Resources - 1st Chapter Maths

__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
yde d+K\T
n<jTeTT
_
_
_
|]#jT+
1.1
(Real Numbers)
_
_
_
_
_
_
yde d+K\T
_
_
_
_
_
_
eTq+ eTT+<T s>T $$< sq d+K\qT >] \TdTHeTT. n+f dVd+K\T,

|Ps+\T, |Psd+K\T, nsDjT, sDjT d+K\qT >] HsTH+. nsDjT, sDjT
d+K\qT >T]+ eT]= $wj\T | #T+<+.
p
\T |Ps d+KjTT+&, q z 0 nsTTq d+<s+ q s|+ sjT>\ d+K\qT

nsDjT d+K\+{sT. d+K\T |Psd+K\ H |< deTV+> e+{sTT. n<$<+> @
s+&T |Psd+K\ eT<HH nH nsDjT d+K\T+{sTT. n nsDjT d+K\qT n+eTjT
<X+X\T>q < n++ esq <X+X\T> > sjTe#TqT.
_
_
_
_
_
_
p, q
p
q
_
_
_
_
_
_
s|+ sjTqTe+{ d+K\qT sD j

T d+K\+{sT. M{ 2, 3, 5 yTT<\>T
d+K\T, n<$<+> >D |eDq S yTTq$ L& +{sTT. M{ <X+X\T> sd|&T
= 1.41421356...
n$ n++ eT]jTT esq+ <X+X\T> eksTT. <VsD
eT]jTT S = 3.14159... d+K\qT L& eTq+ d+UsK| >T]+#>\eTT.
Downloaded from www.apteachers.in
_
_
_
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
yde d+K\T
_
_
_
ral
Natu
dVNum
dber
+K\T
s
_
_
_
sDjional
T
Irrat
Num
d+K\T
bers
_
_
_
bers
nRati
sDonal
jT Num
d+K\T
|Inte
Psdgers
+K\T
bers
|PolesNum
+\T
Wh
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
nsDjT, sDjT d+K\T \d q deTV eTq+ yde d+K\T n+{eTT. +~

|+ M{ eTq+ #&e#T.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
n<jTeTT eTq+ = d<+\qT $_q |< T \ s|+#&+ \TdT+{eTT. <$<+ >

sDjT, nsDjT d+K\ <s\qT s& d<+\qT |j+#T+{eTT. es>
eTq+ d+eseZ H\T (logarithms) nH sy T q |yT j\qT \TdT= y{ Xg$Cq+q,
J$ deTd\ k<qq @$<+> $j+#Te#TH \TdT+{eTT.
yde d+K\ n<jTH eTT+<T> eTqeTT = deTd\qT k~+ #<eTT.
nud+ - 1.1
_
_
_
+~ nsDjT d+K\ @~ n+eTjT <X+X, @$ n++ esq <X+X

\|+&.
2
5
(i)
17
18
_
_
_
1.
(ii)
15
16
(iii)
7
40
(iv)
9
11
(v)
eT]jTT
(ii) 3
1
2
1
3
_
_
_
(i)
_
_
_
+~ \ d+K\ eT<q >\ @< nsDjT d+KqT qT>=q+&.
2.
eT]jTT 3 3
(iii)
4
9
eT]jTT
1
2
(ii) 24
(iii) 16
(iv) 7.7
4
9
(v)
(i) 2
_
_
_
+~ d+K\ @$ nsDj\T? @$ sDj\T?
3.
(vi) 30 (vii) 81
+~ yde d+K\qT d+U sK| >T]+#+&. nedsyT | d+K |yTq

d+UsKqT ^jT+&.
3
4
(ii)
9
10
(iii)
27
3
(v) 16
(iv) 5
yde d+K\ nHwD
1.2
_
_
_
n |Ps d+K\qT yde d+K\ #se#TH? m+<T?
_
_
_
+, #]+, sjT+&
_
_
_
(i)
_
_
_
_
_
_
4.
1.2.1
_
_
_
_
_
_
yde d+K\qT >T]+ eT] n+X\qT $u>eTT nHw<eTT. dVd+K\T

njT yde d+K\ $T&eHjT eTq \TdT. n+<T# y{H bs+_<eTT.
n+>D b<$ T d<+eTT
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 |, $T*q n dVd+K\qT y{ |<qsD+\ \+> yjTe#Tq +~

s>T\ MTsT HsTHsT. <VsD 3 = 3, 6 R 2 q 3 eT]jTT 253 R 11 q 23 >
yjTe#T. (|<qd+K, d+jTT d+K ~ 1 n >TsT#T=+&)
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
yde d+K\T
_
_
_
_
_
_
|<H+\ |\ \+> sjT @<H d+jTTd+K * e+T+< MTsT

u$dTHs? eTqeTT dVd+KqT rdT= sD+\ \+> sd, B de<qeTT
|]o*<+.
|&T eTq+ sD+\ \+> sd e y&T+<eTT. B=s |<
d+K 163800 qT rdT=, sD+\T> $u<eTT.
_
_
_
163800
81900
40950
2275
6825
_
_
_
20475
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
455
91
13
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
B qT+&163800 qT 2 q 2 q 2 q 3 q 3 q 5 q 5 q 7 q 13 > sjTe#T. <$<+>

d+KqT |<q sD+\ |\ \+> 163800 = 23 q 32 q 52 q 7 q 13 > skeTT.
eTs= d+K 123456789 qT rdT= |jT<eTT. B 32 q 3803 q 3607 >
sjTe#T. nsTT MTsT 3803 eT]jTT 3607 d+K\T |<H+\T> d]#&e* e+~! (<
$<+> MTsT eT] d+K\qT rdT= |jT+#+&). |*\ <s+> eTq+ b<$T
|]\q (conjecture)qT |b~+#e#T. |]\qqT d+~> |b<q n L& n+{sT.
n<eT+f | d+jTT d+KqT < |<q d+K\ |\ \+> sjTe#T.
7 q 11 = 77
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
2 q 3 q 11 = 66
_
_
_
|* dV d+K\ eTs= $<+> |]o*<eTT. = |<q d+K\T 2, 3, 7, 11

eT]jTT 23 \qT rdT+<eTT. M{ =+{ < n+{, @ d+K mksT nsTTqq rdT=
>TDd eTq n|< |Psd + K\qT n|]$T+> se#T. M{ eTqeTT =+{ |]o*<eTT.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
3 q 7 q 11 q 23 = 5313
2 q 3 q 7 q 11 q 23 = 10626
23 q 3 q 73 = 8232
_
_
_
7 q 11 q 23 = 1771
_
_
_
22 q 3 q 7 q 11 q 23 = 21252
_
_
_
_
_
_
|&T, MTsT rdTq |<q d+K\ deTVeTT neX+ >\ n |<qd+K\T

eHjTqT+<+. nTe+{ deTV MTsT }V+#>\s? deTV+ d+jTT d+K\T
|]$T d+K e+{j? < n|]$T+> e+{j? k<sD+> eTq n|]$T+>
|<qd+K\T e+{sTT. n+<T# eTq+ n |<qd+K\qT $_q T\ >TDd, eTq
n|]$T+> d+jTT d+K\T L& eksTT.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
#s <s eTqeTT n+>D b<$ T d<+eTT | d+jTT d+KqT |< qsD+

