UMTS W-CDMA

-By Rohit Joshi

Contents

Basic Architecture of 3G ( W-CDMA ) system

How do CDMA systems work?
Channel structures of W-CDMA system
A simplified flow of radio access

UMTS Overview

UMTS and 3G wireless

Staged roll-out with "vintages" releases:
Release 3 ("1999") GPRS data services
Multimedia messaging service (MMS) = SMS successor ~ MIME email
RAN via evolved CDMA

Release 4: March 2001

Release 5: March-June 2002
Release 6: June 2003 all-IP network

Main new features (affecting packet services):

All-IP transport in the Radio Access and Core Networks
Enhancements of services and service management
High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Introduces additional downlink channels:
High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
Shared Control Channels for HS-DSCH

UMTS Data Rates

macrocell

2 km

144 kb/s

microcell

1 km

384 kb/s

picocell

60 m

2 Mb/s

Follow-on to GSM, but WCDMA physical layer

New spectrum around 2 GHz
Radio transmission modes:
frequency division duplex (FDD): 2 x 60 MHz
time division duplex (TDD): 15 + 20 MHz

Chip rate 3.84 Mcps channel bandwidth 4.4 5 MHz

UMTS QoS Class

conversational

voice, video conferencing

low delay, strict

ordering

streaming

video streaming

modest delay,
strict ordering

interactive

web browsing, games

modest delay

background

email download

no delay
guarantees

UMTS Architecture

UMTS Architecture

UTRAN

Packet switched Core Network

IP
server

UE

Application

Applic.
GGSN

TCP

Radio Access Bearers

IP

IP

TCP
IP

IP

SGSN

RNC

Radio Bearers
PDCP
RLC

Logical channels

MAC

Transport channels

PHY

PDCP

Iu UP

Iu UP

RLC

GTP-U

GTP-U

MAC

UDP

UDP

Node B

PHY

FP

FP

PHY

AAL2/
ATM

AAL2/
ATM

IP

IP

AAL5/
ATM

AAL5/
ATM

GTP-U

GTP-U
GPRS
IP backbone
UDP/
TCP

IP routing

IP

IP

IP

UDP/
TCP
IP

Physical channels

Uu

Iub

Iu

Gn

Gn/Gp

Gi

UMTS Architecture Simplified

CN

Iu

Iu

RNC
Iub
NB
Uu

RNC

Iur
Iub

NB
Uu

Iub
NB
Uu

Iub
NB
Uu

UMTS Gateway Architecture

Legacy Mobile
Signaling Networks

Multimedia
IP Networks

Roaming Signaling
Gateway (R-SGW)
Mh

Mm
Ms

HSS

CSCF

Gi

Cx

Mg
Mr
Gi

MRF
Gi

SGSN

GGSN

Media Gateway
Control Function
(MGCF)

Transport Switching
Gateway (T-SGW)

Mc (= H.248)
Media Gateway
(MGW)

Gi

Media Gateway
(MGW)

PSTN/Legacy/External

Alves

UMTS Rel-4 Rel-5 Architecture

IM Sub System
Call State Control Function (CSCF)

Interrogating-CSCF
Accesspoint to domain

HSS

Diameter

Diameter
Cx

Dx

UE
Gm

UA

Mw

P-CSCF

(User Agent)

SIP

AS
ISC
Cx

SIP

Mw

I-CSCF
SIP

Visited
Domain

Application
Server

Sh

SLF

Hides topology and configuration

Proxy-CSCF

Subscription
Location Function

Home
Subscriber
Server

S-CSCF
SIP

Home
Domain

Serving-CSCF
Session control services
Registration, AS usage, charging, etc

Jalava

CDMA

Spread Spectrum

Spread the radio signal over a wide frequency range by

modulating it with a code word unique to the radio
Receivers correlator distinguishes signals by examining the
spectrum with a time synchronised duplicate of the spreading
code
Power limited system
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS)
Carrier is modulated by a digital code in which code bit rate is much
larger than information bit rate.

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Carrier frequency is shifted in discrete increments in a pattern
generated by a code sequence.

