Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nhan Th Lc An
Chuyn ngnh: Tm l hc
M s: 60 31 80
LUN VN THC S TM L HC
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:
TS INH PHNG DUY
LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan lun vn Cch thc ng ph trc nhng kh khn tm l ca hc sinh
trung hc ph thng thnh ph H Ch Minh do chnh bn thn ti nghin cu.
Cc s liu trong ti ny l kt qu cng sc ti u t thu thp v x l thng tin mt
cch trung thc. Kt qu nghin cu c trnh by trong lun vn ny khng sao chp ca bt c
lun vn no v cng cha c trnh by hay cng b bt c cng trnh nghin cu no khc
trc y.
M U
1. TNH CP THIT CA TI:
La tui thanh nin l giai on pht trin bt u t lc dy th v kt thc vo tui ngi ln.
Cc nh tm l hc Mcxt cho rng cn nghin cu tui thanh nin mt cch phc tp, phi kt hp
quan im tm l hc x hi vi vic tnh n nhng quy lut bn trong ca s pht trin.
Nhng cng trnh nghin cu s pht trin tm sinh l ca la tui hc sinh ph thng gn y
quan nim: la ny nh l mt giai on pht trin i qua mt lot nhng lp s kin, nhng kinh
nghim, s tri nghim hay nhng nhim v pht trin c xc nh v mt x hi.
Trong giai on pht trin ny, nhng thay i ca cc yu t sinh hc c nh hng n cc
yu t tm l. V ngc li, cc s kin x hi, s tri nghim tm l n lt n cng nh hng
ln h thng sinh hc. Trong giai on pht trin ca hc sinh ph thng c rt nhiu nhng mu
thun, nhng s kin x hi lin quan n nhu cu v nhim v pht trin i hi hc sinh ph
thng phi p ng nh chng va mun l tr con (mun nng nu, mun c b m quan tm,
mun c nhn qu) va mun l ngi ln (i thot khi s kim sot cht ch ca b m,
i c quyn t quyt nh, i c tn trng cc vn ring t, i mi ngi phi i x vi
mnh nh ngi ln). Cc em thng hay c ngh cc oan cho rng mnh l ngi ln c
quyn v c th lm c mi vic nh ngi ln, nhng mt khc cc em cng thy r mt thc t
rng mnh vn cha thc s c tha nhn l ngi ln. gii quyt mu thun ny, thiu nin
ln thng m phng bt chc nhng hnh vi c cc em gn cho l ca ngi ln.
Tui hc sinh ph thng tri nghim nhng lp hnh vi hay cc iu kin x hi lin quan n
s chn mui x hi la tui ny. Nhng nghin cu chuyn su v cc mi quan h lin c nhn
la ny (Sprinthall & Collins, 1995) cho thy tm quan trng ca cc mi quan h lin c nhn
(quan h vi bn b - cng gii, khc gii; quan h vi cha m; quan h vi ngi ln khc c
ngha vi hc sinh ph thng: thy c, ch bc, anh ch) tui ny b xa cc nhm tui khc v
ng vai tr khng th thay th trong qua trnh x hi ha ca chng. Mt s nghin cu (Offers,
1995; Peterson, 1996) pht hin ra rng c n 80% v thnh nin (tui 13-16) xem nhm bn nh l
iu quan trng nht, 60-70% xem quan h vi m l quan trng nht. iu ny c ngha l bt k
mt s khng thnh cng hay s v no trong cc quan h lin c nhn ny u c th dn n
nhng tn thng tm l, ri ty cch ng ph ca hc sinh ph thng m c th dn n ri nhiu
tm tr nh trm cm, trm nhc, t t hoc nhng hnh vi sai lch x hi nh tht bi hc ng,
b hc, b nh i lang thang ri tr thnh ti phm.
Hc sinh ph thng phi ng u vi nhiu vn v cc mi quan tm, v c nh hng n
mi kha cnh ca i sng h. L hc sinh, h phi i mt vi nhng quan tm l vic hc hnh
v la chn ngh nghip cho trng lai, i mt vi nhng k thi c cam go. Ngoi ra, h cn phi
i mt vi cc mi quan h bn b v cc quan h x hi khc. Cuc sng ca h mi ngy u c
s tc ng gia cc c nhn vi nhng ngi khc, c bit l cha m, bn b ng trang la, thy
c v nhng ngi quen. Vn v gii tnh cng chim phn khng nh trong cc vn kh
khn ca v thnh nin. Nu v thnh nin c nhng cch ng ph hiu qu trc nhng vn
th h c th t iu chnh thot khi tnh trng lo lng v stress. Thng thng, hc sinh ph
thng cm thy kh khn trong vic gii quyt nhng vn m h gp phi. Bn cnh , h l
nhng ngi tr tui v c t kinh nghim trong cuc sng, h khng th gii quyt nhng kh khn
ca h mt cch thnh cng nu nh h khng c s gip . C mt s thanh thiu nin thng
xuyn tm kim s gip , nhng c mt s li khng thng xuyn tm kim s gip . Theo
quan st th nhng sinh vin tm kim s gip mt cch min cng t nh t vn tm l (Chilh,
1995 v Rosales, 1989).
Vi tnh cp thit , chng ti chn nghin cu ti Cch thc ng ph trc nhng kh khn
tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng ti TP. H Ch Minh vi mong mun tm hiu v nhng
kh khn tm l, thi ca hc sinh ph thng trong s tm kim s gip v cc cch ng ph vi
kh khn tm l ca h, nhm gp phn gip cc nh tm l, nh gio dc, gia nh c nhng phng
n can thip gip h pht trin khe mnh v mt tm sinh l.
2. MC CH NGHIN CU:
2.1 Gip cc nh gio dc, nh tm l hiu nhng kh khn tm l m hc sinh trung hc ph thng
ang gp phi, thi tm kim s gip v cc cch ng ph ca chng i vi nhng vn .
2.2 a ra mt s nhng kh khn tm l m hc sinh trung hc ph thng ang gp phi trn c
s cc nh tm l, cc nh gio dc v gia nh c th thc hin cc phng n gip cho hc
sinh ph thng vt qua cc vn kh khn tm l cng nh hc sinh t ng u, gii quyt
nhng kh khn tm l ca mnh.
3.4. xut mt s cch thc gip hc sinh trung hc ph thng vt qua kh khn theo nhiu cch
khc nhau, gim thiu n mc ti a nhng nh hng xu n hot ng ca h.
4. I TNG V KHCH TH NGHIN CU:
4.1 Khch th nghin cu: 600 hc sinh ti cc trng THPT Trn Ph (Qun Tn Ph), THPT
Nguyn Th Minh Khai (Qun 3), THPT V Th Su (Qun Bnh Thnh)
4.2 i tng nghin cu: Kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng, thi tm kim s
gip v cc cch ng ph vi vn ca hc sinh ph thng.
CHNG 1: C S L LUN
1.1 LCH S NGHIN CU:
Nghin cu v thi trong vic tm kim s gip , v cc cch thc ng ph vi kh khn
tm l c mt s nh nghin cu trong v ngoi nc quan tm. Di y l cc cng trnh
nghin cu tiu biu cho vn ny:
1.1.1 Trn th gii
Mt s nghin cu v thi tm kim s gip trong cc vn tm l cho cc kt qu nh
sau: Thanh nin c xu hng khng tm kim s gip t cc ngun chnh thc, trong cuc kho
st ca Western Australian Child Health, ch c 2% t tui 4 16 tui c vn v sc khe tm
thn c lin h vi trung tm dch v sc khe tm thn trong khong 6 thng (Zubrick, Silburn,
Garton, et al., 1995). Tng t, thnh phn tr em v tui v thnh nin ca National Survey of
Mental Health and Wellbeing cho kt qu rng ch c 29% tr em v v thnh nin c vn v sc
khe tm thn c lin h dch v chuyn nghip hoc nhng dch v tng t trong 12 thng, nhng
vn bao gm c vn sc khe, sc khe tm thn v vn v hc hnh (Sawyer, Arney,
Baghurst et al., 2000). Mt vi thanh nin tm kim s gip chuyn nghip cho cc vn sc
khe tm thn, v thanh nin c xu hng tm kim s gip t ngun khng chnh thc trc khi
quay li vi ngun gip chnh thc (Benson, 1990; Boldero & Fallon, 1995; Rickwood, 1995).