eTT\ \+> > s+|e#TqT. B eT]+ dw+> #b\+f |<q d+K\ eT+
@<q |{ | d+jTT d+KqT |< q sD+eTT\ \+> @ e TT (unique) > sjTe#TqT.
<VsD eTqeTT 210 d+KqT sD+eTT\T> sd|&T |<H+\ eTeTT @<q|{
B 2 q 3 q 5 q 7 < 3 q 5 q 7 q 2 < eTs$<+> Hqq \eTT> sjTe#TqT.
n+<T# @ d+jTT d+KqT nsTTqq |<q sD+eTT\ \eTT> $<+> sjTe#TqT.
B eTq+ d<+ |s+> |&T s<eTT.
_
_
_
|jT+#+&
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
d<+eTT-1.1 : (n+>D b<$T d<+eTT) : | d+jTT d+KqT |<H+eTT\ \+>

sjTe#TqT eT]jTT |<q sD+\ eT+ @<q|{ sD+\ \+ @eTT
B, k<sD+> d+jTT d+K x qT x = p1p2...pn n sjTe#T. B p1,
p2..., pn nH$ sVD eT+ sjT&q |<H+\T, n+f p1 d p2 d ... d pn .
d+<s+ syTq |<H+eTT\T y&q# y{ |<H+\ |\T> skeTT. k]
eTq+ d+K\T sVDeT+ eHjT u$d, n|&T \+ @+ neT+~.
<VsD 163800 = 2 q 2 q 2 q 3 q 3 q 5 q 5 q 7 q 13 = 23 q 32 q 52 q 7 q 13
qT |<q sD+\ \+> sjT+&. d+KqT dVT\T @$<+>

sD+\ \+> sks #&+&. e #dqT>H ysT L& #ks ? e] |*,
dVT\ |*+ d]#&TeTT. B =s 3 < 4 d+K\qT rdT= |jT+#TeTT. e
@$T >eTke?
_
_
_
_
_
_
2310
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
MTsT \TdTq |*+ # dT\u+> ne>Vq nsTTe+& s+|& e+&e#TqT.

B jTT nqTesq+ >D+ nH $<\T> +~. B=s s+&T <VsD\T |]o*<+.
MTsT ~ es s+&T <q|Psd+K\T >.k. (>]w keq sD++) eT]jTT .k.>T
(w keq >TD+) qT n+>D b<$T d<++ |j+ qT>=q&+, d+|Ps ne>Vq
+&H HsTHsT.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
yde d+K\T
_
_
_
|<H eTqeTT |<qsD+\ \|< n+{eTT. +~ <VsD <s eTqeTT |<

k] >TsT #T+<eTT.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
<VsD-1. 12 eT]jTT 18 \ jTT >.k. eT]jTT .k.>T\qT |<q sD+\ \ |<

qT>=qTeTT
k<q : eTq
12 = 2 q 2 q 3 = 22 q 31
18 = 2 q 3 q 3 = 21 q 32 n>TqT
12, 18 \ >.k. = 21 q 31 = 6
= d+K\ jTT keq sD+eTT\ w
| \ \+.
= d+K\ jTT keq sD+eTT\ >]w
12, 18 \ .k.>T = 22 q 32 = 36
| \ \+
| <VsD qT+&, MTsT d++<eTT n+f(12, 18) \ >.k.q (12, 18) \ .k.>T
= 12 q 18 \+ nsTTq< MTsT >eT+# e+{sT. nq> s+&T <q|Psd+K\T a eT]jTT b, \T
nsTTq# y{ >.k.(a,b) q .k.>T(a, b) = a q b neT+< d]#&e#TqT. B { s+&T
<q |Psd + K\T, y{ >.k. *dq|&T d+K\ .k.>TqT |* + <s+> qT>=qe#TqT.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
<VsD` 2. n dVd+K > >\ d+K 4n rdT=+&. n jTT @ $\TeH 4n d+K dTq
n+ n+eTT+< < d]#&+&.
k<q : n dVd+K> >\ d+K 4n dTq n++ y\+f n~ 5 # Xw+> u+#&*.
n+f 4n d+K jTT |<q sD+\ \+ 5 |<q d+K> e+&*. ~ k<+
<T. m+<Te\q nq> 4n = (2)2n. n+<T# 4n jTT |<qsD+\ \+ q+<Tq, n @
dV d+K $\Teqq 4n nH d+K dTq n+eTT Hs<T.
_
_
_
|jT+#+&
+~ y |d+KqT |<q sD+\ \+> sjT+&.

(i) 140
(iii) 3825
(iv) 5005
(v) 7429
+~ |Psd+K\ jTT .k.>T eT]jTT >.k. \qT |<q sD+\ \ |<

qT>=q+&.
(i) 12, 15 eT]jTT 21 (ii) 17, 23 eT]jTT 29 (iii) 8, 9 eT]jTT 25
(iv) 72 eT]jTT 108
(v) 306 eT]jTT 657
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2.
(ii) 156
1.
_
_
_
nudeTT - 1.2
_
_
_
_
_
_
@ dVd+K n nsTTH 12n nqT d+K 0 < 5 n+eTT < s|+#+&.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
_
_
_
5.
_
_
_
4.
dV d+K nsTTq 6n d+K dTq n+eT>TH, < d]#&+&.

7 q 11 q 13 + 13 eT]jTT 7 q 6 q 5 q 4 q 3 q 2 q 1 + 5 @$<+> d+jTT
d+K\>TH $e]+#+&.
(17 q 11 q 2) + (17 q 11 q 5) nH~ d+jTT d+K n @$<+> s|ke?
$e]+#+&.
_
_
_
3. n
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
yde d+K\qT >T]+ eT]+> |]X~+#& n+>D b<$T d<++qT

$j<+. yTT<{ nsDjT d+K\qT n++>\ <X+X\T>qT, n++ esq <X+X
s|+ sjTTq|&T d<++ @$<+> |j>|&TT+< \TdT+<+. <$<+> 2 ,
3 eT]jTT 5 yTT<\>T d+K\T sDjT d+K\T> @$<+> s|+#e#TH |]o*<+.
nsD j
T d+K\T eT]jTT y{ <X+X sb\T
nsD j
T d+K\qT <X+Xs |+ esTq|&T @@d+<s\ $ n++ >\ <X+X
< n++ esq <X+X $u>+ |]o*<eTT.
+~ = nsDjTd+K\ n+eTjT <X+X sb\qT |]o*<+.
|&T d+K\qT
s|+ s<+.
375
375
3
1000 10
(iv) 12.5
(v) 0.00025
(ii) 1.04
104 104

100 10 2
(iv) 12.5
125 125
1
10
10
25
25
= 5
100000 10
_
_
_
(v) 0.00025 =
875
875
4
10000 10
_
_
_
(iii) 0.0875
_
_
_
_
_
_
(i) 0.375
p
q
(iii) 0.0875
(ii) 1.04
_
_
_
(i) 0.375
_
_
_
_
_
_
1.2.2
375 3q53
3 3
3 3 3
3
10
2 q5
2
8
0.375
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
_
_
_
(i)
_
_
_
_
_
_
eTq+ rdTq n++ >\ <X+X\qT nsD j

