TI

Module Ethernet trn vi iu khin

PIC18F67J60 v ng dng trong o lng, iu
khin (Phn mm trn MPLAB)

Gio vin hng dn

H tn sinh vin

MC LC

M U ....................................................................................................................1
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V ETHERNET .........................................................6
1.1. Cu trc khung tin Ethernet ..............................................................................6
1.2. Cu trc a ch Ethernet...................................................................................7
1.3. Cc loi khung Ethernet....................................................................................7
1.3.1. Cc khung unicast .....................................................................................7
1.3.2. Cc khung broadcast.................................................................................8
1.3.3. Cc khung multicast .................................................................................8
1.4. Truy nhp bus...................................................................................................8
1.5. Cc loi mng Ethernet...................................................................................10
1.5.1. Cc h thng Ethernet 10Mb/s.................................................................10
1.5.2. Cc h thng Ethernet 100 Mb/s Ethernet cao tc ( Fast Ethernet )......11
1.5.3. Cc h thng Giga Ethernet....................................................................11
1.6. Chun IEEE 802 .............................................................................................11
CHNG 2. H GIAO THC TCP/IP ...............................................................13
2.1. H giao thc TCP/IP.......................................................................................13
2.1.1. Tng ng Dng (Application Layer) ......................................................13
2.1.2. Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer) ..........................................................14
2.1.3. Tng Internet (Internet Layer) .................................................................14
2.1.4. Lp giao tip mng..................................................................................15
2.2. Cu trc gi tin IP,TCP,UDP..........................................................................15
2.2.1. Cu trc a ch IP ..................................................................................15
2.2.2. Cu trc gi tin IP...................................................................................16
2.2.3. Cu trc gi tin TCP ...............................................................................18
2.2.4. Cu trc gi tin UDP..............................................................................19

CHNG 3. PHN CNG ....................................................................................20

3.1. Vi iu khin PIC 18F67J60 ...........................................................................20
3.1.1. Cc c trng ca PIC 18F67J60 ...........................................................20
3.1.2. Module A/D 10 bit ...................................................................................21
3.1.3. Module Ethernet ......................................................................................24
3.2. Cm bin nhit LM35 ................................................................................25
3.3. Mch nguyn l ..............................................................................................26
3.3.1. Khi mch ngun.....................................................................................26
3.3.2. Khi mch RJ45 ......................................................................................27
3.3.3. Khi mch LCD.......................................................................................28
3.3.4. Khi mch vi iu khin PIC18F67J60....................................................29
3.4 Mch in ...........................................................................................................30
3.5 Mch thc t....................................................................................................31
CHNG 4. TRNH BIN DCH MPLAB C18 V WEB SERVER..................32
4.1. MPLAB C18...................................................................................................32
4.1.1. Gii thiu ................................................................................................32
4.1.2. Cc c trng ca trnh dch MPLAB C18: .............................................32
4.1.3. Qu trnh to ra file .HEX .......................................................................32
4.2. Web ng .......................................................................................................33
4.3. CSS ................................................................................................................34
4.3.1. u im ca CSS.....................................................................................35
4.3.2. Cc c tnh c bn ca CSS...................................................................35
4.3.3. CSS c tnh k tha v tnh kt hp..........................................................37
4.4. K thut AJAX ...............................................................................................38
4.4.1. u im...................................................................................................40
4.4.2. Nhc im ............................................................................................40

CHNG 5. TCP/IP STACK.................................................................................41

5.1. Cu trc ca TCP/IP Stack..............................................................................41
5.2. Hot ng ca TCP/IP Stack...........................................................................42
5.2.1. Cc file cn thit......................................................................................42
5.2.2. Cu trc APP_CONFIG ..........................................................................43
5.2.3. Main file ..................................................................................................43
5.3. Cc module ca Stack v APIs .......................................................................44
5.3.1. Announce.................................................................................................44
5.3.2. HTTP2 server ..........................................................................................45
5.4. Cu hnh cho Stack .........................................................................................49
5.4.1. Cu hnh cho phn cng ..........................................................................49
5.4.2. a ch.....................................................................................................50
5.5. Demo module .................................................................................................51
5.5.1. iu khin led sng tt ............................................................................52
5.5.2. Vit ra LCD .............................................................................................55
5.5.3. o nhit ..............................................................................................61
KT LUN ..............................................................................................................64