Multiple Access

FDMA

GUARD BANDS

USER # 5
USER # 4
USER # 3
FREQUENCY
USER # 2
FREQUENCY
USER # 1
TIME
TIME

TDMA
CDMA

GUARD BANDS

USER #
5

USER #
4

USER #
3

USER # 2

USER # 1

FREQUENCY

Pseudocodes
FREQUENCY

Pseudocode N
Pseudocode N+1
Pseudocode N+2

TIME

Time

Concept of channels in W-CDMA

Single Carrier of 5 MHz

Separate Carrier for Uplink & Downlink
Chip rate of 3.84 Mcps
Channelisation codes & Scrambling codes Identify various
channels

Channelization Codes

UTRAN Architecture

Protocol Architecture for UMTS

C Plane

U Plane

APPLICATION
PART

DATA STREAM
Transport Network
Control Plane

Transport Network
User Plane

Transport Network
User Plane

Radio
Network
Layer

Transport
Network
layer

Protocol in Iub Interface

C Plane
Node B
Application Part
NBAP

U Plane
Transport Network
C Plane

Various Frame
Protocols

ALCAP
Q2630.1
Q2150.2

SSCF-UNI

SSCF-UNI

SSCOP

SSCOP

AAL5

AAL5

ATM Layer
Physical Layer

AAL2

Protocol in Iur Interface

C Plane
Radio Network
Subsystem
Application Part
RNSAP

U Plane
Transport Network
C Plane

Iur Data Streams

ALCAP
Transport Network
User Plane

Q2630.1

Transport Network
User Plane

Q2150.1
SCCP
MTP3-B

ITUN

SSCF-NNI

SCTP

SSCOP
AAL5

UDP/IP

MTP3-B ITUN
SSCF-NNI

SCTP

SSCOP

UDP/IP

AAL5

ATM Layer
Physical Layer

AAL2

Protocol in Iu Interface CS
C Plane
Radio Access
Network
Application Part
RANAP
Transport Network
User Plane