T d+K\T> sjTTq|&T Vs+ | \
10 u$T> e+ #jT&sTT. |&T \e, Vs\qT |<q sD+eTT\ \+> sd,
nsDjT d+K\qT ds|+ s<+.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
yde d+K\T
1.04
_
_
_
(ii)
_
_
_
_
_
_
12.5
875
53 q 7
7

4
4
4
4
10
2 q5
2 q5
125
53
25

10
2q5
2
(iv)
104 23 q13 26 26

102 22 q52 52 25
0.0875
(iii)
_
_
_
25
52
1
1
0.00025 5 5 5 5 3
10
2 q5
2 q5
4000
(v)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
nsDjT d+K\ Vs\ @<H neT]qT MTsT >eT+#s? <X+X d+KqT

nsDjT d+K> ds|+ e|s#Tq|&T p, q \T k| |<H+\T eT]jTT Vs+
(nq> q) jTT sD+\T 2 < 5 < s+&+{ jTT |\ sjTTq|&T neT]qT
|]o*+#e#TqT. m+<Te\q nq> 10 |+> >\ d+K jTT |<qsD+\T 2 < 5
eT]jTT s+&+{ |\T> eyT +{sTT.
_
_
_
$ #jT+&
qv 0
eT]jTT p, q \T k|
(ii) 0.1255
(iii) 0.4
(iv) 23.34
(v) 1215.8
_
_
_
(i) 15.265
_
_
_
+~ n+yTT+< <X+X\qT nsDjT d+K\T> ( q ,

|<H+\T) sjT+&.
p
q
s|+ e+ q jTT |<qsD+\
_
_
_
nsDjT d+KqT d]+#Tq|&T d+K
_
_
_
_
_
_
|jT nsDjT d+K\ Vs\qT >T]+ @$T #|>\sT ?

eTq+ B +~ $<+> eTT<+.
eTq+ B d++~+ = <VsD\qT eyT |]o*+q|{ @ nsDjT d+K
jTT <X+X s|yT H n+yT T+< <X+X+ nsTTq|&T nsD j
T d+K jTT Vs 10 jTT
|+> >\ d+K> sjTe#TqT. 10 jTT |<q sD+eTT\T 2 eT]jTT 5 eyT. eq
|sds |<H+\T nsTTeq
p
q
s|+ e|s#e#T. eT]jTT
jTT |<q sD+\ \+ 2n5m n>TqT. +<T n, m \T nH$ sTDs |Psd+K\T.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
p, q\T
_
_
_
nsTTq|&T x qT
nH~ nsDjT d+K eT]jTT B <X+Xs|+ n+eTjT <X+XeTT,
_
_
_
d<++-1.2 :
_
_
_
_
_
_
\+ 2n5m s|+ e+T+~, +<T n eT]jTT m \T @yH s+&T sTDs |Ps d+K\T.
|* eTq+ d<+ s|+ +~ $<+> s+#e#TqT.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
eT] B jTT $|sjTeTT eTq+ |]o*d eTq + Xs+ \T> eq<T. n+f
s|+ nsDjT d+KjTT+&, q jTT s|+ 2n5m (+<T n, m \T sTDs |Psd+K\T)

p
q
n+eTjT <X+X+ neT+<?
_
_
_
*eq
_
_
_
p
q
p
q
s|+ nsDjT d+K e+&,
_
_
_
B qT+& eTq+
nH~ 2n5m s|+ e+f
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
< T\yTq nsDjT d+K b neT+~. +<T b nH~ 10 jTT | d+K>

u$+#+&.
B |]o*+#& eTq+ eTT+<T <VsDqT ] eTs=k] |]o*+, $|sjT+qT
ne>Vq #dT+<+.
25
53
125

12.5
2
2q5 10
(ii)
26 26 13q 23 104

1.04
25 52 22 q52 102
(iii)
3 3
3q 53
375
3 3 3 3 0.375
8 2
2 q5
10
(iv)
7
7
7 q53
875
4
4 4 4 0.0875
80 2 q5 2 q5
10
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(i)
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
52
25

5 0.00025
(v)
5
3
5
5
4000 2 q5
2 q5
10
p
| <VsD\T q s|+ e+& B q jTT s|+ 2n5m *q nsDjT d+K
a
T\yTq nsDjT d+K b > sjTe#T. eT]jTT +<T b nH~ 10 jTT | d+K.
n+<Te\q Te+{ nsDjT d+K\T n++>\ <X+X\T> sb+<TsTT. n+f q nH~ 10
_
_
_
nsTTq, x jTT <X+Xs|+ n+eTjT <X+X+
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
p
q
_
_
_
*qTe+{ nsDjT d+K x =

n>TqT.
_
_
_
_
_
_
jTT |d+K nsTT e+& q s|+ sjT>*> nsDjT d+K jTT <X+Xs|+
n+eTjT <X+X+ n>TqT.
n+<T#, d<++ 1.2 jTT $|sjT+ L& dyT. eT] B eTq+ +~ $<+>
s+#e#T.
d<+eTT 1.3 : n, m \T sTDs |Psd+K\T eT]jTT q jTT |<qsD+\ \ s|+ 2n5m
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
yde d+K\T
_
_
_
~ #jT+&
p
7
25
(ii)
(iii)
51
64
(iv)
14
23
80
81
(v)
1.2.3
_
_
_
3
4
_
_
_
(i)
_
_
_
+~ nsDjT d+K\T q s|+ eHsTT. +<T q jTT s|+ 2n5m eT]jTT

+<T n, m \T sTDs |Psd+K\T nsTTq M{ <X+X sb\ es+&.
n++, esq + #+< <X+X\qT nsD j

T d+K\T> sjTT
7
30
28
jTT <X+Xsb #&+&.
~ n++ esq <X+X+.
60
56
_
_
_
1
= 0.1428571428571 .....
7
20
14
_
_
_
1
7
_
_
_
_
_
_
eTq+ |&T n++ , esq+ #+< = nsDjT d+K\qT,

y{ <X+X sb\qT |]o*<+. B =s eTq+ <VsDqT
|]o\*+, @$<+> <X+Xs|+ @s&+< #<+.
0.1428571
7 1.0000000
u>|\+ '142857' n+\ deTV+ esq+ #+<T >eT+#+&.
40
35
_
_
_
nsDjT d+K Vs+ 7 eq, ~ 2n5m s|+ < |]o*+#e#T.
50
49
_
_
_
~ #jT+&
+~ nsDjT d+K\qT <X+X\T> sjT+&. u>|\+ esq+

#+< n+\ deTV qT>=q+&.
2
7
(iii)
5
11
(iv)
10
13
30
_
_
_
(ii)
_
_
_
1
3
_
_
_
(i)
10
7
_
_
_
|q MTsT #dq ~ #jT+& nud+ eT]jTT |q #|q <VsD <s eTq+ +~

d<++qT s+#e#T.
d<+eTT-1.4 : n, m \T sTDs |Psd+K\T eT]jTT q jTT |<qsD+eTT\ \+ 2n5m
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
s|+ +f, nsDjT d+K x = q nsTTq x jTT <X+Xs|+ n++, esq+