M U

Ethernet l kiu mng cc b (LAN) c s dng rng ri nht hin nay, ng

dng ca n c mt rt nhiu lnh vc ca i sng v trong cng nghip. Kha lun
tt nghip vi ti Module Ethernet trn vi iu khin PIC18F67J60 v ng dng
trong o lng, iu khin (Phn mm trn MPLAB) s dng phn mm
MPLAB v th vin TCP/IP Stack ca hng Microchip lp trnh iu khin LED,
LCD v o lng thng qua mng truyn thng Ethernet.
Kha lun bao gm nhng ni dung chnh c bn nh sau:
Chng 1. Tng quan v Ethernet trnh by v l thuyt Ethernet gm cc vn
v cu trc khung tin Ethernet, phng php truy nhp bus (CSMA/CD), cc loi
mng Ethernet v chun Ethernet IEEE 802.3.
Chng 2. H giao thc TCP/IP trnh by kin thc v h giao thc TCP/IP bao
gm 5 tng: tng ng dng (Application Layer), tng giao vn (Transport Layer), tng
lin mng (Internet Layer), tng giao tip mng (Network Interface Layer). Trnh by
cc kin thc v gi tin IP, TCP, UDP.
Chng 3. Phn cng trnh by cc kin thc v vi iu khin PIC18F67J60
bao gm cc c trng chung v c trng Ethernet ca PIC18F67J60, b bin i
A/D, module Ethernet. Cc kin thc v sensor o nhit LM35 cng c trnh by
trong chng ny. Tip theo l phn nguyn l ca mch demo v phn mch in. Cui
cng l hnh nh mch demo thc t s dng trong kha lun.
Chng 4. Trnh bin dch MPLAB C18 v web server gii thiu v trnh bin
dch MPLAB C18 v cc ni dung lin quan n vic thit k web giao din nh l
DHTML, Javascript, CSS, k thut AJAX.
Chng 5. TCP/IP Stack chng ny trnh by v nhim v chnh ca kha lun
l s dng th vin TCP/IP Stack ca Microchip trn phn mm MPLAB C18
lp trnh cho mch demo thc hin o lng v iu khin thng qua mng truyn
thng Ethernet.
Kt lun. Trnh by cc kt qu t c ca kha lun v nh gi cc kt
qu . ng thi, nh hng mt s hng pht trin ca ti.

CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V ETHERNET

Ethernet l kiu mng cc b (LAN) c s dng rng ri nht hin nay. Hin
thi cng ngh Ethernet thng c s dng nht l cng ngh s dng cp i xon
10Mbps.
Ethernet c pht minh ra ti trung tm nghin cu Xerox Palo Alto vo
nhng nm 1970 bi tin s Robert M. Metcalfe . N c thit k vi mc ch
phc v nghin cu trong h thng cng s trong tng lai, bao gm trm c nhn
u tin trn th gii, trm Xerox Alto. Trm Ethernet u tin chy vi tc xp x
3Mbps. Chun Ethernet 10Mbps u tin c xut bn nm 1980 bi s phi hp
pht trin ca 3 hng : DEC, Intel v Xerox. Chun ny c tn DIX Ethernet ( ly tn
theo 3 ch ci u ca tn cc hng).
U ban 802.3 ca IEEE ly DIX Ethernet lm nn tng pht trin. Nm
1985, chun 802.3 u tin ra i vi tn IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collition Detection (CSMA/CD). Mc d khng s dng tn Ethernet
nhng hu ht mi ngi u hiu l chun ca cng ngh Ethernet. Ngy nay
chun IEEE 802.3 l chun chnh thc ca Ethernet. IEEE pht trin chun Ethernet
trn nhiu cng ngh truyn dn khc nhau v th c nhiu loi mng Ethernet. c
bit, vi phin bn 100 Mbit/s (Fast Ethernet, IEEE 802.3u), Ethernet ngy cng ng
mt vai tr quan trng trong cc h thng cng nghip. Bn cnh vic s dng cp
ng trc, i dy xon v cp quang, gn y Ethernet khng dy (Wireless LAN,
IEEE 802.11) cng ang thu ht c s quan tm ln.
1.1. Cu trc khung tin Ethernet
Cc chun Ethernet u hot ng tng Data Link trong m hnh 7 lp OSI v
th n v d liu m cc trm trao i vi nhau l cc khung (frame). Cu trc khung
Ethernet nh sau:
Bng 1: Cu trc khung MAC theo IEEE 802.3/ Ethernet.
M u