Thanh nin thch tm kim s gip t ngun khng chnh thc hn l t ngun chnh thc,
nh l bn b v gia nh. Bn b c tm n trong cc vn v cm xc c nhn nhiu hn,
trong khi , gia nh c xp th 2 sau bn b Boldero & Fallon, 1995; Schonert-Reichl &
Muller, 1996).
N gii th thch tm kim s gip hn nam gii. iu ph thuc nhiu vo nhng
ngi gip v vn cn c gip , nhng nhn chung l phi n thch tm kim s gip
t ngi khc v cho li khuyn v cc vn sc khe tm thn (Boldero & Fallon, 1995;
Rickwood & Braithwaite, 1994). Ngc li, phi nam th tin tng vo bn thn mnh hn l tm
kim s gip t ngi khc, v h cng hay trnh tha nhn hoc t chi s hin din ca vn
ang gp phi (Offer, Howard, Schonert & Ostrov, 1991).
Mt vi vn thng thc y hnh vi tm kim s gip hn mt s vn khc v cc
ngun gip khc nhau th c cho rng s thch hp vi tng loi vn khc nhau. V d, vn
v mi quan h thng c em ra tho lun vi bn b, vn v c nhn th vi gia nh, v
vn v hc hnh th thng c tm n thy c gio (Bolder & Fallon, 1995; Offer et al.,
1991).
chp trong hc tp) v tr thuc nhm CES (nhm hc sinh cp 2 bnh thng). Kt qu cho thy,
tr trai thuc nhm SES khi gp kh khn s hnh ng chp nhong, khng cn nh gi, chng
xem nhng hnh ng bt pht nh th l mt tm o gip chng li s s hi v tht bi lin tip
tn cng. Tr n trong nhm ny c xu hng tr hon thi gian thc hin cng vic, cc em loay
hoay tm kim gii php ph hp, cm thy tht vng, lun phn nn v yu cu c gip hn
nhm tr n CES. [36]
Nhn chung, hin nay, nghin cu v thi tm kim s gip v cc cch thc ng ph tm
l c nhiu nh khoa hc quan tm nghin cu.
Nh vy, hc sinh trung hc ph thng l giai on u ca tui thanh nin. Vit Nam, hc
sinh trung hc ph thng trong nh trng cn c gi l hc sinh cp 3. [27]
S pht trin mnh ca t duy l lun lin quan cht ch vi kh nng sng to. Nh kh nng khi
qut cc em c th t mnh pht hin ra nhng ci mi. Vi h iu quan trng l cch thc gii
quyt cc vn c t ra ch khng phi l loi vn no c gii quyt. Hc sinh cp 3
nh gi cc bn thng minh trong lp khng da vo im s m da vo cch thc gii bi tp.
H c xu hng nh gi cao cc bn thng minh v nhng thy c c phng php ging dy tch
cc, tn trng nhng suy ngh c lp ca hc sinh, ph phn s g p, my mc trong phng
php s phm. Da trn cc iu kin khch quan v ch quan th s t thc hc sinh ph thng
c pht trin.
Nghin cu kh nng nh gi con ngi ca tui u thanh nin nhiu nh tm l hc nhn
thy rng khi nh gi con ngi nu nh thiu nin thng nu ln nhng c im mang tnh nht
thi lin quan n nhng hon cnh c th trong cc mi quan h vi b m hoc thy c gio, th
tui u thanh nin ch nhiu hn n nhng phm cht nhn cch c tnh bn vng nh cc c
im tr tu, nng lc, tnh cm, ch, thi i vi lao ng, quan h vi nhng ngi khc trong
x hi T ch nhn nhn c nhng phm cht mang tnh khi qut ca ngi khc dn dn con
ngi t pht hin ra th gii ni tm ca bn thn mnh. Cc em la tui ny cm nhn c cc
rung ng ca bn thn v hiu rng l trng thi "ci ti" ca mnh. Song nh t duy khi qut
pht trin trn c s tip thu cc tri thc chung mang tnh phng php lun gip h thc c
cc mi quan h gia cc thuc tnh tm l v cc phm cht nhn cch, c kh nng to c mt
hnh nh ci ti" trn vn v y hn t xy dng cc mi quan h vi ngi khc v vi
chnh mnh.
Biu tng v "ci ti" trong giai on u ca la tui thanh nin thng cha tht r nt. Do
t nh gi v bn thn khng n nh v c tnh mu thun. Ti trong biu tng ca ti rt
tuyt vi song cc em cng d ri vo trng thi nghi ng iu . Nhu cu giao tip, c bit l
giao tip vi bn b ng la pht trin mnh la tui ny thc hin mt chc nng quan trng
l gip hc sinh ph thng dn hiu mnh r hn, nh gi bn thn chnh xc hn thng qua nhng
cuc trao i thng tin, trao i cc nh gi v cc hin tng m h quan tm.
Thng thng biu tng v ci ti c hnh thnh theo hng cc thuc tnh tm l ca con
ngi nh mt c th c nhn bit sm hn cc thuc tnh nhn cch. giai on u thanh nin
rt nhy cm vi nhng c im ca hnh thc thn th. H so snh mnh vi ngi khc qua cc
c im bn ngoi. Mt hin tng rt thng gp l hc sinh cp 3 bt chc thy c gio m h
yu qu hay mt ngi mu l tng no m h chn cho mnh, t cch n mc, c ch, dng i.
Trong giai on pht trin tip theo cc c im nhn cch nh ch, tnh cm, tr tu, nng lc,
mc ch sng... ngy cng c ngha, to nn mt hnh nh "ci ti c chiu su, c h thng,
chnh xc v sng ng hn.
Trn c s pht trin sinh l, mc chn mui ca qu trnh pht trin cc c im sinh l
gii, s cm nhn v tnh cht ngi ln ca bn thn mnh tui hc sinh ph thng khng phi l
mt cm nhn chung chung m lin quan cht ch vi vic gn kt mnh vo mt gii nht nh. T
nhn thc thanh nin nam (n) dn dn hnh thnh nhng nhu cu, ng c, nh hng gi tr,
cc quan h v cc kiu loi hnh vi c trng cho mi gia nh. [8]
Hnh thnh th gii quan
Nhng thay i trong v th x hi, trnh pht trin ca t duy l lun v hn na mt khi
lng tr thc ln mang tnh phng php lun v cc quy lut ca t nhin, x hi m thanh nin
tip thu c trong nh trng gip h thy c cc mi lin h gia cc tr thc khc nhau,
gia cc thnh phn ca th gii. Nh tui u thanh nin bt u bit lin kt cc tri thc ring
l li vi nhau to nn mt biu tng chung v th gii cho ring mnh. i vi thanh nin biu
tng chung v th gii c mt ngha nhn cch rt rng, n gn lin vi nhu cu tm kim mt
ch ng cho ring mnh trong x hi, tm kim mt hng i, mt ngh nghip, mt d nh cho
cuc sng ca h. Nh vy th gii quan tc quan im v th gii ni chung, v c s ca s tn
ti v mi lin h gia con ngi vi t nhin, v nhng nh hng gi tr c bn... c hnh
thnh.
chun b bc vo i, thanh nin thng trn tr vi cc cu hi v ngha v mc ch
cuc sng, v cch xy dng mt k hoch sng c hiu qu, v vic la chn ngh nghip cho ph
hp v c ngha... gii p cc cu hi ny, kh nng nhn thc, nh gi cng nh kh nng
thc tin ca mi c nhn rt khc nhau. nc ta hin nay khi m cc gi tr x hi c nhiu bin
ng, khng t thanh nin cha xc nh c ngha ca cuc sng, khng c nh hng ngh
nghip r nt v do cng khng th lp c cho bn thn mt k hoch sng c th. Hin tng
ny tn ti khng phi n thun do trnh pht trin tm l la tui u thnh nin cha chn
mui, m quan trng hn l do nhng khim khuyt trong gio dc nh trng, gia nh v trong
x hi (thng qua cc n phm sch bo, vn ha, ngh thut...). S hng dn, ging gii, gip
bng cc bin php c th, ph hp ca cc th h i trc s gip thanh nin t n "min pht
trin gn" m L.X. Vgtxki pht hin ra.
