multiple Access - CDMA)
l nhng giao thc MAC c s dng rng ri trong nhng h thng truyn thng t
bo hin i.
tng c bn ca cc phng php trn truy nhp trn mt knh dung chung, kt qu
trong s phi hp xc sut c iu kin, khng cn cp pht sn knh truyn.
Xung t c th xy ra trong thi gian th tc cnh tranh trong nhng h thng nh
vy.
Mng cm bin khc vi mng d liu khng dy truyn thng trn mt vi kha cnh.
Trc ht, a s cc nt trong nhng mng cm bin hot ng da trn ngun in
pin, v rt kh np in cho nhng ngun pin ca tt c cc nt. Th hai, nhng nt
thng c trin khai trong mt kiu cch c bit. phi cu trc; chng phi t t
chc hnh thnh mt mng truyn thng. Ba l, nhiu ng dng cn phi s dng s
lng ln nhng nt, v mt nt s thay i ti nhng a im v thi gian khc
nhau, vi c nhng mng mt tha ln nhng nt vi nhiu ln cn. Cui cng, a
s cc lu thng trong mng c thc y bi nhng s kin cm ng, phn b khng
Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 12

u v rt co cm. Tt c nhng c trng ny cho thy nhng giao thc MAC truyn
thng khng thch hp cho nhng mng cm bin khng dy nu khng c nhng s
ci bin.
1.1 Yu cu thit k giao thc MAC cho mng cm bin khng dy.
+ Trnh xung t
Tnh trnh xung t (Collision Advoidance) l mt yu cu c bn ca tt c cc giao
thc MAC, n xc nh khi no mt nt c th truy nhp ng truyn v thc hin
trao i d liu.
+ Hiu qu nng lng
Tnh hiu nng (Energy Efficiency) l mt trong nhng thuc tnh quan trng nht
nhng giao thc MAC mng cm bin. Nh cp trn, a s cc nt cm bin
hot ng bng pin, rt kh thay i hoc np in li cho pin ca nhng nt ny.
Thc t, nhiu mc ch thit k ca nhng mng cm bin c xy dng bng nhng
nt r vt b hn l np li. Trong tt c cc trng hp, vic ko di c cuc i
ca mi nt l mt vn then cht. D vi nn tng phn cng no, nng lng cho
thu pht sng v tuyn l ngun tiu th nng lng chnh. Lp MAC trc tip iu
khin hot ng thu pht sng v tuyn, v s tiu th nng lng ca n nh th no
nh hng ng k ti c cuc i ca nt.
+ Kh nng thch ng v bin i c
Tnh bin i c v kh nng thch ng (Scalability and Adaptivity) l nhng thuc
tnh lin quan ca mt giao thc MAC iu tit nhng s thay i trong kch thc
mng, mt v topo mng. Nhiu nt c th khng hoc ngng hot ng trong thi
gian di; vi nt mi c th tham gia v sau; mt vi nt khc c th di chuyn ti
nhng v tr khc. Mt giao thc MAC tt cn phi iu tit nhng s thay i nh vy
mt cch hp l. Tnh bin i c v kh nng thch ng thay i trong kch
thc, mt v topo mng l nhng thuc tnh quan trng, bi v nhng mng cm
bin c trin khai phi cu trc v thng hot ng trong nhng mi trng khng
chc chn.
+ Kh nng s dng knh
V fairness i vi tng nt hoc tng ngi dng tr nn t quan trng hn.
Tm li, cc vn nu trn l nhng thuc tnh th S s dng knh(Channel
utilization) phn chiu ton b bng thng ca knh c dng trong truyn thng ra
Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 13