#+< <X+X+ n>TqT.
| #s <s eTq+ | nsDjT d+K n+eTjT <X+X+ < n++
esq <X+X+ > n>Tq s]+#e#TqT.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
10
_
_
_
<VsD-3. s+|&q d<+\ <s+>, u>Vs+ #jT+&H +~ nsDjT d+K\T

n+eTjT <X+X, n++ esq <X+X \|+&.
_
_
_
(i)
(i)
25
32
(ii)
100
81
(iii)
16
16
16

3 = n+eTjT
125 5q5q5 5
_
_
_
25
25
25

5 = n+eTjT
32 2q 2q 2q 2q 2 2
(iii)
100
100
10

= n++
81 3q3q 3q 3 34
(iv)
41
41
41

=
75 3q5q5 3q 52
(ii)
_
_
_
_
_
_
41
75
(iv)
<X+X+
_
_
_
k<q :
16
125
<X+X+
esq <X+X+
n++ esq <X+X+
35
50
21
25
(iii)
7
8
(i)
35
7 q5
7
7

1 0.7
50 2q5q 5 2q 5 10
(ii)
21
21
21q 22
21q 4
84

2 2 2 0.84
2
25 5q5 5q5q 2
5 q2
10
_
_
_
k<q :
(ii)
_
_
_
(i)
_
_
_
_
_
_
<VsD-4. +~ nsDjT d+K\qT u>Vs+ #jT+&H <X+Xs|+ sjT+&.
_
_
_
_
_
_
7
7
7
7 q 53
7 q 25
875

0.875
3
3
3
(iii) 8 2q 2q 2 23
2 q5
2q5
10
3
+~ nsDjT d+K\qT <X+Xs|+ sjT+&. +<T @$ n+eTjT <X+X,

@$ n++ esq <X+X \|+&.
(ii)
229
400
(iii)
1
5
(iv)
2
11
(v)
8
125
u>Vs |jT +&H +~ nsDjT d+K\ y{ n+eTjT <X+X\T>

sjT>\y? y{ n++ esq <X+X\T> sjT>\y \|+&.
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
_
_
_
2.
3
8
_
_
_
(i)
_
_
_
1.
_
_
_
nud+- 1.3
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
yde d+K\T
13
(ii)
3125
11
12
23
23 5 2
129
22 57 75
(vi)
(vii)
(iii)
11
64
455
(iv)
15
(v)
1600
(viii)
9
15
(ix)
29
343
36
100
(x)
77
210
(ii)
15
16
13
25
(iii)
_
_
_
(i)
_
_
_
d<++ 1.1qT nqTd]+ +~ nsDjT d+K\ jTT <X+X sb \|+&
3.
23
(iv)
23.52
7218
32.52
(v)
143
110
+~ = yded+K\ <X+Xsb\T e&q$. | d+<s+q e&q d+K
_
_
_
4.
_
_
_
_
_
_
(i)
www.apteachers.in
_
_
_
nsDjTy < \|+&. d+K nsDjTyT e+&
p
s|+
q
sjT>*
jTT |<q sD+\qT >] e @$T #|>\e?
\T |Psd+K\T eT]jTT q z 0 nsTTq
p
q
s|+ sjTqTe+{ yde d+K\qT
_
_
_
sDjT d+K\T ` eT] n+X\T

p,q
(iii) 43.123456789
_
_
_
1.3
(ii) 0.120120012000120000
_
_
_
(i) 43.123456789
, 0.10110111011110, yTTq$.
_
_
_
_
_
_
2, 3, 15, Q,
_
_
_
sDjT d+K\T (Q' < S) n+{s >TsT #T+&. MTsT ~es \TdTq = sDjT
d+K\qT +< <V]<+.
_
_
_
_
_
_
$u>+ eTq+ n+>D b<$T d<++qT nqTd]+ = yde d+K\qT

sDjT d+K\T> s|<+. n+f 2, 3, 5 yTTq$. eTq+ k<sD+> p |<q
d+K nsTTq p sDjT d+K n #|e#T.
<q|Ps d+K nsTT a2qT p Xw+>
_
_
_
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
|e#q+-1 : p nH~ |<q d+K eT]jTT

ud a qT p Xw+> udT+~.
_
_
_
qT eTq+ sDjT d+K> s|+#T eTT+<T> B n+>D b<$T d<++

<s+> s|+#&q |e#H \TdT+<+.
2
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
12
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
s|D: a nH~ <q |Psd+K nsTT a jTT |<q sD+\ \+qT +~ $<+>
sjTe#T.
a = p1p2 pn, +<T p1, p2, ., pn \T |<H+\T eT]jTT yssT> +&qeds+ <T.
n+<T# a2 = (p1p2 pn) (p1p2 pn) = p21p22 p2n n>TqT.
n+>D b<$T d<++qT nqTd]+ a2 qT p Xw+> u+#Tq e&q+<Tq,
n+>D b<$T d<++qT nqTd]+ a2 jTT |<q sD+\ \+ p1 p2 pn
n>TqT. eq p nH~ p1, p2, pn \ {> e+T+~.
|&T p nH~ p1p2 pn, \ {> qTq+<Tq, ~ a qT L& Xw+> udT+~.
~ #jT+&
eT]jTT 81 nsTTq |q s|+q
_
_
_
p= 2 , p = 5 eT]jTT a2 = 1, 4, 9, 25, 36, 49, 64

|e#q+qT $\Te\ d]#&+&.
<VsD-5.
_
_
_
_
_
_
eTq+ |&T 2 nH~ sDjT d+K n s|+#T |jT<+. Te+{ s|D

$<H eTq+ $s<ud+ (contradiction) n+{+.
qT sDjT d+K n s|+#+&.
_
_
_
_
_
_
s|D : s|D $s<ud+ <s #jT T#Tq+<Tq eTq+ s|+#e\dq |* $sT<+ >
2 nH~ nsDjT d+K n u$<+.
r
2 = s
njTT
~ nsDjT+ nsTT, r eT]jTT s nH s+&T |Ps d+K\T (s z 0)
+<T a eT]jTT b \T |sds |<H+\T > edT+~.
_
_
_
a
2 = b ,
_
_
_
# ud eTq
_
_
_
eed+ neT+~.
yfi r eT]jTT s \ 1 +& @<H keq sD++ +f, keq sD++
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
B qT+& b 2 = a neT+~.
sTy| esZ+ #d, eT+ neTs>, eTq 2b2 = a2 edT+~. n+f a2 qT 2 udT+~.
|&T |e#q+`1qT { a2 qT 2 u+q+<Tq a qT L& ~ udT+~.
n+<T# eTq+ ] a = 2c, c nH~ |Psd+K> sjTe#T.
+<T a $\TeqT ||+#>, eTq 2b2 = 4c2 n+f b2 = 2c2 edT+~.
n+f b2 qT 2 udT+~ eT]jTT b 2 udT+~. (|e#q+`1 p= 2).
n+<Te\q a eT]jTT b \ 2 keq sD++ nsTTq~.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
yde d+K\T
13
a, b \T |sds |<H+\T eT]jTT 1 | M{ mTe+{ eT& sD+\T q+<Tq
eTq+ |b~+q 2 nH~ nsDjT+ nH ueq $sT< <] rdT+~. n+<T#

sDjT d+K> s|+#e#TqT.
nH~
_
_
_
_
_
_
sDjT d+K n s|+#+&.
_
_
_
<VsD-6.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
k<sD+> d nH~ <q |Psd+K nsTT e+&, @ s |Psd+K esZ+ # d

eTq+ sDjT d+K> u$keTT. d+<s+ 6, 8, 15 24 yTT\>T y{
sDjT d+K\T> #|e#TqT.
+~ s>T\ eTq+ \TdTq $<+>
nsDjT, sDjT d+K\ yTT+ < u<+ eTs= sDjT d+K eT]jTT
XSHs nsD j
T , sD j
T d+K\ \+ eT]jTT u>|\ + L& eTs= sD j
T d+K
n>TqT.
eTq+ = | d+<s\ M{ s|<+.
a
3 = b
a
=
b
nsDjT d+K> }V+#+&.