SFD

5555H

(D5H)

7 byte

1 byte

a ch
ch

a ch
ngun

di
kiu gi

2/6 byte 2/6 byte 2 byte

D liu

PAD

46-1500 byte

FCS

4 byte

- Preamble (m u): trng ny nh du s xut hin ca khung bit, n lun

mang gi tr 10101010. T nhm bit ny, pha nhn c th to ra xung ng h 10
Mhz.
- SFD (start frame delimiter): trng ny mi thc s xc nh s bt u ca 1
khung. N lun mang gi tr 10101011.
- Cc trng Destination v Source: mang a ch vt l ca cc trm nhn v gi
khung, xc nh khung c gi t u v s c gi ti u.
- LEN: gi tr ca trng ni ln ln ca phn d liu m khung mang theo.
- FCS mang CRC (cyclic redundancy checksum): pha gi s tnh ton trng
ny trc khi truyn khung. Pha nhn tnh ton li CRC ny theo cch tng t. Nu
hai kt qu trng nhau, khung c xem l nhn ng, ngc li khung coi nh l li
v b loi b.
1.2. Cu trc a ch Ethernet
Mi giao tip mng Ethernet c nh danh duy nht bi 48 bit a ch (6 octet).
y l a ch c n nh khi sn xut thit b, gi l a ch MAC (Media
Access Control Address ). a ch MAC c biu din bi cc ch s hexa ( h c
s 16 ). V d:00:60:97:8F:4F:86 hoc 00-60-97-8F-4F-86. Khun dng a ch MAC
c chia lm 2 phn:
- 3 octet u xc nh hng sn xut, chu s qun l ca t chc IEEE.
- 3 octet sau do nh sn xut n nh.
Kt hp ta l c mt a ch MAC duy nht cho mt giao tip mng Ethernet. a
ch MAC c s dng lm a ch ngun v a ch ch trong khung Ethernet.
1.3. Cc loi khung Ethernet
1.3.1. Cc khung unicast
Gi s trm 1 cn truyn khung ti trm 2.
Khung Ethernet do trm 1 to ra c a ch:
- MAC ngun: 00-60-08-93-DB-C1
- MAC ch: 00-60-08-93-AB-12

Hnh 1: M hnh truyn thng unicast.

y l khung unicast. Khung ny c truyn ti mt trm xc nh. Tt c cc
trm trong phn on mng trn s u nhn c khung ny nhng:
- Ch c trm 2 thy a ch MAC ch ca khung trng vi a ch MAC ca
giao tip mng ca mnh nn tip tc x l cc thng tin khc trong khung.
- Cc trm khc sau khi so snh a ch s b qua khng tip tc x l khung
na.
1.3.2. Cc khung broadcast
Cc khung broadcast c a ch MAC ch l FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF. Khi nhn
c cc khung ny, mc d khng trng vi a ch MAC ca giao tip mng ca
mnh nhng cc trm u phi nhn khung v tip tc x l.
Giao thc ARP s dng cc khung broadcast ny tm a ch MAC tng ng
vi mt a ch IP cho trc. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn cng s dng cc khung
broadcast cc router trao i bng nh tuyn.
1.3.3. Cc khung multicast
Trm ngun gi khung ti mt s trm nht nh ch khng phi l tt c. a
ch MAC ch ca khung l a ch c bit m ch cc trm trong cng nhm mi
chp nhn cc khung gi ti a ch ny.
1.4. Truy nhp bus
Mt vn ln thng gy lo ngi trong vic s dng Ethernet cp trng l
phng php truy nhp bus ngu nhin CSMA/CD ( Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Avoidance ) v s nh hng ti hiu sut cng nh tnh nng thi gian

thc ca h thng. y, mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh ti hiu sut ca h

thng l thut ton tnh thi gian truy nhp li cho cc trm trong trng hp xy ra
xung t.