sao, n cng c cp nh s s dng bng thng hoc dung lng knh truyn.
l mt vn quan trng i vi h thng in thoi t bo hoc mng cc b khng
dy (WLANs), khi bng thng l ti nguyn qu gi nht trong nhng h thng nh
vy v cc nh cung cp dch v u mun cng nhiu ngi dng cng tt. Mt khc,
s nhng nt hot ng trong mng cm bin ch yu v c xc nh bi loi ng
dng. S s dng knh thng l mt mc tiu th nh trong nhng mng cm bin.
+ tr
tr (Latency) l s tr hon mt nt gi c mt gi tin gi cho n khi gi tin
c nhn thnh cng bi nt nhn. Trong mng cm bin, s quan trng ca tr
ph thuc vo ng dng. Trong nhng ng dng nh gim st hoc theo di, cc nt
cm bin khng hot ng phn ln thi gian cho n khi mt s kin no c
pht hin. Nhng ng dng ny c th thng b qua s tr thng ip b sung no ,
bi v tc mng nhanh hn tc ca mt i tng vt l. Tc cm bin i
tng t mt ranh gii trn v tc phn ng m mng phi t c. Trong khong
thi gian khng c s kin cm ng, c rt t d liu trao i trong mng. S tr mc
nh hn mt giy cho mt khi to mt thng bo sau thi k nhn ri th khng quan
trng bng s tit kim nng lng v thi gian hot ng ca thit b. Nhng ngc
li, sau khi cm bin xc nh c s kin, hot ng vi tr thp thnh quan mc
tiu quan trng.
+Thng lng
Thng lng (Throughput) cp ti s lng ca d liu chuyn thnh cng t mt
ni gi n mt ni nhn trong mt khong thi gian cho trc. Nhiu nhn t nh
hng n thng lng, bao gm hiu qu ca s trnh xung t, s s dng knh,
tr, v x l thng tin iu khin. Ging vi tr, s quan trng ca thng lng ph
thuc vo loi ng dng. Nhng ng dng cm bin m yu cu vng i lu thng
chp nhn tr nhiu hn v thng lng thp hn.
+ Cng bng
Fairness th hin kh nng nhng ngi dng, nhng nt hoc nhng ng dng khc
nhau cng nhau chia s knh truyn mt cch cng bng. N l mt thuc tnh quan
trng trong mng ting ni hoc nhng mng d liu truyn thng, mt khi mi ngi
dng mong mun mt c hi nh nhau gi hoc nhn d liu cho nhng ng dng
Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 14

ca chnh mnh. Tuy nhin, trong nhng mng cm bin, tt c cc nt hp tc cho mt

nhim v chung n l. ti thi im c bit, mt nt c th c nhiu d liu hn
gi so vi cc nt khc, nh vy, hn l i x vi mi nt cng bng, thnh cng
c o bi s thc hin ca ng dng, hin nhng c trng ca mt giao thc MAC.
i vi mng cm bin khng dy, nhng yu t quan trng nht l s trnh xung t
c hiu qu, hiu qu nng lng, tnh bin i v thch ng c vi mt v s
lng nt.
2. Cc nguyn nhn gy nn lng ph nng lng
+ Xung t
S xung t (Collision) l nguyn nhn u tin gy tiu ph nng lng. Khi hai gi
c truyn cng thi im s xy ra xung t, chng b hng v phi c loi b.
Yu cu truyn li gi tin sau s lm pht sinh s tiu hao nng lng. Do tt c
cc giao thc MAC c gng trnh xung t bng mi cch.
+ Nghe khi ri
Nguyn nhn th hai gy tiu hao nng lng l vn nghe khi ri (Idle Listening).
N xy ra khi thnh phn sng v tuyn thc hin nghe knh xem c d liu khng
nhn. S tiu hao ny c bit cao trong nhng ng dng mng cm bin, ni khng
c d liu trao i trong thi gian khng c s kin c cm bin.
Nhiu giao thc MAC (nh CSMA v CDMA) lun lun nghe knh khi hot ng d
khng c d liu gi. Chi ph chnh xc ca vn nghe khi ri ph thuc vo phn
cng v ch hot ng thnh phn sng v tuyn. a s cc mng cm bin c
thit k hot ng trong thi gian di v cc nt cm bin cng s trong trng thi
nghe khi ri mt thi gian di. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, nghe khi ri l mt
yu t chnh trong vn tiu th nng lng ca thnh phn sng v tuyn.
+ Nghe tha
Nguyn nhn th ba l vn nghe tha (overhearing) xut hin khi mt nt nhn
c nhng gi tin m c dnh cho nhng nt khc. Phi nghe tha nhng lu
thng khng cn thit, khng ginh cho mnh c th l mt nhn t chnh gy tiu hao
nng lng khi lu lng, ti truyn tng v mt phn b nt cao.
Nguyn nhn cui cng m chng ta xem xt l s x l gi tin iu khin. S gi,
nhn, v nghe nhng gi tin iu khin cng tiu th nng lng. Khi nhng gi iu
Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 15