z 0.
+<T a , b \T |sds |<H+\T eT]jTT b
a 5b a
3 = 5 b b
n edT+~.
5
a
b
nsDjT d+K neT+~. eq
L& nsDjT d+KjT n>TqT. ~ nd+.

m+<T+f 3 nH~ sDjT d+K.
_
_
_
\T |Ps d+K\T eq eTq
_
_
_
a, b
_
_
_
dMTsD+qT sTesT #d, eTq
_
_
_
eq 5
_
_
_
n+f 5
_
_
_
k<q: eTq+ s|+#*q ueq $sT<+>,
_
_
_
_
_
_
ueq @s&&, eTq+ }V+q |b<q 5 3 nsDjT d+K nH ueq

|. n+f ~ $s<ud+.
eq 5 3 nH~ sDjT d+K n eTq+ #|e#TqT.
|sds |<q d+K\T eT]jTT b
a
z 0 njTT 3 2 =
b
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
neT+~.
_
_
_
a, b\T
_
_
_
<VsD`7. 3 2 nH~ sDjT d+K n s|+#+&.

k<q : eTq+ s|+#e\dq ueq $sT<+> 3 2 nH~ nsDjTd+K> }V+#+&.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
14
_
_
_
eT+ neTs>, eTq
a
2 = 3b
n edT+~.
a
3b
nH~ nsDjT d+K n+<T#
L& nsDjT d+K neT+~. ~ nd+.

m+<T+f 2 sDjT d+K nH d $sT<ueq n+<T# ~ $s<ud+.
eq eTq+ 3 2 nH~ sDjT d+K n #|e#TqT.
nH~ sDjT d+K n s|+#+&.
nH~ nsDjT d+K n }V+#+&.
+<T a, b \T |Psd+K\T eT]jTT
e#TqT
a2
a
3 2
2
b
b
_
_
_
eT+> neTs>
_
_
_
2a
a2
3 2 3 2
b
b
_
_
_
a2 b2
2 ab
a 2 b2
2 ab
nH~ nsD j
T d+K <$<+ >
_
_
_
a, b \T |Psd
+ K\T eq,
_
_
_
3
a2
2 1
b
n+f
n rdT=+&.
_
_
_
eq, 2 = b 3 n>TqT.
sTy| esZ+ #jT>, eTq
2
bz0
_
_
_
a
3 = b,
2 +
_
_
_
2 + 3
_
_
_
<VsD-8.
k<q: 2 +
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
+<T 3, a eT]jTT b \T |Psd+K\T eq
L&
eT]jTT b =
2 >
rdT+f
a + b= 0
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
_
_
_
\T s+&Tq sDjT d+K\T> a =

n>TqT. ~ nsDjT d+K.
a, b
_
_
_
_
_
_
nsDjT d+K neT+~. ~ nd+. m+<T+f 3 nH~ sDjT d+K nH d

$sT<ueq. ~ $s<ud+. eq 2 3 nH~ sDjTd+K n>TqT.
>eT :
1.
s+&T sDjT d+K\ yTT+ m\|& sDjTd+K be#TqT.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
yde d+K\T
15
s+&T sDjT d+K\ \+ m\|& sDjT+ be#TqT.

<VsD, a, b \T s+&T sDjT d+K\T> a = 2 eT]jTT b =
ab = 16 = 4, ~ nsDjT d+K
> rdT+f
_
_
_
_
_
_
2.
www.apteachers.in
p, q \T
(ii)
3 + 5
|<H+\T nsTT
(iii) 6 + 2
p q
(iv) 5
(v) 3 + 2 5
sDjT d+K n s|+#+&.
_
_
_
2.
1
2
_
_
_
(i)
+~ y sDjTd+K\T> s|+#+&.
_
_
_
1.
_
_
_
nud+ - 1.4
|jT+#+&
$eT+
6.
$u>HjT+
a + (-a) = 0
1
= 1, (a v 0)
a
d+esZeH\T ` ne>Vq
_
_
_
1.5
_
_
_
a (b + c) = ab + ac
a.
_
_
_
5.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
d+K nsDjTy, sDjTy \TdT=qT n<jT+ nH <VsD\T,

d+<s\T \TdTHsT. a, b eT]jTT c \T yde d+K jTTq|&T MT jTT qq CH
$j+ ~>Te |{ e&q <s\T yded+K\ e]kj, < |]o*+#+&. $
ee\q+ eT]jTT u>Vs L& e]kj? B =s MTsT = yde d+K\qT rdT=
|]X~+#+&.
<s+
d+\q+
>TDs+
1.
d+e<s +
a+b=c
a.b=c
2.
d+s <s+
a+b=b+a
a . b = b.a
3.
dV #s< s +
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
a(bc) = (ab).c
4.
e+X+
a+0=0+a=a
a.1 = 1.a = a
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
_
_
_
+~ $u>+ eTq+ d+esZeH\qT >T]+ ne>Vq #dT+<+. d+esZeH\qT

n s\ >Dq |jT \ eTTK+> +]+>, dq T, ybs+, nsX g+ \ $]$> $jksT .
#e& >D+#&, |\ e+& e~ sTqT, DqT \TdTe&, skjTqXg+ pH
$\Te qT>=q& eT]jTT u+b\ re e+{ y{ +#& y&sT.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
16
| \ |q]eTs
_
_
_
1.5.1
_
_
_
nsTT d+esZeH\qT >] \TdTe& eTT+<T> eTq+ k] |+ Hj\qT

| #Te\d eq~. m+<Te\q n+f d+esZeH\T, |+ Hj\T < {
n$Hue d++<+ * eHsTT.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
eTq+ 81 d+KqT 34 n dd B |+ s|+ sjT&q< n+{+. n+f

81 = 34 . +<T 4 qT |++ njT 3qT u$T < <s+ n+{sT. n+<T# eTq+
81 qT u$T 3 jTT 4e |+ < 3 jTT 4 e |+ n+{+. <$<+> 27 = 33.
|&T, eTq+ 27 qT 81 # >TD+#* nqT=+<+. eTq+ B k<sD|< >TD+,
\+ qT>=qT |<. nsTT d+K\T 27 eT]jTT 81 \ H |< d+Kq|&T >TDs+
ws+ neT+~. eT] Te+{ d+<s\ |+\ <s\qT e|j+ >TDd >TDs+
dT\us+ neT+< ?
eTq 81 = 34 eT]jTT 27 = 33 n \TdT.
|+ HjT+ a m u an a mn , |j+, eTq+ B
27 q 81 = 33 q 34 = 37 n sjTe#T.
|&T eTq 3 jTT |\ $\Te\ |{ n+<TuT e+f eTq+ 37 jTT $\TeqT
y+H #|>\+. B <s 81 q 27 = 2187 n>TqT.
<$<+>, 81qT 27# u+#\+f eTq+ |+ HjT+ am y a n amn , (+<T
m > n) |jd, n|&T 81 27 = 34 33 = 31 < 3 n>TqT.
# eTq+ |\qT|j+#T, >TDs deTd\ |+\ d+\q+ >q,
u>Vs deTd |+\ ee\q+ >q es&yTq~. n+f |+\T 4 eT]jTT 3\
d+\q+ eT]jTT |+\T 4, 3 \ ee\q+.
~ #jT+&
_
_
_
eT]jTT 100000 d+K\qT |+\ s|+ sjT+&.

|d+<s+q u$T eT]jTT |+ qT>=q+&.
_
_
_
10, 100, 1000, 10000
_
_
_
|jT+#+&
>TDs+ #jT+&, |+\qT|j+ 16 I 64 \+ qT>=qTeTT.