U Plane
Transport Network
C Plane

Iu Protocol Layer

ALCAP
Q2630.1

Transport Network
User Plane

Q2150.1
SCCP
MTP3-B

MTP3-B

SSCF-NNI

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

SSCOP

AAL5

AAL5

ATM Layer
Physical Layer

AAL2

Protocol in Iu Interface PS
C Plane
Radio Access
Network
Application Part
RANAP

U Plane
Transport Network
C Plane

SCCP
MTP3-B

ITUN

SSCF-NNI

SCTP

SSCOP

Iu Protocol Layer

GTP-U
UPD
IP

UDP/IP

AAL5

AAL5

ATM Layer
Physical Layer

UMTS Control Plane Protocol for CS Service

MM/CM/
SMS

MM/CM/
SMS
RELAY

RANAP

RRC

RRC

RLC

RLC

MAC

SCCP

SCCP

MTP3-B /
SSCOP

MTP3-B /
SSCOP

AAL5

AAL5

ATM

ATM

MAC

L1
MS

RANAP

L1

Uu

UTRAN

Iu

3G-MSC/VLR

UMTS User Plane Protocol for CS Services

Trans-coding
function

CS
application
like coded
voice

RELAY

25.415

RLC

RLC

MAC

MAC

L1
MS

L1

Uu

25.415

AAL2

AAL2

ATM

ATM

UTRAN

Iu

3G-MSC/VLR

UMTS Control Plane Protocol for PS

GMM/SM
/SMS

GMM/SM
/SMS
RELAY

RANAP

RRC

RRC

RLC

RLC

MAC

MAC

L1
MS

L1

Uu

RANAP
SCCP

SCCP
SIGNALLING
BEARER

SIGNALLING
BEARER

AAL5

AAL5

ATM

ATM

UTRAN

Iu

3G-SGSN

UMTS User Plane Protocol for PS

APPLICATION

IP,PPP,X.25,
OSP

RELAY

RELAY

PDCP

PDCP

GTP-U

RLC

RLC

UDP/
IP

UDP/
IP

MAC

MAC

AAL5

AAL5

L1

L1

ATM

ATM

MS

Uu

IP,PPP,X.25
,OSP

UDP/
IP

UDP/IP

L2

L2
LI

L1

Iu

UTRAN

GTP-U

GTP-U GTP-U

3G-SGSN

Gn

GGSN

Radio Interface

RADIO Subsystem Access Points

GC-SAP

Nt-SAP

DC-SAP

RLC/RRC

MAC Layer

SHCCH

PCCH

BCCH

DCCH

PHYSICAL LAYER

CCCH

DTCH

CTCH

Radio Interface Protocol Architecture

Typical Channel Structure of CDMA

Hierarchy of Radio Resource

Logical Transport Channels

Transport Channels
Physical Channels

Physical Channels

UTRA ( FDD ) or W-CDMA

Basic Physical Resource code/frequency/phase
There are two types of codes
Channelisation
Scrambling

In IS-95 their equivalent are

Walsh codes
PN sequences

The Physical channel is defined by a combination of

these basic physical resources
There are hierarchical channel resources from radio
resource perspective

Types of Uplink Physical Channels

Dedicated physical channels ( DPCH )

Common physical channels
Random Access Channel ( PRACH )
Common Packet Channel ( PCPCH )

Each physical channel has a associated

separate control channel

Uplink Physical Channels

DPDCH
DPCCH
Cch,256,0

DATA bits

Pilot bits

Slot 0

TFCI bits

Slot 4
Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot 3

FBI bits

Slot 8
Slot 5

Slot 12
Slot 9

Slot 6

Slot 7

Frame of 10ms

TPC bits

Slot 1 0

Slot 13
Slot 11

Slot 14

Uplink Physical RACH Message Part

DATA bits

Data Part

C ch,SF,m
Pilot bits

Control Part

TFCI bits

C ch,256,m

Slot 0

Slot 4
Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot 3

Slot 8
Slot 5

Slot 12
Slot 9

Slot 6

Slot 7

Frame of 10ms

Slot 1 0

Slot 13
Slot 11

Slot 14

Types of Downlink Physical Channels

Dedicated physical channels ( DPCH )

Common physical channels
Acquisition indication Channel ( AICH )
Paging indication Channel ( PICH )
Common pilot Channel ( CPICH )
Primary common control channel ( P- CCPCH)
Secondary common control channel ( S-CCPCH )
Physical downlink shared channel ( PDSCH )