khin khng trc tip chuyn ch d liu, chng cng lm gim goodput. Mt giao
thc MAC thit k cho mng cm bin phi t c yu cu tit kim nng lng bi
vic iu khin thnh phn sng v tuyn trnh hoc gim bt tiu ph nng lng
do nhng nguyn nhn trn. Vic tt thnh phn sng v tuyn khi n cha c cn
n l mt chin lc quan trng cho vic tit kim nng lng. Mt lc qun l
nng lng y phi xem xt tt c cc ngun lm tiu ph nng lng, khng phi
l ch l thnh phn sng v tuyn.
3. Cc giao thc MAC trong mng cm nhn khng dy
3.1 CSMA
Cc giao thc m trong cc trm lm vic lng nghe ng truyn trc khi a ra
quyt nh mnh phi lm g tng ng vi trng thi ng truyn c gi l cc
giao thc c cm nhn ng truyn (carrier sense protocol). Cch thc hot ng
ca CSMA nh sau: lng nghe knh truyn, nu thy knh truyn ri th bt u truyn
khung, nu thy ng truyn bn th tr hon li vic gi khung. Th nhng tr hon
vic gi khung cho n khi no?
C ba gii php:
- Theo di khng kin tr (Non-persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn bn, i trong
mt khong thi gian ngu nhin ri tip tc nghe li ng truyn.
- Theo di kin tr (persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn bn, tip tc nghe n khi
ng truyn ri ri th truyn gi tin vi xc sut bng 1.
- Theo di kin tr vi xc sut p (P-persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn bn, tip tc
nghe n khi ng truyn ri ri th truyn gi tin vi xc sut bng p.
D thy rng giao thc CSMA cho d l theo di ng truyn kin tr hay khng kin
tr th kh nng trnh xung t vn tt hn l ALOHA. Tuy th, xung t vn c th
xy ra trong CSMA.
3.2. Sensor-MAC
S-MAC c gii thiu bi cc tc gi: Wei Ye, Jonh Heidermann, Deborah Estrin ti
Hi ngh INFOCOM ln th 21, nm 2002. c xy dng trn nn tng ca cc giao
thc cnh tranh nh 802.11, S-Mac c gng k tha s linh hot, tnh kh bin ca giao
thc trn nn cnh tranh trong khi ci tin tnh hiu qu s dng nng lng trong
Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 16

mng a bc nhy. S-MAC c gng gim bt tiu th nng lng t tt c cc ngun

c xc nh l nguyn nhn gy tiu hao nng lng, l: nghe khi ri (idle
listening), xung t (collision), nghe tha (overhearing) v x l thng tin iu khin
(overhead). t c mc ch nh thit k, S-MAC c thit k gm c ba vn
chnh: thc hin chu k thc - ng; trnh xung t v nghe tha; x l thng ip.
Thc hin chu k thc/ng
Nhng ng dng ca mng cm bin, nt cm bin thng trng thi nhn ri trong
phn Trong ln thi gian nu khng xut hin s kin cm bin Thc t tc trao i
d liu rt thp do vy khng cn thit cc nt cm . bin trng thi cch cho
nt cm bin nh k chuyn sang trng thi thc trong tt c thi gian. S-MAC c
thit k gim bt thi gian thc bng ng. V d, trong chu k mt giy, nt cm
bin trng thi ng na giy v trng thi nghe na giy cn li th chu trnh hot
ng gim bt ti 50%. Nh vy c th tit kim c 50% nng lng.
3.3. Time out-MAC
Mc d thc hin gim tiu hao nng lng bng vic gim thi gian ch nghe
qua gii php thc hin chu trnh thc/ng c nh, nhng gii php ny ca S-MAC
cha t hiu qu ti u. S-MAC c hai tham s quan trng: ln ca khung thi
gian (frame time) v di thi gian thc (active time). ln khung thi gian b gii
hn bi yu cu v tr cho php v ln b m. ln thi gian thc ph thuc
ch yu trn tc pht sinh thng ip: n phi ln nt cm bin c th pht i
tt c cc thng ip ca n trong khong thi gian thc. Trong khi yu cu tr v
khng gian b m ni chung l c nh th tc pht sinh thng ip thng thay
i. m bo tt c cc thng ip c pht nh mong mun, nt cm bin phi
c ci t mt thi gian thc sao cho c th x l mc thng lng cao nht.
Nhng khi thng lng xung thp th thi gian thc s khng c s dng ti u v
do nng lng s b lng ph do vn nghe khi ri (idle listening).
Giao thc iu khin truy nhp T-MAC (Timeout-MAC) do hai tc gi Tijs van
Dam v Koen Langendoen, khoa Cng ngh thng tin v cc h thng, Trng i hc
cng ngh Delft, H Lan, gii thiu ti Hi ngh quc t v cc h thng mng cm
bin nhng ln th nht ti Los Angeles, M, nm 2003 (Sensys03), l s ci tin SGing vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 17