(ii) >TDs+ #jT+&, |+\qT|j+ 25 I 125 \+ qT>=qTeTT.
(iii) 128 eT]jTT 32 \qT 2 jTT |\T> sd, 128 32 u>|\+qT qT>=q+&.
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(i)
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
yde d+K\T
17
| +\qT d+eseZ H\T> sjTT

eTq 10000 =104 n \TdT. # 10 u $T, 4 qT | ++ n+{+. d+KqT,
u$T> >\ d+K V+ sjT& |+ s|+ n+{sT. B eTs= s|+ sd
y{ d+eseZ H\T n+{sT.
<VsD, eTq+ log10 10000 = 4. n skeTT.
B 10 u$T > >\ 10000 jTT d+esZeq+ 4 n s+#e#TqT.
# |+ s|+ >\ d+K jTT u$T, d+esZeq+ L& n< u$T nsTTqT
>eT+#e#TqT.
n+<T#, 10000=104 nH~ log1010000 = 4 deqeTT+~.
eTq+ k<sD+> d+esZeH ~>Te $<+> skeTT
a eT]jTT x \T <q|Psd+K a z 1 nsTTe+& an = x nsTTq logax = n n>TqT.
d+esZeH\qT eT]+> ne>Vq #dT=qT = <VsD\T |]o*<+.
<VsD-9. i) 64 = 82 ii) 64 = 43 \qT d+esZeqs|+ sjT+&.
k<q : (i) 64 = 82 jTT d+esZeqs|+ log864 = 2.
(ii) 64 = 43 jTT d+esZeqs|+ log464 = 3.
<VsD, eTq+ 8 u$T> >\ 64 jTT d+esZeq+ 2 eT]jTT 4 u$T> >\ 64
jTT d+esZeq+ 3. eq yssT ueTT\T (<s\T) *q d+K jTT d+esZeH\T
$_q+> +{sTT.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1.5.2
~ #jT+&
qT d+esZeq+ \|+&. ~ log216 deq+ neT+<?
k<q :
(ii) log525 = 2
_
(iii) log22 = 1
(i) log10100=2 jTT |+ s|+ 102 = 100.
(iv) log1010 = 1
_
_
_
(i) log10100 = 2
_
_
_
<VsD-10. +~ y |+ sb\ sjT+&.
_
_
_
16 = 24
jTT |+ s|+ 52 = 25.

(iii) log22=1 jTT |
+ s|+ 21 = 2.
(iv) log1010=1 jTT |+ s|+ 101 = 10.
(iii) eT]jTT (iv) d+<s\ eTq+ log1010 =1 eT]jTT log22=1 n >eT+#eTT. B
qT+& eTq+ k<sD+>, @ u$T a nsTTqq a1 = a , eq loga a = 1 n>TqT.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(ii) log525=2
n s|+#+&.
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
a0 = 1 nsTTq loga1=0
_
_
_
|jT+#+&.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
18
$ #jT+&
+~ y d+esZeqs|+ sjT+&.
_
_
_
1.
2.
(ii) (0.1)2 = 0.01
_
_
_
(i) 112 = 121
(iii) ax = b
+~ y |+ s|+ sjT+&.
(iii) logax = b
(ii) log464 = 3
(iv) log22 = 1
_
_
_
(i) log5125 = 3
(i) log39
log39 = x
(ii) log82
(iii) logc c
nsTTq B |+ s|+ 3x = 9 3x = 32 x=2

nsTTq B |+ s|+ 8y=2 (23)y=2 3y=1 y =
(ii) log82=y
_
_
_
k<q : (i)
_
_
_
_
_
_
<VsD-11. +~ d+esZeH\ $\Te\qT >D+#+&.
_
_
_
nsTTq B |+ s|+
1
2
_
_
_
(iii) logc c =z
c z c cz c 2 z
1
3
d+eseZ q yTT<{ HjTeTT

eTq+ |+ Hj\T \TdTqf, d+esZeH\ |<q+> eT&T <s\THsTT.
+< eTq+ d+esZeq Hj\qT s|+#TqT \TdT+<+.
_
_
_
_
_
_
1.5.3
d+esZeq yTT<{ HjTeTT

x = an eT]jTT y = am , +<T a>0 eT]jTT a v 1 nsTTq d+esZeH\qT +~ $<+>
sjTe#TqT.
logax = n
eT]jTT
logay = m .............. (1)
|+ Hj\ yTT<{ HjT+ an q am = an+m qT $jd
i.e.
xy = an+m edT+~.
eTq xy = an q am = an+m
B d+esZeq s|+ sjT>, eTq
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1.5.3a
_
_
_
logaxy = n+m .............. (2)
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
logaxy = logax + logay
_
_
_
_
_
_
(1) qT+& n = logax eT]jTT m=logay rdT+f

eTq logaxy = logax + logay
eq, B qT+& s+&T d+K\qT >TD+#\+f, \+ jTT d+esZeq+ qT>=+{+.
B=s |d+K d+esZeq+qT d+\q+ #keTT. BH d+esZeq yTT<{ HjT+ n+{eTT.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
yde d+K\T
d+esZeq s+&e Hj eTq+
_
_
_
1.5.3b
www.apteachers.in
loga
x
= logax - logay
y
19
> skeTT
_
_
_
|jT+#+&
an
a nm
am
|j+ d+esZeq s+&e Hj s|+#+&.
d+esZeq eT&e HjTeTT

x = an nsTTq logax = n n>TqT.
m jTT | x = an qT sTy| V+|>,
_
_
_
xm = (an)m
_
_
_
_
_
_
1.5.3c
_
_
_
|+ HjT+
= log73 log53
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
= log343 log125
343
eq, log 125
_
_
_
x
= logax - logay n eTq \TdT.
y
_
_
_
k<q : loga
_
_
_
343
<VsD-13. log 125 qT $d]+#+&.
_
_
_
= log3 + log5
_
_
_
<VsD-12. log15 qT $d]+#+&.

k<q : logaxy = logax + logay n eTq \TdT.
eq, log15 = log (3 5)
_
_
_
logaxm = m logax
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
|+ Hj\qT|j+
xm = anm n>TqT.
eTq+ xm qT |eD+ >\ |<+ nqT+f, d+esZeq s|+
logaxm = nm neT+~.
n+f logaxm = m logax
(an = x eq logax = n)
B eTq+ eT&eHjT+ n+{eTT. | d+K jTT d+esZeq+qT | d+K
|++qT, d+esZeq+ >TD+#> e#T \u deqeT>TqT n s+#e#T.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
20
eq
logaxm = m logax
_
_
_
= 3log7 3log5
343
= 3(log7 log5).
125
_
_
_
_
_
_
eq log
_
_
_
<VsD-14. 2log3 + 3log5 5log2 qT d+esZeq+> sjT+&.