Mt trong cc kha cnh quan trng ca qu trnh hnh thnh th gii quan la tui thanh
nin l trnh pht trin thc o c. Cc nghin cu tm l hc cho thy rng th gii quan v
lnh vc o c bt u hnh thnh con ngi t tui thiu nin. Cc em thiu nin bit nh gi
phn loi hnh vi ca bn thn v ca ngi khc theo cc phm tr o c khc nhau, c kh
nng a ra nhng chnh kin tng i khi qut ca ring mnh v cc vn o c... Song
sang tui thanh nin thc o c pht trin ln mt bc cao hn c v mt nhn thc tnh cm
v hnh vi. V mt nhn thc thanh thin khng ch c kh nng gii thch mt cch r rng cc
khi nim o c, quy chng vo mt h thng nht nh th hin mt trnh kht qut cao hn
m h cn xut hin mt cch c thc nhu cu xy dng cc chnh kin o c ca ring mnh
v cc vn m cuc sng t ra. kha cnh tnh cm cc chun mc o c c c nhng
ngha ring t i vi thanh nin, nh cc hnh vi tng ng vi cc chun mc o c nht
nh c th khi dy h nhng xc cm c bit. Ni cch khc la tui thanh nin nim tin,
o c bt u hnh thnh. S hnh thnh nim tin o c bin thanh nin t ch l ngi chp
nhn, phc tng cc chun mc o c tr thnh ch th tch cc ca chng. iu ny th hin c
bit r trong vic tm kim hnh mu l tng. Hc sinh nh tui tip nhn hnh mu l tng xut
pht t tnh cm khm phc mt con ngi c th v khi hnh mu l tng s chi phi hnh vi
o c ca cc em. Nh vy mt mc nht nh c th coi hnh mu l tng l ngun gc
hnh thnh thc o c ca hc sinh nh tui. Tnh hnh khc hn i vi hc sinh cp 3. Cc em
hc sinh cp 3 tm kim hnh mu l tng mt cch c thc Hnh nh mt con ngi c th ch
l phng tin cc em gi gn nhng nguyn tc, nhng biu tng o c m cc em tip
nhn.
Tuy nhin t lu cc nh tm l hc nhn thy mu thun bn trong thc o c la
tui thanh nin. Trong cc nh gi ca mnh thanh nin c th rt cng nhc tun theo cc chun
mc o c m cc em tip nhn song ng thi li cng nghi ng v tnh ng n ca chng.
l gii iu ny c th cho rng la tui thanh nin vn l la tui m thc o c ang
trong giai on u ca qu trnh hnh thnh. Mt khc v phng din tr tu thanh nin hiu
c tnh tng i ca cc chun mc. S nghi ng lt li cc chun mc o c ca x hi c
th hin nh mt thao tc tm kim, nghin cu, hc hi tip thu. [8]
i sng tnh cm v giao tip nhm bn
i sng tnh cm ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng rt phong ph. Cc em c tnh cm phong
ph v a dng, c thi cm xc i vi cc mt khc nhau ca i sng. c im c th
hin r trong tnh bn ca la tui ny, v y l la tui m nhng hnh thc i x c la chn i
vi mi ngi tr nn su sc.
hc sinh trung hc ph thng, nhu cu v tnh bn tm tnh c nhn c tng ln r rt, tnh
bn ca cc em tr nn su sc hn. Cc em c yu cu cao hn i vi tnh bn, lng v tha, s tin
tng, tn trng, hiu bit nhau v sn sng gip nhau. tui ny, cc em u coi tnh bn l
nhng mi quan h quan trng nht ca con ngi, tnh bn ca cc em mang mu sc cm xc
nhiu hn, cc em nhy cm hn. Trong quan h bn b, cc em khng ch mong mun s gn gi
v tnh cm ca bn, khng ch c kh nng cm xc thn tnh, m con c kh nng p ng li xc
cm, tnh cm m ngi bn ang th nghim. Tnh cm xc cm cao trong tnh bn c th khin
la tui u thanh nin ny l tng ha tnh bn. H ngh v bn thng ging vi nhng iu
v nhn nhn mnh. Tuy nhin, cha m th vn lun coi con mnh l nh b v mun kim sot mi
hnh vi ca con, mun theo di con trong mi hot ng. Chnh v vy ny sinh ra nhiu mu thun
gia cha m v con ci tui v thnh nin.
1.2.2.2.2 Ngh nghip
Bc vo cp 3, hc sinh trung hc ph thng bt u suy ngh v nh hng cuc i ca
mnh, ngh nghip m mnh la chn sau ny. Cc em hay t hi: mnh s lm g ?, mnh l
ngi nh th no ? Mt vn quan trng ca thanh nin l vic chn v tr x hi trong tng
lai cho bn thn m trc ht l vic chn ngh. Nhiu em bit so snh c im ring v th
cht, tm l, kh nng ca bn thn vi yu cu ca ngh nghip. Tuy nhin, thanh nin cn nh
hng cha ng vo hc trng i hc. Xu hng ngh nghip c tc dng quan trng trong
vic iu chnh, thc y cc hot ng ca cc em. Ngh nghip tng lai chi phi i vi hng
th mn hc.
Nhn thc yu cu v ngh nghip cng c th y , su sc bao nhiu th s chun b i vi
ngh nghip tng lai cng tt by nhiu. Cng v cui trung hc ph thng, xu hng ngh nghip
cng pht trin r rng c th v n nh. Vic chn ngh ca cc em c nhiu ng c thc y (c
nhn, x hi), cc em khi chn ngh thng c xu hng i vo lnh vc tri thc lao ng mi
nhiu ngi ch . Hin nay, i vi thanh nin hc sinh vic chn ngh nghip tng lai cho mnh
rt phc tp.
c bit l trong thi bui kinh t th trng, nhiu ngnh ngh mi ra i, cc ngnh ngh khc
nhau c cc i hi v nng lc v t cht khc nhau, c nhng ngnh ngh ngy cng c u
chung v tr thnh ngnh ngh c nhiu ngi theo ui, bn cnh c mt s ngnh ngh sau
khi ra trng rt kh xin vic lm. Chnh nhng bt cp v thin lch trong th gii ngh nghip
nh vy cng lm cho cc em tr nn bng khung trong vic la chn ngh nghip.
Hin nay, cc trng ph thng v i hc, cng nh bo ch v cc c quan chc nng c
quan tm v t chc cho cc em nhng bui t vn ngh nghip gip cc em trong vic chn
ngh nghip. Tuy nhin, v vic chn ngh i vi mi c nhn l iu quan trng, c lin quan trc
tip n tng lai sau ny nn i vi hc sinh ph thng, y vn l vn kh khn, lun cn c
s tr gip t pha gia nh v nh trng, bn b, nhng ngi c kinh nghim i trc. [27]
1.2.2.2.3 Cc mi quan h bn b x hi
Trong c im tm l c trng cho la tui ny th vic chi vi bn v nhm bn l nhu cu
thit yu. Vic thuc v mt nhm bn no rt quan trng v cn thit. Tuy nhin, nhng p lc
v bn b v nhm bn cng gy cho hc sinh trung hc ph thng nhiu rc ri, nht l trong
nhng hon cnh m cc em khng c bn cng ng h, hoc chi chung trong mt nhm m c s
khc bit hoc cm thy mnh khng thuc v nhm bn . Cc mi quan h bn b tr nn phc
tp v p lc hn khi c lin quan n vn tnh cm, khi cng thch mt i tng no .
Mi quan h bn b tr nn quan trng hn khi trong mi quan h vi cha m ca cc em tr
nn cng thng, th bn b l ni ng tin cy cc em chia s nhng kh khn ca mnh.
1.2.2.2.4 Vn hc hnh
Vn hc hnh cng l mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca cc em hc sinh trung hc ph
thng. V nhim v chnh ca cc em by gi l hc tp, hon thnh nhng nhim v m thy c
giao cho. Tuy nhin, bc sang cp 3 th cc em phi chun b kin thc i mt vi cc k thi
cui cp v tuyn sinh ln i hc nn ngay t lp 10, cc em phi hc mt chng trnh hc cng
thng hn nhiu so vi cp 2. Bn cnh p lc hc hnh, bi v trng v p lc chn ngh
nghip, chn trng thi i hc, p lc ca cc k thi khin nhiu em ri vo tnh trng kh
khn.