Downlink Physical Data Channel

DDPCH

TPC TFCI
bits bits

Data 1 bits

Slot 0

Data 2 bits

Slot 4
Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot 3

Pilot bits

Slot 8
Slot 5

Slot 12
Slot 9

Slot 6

Slot 7

Frame of 10ms

Slot 1 0

Slot 13
Slot 11

Slot 14

Downlink Physical Shared Channel

PDSCH

Data bits

Slot 0

Slot 4
Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot 3

Slot 8
Slot 5

Slot 12
Slot 9

Slot 6

Slot 7

Frame of 10ms

Slot 1 0

Slot 13
Slot 11

Slot 14

Downlink P-CCPCH

acp

Primary synchronisation channel

acs i,7

Secondary synchronisation channel

Broadcast channel

256 CHIPS

2560 CHIPS

BCH = 27kbps

Channelisation code
Cch,256,1

Slot 0

Slot 4
Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot 3

Slot 8
Slot 5

Slot 12
Slot 9

Slot 6

Slot 7

Frame of 10ms

Slot 1 0

Slot 13
Slot 11

Slot 14

Downlink CPICH

Pre-defined symbol sequence

Common Pilot Channel
2560 CHIPS

CPICH = 30kbps

Channelisation code
Cch,256,0

Slot 0

Slot 4
Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot 3

Slot 8
Slot 5

Slot 12
Slot 9

Slot 6

Slot 7

Frame of 10ms

Slot 1 0

Slot 13
Slot 11

Slot 14

Downlink AICH

1024 chips

4096 chips
AI

Empty
5120 CHIPS

AS
Slot 0

AS
Slot 2
AS
Slot 1

AS
Slot 3

AS
Slot 4

AS
Slot 5

AS
Slot 6

AS
Slot 8
AS
Slot 7

Two Frame 20ms

AS
Slot 9

AS
Slot
10

AS
Slot
11

AS
Slot
12

AS
Slot
13

AS
Slot
14

Downlink AP-AICH

1024 chips

4096 chips
API

Empty
5120 CHIPS

AS
Slot 0

AS
Slot 2
AS
Slot 1

AS
Slot 3

AS
Slot 4

AS
Slot 5

AS
Slot 6

AS
Slot 8
AS
Slot 7

Two Frame 20ms

AS
Slot 9

AS
Slot
10

AS
Slot
11

AS
Slot
12

AS
Slot
13

AS
Slot
14

Downlink CD/CA-ICH

1024 chips

4096 chips
CDI/CAI

Empty

5120 CHIPS

AS
Slot 0

AS
Slot 2
AS
Slot 1

AS
Slot 3

AS
Slot 4

AS
Slot 5

AS
Slot 6

AS
Slot 8
AS
Slot 7

Two Frame 20ms

AS
Slot 9

AS
Slot
10

AS
Slot
11

AS
Slot
12

AS
Slot
13

AS
Slot
14

Downlink CSICH

1024 chips

4096 chips
Tx Off

SI

5120 CHIPS

AS
Slot 0

AS
Slot 2
AS
Slot 1

AS
Slot 3

AS
Slot 4

AS
Slot 5

AS
Slot 6

AS
Slot 8
AS
Slot 7

Two Frame 20ms

AS
Slot 9

AS
Slot
10

AS
Slot
11

AS
Slot
12

AS
Slot
13

AS
Slot
14

Downlink PICH
There are certain number of Paging Indicator per frame
The number of bits per Paging indicator depend upon the
number of Paging Indicators

A UE is always associated to a Paging indicator

12 Bits
Unused

288 Bits used for Paging

300 Bits

Slot 0

Slot 4
Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot 3

Slot 8
Slot 5

Slot 12
Slot 9

Slot 6

Slot 7

Frame of 10ms

Slot 1 0

Slot 13
Slot 11

Slot 14

Transport Channels

Transport Channel Types

Transport Channels
RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL ( RACH )
BROADCAST CHANNEL ( BCH )
PAGING CHANNEL ( PCH )
FORWARD ACCESS CHANNEL ( FACH )
COMMON PACKET CHANNEL ( CPCH )
DOWNLINK SHARED CHANNEL ( DSCH )
DEDICATED CHANNEL ( DCH )

Mapping Between Transport & Physical Channels

TRANSPORT CHANNELS
BCH

PCH

P-CCPCH S-CCPCH

RACH

FACH

PRACH

DSCH

PDSCH

DCH

DPDCH

CPCH

PCPCH

PHYSICAL CHANNELS

Note : CPICH , SCH , DPCCH , AICH ,PICH dont have

any transport channel associated with them .