k<q : 2log3 + 3log5 5log2
= log32 + log53 log25 ( m logax=logaxm eq)
_
_
_
= log9 + log125 log32
x
1125
(logax logay = loga eq)
y
32
_
_
_
_
_
_
|+ sb\qT d+esZeq sb\ sjT+&

362 = (62)2
(ii)
nud+ - 1.5
+~ y d+esZeq s|+ sjT+&.
(i)
35 = 243
(ii)
210 = 1024
(iv)
10-3 = 0.001
(v)
3-2 =
(vii)
1
5 =
5
(viii)
49 7
(iii)
106 = 1000000
(vi)
60 = 1
(ix)
2
3
27 9
(x) 32
2
5
1
4
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
-1
1
9
1.
_
_
_
43 = (22)3
(i)
81 27
_
_
_
(ii)
81 u 729
_
_
_
8 64
s|+ sjT+&.
(iii)
_
_
_
3. +~
logax - logay
49 u 343
_
_
_
(i)
(ii)
_
_
_
+~ u>|\qT
s|+ sjT+&
8 u 32
(i)
2.
logax + logay
_
_
_
\u\qT
_
_
_
1. +~
$ #jT+&
_
_
_
= log
= log1125 log32
_
_
_
= log (9 125) log32 ( logax + logay = logaxy eq)
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
yde d+K\T
log18324 = 2
(v)
1
log3 = y
27
loga x = b
(iii)
+~ y $\Te\qT >D+#+&.
log255
(iv)
log71
(vii)
log100.01
(ii)
log813
(iii)
1
log2
16
(v)
logx x
(vi)
log2512
(viii)
8
log 2
27
3
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(i)
+~ y log N s|+ d ]+ N $\TeqT qT>=q+&. (MTsT d+eseZ qu $T>

10 rdTe#T. @ u$Tqq |*\T T\eTesTT)
(ii)
(iv)
2 log 3 - 3 log 2
(v)
log 16 - log 2 (iii)
3 log 4
log243 + log1 (vi)
log 10 + 2 log 3 - log 2
log 2 + log 5
_
_
_
(i)
128
log
625
(v)
x3
log
y2
(iii)
logx2y3z4
_
_
_
(iv)
p 2 q3
log
r
(ii)
log1000
_
_
_
(i)
_
_
_
+~ y $d]+ sjT+&.
_
_
_
5.
log1010000 = 4
4.
log 48 x
(ii)
_
_
_
(iv)
_
_
_
_
_
_
(i)
3.
21
+~ y |s|+ sjT+&.
_
_
_
2.
www.apteachers.in
d+eseZ H\ beD u eTT\T (<s+) (|\ =s < +#&q$ e)

d+esZeH\ eTq+ k<sD+> s+&T <s\ (ueTT\T) skeTT.
$ u$T 10 eT]jTT u$T e
d+esZeH\ eTq+ ded+ log x n yd < u$T 10> ykeT ns+.
*s eTT+<T>H d+esZeH\ q b>+ #jT& log nH +T+~. ~
H= d+K 10 u$T> >\ d+esZeq$\Te \TdT+~.
<VsD
log 2 eT]jTT log 3 sDjTd+KH?
log 2 = 0.301029995664
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
log 3 = 0.4771212547197
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1.5.4
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
22
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
s+&e d+esZeq u$T e. >TsTqT eTq+ |+ ds++ n+{eTT. ~

sDjT d+K. ~ nq++> e+& n++, esq+ #+< <X+X+> e+T+~. B
$\Te dTesT> 2.718 > rdT+{sT. u$T e eTq+ me> Xg, >D nqTesH\
$jksT . u $T e > >\ d+eseZ H\T n+f loge qT eTq+ d +> ln n dkeTT.
eq ln x u$T e> *q d+esZeq+ n nseTT. Te+{ d+esZeH\qT dV
d+esZeH\T n+{sT. *s ln nH dV d+esZeq $\Te\T \T|T+~.
<VsD
_
_
_
ln(2) = 0.6931471805599
ln(2) eT]jTT ln(3) sD

j
H?
d+eseZ H\ nqTesH \T (|\ =s < +#&q$ e)

d+esZeH\ nqTesH\qT +~ = <VsD\ <s ne>Vq #dT+<+.
_
_
_
1.5.5
_
_
_
ln(3) = 1.0986122886681
M=log
_
_
_
I
nH dMTsD <s qT>=qe#Tq 1935 d+ #sd t
S
+<T I nH~ u+| re jTT <T| eT]jTT S nH~ u+| +<+
<VsD-15. u +| reqT
d+ |jd
u+| re
I
S
_
_
_
_
_
_
= log 10
=1
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
M = log
_
_
_
I
S
M = log
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
]sY s+#&T.
e< re qT \T|sTT.
(a)
u +| +<+ e< re H, u+| re jTT <T| 10 sT eq# reqT
qT>=q+&.
(b)
u+| re ]sY d\T| 10 > qy< +<+ e< re msT <T|> eqT
#| e#TqT?
k<q :
(a)
u+|re <T|qT I > rdT+f
I = 10 S n>TqT
u+| re qT>=qT
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
yde d+K\T
23
k<sD u+| re (+<+ e< @s&q~) H u+| re jTT <T| x sT

eq<qT+f
u+| <T| re I = xS n>TqT
eTq
I
S
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(b)
www.apteachers.in
M = log
n \TdT
xs
s
_
_
_
M = log
_
_
_
eq u+| re
_
_
_
_
_
_
< M = log x
eTq M = 10 n e&+~.
eq log x = 10 n+<Te\q x = 1010 n>TqT.
_
_
_
|jT+#+&
_
_
_
<eD+ jTT pH $\TeqT qT>=qT eTq+ pH = -log10 [H+] n y&eTT.

+<T\ pH nH~ <eD+ jTT eT due+qT eT]jTT H+ nH~ V&H njH
>&qT *jTCdT+~.
nud+
=s s+#&q~ <T]
1.
n dV d+K> *q d+K 6n jTT kq+ 5 +T+<? sD\T \|+&.
2.
7 q 5 q 3 q 2 + 3 nH~
_
_
_
[|\
_
_
_
_
_
_
(ii)
X+sY neTeT y& \dT\ V&H njH >& 9.2 10(-12) nsTT
< pH $\Te m+?
e |+&T jTT pH $\Te 4.2 nsTT < V&H njH >& m+
+T+~?
_
_
_
(i)
3 5 2 3 5
nsDjTeT>TH, sDjTeT>TH d]#&+&.
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
sDjT d+K n s|+#+&. <$<+> 2
3 5
_
_
_
5.
_
_
_
4.
_
_
_
3.
d+jTT d+K n>TH? yTqT deT]+#+&.