1.2.2.2.5 Cc vn c nhn (sc khe, tnh dc)
i vi hc sinh trung hc ph thng, ngoi vic hc hnh l mi quan tm chnh trong cc hot
ng ca em th bn cnh , cc vn c nhn cng mang li cho cc em nhiu kh khn nh:
vic thay i pht trin ca c th trong tui thanh thiu nin, vic m bo sc khe p
ng cc hot ng hc tp v vui chi, sinh hot thng ngy, vn tnh cm cng l mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn gy nhiu kh khn cho cc em.
nhn chng. Bng cch vn dng c ch ny, con ngi c th duy tr mt hnh nh thun li cho
bn thn v gi c mt gng mt c x hi chp nhn. Nhng c ch t v ny c nh gi
l hu ch, tuy nhin, n khng nhm vo vic gii quyt vn m ch th ang ng u, n ch
khin h t la di mnh. V lu di, vic s dng qu mc nhng c ch ny s to ra cc hnh thi
m yu v tm tr. Sau y l mt s c ch t v quan trng theo Phn tm hc: [31]
Bng 2.1: C ch t v theo Phn tm hc
C ch
Ph nhn
M t
Bo v mnh thot khi thc ti au bun bng cch t chi khng tri gic
ngha ca n.
Chuyn i
Huyn tng
ng nht ha
Tch bit
Phng chiu
Hp l ha
To phn ng
Thoi lui
Dn nn
Thng hoa
em li s cn bng mi. Cho nn, tip theo s c nhng ri lon xut hin v cc mt tm thn,
c x hay hnh vi tm thi, hoc ko di. [33]
Nh vy, ta thy c ba loi ng ph trc nhng s kin hay nhng kh khn vt qu kh
nng gii quyt ca con ngi:
1. ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn , c nhn trin khai cc hnh ng trc tip, ngay khi
xut hin kh khn tm l.
2. ng ph tp trung v iu tit cm xc, c nhn tp trung vo lm du nhng cm xc v s vic
qua.
3. ng ph tp trung vo s trnh n, c nhn c trnh cp n vn kh khn.
Xy dng khi nim cng c, m hnh nghin cu v chn la cc phng php nghin cu, xc
Da trn nhng ti liu nghin cu, thit lp bng hi v tham kho thang o ca cc nghin cu
Trong phiu thm d, chng ti c s dng thang o thi ca Edward H. Fischer and John
2.2.2 Nhm phng php thu thp s liu s liu thc tin
Ngi nghin cu dng phn mm SPSS for Window 15 x l s liu thu thp c qua iu
tra bng phiu thm d cng nh trong vic kim tra xc nh tin cy ca phiu thm d. C th:
Tnh cc tn sut, t l %, tr s sum, mean...
Tnh tng quan im s, tnh th hng.
Kim nghim Chi-Square Tests, T-Tests so snh gia cc nhm.
Bng hi gm 4 phn nh sau:
Phn 1: Thu thp cc thng tin c nhn v xc nh kh khn tm l m hc sinh ph thng ang
gp phi
Phn 2: Thang o mc ca cc kh khn tm l hc sinh ph thng
Phn 3: Cc cch ng ph vi vn ca hc sinh ph thng
Phn 4: Thi i vi vic tm s tr gip chuyn mn v tm l
Phn 3: Ni dung c ngi nghin cu tham kho nghin cu ca Carver, C.S, Scheier, M.F, &
Weintraub, J.K. (1989): Assessing Coping strategies: A theoretically based approach (Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology) [38] gm 44 cu pht biu tp trung vo 3 nhm ng ph sau
y:
1. ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn
1.1 Gii tch kh khn cch tch cc v tng trng trong kh khn (cu 1, 30)
1.2 N lc gii quyt vn (cu 5, 21, 36, 43)
1.3 Ln k hoch gii quyt vn (cu 16, 26, 31, 41)
1.4 Xin li khuyn t ngi khc (cu 4, 13, 24)
1.5 Tp trung gii quyt kh khn (cu 14, 27, 33)
2. ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc
2.1 Chia s v tm s nng tinh thn t ngi khc (cu 10, 19, 28, 39)
2.2 Da vo nim tin tn gio (cu 37, 44)
2.3 Trt b cm xc kh chu (cu 3,15, 23)
2.4 Nhn nhn kh khn mt cch hi hc (cu 7)
3. ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc
3.1 Chp nhn kh khn (cu 12,17, 40)
3.2 Suy ngh vic khc thay th (cu 2, 25,34)
3.3 B cuc, khng tip tc c gng gii quyt vn na (cu 8, 20, 29)
3.4 T chi kh khn (cu 6, 22, 32, 42)
3.5 Tr hon ng ph (cu 9,18, 38)
3.6 Ru/ma ty (cu 11)
Phn 4: Ni dung c ngi nghin cu tham kho test Attitude toward seeking-help trong nghin
cu Orientations to seeking professional help ca tc gi Edward H.Fischer and John LcB. Turner
(Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology s 1, 1970) [38]
Ni dung bi test bao gm 29 cu pht biu vi 4 phn nh sau:
1. Nhn thc vic cn gip v liu php tm l (Recognition of need for psychotherapeutic
hep): cu 4, 5, 6, 9, 18, 24, 25, 26
2. Du hiu chu ng (Stigma tolerance): cu 3, 14, 20, 27, 28
3. Tr chuyn ci m vi ngi khc (Interpersonal openness): cu 7, 10, 13, 17, 21, 22, 29
4. Tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn (Confidence in mental health practitioner): cu 1, 2,
8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 23
CHNG 3: KT QU NGHIN CU
3.1 c im mu khch th nghin cu
Mu khch th nghin cu gm c 572 hc sinh trung hc ph thng bao gm: 184 hc sinh
thuc trng THPT Nguyn Th Minh Khai, 187 hc sinh trng THPT Trn Ph v 201 hc sinh
trng THPT V Th Su. Mu nghin cu c nhng c im sau:
Bng 3.1: c im mu khch th nghin cu
c im
Gii
Lp
Tui
Trng
Sng vi cha m
Ni cha m ang sng
Nam
229
40
343
60
10
334
58.4
11
238
41.6
14
0.2
15
24
4.2
16
339
59.3
17
208
36.4
Minh Khai
184
32.2
Trn Ph
187
32.7
V Th Su
201
35.1
545
95.3
Khng
27
4.7
Tp. HCM
558
97.6
Tnh
14
2.4
Sng chung
512
89.5
31
5.4
10
1.7
0.7
15
2.6
Ly d
Tnh trng hn nhn ca
Ga chng
cha m
Ga v
n thn
Tng
f
572
100
572
100
572
100
572
100
572
100
572
100
572
100
- Mu khch th nghin cu gm 572 ngi, trong nam hc sinh l 229 (chim 40%) v 343
n hc sinh (chim 60%), trong l hc sinh lp 10 l 334 (chim 58.4%) v 238 hc sinh lp 11
(chim 41.6). Ngi nghin cu khng ly phiu thm d trn lp 12 do cc l do khch quan (lp
12 bn thi nn khng th lm phiu thm d).
- V thng tin c nhn nh sau: s hc sinh hin ang sng vi cha m l 545 (chim 95.3%), s
cn li l khng hin sng vi cha m l 27 (chim 4.7%); trong , cha m hc sinh hin ang sinh
sng thnh ph H Ch Minh l 558 (chim 97.6%), cha m hc sinh hin ang sng tnh l 14
(chim 2.4%).
- V tnh trng hn nhn ca cha m nh sau: Cha m hin ang sng chung l 512 (chim
89.5%), cha m ly d l 31 (chim 5.4%), ga chng l 10 (chim 1.7%), ga v l 4 (chim
0.7%) v cha m n thn l 15 (chim 2.6%)
3.2 Kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng
3.2.1 Cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng
kho st v nhng kh khn tm l m hc sinh trung hc ph thng ang gp phi, ngi
nghin cu a ra cu hi hc sinh t nhn nhn nhng kh khn m mnh ang tri qua.
Bng 3.2: Cc kh khn tm l hc sinh ph thng ang gp
Kh khn tm l
Hc tp
Tnh cm
Gia nh
p lc bn b
Vn giao tip
Tnh yu
Ti chnh
Quan h vi ngi khc
Ngoi hnh khng thu ht
Tng quan ni chung
C thai ngoi mun
Ma ty/thuc l/ru ch
Khc
f
429
304
214
180
153
129
124
88
74
36
18
19
34
%
23.8%
18.1%
11.9%
10.0%
8.5%
7.2%
6.9%
4.9%
4.1%
2.0%
1.0%
1.1%
1.9%
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
11
Kt qu kho st t bng 2 cho thy, cc kh khn m hc sinh ph thng thng gp phi nht
l v vn hc tp (chim 23.8%), vn tip theo l tnh cm (chim 18.1%) v vn gia nh
xp v tr th 3 (chim 11.9%).