MAC khc phc nhc im trn. tng mi ca giao thc T-MAC l gim bt
thi gian nghe khi ri bng vic truyn tt c cc thng ip trong nhng cm (burst)
c di thay i ty theo, v thc hin ng gia cc cm, xc nh mt cch mm
do di ti u thi gian thc theo s thay i ca lu lng ng truyn.

CHNG 3: K THUT TRUYN TN HIU V CC M HNH TRONG

MNG KHNG DY
1. K thut truyn tn hiu trong mng khng dy
1.1. Gii thiu

Hnh 1.8:Cc k thut dng trong chun 802.11

Chun 802.11 nh ngha mt s phng thc v k thut truyn khc nhau cho mng
ni b khng dy. Chun ny bao gm c k thut RF(Radio Requency) v IR(Infra
Red). Cc k thut truyn dng trong mng khng dy da trn nguyn l tri ph,
thay v truyn trn mt tn s d b nhiu v mt mt d liu th chng ta truyn tn
hiu trn nhiu tn s song song hoc lun phin. K thut tri ph c dng rt nhiu
Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 18

trong mng khng dy v k thut ny chng nhiu v bo mt tt. Cc k thut truyn

tn hiu dng trong 802.11:
- K thut tri ph nhy tn (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum FHSS).
- K thut tri ph tun t trc tip (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS).
- K thut truyn song song cc sng mang c tn s trc giao vi nhau.
1.2 DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
DSSS l k thut cho php tn hiu truyn i c tri trn nhiu tn s hot ng ng
thi nhm gim n mc ti thiu s nhiu v mt mt d liu. Tn hiu ban u c
kt hp vi mt tn hiu h thng (tn hiu ny gi l chipping code) trc khi truyn
trn mi trng sng. Tn hiu c tri trn 7 hoc 11 tn ty theo chiu di ca
chipping code. Theo t chc FFC (Federal Communications Commission) quy nh
bng tn hot ng ca DSSS l 900 MHz (902 - 928MHz) v 2.4GHz (2.4
-2.483GHz).

Hnh 1.9: M t k thut DSSS

D liu dng bit ca ngi dng ti my gi kt hp vi gi tr chip code (trong hnh
trn th chiu di chip code l 7 bit) ca h thng vi php ton XOR, Kt qu t c
l 7 bit s c truyn trn 7 tn s khc nhau. Khi n my nhn cc bit ny cng s
kt hp vi chip code vi php ton XOR, nu s bit 1 trong kt qu nhn c nhiu
hn s bit 0 th d liu c nhn l bit 1, ngc li d liu nhn c l bit 0.Vi
cch hot ng trn k thut DSSS c bo mt cao v cc my nhn d liu phi bit
trc chip code, ng thi khi c tc nhn lm nhiu mt phn ca dy tn th h thng
vn hot ng tt.

Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 19

1.3. WLAN Media Access Control

1.3.1 CSMA/CA

Hnh 1.10: K thut CSMA/CA

Ti tng con MAC ca tng Data Link, 802.11b dng k thut cm sng a truy cp
trnh ng CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance)
khc phc tnh trng ng do cc my trm cng truyn tn hiu ti mt thi im.
My trm khng dy (Wireless Station 1) mun truyn tn hiu ln mng th phi lng
nghe xem c my trm no ang truyn trn mng khng, bng cch gi mt tn hiu
LBT (Listen Before Talk).Nu mi trng truyn khng dy ang b s dng th my
trm ny i mt khong thi gian ngu nhin, sau tip tc lng nghe. Do thi gian
i l ngu nhin nn cc my trm ang i s gi d liu li tn hiu vo nhng thi
im khc nhau (trnh c ng ).Nu my trm 1 lng nghe khng thy my trm
no khc truyn tn hiu th my trm ny bt u truyn Data Frame. Bn my nhn,
sau khi nhn hon tt d liu, my ny s gi mt tn hiu ACK (acknowledgment
signal) n my trm 1 thng bo qu trnh truyn nhn d liu thnh cng.
1.3.2 RTS/CTS