Hnh 2: Minh ha phng php CSMA/CD.

Nguyn tc lm vic phng php CSMA/CD:
Theo phng php CSMA/CD, mi trm u c quyn truy nhp bus m khng
cn mt s kim sot no. Phng php c tin hnh nh sau:
- Mi trm u phi t nghe ng dn (carrier sense), nu ng dn ri (khng
c tn hiu ) th mi c pht.
- Do vic lan truyn tn hiu cn mt thi gian no , nn vn c kh nng hai
trm cng pht tn hiu ln ng dn. Chnh v vy, trong khi pht th mi trm vn
phi nghe ng dn so snh tn hiu pht i vi tn hiu nhn c xem c xy ra
xung t hay khng (collision detection).
- Trong trng hp xy ra xung t, mi trm u phi hy b bc in ca
mnh, ch mt thi gian ngu nhin v th gi li.
Mt tnh hung xy ra xung t tiu biu v cch khc phc c minh ha trn
hnh... Trm A v C cng nghe ng dn. ng dn ri nn A c th gi trc.
Trong khi tn hiu t trm A gi i cha kp ti nn trm C khng hay bit v cng

gi, gy ra xung t ti mt im gn C. A v C s ln lt nhn c tn hiu phn

hi, so snh vi tn hiu gi i v pht hin xung t. C hai trm s cng phi hy b
bc in gi i bng cch khng pht tip, cc trm mun nhn s khng nhn
c c hiu kt thc bc in v s coi nh bc in khng hp l. A v C cng c
th gi i mt tn hiu jam c bit bo cho cc trm cn nhn bit. Sau mi
trm s ch mt thi gian ch ngu nhin, trc khi th pht li. Thi gian ch ngu
nhin y tuy nhin phi c tnh theo mt thut ton no sao cho thi gian
ch ngn mt cch hp l v khng ging nhau gia cc trm cng ch. Thng thng
thi gian ch ny l bi s ca hai ln thi gian lan truyn tn hiu Ts.
u im ca CSMA/CD l tnh cht n gin, linh hot. Khc vi cc phng
php tin nh, vic ghp thm hay b i mt trm trong mng khng nh hng g ti
hot ng ca h thng. Chnh v vy, phng php ny c p dng rng ri trong
mng Ethernet.
Nhc im ca CSMA/CD l tnh cht bt nh ca thi gian phn ng. Cc
trm u bnh ng nh nhau nn qu trnh ch mt trm c th lp i lp li, khng
xc nh c tng i chnh xc thi gian. Hiu sut s dng ng truyn v th
cng thp. R rng, nu nh khng kt hp thm vi cc k thut khc th phng
php ny khng thch hp vi cc cp thp, i hi trao i d liu nh k, thi gian
thc.
1.5. Cc loi mng Ethernet
IEEE pht trin chun Ethernet trn nhiu cng ngh truyn dn khc nhau v
th c nhiu loi mng Ethernet. Mi loi mng c m t da theo ba yu t: tc ,
phng thc tn hiu s dng v c tnh ng truyn vt l.
1.5.1. Cc h thng Ethernet 10Mb/s
- 10Base5. y l tiu chun Ethernet u tin, da trn cp ng trc loi dy.
Tc t c 10 Mb/s, s dng bng tn c s, chiu di cp ti a cho 1 phn
on mng l 500m.
- 10Base2. C tn khc l thin Ethernet , da trn h thng cp ng trc mng
vi tc 10 Mb/s, chiu di cp ti a ca phn on l 185 m (IEEE lm trn
thnh 200m).
- 10BaseT. Ch T l vit tt ca twisted: cp xon cp. 10BaseT hot ng tc
10 Mb/s da trn h thng cp xon cp Cat 3 tr ln.