Vn hc tp: y l vn tr thnh mi quan tm hng u ca hc sinh trung hc ph
thng. Bc vo cp 3, nhim v hc tp ca cc em ngy cng nng n v vt v hn. Cc em phi
chun b i mt vi bc ngoc ln trong i, l: thi tt nghip ra trng, chn ngh nghip,
thi vo i hc Vi nhng p lc t x hi, t nh trng, t gia nh, chnh bn thn cc em phi
a vic hc tp ln hng u trong mi mi quan tm ca mnh. Tuy nhin, ngoi vic hc tp, cc
em cn c nhiu nhu cu quan tm khc: gii tnh, v gii tr, khin cho cc em cm thy kh
khn khi va p ng theo yu cu ca thy c v hc tp, p lc ca gia nh v vic p ng cc
nhu cu c nhn khc ca mnh. Nhng kh khn tm l trong vic hc tp gm: vic sp xp thi
gian, ng u vi nhng p lc ca cha m buc phi t kt qu tt trng, nhng thi quen
hc tp, bi tp trng v nh
Vn tnh cm: Trong la tui hc sinh trung hc ph thng (la tui thanh thiu nin), vn
kt bn v c nhu cu tm hiu v cc cm xc gii tnh l nhu cu cao. Trong mi trng lp hc,
cc em c s gp g, tm hiu v c s rung ng v cm xc gii tnh vi bn khc phi. T ,
ny sinh cc em tnh cm yu thng. y va l nhu cu, va li tr thnh mt trong nhng kh
khn tm l m cc em gp phi v khi rung ng v cm xc gii tnh, cc em gp phi nhng tnh
hung kh x, nhng bng khung cn chia s, nhng xao lng trong vic hc hnh Nhng kh
khn trong vn tnh cm m cc em gp phi: nhng mong c c hn h vi bn khc phi,
nhng au n khi b v hoc chia tay bn khc phi, nhu cu gn b yu ng vi ngi khc
phi
Vn gia nh: Hc sinh ph thng xem vn gia nh c l mt trong nhng kh khn m
cc em ang gp phi, l nhng kh khn trong vic c ting ni chung gia cha m (th h
trc) v con ci (th h sau), gia vic cha m a ra yu cu v p lc i vi con ci trong vic
hc hnh, ngh nghip tng lai v vic p ng nhng yu cu . Nhng kh khn m cc em
thng gp phi l: mi quan h gia cha m, cha m qu khc khe vi con ci, va chm vi anh
ch em trong gia nh
3.2.2 Mc ca cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng
3.2.2.1 Mc ca cc kh khn
Sau khi kho st v cc loi kh khn m hc sinh trung hc ph thng ang gp phi, ngi
nghin cu i vo kho st v mc ca cc kh khn bng mt bng hi gm 28 cu th hin
cc biu hin kh khn ca hc sinh. Khch th nh gi mc kh khn trong cc vn ca
mnh theo 4 mc : Mc Rt ng : 1 im; mc ng : 2 im; mc khng ng
: 3 im; mc rt khng ng : 4 im. T kho st trn, chng ti thng k li thnh cc
loi kh khn chung sau y: kh khn v hc tp, kh khn trong gia nh, kh khn v vn ti
chnh, kh khn trong mi quan h bn b, kh khn trong vn tnh cm, kh khn trong vic
chn ngh nghip, kh khn trong cc vn c nhn (sc khe, tnh dc).
Bng 3.3: Mc ca cc kh khn tm l
Kh khn
Mean
SD
Rank
Hc tp
2.423
0.373
Gia nh
2.679
0.370
Ti chnh
2.620
0.399
Quan h bn b
2.445
0.513
Tnh cm
2.907
0.531
Chn ngh
2.240
0.529
Vn c nhn
2.549
0.491
Gii
f
Mean
SD
tnh
df
Mc kh khn Nam
229
2.76
0.536
trong vn tnh N
343
3.01
0.506 -5.538
Sig.
570 0.000
cm
Vi p-value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha. Nh vy, bng 3.4 cho thy so snh c s khc bit v
trung bnh v mc kh khn trong vn tnh cm gia nam v n hc sinh trung hc ph thng.
V mc kh khn trong vn tnh cm, hc sinh n gp nhiu kh khn hn (Mean = 3.01) so
vi hc sinh nam (Mean = 2.76).
* Mc kh khn trong vn gia nh
Tng quan gia mc kh khn trong vn gia nh v tnh trng quan h ca cha m
Bng 3.5: Tng quan mc kh khn v gia nh v tnh trng quan h ca cha m
Tnh trng
hn nhn
ca cha m
T-test
f
Mean
SD
t
df
Sig.
Mc
kh Cha
m 510
2.70
0.351
Khc
2.53
0.487
Vi p-value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha. Bng 3.5 cho thy c s khc bit trung bnh v mc
kh khn trong vn gia nh gia hc sinh c cha m ang sng chung v hc sinh c cha m
c tnh trng hn nhn khc (cha m ly d, m ga chng, cha ga v, cha m n thn). V mc
kh khn trong vn gia nh, hc sinh c cha m ang chung sng vi nhau li gp nhiu kh
khn hn (Mean = 2.70) so vi hc sinh khc (Mean = 2.53)
Tng quan gia mc kh khn trong vn gia nh v vic hin c sng vi cha m hay
khng
Bng 3.6: Tng quan mc kh khn v gia nh v vic c sng vi cha m hay khng
Sng vi
cha m
Mean
T-test
SD
t
Mc kh khn C
543
2.69
0.362
27
2.45
0.460
df
Sig.
nh
Bng 3.6 ch ra rng c s khc bit ngha gia trung bnh mc kh khn v vn gia nh
v vic hc sinh c hin sng vi cha m hay khng. Kt qu cho thy nhng hc sinh hin ang
sng vi cha m gp kh khn nhiu hn (Mean = 2.69) so vi hc sinh hin khng sng vi cha
m (Mean = 2.45)
Mean
Mc kh C
545
2.59
0.403
khn
27
2.79
0.264
vn
chnh
trong Khng
ti
T-test
SD
-2.513
df
Sig.
570 0.012
Bng 3.7 cho thy c s khc bit ngha gia trung bnh mc kh khn v vn ti chnh
v vic hin nay hc sinh c sng vi cha m hay khng. Kt qu ch ra rng hc sinh hin ang
sng vi cha m th t gp kh khn v vn ti chnh (Mean = 2.59) so vi hc sinh hin khng
sng vi cha m (Mean = 2.79).
Tng quan gia mc kh khn trong vn ti chnh v gii tnh
Bng 3.8: Tng quan mc kh khn v vn ti chnh v gii tnh
Gii
tnh
Mc
kh Nam
khn trong vn N
Mean
T-test
SD
t
229 2.56
0.418
343 2.63
0.384
df
-2.142
Sig.
570 0.033
ti chnh
Vi p-value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha v mt thng k, kt qu trn ch ra rng c s khc bit
gia trung bnh mc kh khn trong vn ti chnh gia hc sinh nam v hc sinh n, c th
nh sau: hc sinh n gp nhiu kh khn v vn ti chnh (Mean = 2.63) hn so vi hc sinh
nam (Mean = 2.56).
kh Nam
khn trong mi N
Mean
T-test
SD
229
2.33
0.516
341
2.52
0.498
df
Sig.
-4.405
568
0.000
quan h bn b
Vi p-value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha. Bng trn cho thy c s khc bit gia trung bnh mc
kh khn trong mi quan h bn b v gii tnh. i vi hc sinh n, mc kh khn trong
mi quan h bn b (Mean = 2.52) gp nhiu kh khn hn so vi cc hc sinh nam (Mean = 2.33).
Nh vy, hu ht cc em hc sinh trung hc ph thng u c gp kh khn v tm l, l
nhng kh khn trong vn v hc hnh, tnh cm, gia nh, ti chnh, vic chn ngh v trong vn
c nhn (sc khe, tnh dc). mi kh khn, nht l kh khn v tnh cm, kh khn v gia
nh, v kh khn trong vn ti chnh theo kho st li c tng quan vi gii tnh, tnh trng
quan h gia nh ca hc sinh v vic hc sinh c hin ang sng chung vi cha m hay khng.
Cuc kho st ny ch dng li vic tm hiu cc kh khn tm l m hc sinh trung hc ph
thng ang gp phi, nn vic i su tm hiu nguyn nhn ca kh khn , mc tng quan
gia cc kh khn vi cc bin khc xin c php khng thc hin trong ti ny, nu c iu
kin, ngi nghin cu s pht trin trong mt ti nghin cu khc.