Hnh 1.11: M phng mng khng dy

Trong hnh trn chng ta quan st thy: my 1 nhn thy my 2, my 2 nhn thy my 1
v my 3, my3 ch nhn thy my 2.Tm li my 1 khng nhn thy my 3. Vn
Node n xut hin trong mng kt ni mt im n nhiu im (point to multi-point
Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 20

network), vn ny cng xut hin khi mng c nhiu hn 3 node. Trong mi trng
CSMA/CA th my trm 1 v my trm 3 truyn nhn d liu rt tt nhng my trm 2
th c th mt d liu.Vn Node n c gii quyt bi k thut RTS/CTS (request
to send/clear to send).

My trm 1 mun gi d liu n my trm 2, trc tin phi gi tn hiu RTS, my 2

nhn c tn hiu ny th gi tip tn hiu CTS bo cho mi ngi bit bt u nhn
d liu. Nh c tn hiu CTS ny m my 3 bit l my 2 ang nhn d liu, trnh
c tnh trng ng v my 3 khng nhn c tn hiu RTS.Sau cng my 1 nhn
c tn hiu CTS ca my 2 th bt u truyn d liu.
2. Cc m hnh mng khng dy
2.1 M hnh Ad-Hoc
Ad-Hoc Wireless LAN l mt nhm cc my tnh, mi my trang b mt Wireless card,
chng ni kt vi nhau to mt mng LAN khng dy c lp. Cc my tnh trong
cng mt Ad-Hoc Wireless LAN phi c cu hnh dng chung cng mt knh radio.
M hnh mng ny thng dng trong mt tng lu ca cng ty hoc gia nh (SOHO).
M hnh mng ny l m hnh cc my tnh lin lc trc tip vi nhau khng thng qua
Access Point do tit kim nhng hn ch s lng my trm. M hnh ny cn c
tn gi khc l IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set). Ch , cc my cng trong mt
mng theo m hnh Ad-Hoc phi c cng cc thng s nh: BSSID, knh truyn, tc
truyn d liu.

Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 21

Hnh 1.12: M hnh Ad-Hoc

u im ca m hnh Ad-Hoc: l kt ni Peer-to-Peer khng cn dng Access
Point, chi ph thp, cu hnh v ci t n gin.
Khuyt im ca m hnh Ad-Hoc: khong cch gia cc my trm b gii hn,
s lng ngi dng cng b gii hn, khng tch hp c vo mng c dy sn
c.
2.2 M hnh Infrastructure 1
M hnh Infrastructure l m hnh mng LAN khng dy, trong cc my trm
khng dy (dng Wireless card) kt ni vi nhau thng qua thit b Access
Point.Access Point l mt thit b mng cho php iu khin v qun l tt c cc kt
ni gia cc trm khng dy vi nhau v gia cc trm khng dy vi cc trm trong
mng LAN dng k thut khc.Thit b ny cng m bo ti u nht thi gian truyn
d liu trong mng khng dy v m rng mng khng dy. M hnh ny cn gi l
m hnh BSS (Basic Service Set). Ch , cc my cng trong mt mng theo m hnh
Infrastructure phi c cng cc thng s nh: BSSID, knh truyn, tc truyn d
liu vi thit b Access Point.

Hnh 1.13: M hnh Infrastructure1

u im ca m hnh Infrastructure1: cc my trm khng kt ni trc tip c vi
nhau, cc my trm trong mng khng dy c th kt ni vi h thng mng c dy.
Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 22

Khuyt im ca m hnh Infrastructure1: gi thnh cao, ci t v cu hnh phc tp

hn m hnh Ad- Hoc.
2.3 M hnh Infrastructure 2
M hnh Infrastructure 2 cng tng t nh m hnh 1, nhng khc trong m hnh 2
cc Access Point xa nhau c th kt ni vi nhau thng qua mng c dy, m hnh
ny cn gi l m hnh ESS (Extended Service Set).

Hnh 1.14: M hnh Infrastructure2

Ging vin: Nguyn L Mai DuynPage 23