10

- 10BaseF. F l vit tt ca Fiber Optic ( si quang). y l chun Ethernet dng

cho si quang hot ng tc 10 Mb/s , ra i nm 1993.
1.5.2. Cc h thng Ethernet 100 Mb/s Ethernet cao tc ( Fast Ethernet )
- 100BaseT. Chun Ethernet hot ng vi tc 100 Mb/s trn c cp xon
cp ln cp si quang.
- 100BaseX. Ch X ni ln c tnh m ha ng truyn ca h thng ny (s
dng phng php m ho 4B/5B ca chun FDDI). Bao gm 2 chun 100BaseFX v
100BaseTX:
100BaseFX. Tc 100Mb/s, s dng cp si quang a mode.
100BaseTX. Tc 100Mb/s, s dng cp xon cp.
100BaseT2 v 100BaseT4. Cc chun ny s dng 2 cp v 4 cp cp
xon cp Cat 3 tr ln tuy nhin hin nay hai chun ny t c s dng.
1.5.3. Cc h thng Giga Ethernet
- 1000BaseX. Ch X ni ln c tnh m ho ng truyn ( chun ny da trn
kiu m ho 8B/10B dng trong h thng kt ni tc cao Fibre Channel c pht
trin bi ANSI). Chun 1000BaseX gm 3 loi:
1000Base-SX: tc 1000 Mb/s, s dng si quang vi sng ngn.
1000Base-LX: tc 1000 Mb/s, s dng si quang vi sng di.
1000Base-CX: tc 1000 Mb/s, s dng cp ng.
- 1000BaseT. Hot ng tc Giga bit, bng tn c s trn cp xon cp Cat
5 tr ln. S dng kiu m ho ng truyn ring t c tc cao trn loi cp
ny.
1.6. Chun IEEE 802
IEEE 802 l h cc chun IEEE dnh cho cc mng LAN v mng MAN
(metropolitan area network). C th hn, cc chun IEEE 802 c gii hn cho cc
mng mang cc gi tin c kch thc a dng. (Khc vi cc mng ny, d liu trong
cc mng cell-based c truyn theo cc n v nh c cng kch thc c gi l
cell. Cc mng Isochronous, ni d liu c truyn theo mt dng lin tc cc octet,
hoc nhm cc octet, ti cc khong thi gian u n, cng nm ngoi phm vi ca
chun ny).

11

Cc dch v v giao thc c c t trong IEEE 802 nh x ti hai tng thp

(tng lin kt d liu v tng vt l ca m hnh 7 tng OSI. Thc t, IEEE 802 chia
tng lin kt d liu OSI thnh hai tng con LLC (iu khin lin kt lgic) v MAC
(iu khin truy nhp mi trng truyn), do cc tng ny c th c lit k nh
sau:
- Tng lin kt d liu
- Tng con LLC
- Tng con MAC
- Tng vt l
H chun IEEE 802 c bo tr bi Ban Tiu chun LAN/MAN IEEE 802
(IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC)). Cc chun c dng rng ri
nht l dnh cho h Ethernet, Token Ring, mng LAN khng dy, cc mng LAN
dng bridge v bridge o (Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs). Chun dnh cho h
Ethernet l chun IEEE 802.3.

12

CHNG 2. H GIAO THC TCP/IP

2.1. H giao thc TCP/IP

TCP/IP l vit tt ca Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (Giao
thc iu Khin Truyn Thng /Giao thc Internet). TCP/IP khng ch gm 2 giao
thc m thc t n l tp hp ca nhiu giao thc. TCP/IP s dng m hnh truyn
thng 4 tng hay cn gi l m hnh DoD (M hnh ca B Quc Phng M). Cc
tng trong m hnh ny l:
- Tng ng Dng (Application Layer).
- Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer).
- Tng Lin Mng (Internet Layer).
- Tng Giao Tip Mng (Network Interface Layer).

Hnh 3: Cu trc h giao thc TCP/IP.

2.1.1. Tng ng Dng (Application Layer)
Gm nhiu giao thc cung cp cho cc ng dng ngi dng. c s dng
nh dng v trao i thng tin ngi dng. 1 s giao thc thng dng trong tng ny
l:
- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Giao thc cu hnh trm ng.
- DNS (Domain Name System): H thng tn min.