391
68.4
Khng
181
31.6
Tng
f
572
100
Khng
Nam
145
37.1
84
46.4
229
40
246
62.9
97
53.6
343
60
Tng
391
100
181
100
572
100
Asymp.Sig.
df
4.481 (b)
(2-sided)
1
.034
T nguyn
452
91.7
B p buc
41
8.3
Tng
493
100
Bng kim nghim Chi Square test cho thy c s khc bit ngha gia quyt nh c tm
kim s gip hay khng v vic tm kim s gip c t nguyn hay b p buc.
Bng 3.13.1: Tng quan gia quyt nh tm kim s gip v t nguyn hay p buc khi tm
kim s gip
T nguyn hay p Khi gp kh khn, c tm gip ?
C
Khng
s gip
T nguyn
365
94.3
87
82.1
B p buc
22
5.7
19
3.9
Tng
387
100
106
100
Pearson Chi-Square
Value
df
16.349 (b)
Asymp.Sig.
(2-sided)
.000
Rank
Thy c
33
6.2
Nh t vn hc ng
18
3.4
Bn thn
466
87.9
Khc
13
2.5
Tng
530
100
Kt qu kho st ch ra rng c n 87.9% hc sinh chn bn thn l ngi gip cho mnh
khi gp cc tnh hung kh khn v hc hnh, tnh cm, nhng vn trong gia nh v cc vn
khc. L do phn ln hc sinh a ra khi chn bn thn l i tng chia s l bn thn, cng
tui, cng c gp cc tnh hung nh mnh nn d dng thng cm v chia s. Bn cnh , v cng
tui v bn b gn gi nn d dng by t thi v tm trng ca mnh m khng s b phn xt
hay la ry, trch mc.
Trong s la chn ngi gip xp v tr th hai trong vic gii quyt cc kh khn tm l
trong phm vi nh trng l thy c. C 6.2% t l hc sinh chn, tuy nhin, gii thch l do v sao
hc sinh quyt nh chn thy c khi gii quyt kh khn ca mnh th a phn cc em tr li rng
thy c l ni ng tin cy hn ht cc em tm n i vi cc kh khn v hc tp.
Tuy nhin, trong vic la chn ngi gip trong khi gii quyt kh khn tm l th vic tm
n nh t vn hc ng cn thp, ch chim t l 3.4% trong s cc hc sinh quyt nh tm
kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l. Trong khi , nh t vn hc ng c xp vo nhm
ngi gip c chuyn mn cao nht trong nhm nhng ngi gip trong phm vi trng hc
nhng li l la chn sau so vi bn thn v thy c.
3.3.2.2 Trong phm vi bn ngoi trng hc
Kt qu kho st v ngi m hc sinh tm kim s gip i vi cc kh khn tm l bn
ngoi trng hc th kt qu thu c nh sau:
Bng 3.15: Ngi gip cc kh khn tm l, bn ngoi trng hc
f
Rank
Cha m
277
56.3
ng b
0.6
Anh ch em
145
29.5
13
2.6
Cc nh t vn
14
2.8
Linh mc/tng ni
13
2.6
Khc
27
5.5
Tng
492
100
3.3.3.1 Nhn thc v vic cn gip v liu php tm l (Recognition of need for
psychotherapeutic hep)
V nhn thc trong vic cn c s gip v cc liu php tm l cho hc sinh trung hc ph
thng khi i mt vi cc kh khn tm l, thang o a ra mt s cc pht biu th hin thi ca
hc sinh:
Bng 3.16: Nhn thc v vic cn gip v liu php tm l
HTKY
KY
RY
Sum
Mean
SD
Rank
C4.4
56
8.8
156
27.3
173
30.2
187
32.7
572
2.86
0.986
C4.5
67
11.7
152
26.6
252
44.1
101
17.7
572
2.68
0.899
C4.6
95
16.6
203
35.5
196
34.3
78
13.6
572
2.45
0.924
C4.9
51
8.9
193
33.7
239
41.8
89
15.6
572
2.64
0.849
C4.18
76
13.3
77
13.5
266
46.5
151
26.4
570
2.86
0.957
C4.24
38
6.6
131
22.9
227
39.7
176
30.8
572
2.95
0.895
C4.25
50
8.7
124
21.7
293
51.2
105
18.4
572
2.79
0.841
C4.26
51
8.9
130
22.7
225
39.3
166
29.0
572
2.88
0.929
C4.26: Chng ta phi gii quyt vn ca mnh. n t vn tm l l gii php cui cng ch nn
lm khi khng cn la chn no khc (Mean = 2.88, t l ng chim 68.3%)
Kt qu cho thy, nhn thc v vic cn c s tr gip v mt chuyn mn tm l trong khi i
mt vi cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng c mc trung bnh Mean = 2.77, SD
= 0.380. a phn hc sinh u nhn thc vic cn thit phi c s tr gip v chuyn mn tm l
trong khi i mt vi cc kh khn tm l qua vic t l ng chim 61.8% pht biu C4.5,
ng chim t l 72.9% pht biu C4.18, v c n 69.9% t l hc sinh chn ng vi
pht biu trong tng lai, c th ti s mun c t vn tm l (C4.25)
Bng kim nghim T Test, ngi nghin cu tin hnh kim nghim mi lin h gia trung
bnh nhn thc v vic cn gip v cc liu php tm l vi cc bin c lp khc, kt qu thu
c nh sau:
Bng 3.17: Tng quan gia nhn thc v vic cn gip v cc liu php tm l theo gii
tnh v quyt nh tm kim s gip
f
Mean
T-test
SD
t
Nam
229
2.72
0.323
v vic cn
341
2.79
0.411
gip v Quyt nh C
389
2.78
0.381
Khng 181
2.71
0.372
cc
liu tm
php
tm s gip
kim
df
Sig.
-2.345
568 0.019
2.072
568 0.039
l
Vi p value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha. Kt qu thng k ch ra rng c s khc bit gia
trung bnh v mt nhn thc v vic cn gip v cc liu php tm l vi gii tnh. Trong , hc
sinh n nhn thc cao hn hc sinh nam trong vic cn tr gip v chuyn mn tm l khi i mt
vi cc kh khn tm l (Mean (n) = 2.79, Mean (nam) = 2.72).
Cng c s khc bit gia trung bnh v mt nhn thc v vic cn gip v cc liu php tm
l vi quyt nh tm kim s gip khi i mt vi cc kh khn tm l. Kt qu cho thy, i
vi hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn th c nhn thc cao hn trong
vic cn gip chuyn mn v tm l (Mean = 2.78) so vi hc sinh khng quyt nh tm kim
s gip no (Mean = 2.71)
KY (2)
Y (3)
RY (4)
Sum
Mean
SD
10.8
572
2.33
0.926
29
5.1
572
1.69
0.867
21.9
68
11.9
572
2.07
1.038
298
52.1
95
16.6
572
2.78
0.813
270
47.2
123
21.5
572
2.84
0.823
C4.3
119
20.8
205
35.5
186
32.5
62
C4.14
304
53.1
173
30.2
66
11.5
C4.20
221
38.6
158
27.6
125
C4.27
44
7.7
135
23.6
C4.28
33
5.8
146
25.5
Rank
Gii
Mean
SD
T-test
chu ng
kh khn
tm l
tnh
Nam
229
2.41
0.391
343
2.29
0.430
df
3.268
Sig.
570 0.001
KY (2)
Y (3)
RY (4)
Sum
Mean
SD
36.5
572
3.04
0.936
174
30.4
572
2.83
0.996
47.0
152
26.6
572
2.95
0.828
160
28.0
71
12.4
572
2.37
0.896
36.0
166
29.0
104
18.2
572
2.49
0.975
207
36.2
148
25.9
79
13.8
572
2.29
0.984
188
32.9
135
23.6
87
15.2
572
2.26
1.031
C4.7
53
9.3
80
14.0
230
40.2
209
C4.10
69
12.1
133
23.3
196
34.3
C4.13
30
5.2
121
21.2
269
C4.17
92
16.1
249
43.5
C4.21
96
16.8
206
C4.22
138
24.1
C4.29
162
28.3
Rank
Sng vi
f
Tr chuyn
ci m
Mean
SD
cha m
545
2.612 0.397
Khng
27
2.428 0.472
df
2.320
Sig.