RACH Protocol Model

CCCH

DTCH DCCH CCCH

DCCH DTCH

MAC-d

MAC-d

MAC-c/sh

MAC-c/sh
RachFP

PHY

UE

PHY

Uu

RACH
FP

RachFP

TNL

TNL

NodeB

RACH
FP

Iub

TNL

TNL

CRNC

Iur

SRNC

FACH Protocol Model

DTCH DCCH MTCH MCCH
MSCH
CCCH

DCCH DTCH

MTCH MCCH
MSCH

CCCH

MAC-d

MAC-d
MAC-c/sh/m

MAC-c/sh
FachFP
PHY

PHY

UE

Uu

FACH
FP

FachFP

TNL

NodeB

FACH
FP

TNL

Iub

CRNC

TNL

TNL

Iur

SRNC

DCH Protocol Model

DTCH

DCCH

DCCH

MAC-d

MAC-d

PHY-upper

PHY

PHY

UE

DTCH

PHY

Uu

DchFP

DchFP

TNL

TNL

NodeB

Iub

PHY

DchFP

DchFP

TNL

CRNC

TNL

Iur

SRNC

DSCH Protocol Model

DTCH DCCH

DCCH DTCH

MAC-d

MAC-d

MAC-c/sh

MAC-c/sh
DschFP
PHY

PHY

UE

Uu

DschFP

DschFP

TNL

NodeB

DschFP

TNL

Iub

TNL

TNL

CRNC

Iur

SRNC

HSDSCH Protocol Model

DTCH DCCH

DCCH DTCH

MAC-d

MAC-d

MAChs

MAC-hs

PHY

UE

PHY

Uu

CRNC HS-DSCH
Flow Control
HSHSDSCHFP DSCHFP

HSDSCHFP

TNL

NodeB

TNL

Iub

CRNC

HSDSCHFP

TNL

TNL

Iur

SRNC

Logical Channels

Logical Channel Types

Control Logical Channels

Broadcast Control Channel ( BCCH )
Paging Control Channel ( PCCH )
Dedicated Control Channel ( DCCH )
Common Control Channel ( CCCH )
Shared Channel Control Channel ( SHCCH )

Traffic Logical Channels

Dedicated Traffic Channel ( DTCH )
Common Traffic Channel ( CTCH )

Mapping Between Logical & Transport Channels

LOGICAL CHANNELS
BCCH

BCH

PCCH

PCH

CCCH

RACH

DCCH

FACH

TRANSPORT CHANNELS

DTCH

DSCH

DCH

CTCH

CPCH

UTRAN MAC Architecture

MAC Control

MAC Control

MCCH MTCH
BCCH
CTCH
CCCH
SHCCH
PCCH
MSCH
MAC Control
TDD only

MAC ControlMAC ControlDCCH DTCH DTCH

MAC-es

MAC-d
Configuration
without MAC c/sh

MAC-hs

MAC-e

HS- DSCH HS- DSCH

E-DCH
Associated Downlink
Signalling

Configuration
with MAC-c/sh

Associated Uplink
Signalling

Associated Downlink
Signalling

Configuration
with MAC c/sh

MAC-c/sh/m

PCH FACH FACH RACH

Iub
Associated Uplink
Signalling

USCH USCH DSCH DSCH Iur or local

TDD only

TDD only

TDD only TDD only

DCH

DCH

Network Procedures

Cell Search/Identification

The Primary synchronization code is the same for

every cell in the system
The Secondary synchronization code is a
sequence of 15 codes from a set of 16 codes
Each cell is allocated one and only one primary
scrambling code
Scrambling codes are divided into 64 code groups
; each code group having 8 primary scrambling
codes . Each primary scrambling code has
associated 15 secondary scrambling codes

W-CDMA Cell Setup

NODE-B

RNC
RESOURCE STATUS INDICATION
CELL SETUP REQUEST
CELL SETUP RESPONSE
COMMON TRANSPORT CHANNEL SETUP

COMMON TRANSPORT CHANNEL SETUP RESPONSE

SYSTEM INFORMATION

Mobile States
CONNECTED STATES
CELL_URA
CELL_PCH

CELL_DCH

CELL_FACH

IDLE STATE
IDLE STATE

IDLE STATE

RRC Connection Setup In Dedicated Mode

UE

Node B
Serving RNS

Serving
RNC

1. CCCH : RRC Connection Request

RRC

RRC
Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
parameters
NBAP

2. Radio Link Setup Request

NBAP

Start RX
description
3. Radio Link Setup Response
NBAP

NBAP

4. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

5. NodeB-SRNC Data Transport Bearer Sync

RRC

RRC

Start TX
description
6. CCCH : RRC Connection Setup
RRC
7. DCCH : RRC Connection Setup Complete
RRC

Hand Off in CDMA

Hard Handoff
Softer Handoff
Soft Handoff

Soft Handover
Antenna

s
s
s

Linear
Comb.

Mobile moves towards edge of cell

BS detects low power
MS spreading code sent to candidate BS
Signals from both BS combined by Rake Reciever
All fingers correlate with rays from new site
Old BS drops mobile spreading code

THANK YOU