13

- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Giao thc qun l mng n

gin.
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Giao thc truyn tp tin.
- TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): Giao truyn tp tin bnh thng.
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Giao thc gi th n gin.
- TELNET: l chng trnh m phng thit b u cui cho php ngi dng
login vo mt my ch t mt my tnh no trn mng.
Tng ng dng trao i d liu vi lp di (lp vn chuyn) qua cng. Vic
dng cng bng s cho php giao thc ca lp vn chuyn bit loi ni dung no cha
bn trong gi d liu. Nhng cng c nh bng s v nhng ng dng chun
thng dng cng cng. V d: giao thc FTP dng cng 20 cho d liu v cng 21
cho iu khin, giao thc SMTP dng cng 25
2.1.2. Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer)
C trch nhim thit lp phin truyn thng gia cc my tnh v quy nh cch
truyn d liu. 2 giao thc chnh trong tng ny gm:
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Cn gi l Giao Thc Gi Ngi Dng. UDP
cung cp cc knh truyn thng phi kt ni nn n khng m bo truyn d liu 1
cch tin cy. Cc ng dng dng UDP thng ch truyn nhng gi c kch thc nh,
tin cy d liu ph thuc vo tng ng dng.
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ngc li vi UDP, TCP cung cp cc
knh truyn thng hng kt ni v m bo truyn d liu 1 cch tin cy. TCP
thng truyn cc gi tin c kch thc ln v yu cu pha nhn xc nhn v cc gi
tin nhn.
2.1.3. Tng Internet (Internet Layer)
Nm bn trn tng truy nhp mng. Tng ny c chc nng gn a ch, ng gi
v nh tuyn (Route) d liu. 4 giao thc quan trng nht trong tng ny gm:
- IP (Internet Protocol): C chc nng gn a ch cho d liu trc khi truyn
v nh tuyn chng ti ch.
- ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): C chc nng bin dch a ch IP ca
my ch thnh a ch MAC.

14

- ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): C chc nng thng bo li trong

trng hp truyn d liu b hng.
- IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol): C chc nng iu khin truyn
a hng (Multicast) .
2.1.4. Lp giao tip mng
Tng giao tip mng lin quan ti vic trao i d liu gia hai trm thit b
trong cng mt mng. Cc chc nng bao gm vic kim sot truy nhp mi trng
truyn dn, kim sot li v lu thng d liu. Datagram c to t lp Internet s
c gi xung ti lp truy nhp mng nu truyn d liu, hoc tng giao tip mng
s ly d liu t mng v gi n ti lp Internet nu chng ta nhn d liu. Nh
cp phn trn, Ethernet l giao thc cp di c ba lp LLC ( Logic Link Control ),
MAC ( Media Access Control ) v lp vt l Physical.
2.2. Cu trc gi tin IP,TCP,UDP
2.2.1. Cu trc a ch IP
Mng Internet dng h thng a ch IP (32 bit) "nh v" cc my tnh lin
kt vi n. C hai cch nh a ch ph thuc vo cch lin kt ca tng my tnh c
th.
Nu cc my tnh c kt ni trc tip vi mng Internet th NIC (Network
Information Centre) s cp cho cc my tnh mt a ch IP (IP Address).
Nu cc my tnh khng kt ni trc tip vi mng Internet m thng qua mt
mng cc b th ngi qun tr mng s cp cho cc my tnh mt a ch IP (tuy
nhin cng di s cho php ca NIC).
H thng a ch ny c thit k mm do qua mt s phn lp, c 5 lp a
ch IP l : A, B, C, D, E. S khc nhau c bn gia cc lp a ch ny l kh nng t
chc cc cu trc con ca n.

15

Bng 2: T chc a ch IP.

8
Class A
Class B

Netid

16

Hostid

Netid

Class C
Class D
Class E

24

Hostid

Netid

Hostid

Multicast address
Reverved for future use

- a ch lp A: Lp A s dng byte u tin ca 4 byte nh a ch mng.