570 0.021
3.3.3.4 Tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn (Confidence in mental health practitioner)
Thang o tip tc i vo kho st thi c tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn ca hc
sinh trung hc ph thng khi gp cc kh khn tm l hay khng.
Bng 3.22: Tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn
HTKY (1)
KY (2)
Y (3)
RY (4)
Sum
Mean
SD
15.0
572
2.54
0.880
11.7
572
2.47
0.874
C4.1
64
11.2
221
38.6
201
35.1
86
C4.2
80
14.0
208
36.4
217
37.9
67
Rank
C4.8
225
39.3
219
38.3
90
15.7
38
6.6
572
1.90
0.898
C4.11
263
46.0
191
33.4
74
12.9
44
7.7
572
1.82
0.931
C4.12
56
9.8
168
29.4
259
45.3
89
15.6
572
2.67
0.855
C4.15
59
10.3
176
30.8
234
40.9
103
18.0
572
2.67
0.889
C4.16
51
8.9
194
33.9
254
44.4
73
12.8
572
2.61
0.820
C4.19
94
16.4
258
45.1
162
28.3
58
10.1
572
2.32
0.867
C4.23
70
12.2
152
26.6
244
42.7
106
18.5
572
2.67
0.914
Vi thi tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn gm cc cc pht biu sau:
C4.1: Mc d c nhng trung tm t vn cho nhng ngi c vn tnh cm, ti khng tin nhiu
vo nhng trung tm ny (Mean = 2.54, t l ng chim 50.1%)
C4.2: Nu mt ngi bn thn xin ti li khuyn v mt vn tnh cm, c th ti s ngh
ngi n gp mt nh t vn tm l (Mean = 2.47, t l khng ng chim 50.4%)
C4.8: Ti th sng trong xung t tinh thn cn hn i t vn tm l (Mean = 1.90, t l khng ng
chim 77.6%)
C4.11: Mt ngi ri lon tnh cm chc s cm thy an ton nht khi trong mt bnh vin tm
thn (Mean = 1.82, t l khng ng chim 79.4%)
C4.12: Nu ti tin rng ti c vn tm l, c mun u tin ca ti l tm s gip ca ngi
c chuyn mn (Mean = 2.67, t l ng chim 60.9%)
C4.15: Khi c vn v tnh cm, ti th c mt ngi bn thn cho li khuyn cn hn c
mt nh tm l gip (Mean = 2.67, t l ng chim 58.9%)
C4.16: Mt ngi c vn tnh cm khng th gii quyt mt mnh m cn c ngi c chuyn
mn gip gii quyt vn (Mean= 2.61, t l ng chim 57.2%)
C4.19: Ti thy ni chuyn vi mt nh tm l l mt cch rt d thot khi nhng vn tnh
cm ca mnh (Mean = 2.32, t l khng ng chim 61.5%)
C4.23: Nu lc ny ti ang tri qua mt cuc khng hong tnh cm trm trng, ti tin rng ti c
th tm s thuyn gim qua t vn tm l. (Mean = 2.67, t l 61.2%)
Kt qu kho st cho thy thi tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn hc sinh trung
hc ph thng t mc trung bnh Mean = 2.408, SD = 0.347. nhng pht biu mang tnh tiu cc
th thi ca hc sinh nh sau: C4.1 (ng chim 50.1%), C4.8 (khng ng chim 77.6%),
C4.15 (ng chim 58.9%). nhng pht biu tch cc, c s tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe
tm thn, la chn ca hc sinh nh sau: C4.2 (t l khng ng chim 50.4%), C4.11 (t l khng
ng chim 79.4%), C4.12 (t l ng chim 60.9%), C4.16 (t l ng chim 57.2%)
Nh vy, vi 4 thi trong vic tm kim s gip th kt qu thng k thu c nh sau:
Bng 3.23: Thi tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l
Thi
Mean
SD
Rank
2.766
0.380
Du hiu chu ng
2.343
0.418
2.603
0.402
2.408
0.347
Kt qu cho thy, hc sinh trung hc ph thng c tr trung bnh v nhn thc trong vic cn
gip v cc liu php tm l l cao nht (Mean = 2.766), sau l tr trung bnh v thi tr
chuyn ci m vi ngi khc v cc kh khn tm l ca mnh (Mean = 2.603), v tin tng vo
chuyn gia sc khe tm thn (Mean = 2.408) v du hiu chu ng kh khn tm l l thp nht
(Mean = 2.343).
Nh vy, hc sinh trung hc ph thng c thi tch cc khi i mt vi cc kh khn tm l
ca mnh. hc sinh ph thng c xu hng nhn thc tt trong vic cn tr gip ca chuyn mn
tm l trong vic gii quyt cc kh khn tm l m mnh ang gp phi, c s tin tng vo nhng
ngi chuyn mn v sc khe tm thn, c thi ci m khi tr chuyn vi ngi khc v kh
khn ca mnh v c du hiu t chu ng cc kh khn tm l xy ra.
Mean
SD
Rank
2.754
0.424
567
ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc
2.501
0.419
572
2.203
0.333
572
N lc gii quyt vn
Khng
Kh
Rt
TX
TX
Mean
5.06
29.55 51.05
14.34
2.993
4.60
62.90 31.80
0.70
2.671
6.81
53.85 37.59
1.75
2.699
9.63
37.65 47.99
4.73
2.778
9.1
49.48 38.98
2.44
2.635
SD
0.70
9
0.46
6
0.55
3
0.67
7
0.61
1
Rank
Mean
SD
Rank
4.72
2.646
0.767
15.21
6.63
2.017
0.919
57.84
29.1
4.5
2.599
0.605
31.82
37.58
22.38
2.741
0.897
Khng
Kh TX
Rt TX
16.26
41.44
37.58
43.36
34.8
Trt b cm xc kh chu
8.56
8.22
Chia s v tm s nng
tinh thn t ngi khc
Kh
Rt
TX
TX
Mean
SD
Rank
10.81
62.59
25.7
0.9
2.470 0.573
7.7
48.9
39.2
4.2
2.710 0.652
th
B cuc, khng c gng
60.1
33.9
3.9
2.1
1.761 0.665
T chi kh khn
52.3
41.1
5.9
0.7
1.882 0.602
Tr hon ng ph
10.1
56.7
31.6
1.6
2.569 0.594
Ru/ma ty
45.9
33.4
12.9
7.8
1.823 0.931
gii quyt vn na
i vi cc cch ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc, kt qu thu c cho thy hc sinh trung
hc ph thng la chn cch thc suy ngh mt vic khc thay th khng ngh v kh khn ang
gp l la chn chn u tin, c n 92.3% hc sinh c s dng cch thc ny. La chn th 2 l
tr hon s ng ph i vi kh khn tm l, c n gn 90% hc sinh c s dng cch ng ph
ny.
Chp nhn kh khn mt cch b ng l la chn th 3 vi gn 90% hc sinh c s dng
cch ng ph ny. La chn th 4 T chi kh khn th c 52.3% hc sinh khng chn la cch
thc ny. Vi cch thc ng ph vi kh khn tm l m da vo ru hoc ma ty th c 45.9%
hc sinh khng s dng cch thc ny, v 33.4% hc sinh t khi s dng cch thc ny. V cch
thc b cuc, khng tip tc c gng gii quyt vn na xp v tr cui cng, c n 60.1% hc
sinh khng s dng cch thc ny.
Nh vy, phn ln t l hc sinh khng hoc t khi s dng cc cch thc ng ph d dt, n
trch, tiu cc khi i mt vi kh khn tm l ca mnh. Nu c s dng th a phn hc sinh ch
s dng nhng cch thc mang tnh n trnh nh l chp nhn kh khn cch b ng, tr hon ng
ph hoc t chi kh khn hn l cch thc tiu cc c lin quan n cht kch thch nh ru/ma
ty.
3.4.2 So snh cc cch ng ph theo gii tnh v quyt nh tm kim s gip khi gp kh
khn tm l
3.4.2.1 ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn
Bng 3.28: Tng quan gia cch ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn theo gii tnh, quyt
nh tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l
Gii tnh
Quyt nh
Sig.
Nam
2.952
3.021
0.249
Sig.