@ dV d+K n qq 12n jTT kq+ '0' n+ e+T+<, < d]#&+&.
@<H <q|Ps d+K n > *q d+K\T n, n + 2 < n + 4 \ @< d+K3#
Xw+> u+|&Tq s|+#+&.
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
__
www.apteachers.in
10e s> >D+
24
u>Vs+ #jT+&H, +~ nsDjT d+K\qT <X+Xs|+ sjTTq|&T m n+\

s n+yTT+< <X+X\T> @s&j \|+&. s u>Vs+ #d d]#&+&.
@$T >eTksT?
_
_
_
6.
13
5
17
13
(ii) 2
(iii)
(iv)
16
125
80
2
2
2
x + y = 6xy nsTTq 2 log (x + y) = logx + logy + 3 log 2
_
_
_
(i)
(v)
15
32
(vi)
33
2 q5
2
n #|+&.
8.
log10 2 = 0.3010 nsTTq 4 d+K m n+\T+{j \|+&.
>eT : d+K d+esZeq+ |Ps+ u>+ >T]+, <X+X u>+ >T]+ MT b<jTT
n& rdT=+&.
_
_
_
7.
_
_
_
2013
n+>D b<$T d<++ |s+ | d+jTT d+KqT |<q d+K\ sD+\

\+> e|s#e#TqT eT]jTT |<qsD+\ esTdeT+ @<q|{ ~ @+ n
s+|e#TqT
p |<q d+K eT]jTT a <q|Ps d+K nsTT e+& a2qT p Xw+> ud
n|&T a qT p Xw+> udT+~.
x nsDjT d+K eT]jTT B <X+X s|+ n+yT< <X+X+ nsTTq|&T x qT
3.
_
_
_
2.
_
_
_
_
_
_
1.
_
_
_
eTq+ @$T #]+#+
4.
\T |sds |<H+\T nsTTeq q s|+ e|s#e#TqT eT]jTT p eT]jTT

q jTT |<qsD+\ \+ 2n5m n>TqT +<T n, m \T sTDs |Psd+K\T.
n, m \T sTDs |Ps d+K\T eT]jTT q jTT |<qsD+\ \ s|+ 2n5m
5.
*qTe+{ nsDjT d+K x = q nsTTq, x jTT <X+Xs|+ n+eTjT

<X+X+ n>TqT.
n, m \T sTDs |Ps d+K\T eT]jTT q jTT |<q sD+eTT\ \+ 2n5m s|+
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
p, q
(iii)
loga xm = m loga x
(ii)
loga
x
= loga x loga y
y
loga xy = loga x + loga y
d+esZeH\qT n s\ >D |jT\ eTTK+> +]+>, dqT, ybs+,

nsXg+\ $]$> $jksT.
_
_
_
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D
_
_
_
_
_
_
8.
(i)
_
_
_
7.
_
_
_
_
_
_
6.
_
_
_
+f, nsDjT d+K x = q nsTTq, x jTT <X+Xs|+ n++ esq

<X+X+ n>TqT.
a, x \T <q |Ps d+K\T eT]jTT a z 1 nsTTe+& an = x nsTTq eTq+ loga x = n n
sk+.
d+esZeq Hj\T

Resources - 1st Chapter Maths

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Resources - 1st Chapter Maths

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

__

eTq+ eTT+<T s>T $$< sq d+K\qT >] \TdTHeTT. n+f dVd+K\T,

\T |Ps d+KjTT+&, q z 0 nsTTq d+<s+ q s|+ sjT>\ d+K\qT

s|+ sjTqTe+{ d+K\qT sD j

Downloaded from www.apteachers.in

+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D

nsDjT, sDjT d+K\T \d q deTV eTq+ yde d+K\T n+{eTT. +~

10e s> >D+

n<jTeTT eTq+ = d<+\qT $_q |< T \ s|+#&+ \TdT+{eTT. <$<+ >

+~ nsDjT d+K\ @~ n+eTjT <X+X, @$ n++ esq <X+X

+~ \ d+K\ eT<q >\ @< nsDjT d+KqT qT>=q+&.

+~ d+K\ @$ nsDj\T? @$ sDj\T?

+~ yde d+K\qT d+U sK| >T]+#+&. nedsyT | d+K |yTq

yde d+K\ nHwD

n |Ps d+K\qT yde d+K\ #se#TH? m+<T?

yde d+K\qT >T]+ eT] n+X\qT $u>eTT nHw<eTT. dVd+K\T

n+>D b<$ T d<+eTT

Downloaded from www.apteachers.in

+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D

1 |, $T*q n dVd+K\qT y{ |<qsD+\ \+> yjTe#Tq +~

|<H+\ |\ \+> sjT @<H d+jTTd+K * e+T+< MTsT

B qT+&163800 qT 2 q 2 q 2 q 3 q 3 q 5 q 5 q 7 q 13 > sjTe#T. <$<+>

Downloaded from www.apteachers.in

+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D

|* dV d+K\ eTs= $<+> |]o*<eTT. = |<q d+K\T 2, 3, 7, 11

10e s> >D+

|&T, MTsT rdTq |<q d+K\ deTVeTT neX+ >\ n |<qd+K\T

#s <s eTqeTT n+>D b<$ T d<+eTT | d+jTT d+KqT |< qsD+

d<+eTT-1.1 : (n+>D b<$T d<+eTT) : | d+jTT d+KqT |<H+eTT\ \+>

qT |<q sD+\ \+> sjT+&. d+KqT dVT\T @$<+>

Downloaded from www.apteachers.in

+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D

MTsT \TdTq |*+ # dT\u+> ne>Vq nsTTe+& s+|& e+&e#TqT.

|<H eTqeTT |<qsD+\ \|< n+{eTT. +~ <VsD <s eTqeTT |<

<VsD-1. 12 eT]jTT 18 \ jTT >.k. eT]jTT .k.>T\qT |<q sD+\ \ |<

+~ y |d+KqT |<q sD+\ \+> sjT+&.

+~ |Psd+K\ jTT .k.>T eT]jTT >.k. \qT |<q sD+\ \ |<

Downloaded from www.apteachers.in

+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D

@ dVd+K n nsTTH 12n nqT d+K 0 < 5 n+eTT < s|+#+&.

10e s> >D+

dV d+K nsTTq 6n d+K dTq n+eT>TH, < d]#&+&.

yde d+K\qT >T]+ eT]+> |]X~+#& n+>D b<$T d<++qT

Downloaded from www.apteachers.in

+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D

eTq+ rdTq n++ >\ <X+X\qT nsD j

nsDjT d+K\ Vs\ @<H neT]qT MTsT >eT+#s? <X+X d+KqT

+~ n+yTT+< <X+X\qT nsDjT d+K\T> ( q ,

s|+ e+ q jTT |<qsD+\

nsDjT d+KqT d]+#Tq|&T d+K

|jT nsDjT d+K\ Vs\qT >T]+ @$T #|>\sT ?

|sds |<H+\T nsTTeq

s|+ e|s#e#T. eT]jTT

jTT |<q sD+\ \+ 2n5m n>TqT. +<T n, m \T nH$ sTDs |Psd+K\T.

+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D

Downloaded from www.apteachers.in

nH~ nsDjT d+K eT]jTT B <X+Xs|+ n+eTjT <X+XeTT,

10e s> >D+

s|+ nsDjT d+KjTT+&, q jTT s|+ 2n5m (+<T n, m \T sTDs |Psd+K\T)

n+eTjT <X+X+ neT+<?

s|+ nsDjT d+K e+&,

nH~ 2n5m s|+ e+f

< T\yTq nsDjT d+K b neT+~. +<T b nH~ 10 jTT | d+K>