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3D Solid Modeling
3D Solid Modeling
Engineering Geometry
Geometry Provides the building blocks
of the engineering design process
Coordinate Space
3D Coordinate Spaces
Only two axes of the three coordinates can be seen in each view
Right-Hand rule to
Determine the Positive
Direction of the Axes
Right-hand rule defines the X, Y and Z
axes, as well as the positive and
negative directions of rotation on each
axis
X: Thumb
Y: Indexing finger
Z: Middle figure
D=4.5
=30
x= D Cos()
y= D Sin()
x=3.897
y=2.250
D =
6.928
x2 + y2
y
= atan
x
D=8
=60
Fall2005- ENGR 3200U
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Absolute Coordinates
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Relative Coordinates
Starting point,
referenced to the origin
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Lines Relationships
Parallel Condition
Tangent
Condition
Fall2005- ENGR 3200U
Non-parallel
Condition
Perpendicular
Condition
Intersecting
Lines
Intersection of
Two Planes
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Curved Lines
Path generated by a point moving in a constantly changing direction
Single Curved Line: All points of the line are in a plane
(Circle, Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola Spiral, Spline, Involute, Cycloid)
Double Curved Line: No four consecutive points are in the same plane
(Cylindrical helix, 3D Spline)
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Tangencies
Planar tangents exists when two geometries forms meet
at a single point and do not intersect
(touch in one and only one point)
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Tangencies in 3D Geometries
Plane touches
but not intersect
the another
surface at one or
more consecutive
points
Fall2005- ENGR 3200U
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Circles
Circle is a single
curved plane with all
points at an equal
distance from the
point called center.
Diameter is a chord
that passes through
the center
Secant is a line
passing through the
circle but not the
center
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Conics
Single curved lines
can be described by
algebraic equations,
loci of points or a
section of a cone
Many applications in
Engineering and sciences
1. Ellipse
2. Parabola
3. Hyperbola
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Parabola
When a plane
intersects a right
circular cone parallel
to the side (element)
Mathematically,
Parabola is defined as
a set of points in a
plane which are
equidistance from a
given fixed point,
called focus and a
fixed line, called
directix.
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Parabola revolved about its axis generates a 3D ruled surface called a paraboloid
(Auditorium ceiling reduces reverberation)
Fall2005- ENGR 3200U
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Hyperbola
When a plane
intersects a right
circular cone and
makes a smaller
angle with the axis
than do the elements
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Ellipse
When a plane intersects a right
circular cone at an angle to the
axis that is greater than the
angle between the axis and the
sides
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Ellipse Templates
A line of sight other than 90 degrees
changes the appearance of a circle to
an ellipse.
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Parametric Equations:
1- Splines
2-Bezier
3- B-Spline
4-NURBS
31
Bezier, B-Spline
and NURBS are
flexible
techniques to
create modified
smooth curve that
passes close to
but not through
the all of control
points.
32
Angles
How to define
Acute
Right
Obtuse
Relationships
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Planes
How to define
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Quadrilaterals
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Regular Polygons
A Polygon with equal sides
3 sides
8 sides
4 sides
5 sides
6 sides
7 sides
9 sides
10 sides
12 sides
20 sides
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Triangles
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Surfaces
Finite portion of a plane
or the outer face of an
object bounded by an
identifiable perimeter
Ruled Surface is
generated by a moving
line, called Generatrix
The path of the moving
line is called Directrix
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Classification of Surfaces
A) 2D bounded Surface
B) Straight line generatrix revolved
around an axis directrix
C) A curved line generatrix revolved
around a line, center or a vertex
D) A single and double curved
transitional surface
E) Follows no set pattern; more
sophisticated math is required
Another Classification
F) Planar, Single curved or
wrapped surface with a
straight line generatrix
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OR
Sweeping a curved generatrix along a straight line
1) Polyhedra
2) Single- Curved Surface
3) Wrapped Surface
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Classification of Cones
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Classification of Cylinders
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Convolutes
A convolute is a single- curved surface generated by a line moving
always tangent to a double curved line
Helical
convolute is a
special case
formed by
sweep of the
line tangent to
a helix curve.
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Polyhedra
A symmetrical or asymmetrical geometry with multiple polygonal sides called facet
6 facets
4 facets
12 facets
8 facets
20 facets
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Polygons Prisms
A polyhedron that has two
equal parallel facets
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3-D Modeling
3D computer model of an object
1) Wire frame
2) Surface Modeling
3) Solid Modeling
B-Rep
CSG Tree
Hybrid
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Wire frame
Only vertex and edges
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Surface Modeling
Lacking of uniqueness in wire
frame
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Surface Modeling
Complex surfaces by sweeping
Revolved Surface
A directrix can be rotated about an
axis, between 1 and 360 degrees
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Surface Modeling
Lofting Surface
A series of directrix paths and a
generatrix curve
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