Nh hnh trn, n c nhn ra bi bit u tin trong byte u tin ca a ch c gi
tr 0. 3 bytes cn li c s dng nh a ch my trong mng. C 126 a ch lp
A (c nh a ch trong byte th nht) vi s my tnh trong mng l 2563 - 2 =
16.777.214 my cho mi mt a ch lp A (s dng 3 bytes nh a ch my).
- a ch lp B: Mt a ch lp B c nhn ra bi 2 bit u tin ca byte th
nht mang gi tr 10. Lp B s dng 2 byte u tin ca 4 byte nh a ch mng
v 2 byte cui nh a ch my trong mng. C 64*256 - 2 = 16.128 a ch mng lp
B vi 65.534 my cho mi mt a ch lp B.
- a ch lp C: Mt a ch lp C c nhn ra vi 3 bit u mang gi tr 110.
Mng lp C s dng 3 byte u nh a ch mng v 1 byte cui nh a ch my
tnh c trong mng. C 2.097.152 -2 a ch lp C, mi a ch lp C c 254 my.
- a ch lp D: Dng gi cc IP datagram ti mt nhm cc host trn mt
mng.
- a ch lp E: Dng d phng v dng trong tng lai.
2.2.2. Cu trc gi tin IP
- Ver-4 bt: ch version hin hnh ca ip ang c dng, nu trng ny khc
vi phin bn IP ca thit b nhn, thit b nhn s loi b cc gi tin ny.
- IHL(IP Header Length)-4bt: ch di phn header ca gi tin, tnh theo t 32
bt.

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- TOS(Type of Service)-1byte: cho bit dch v no m gi tin mun s dng

chng hn nh u tin, thi hn chm tr, nng sut truyn v tin cy. C th
nh sau:
3 bt u (Precedence) ch quyn u tin gi gi tin, t gi tin bnh thng
l 0 n gi tin kim sot mng l 7.
1 bt tip theo (Delay) ch tr yu cu, 0 ng vi gi tin c tr bnh
thng, 1 ng vi gi tin c tr thp.
1 bt tip theo (Throughput) ch thng lng yu cu s dng truyn
gi tin vi la chn truyn trn ng thng sut thp hay trn ng
thng sut cao, 0 ng vi thng lng bnh thng, 1 ng vi thng lng
cao.
1 bt tip theo (Reliability) ch tin cy yu cu, 0 ng vi tin cy
bnh thng, 1 ng vi tin cy cao.
- Total Length-2byte:ch di ton b gi tin tnh c phn header, tnh theo n
v byte.
- Indentification-16 bt: cng vi cc tham s khc nh Source Address,
Destination Address dng nh danh duy nht mt gi tin trong thi gian n tn ti
trn mng.
- Flags: Cc gi tin khi truyn trn ng i c th b phn thnh nhiu gi tin
nh. Trng Flags dng iu khin phn on v lp ghp gi tin. C th nh sau:
Bt 0: cha s dng, lun ly gi tr 0
Bt 1: 0 ng vi gi tin b phn mnh, 1 ng vi gi tin khng b phn
mnh.
Bt 2: 0 ng vi gi tin thuc phn on cui cng ca gi tin gc, 1 ng
vi gi tin khng phi l phn on cui cng ca gi tin gc.
- Fragment Offset-13bt: ch v tr ca phn on trong gi tin gc, tnh theo n
v 8 byte.
- Time To Live-1byte: quy nh thi gian tn ti tnh bng giy ca gi tin trong
mng. Thi gian ny c t bi trm gi v gim i (thng quy c l 1) khi gi
tin i qua mi router ca lin mng. Mt gi tr ti thiu phi ln mng hot
ng tt.

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- Protocol: Ch tng giao thc k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch. TCP c
ng vi gi tr 6, UDP ng vi gi tr 17, 1 ng vi ICMP.
- Header Checksum-2byte: Dng pht hin li header ca gi tin xy ra trong
qu trnh truyn ca n.
- Source IP Address-4byte: a ch IP ca ni truyn gi tin.
- Destination IP Address-4byte: a ch IP ca ni nhn gi tin.
- IP Option- di thay i: Khai bo cc la chn do ngi s dng yu cu, v
d nh: mc bo mt, ng m gi tin c gi i, timestamp mi router.
- Padding- di thay i: Dng m bo phn header lun kt thc mt
mc 32 bt.
- Data: cha thng tin lp trn ,chiu di thay i n 64Kb.
2.2.3. Cu trc gi tin TCP
n v d liu trong TCP c gi l Segment vi cu trc nh sau:
- Source Port-2 byte: s hiu cng TCP ca trm ngun.
- Destination Port-2byte: s hiu cng TCP ca trm ch.
- Sequence number: s hiu ca byte u tin ca segment, nu c SYN bt th
n l s th t gi ban u v byte u tin c gi c s th t ny cng thm 1.
Nu khng c c SYN th y l s th t ca byte u tin.
- Acknowledgment Number-2byte: nu c ACK bt th gi tr ca trng chnh
l s th t gi tin tip theo m bn nhn cn. Bo l nhn tt cc segment m trm
ch gi cho trm ngun.
- Data offset-4bit: di ca phn header tnh theo n v t 32 bit. Tham s ny
ch ra v tr bt u ca ngun d liu.
- Reserved-6 bt.
- Flags: cc bt iu khin
URG: Vng con tr khn (Urgent pointer) c hiu lc
ACK: Vng bo nhn ACK number c hiu lc
PSH: Chc nng PUSH
RST: khi ng li lin kt

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 SYN: ng b ho s hiu tun t

FIND: khng cn d liu t trm ngun
- Window-2byte: s byte d liu bt u t byte c ch ra trong ACK number
m trm ngun sn sng nhn.
- Checksum: checksum cho c phn header ln d liu.
- Urgent Pointer-2byte: nu c URG bt th gi tr trng ny chnh l s t 16
bit m s th t gi tin (sequence number) cn dch tri.
- Option-2byte: vng tu chn, khai bo cc option ca TCP trong c di
ti a ca vng TCP data trong mt segment.
- Padding: phn chn thm vo header m bo phn header lun kt thc
mt mc 32 bt
- TCP data: cha d liu ca tng trn c di ti a ngm nh l 536byte. Gi
tr ny c th khai bo trong trng Option.
2.2.4. Cu trc gi tin UDP
Vng header ca UDP c 64 bt vi 4 trng :
- Source Port-2byte: xc nh cng ca ngi gi thng tin v c ngha nu
mun nhn thng tin phn hi t ngi nhn. Nu khng th t n bng 0.
- Destination Port-2byte: xc nh cng nhn thng tin v trng ny l cn thit.
- Length-2byte: l chiu di ca ton b gi tin(phn header v phn d liu).
Chiu di ti thiu l 8 byte khi gi tin khng c d liu, ch c header.
- Checksum-2byte: dng cho vic kim tra li ca phn header v phn d liu.

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CHNG 3. PHN CNG

3.1. Vi iu khin PIC 18F67J60

3.1.1. Cc c trng ca PIC 18F67J60
Vi iu khin PIC18F67J60 l mt vi iu khin thuc dng vi iu khin
PIC19F97J60, do n c cc c trng chung ca h vi iu khin ny.
3.1.1.1. Cc c trng chung:
- S dng thch anh 25MHz cho ng dng Ethernet.
- B nh chng trnh 128Kbyte ( 65532 lnh).
- B nh d liu 3808 byte.
- C 39 chn I/O thuc cc port A,B,C,D,E,F,G.
- C 5 b Timer:
Timer0 : vn hnh nh l 1 b nh thi 8 bit hoc 16 bit, 1 b m.
Timer1 : vn hnh nh l 1 b nh thi 8 bit, 1 b m.
Timer2 : vn hnh nh l 1 b nh thi 8 bit, 1 b m.
Timer3 : vn hnh nh l 1 b nh thi 16 bt, 1 b m.
Timer4 : vn hnh nh l 1 b nh thi 8 bt, 1 b m.
- C 2 module Capture/Compare/PWM.
- C 3 module EnhancedCapture/Compare/PWM.
- Cc giao tip ni tip MSSP (Master Synchronous Serial Port) v Enhanced
USART (Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter).
- C 11 knh chuyn i A/D 10 bit.
3.1.1.2. c trng Ethernet:
- S dng chun IEEE 802.3.
- Tch hp MAC v 10Base-T PHY.
- 8 kbyte b nh m SRAM lu tr cc gi tin truyn/nhn.
- C 2 led ch trng thi hot ng.

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