C
Khng
2.957
3.071
0.074
2.682
2.664
0.662
2.654
2.708
0.197
Ln k hoch
2.794
2.636
0.001
2.666
2.772
0.033
2.771
2.782
0.847
2.845
2.633
0.000
2.627
2.641
0.778
2.592
2.729
0.013
2.760
2.750
0.783
2.741
2.783
0.276
Tng hp
Kt qu cho thy khng c s khc bit trong cch ng ph tp trung gii quyt vn theo gii
tnh v quyt nh c tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn hay khng. Tuy nhin, mt s tiu ch
trong cch ng ph ny c s khc bit ngha. C th:
Hc sinh nam s dng cch ng ph ln k hoch gii quyt vn nhiu hn so vi hc sinh
n, nhng hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip th c t s dng cch ng ph ny hn so
vi nhng hc sinh khng tm kim s gip .
nhng hc sinh quyt nh c tm kim s gip th s dng cch ng ph xin li khuyn
t ngi khc nhiu hn l hc sinh quyt nh khng tm kim s gip no c.
hc sinh khng quyt nh tm kim s gip th li s dng cch ng ph tp trung vo
gii quyt vn nhiu hn l i vi hc sinh c tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l.
Cc cch ng ph khc thuc nhm ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn khng c s khc
bit theo gii v theo quyt nh tm kim s gip .
Quyt nh
Sig.
Nam
2.671
2.629
1.855
Trt b cm xc kh chu
2.529
Sig.
C
Khng
0.525
2.760
2.399
0.000
2.125
0.001
2.066
1.911
0.061
2.645
0.025
2.635
2.521
0.036
Chia s v tm s nng
tinh thn t ngi khc
2.676
0.034
2.708
2.812
0.199
2.473
2.519
0.206
2.542
2.441
0.000
cch hi hc
Tng hp
Bng 3.30: Tng quan gia cch ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc theo gii tnh, quyt nh tm
kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l
Gii tnh
Khng
0.941
2.449
2.517
0.186
2.770
0.007
2.755
2.613
0.015
1.797
1.737
0.291
1.821
1.633
0.002
T chi kh khn
1.889
1.878
0.824
1.900
1.845
0.331
Tr hon ng ph
2.675
2.498
0.000
2.555
2.600
0.396
Ru/ma ty
1.842
1.810
0.685
1.818
1.834
0.850
Tng hp
2.216
2.174
0.460
2.216
2.174
0.157
2.468
2.472
2.620
Sig.
Nam
Quyt nh
Sig.
Kt qu cho thy khng c s khc bit ngha gia cch ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc theo
gii tnh v theo quyt nh tm kim s gip . Tuy nhin, mt s tiu ch ca cch ng ph ny
li cho kt qu tng quan c ngha, c th:
Vi cch ng ph suy ngh vic khc thay th cho thy tng quan c ngha vi gii tnh v
c quyt nh tm kim s gip . hc sinh n th thng xuyn s dng cch ng ph ny hn
so vi hc sinh nam. hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip thng s dng cch ng ph
ny hn so vi hc sinh khng c quyt nh tm kim s gip .
La chn b cuc, khng tip tc c gng gii quyt vn na c s khc bit theo quyt
nh tm kim s gip . i vi hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip li thng xuyn s
dng cch ng ph ny hn so vi hc sinh khng c quyt nh tm kim s gip .
hc sinh nam li thng xuyn s dng cch tr hon ng ph hn so vi hc sinh n tiu
ch ny. y l tng quan c ngha.
Ngoi ra khng c s khc bit c ngha no gia cc tiu ch cn li theo gii tnh v quyt
nh tm kim s gip .
Nh vy, t ch nhn thc tt trong vic tm kim s gip trong cc vn kh khn tm l
ca mnh, hc sinh trung hc ph thng cng c cc cch ng ph tch cc hn, c bit l cc em
thng s dng cc cch ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn bn cnh cch ng ph tp trung
vo iu tit cm xc. Cch ng ph de dt, n trnh, tiu cc, c bit l cc cch ng ph c lin
quan n t nn x hi nh: ma ty, ru th t l s dng rt thp.
2. KIN NGH
2.1 Dnh cho nh t vn hc ng
17. Phan Trng Ng (ch bin), Nguyn c Hng (2003), Cc l thuyt pht trin tm l
ngi, NXB i hc S phm
18. V Th Nho (1999), Tm l hc pht trin, NXB i hc quc gia H Ni
19. on Huy Onh (2004), Tm l S phm, NXB i hc Quc gia TP. HCM
20. Nguyn Hu Th, Nguyn B t (2009), Cc kiu ng ph vi stress trong hc tp ca
sinh vin i hc Quc gia H Ni, Tp ch Tm l hc, s 3 (120)
21. Nguyn Xun Thc, o Th Lan Hng (2007), Phn tch cc biu hin kh khn tm l
trong hot ng hc tp ca sinh vin nm th nht s phm, Tp ch Tm l hc, s 9 (102)
22. L Thnh (2004), B quyt xua i nhng lo u v cng thng, (Dch t Harold fink, Ne
vivre plus sur vos nerfs, Denoel, Franc), NXB Ph N.
23. Dng Thiu Tng (1995), Trc nghim v o lng thnh qu hc tp, B GD T
24. Dng Thiu Tng (2002), Phng php nghin cu khoa hc gio dc v tm l (tp 1),
NXB HGQ TP.HCM
25. Hong Gia Trang (2005), p lc tm l trong hot ng hc tp ca hc sinh trung hc c
s, Tp ch Tm l hc, s 9 (78)
26. Trung tm dch thut (2003), Nhng iu trng yu trong tm l hc, (bin dch theo Robert
S. Feldman), NXB Thng k.
27. Phm Th Thu Thy (bin son) (2008), Tm l tui hc tr, NXB Lao ng, H Ni
28. Nguyn Khc Vin (2001), T in tm l, NXB Th Gii, H Ni
29. Nguyn Nh (1999), i t in Ting Vit, NXB Vn ha thng tin
30. Cc thng k TP. HCM, S liu hc sinh ph thng 2008 - 2009, www.gso.gov.vn
31. Barry D.Smith, Harold J.Vietter, Cc hc thuyt v nhn cch, NXB Vn ha thng tin, 2005
32. A,V Petropvski (1982), Tm l hc la tui v tm l hc s phm tp II, NXB Ph n
33. John W. Santrock (2005), Tm hiu th gii tm l ca tui v thnh nin, NXB Ph n
34. Kruchetxki. A.V (1998), Nhng c s ca tm l hc s phm, NXB Gio dc, H Ni
35. Bologinini Monique, Plancherel Bernard; Halfon Olivier (2003), nh gi chin lc ng
ph ca thanh thiu nin: c s khc nhau theo tui v theo gii tnh hay khng?, Hi tho
tr em, vn ha, gio dc, tr. 329 337
36. Camus Jean (2003), S b tr thi gian v cc kh khn hc ng, Phn ng tc thi v tr
hon, Hi tho tr em, vn ha, gio dc, tr. 296 301
37. N.. L vi tp (1972), Tm l hc tr em v tm l hc s phm, NXB GDHN, tr. 197
TI LIU TING ANH
38. Edward H. Fischer and John LeB. Turner (1970), Orientations to seeking professional help:
Development and research utility of an attitude scale, Joural of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, Vol 35, No. 1
39. Carver, C.S.Scheier, M.F., & Weintraub, J.K. (1989), Assessing coping strategies: A
theoretically based approach, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, pp. 267
283.
40. Andrew J. Sadler and Ian J.Deary (2000), The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations:
Factorial Structure and Associations With Personality Traits and Psychological Health,
Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 5, pp. 121 143.
41. Debra Rickwood, Frank P. Deane, Coralie J. Wilson and Joseph Ciarrochi (2005), Young
peoples help-seeking for mental health problems, Australian e-Journal for the Advancement
of Mental Health (AeJAMH), Vol.4.
PH LC 1
PHIU THM D KIN
Cho cc bn,
Trong cuc sng ca chng ta, ai trong chng ta khng t th nhiu cng tri qua nhng cng thng
v tm l, nhng cng thng xut pht t nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. gip cc bn c th
i din vi nhng kh khn tm l v tm ra nhng cch thc ng ph tt nht, chng ti tin hnh
thc hin mt cuc nghin cu v cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng, s tm
kim gip v cc cch ng ph vi cc kh khn tm l .
Mong cc bn cng tc, gip chng ti bng cch cho chng ti nhng thng tin v kin ngn
gn ca bn v nhng vn sau:
3. Bn ang hc lp:
10
11
12
Khng
Tnh
T nguyn
B p buc.
Gia nh
Tnh cm
Ti chnh
p lc bn b
Tnh yu
Vn giao tip
Ma ty/thuc l/ru ch
ng l ra ti hc tt hn trong lp
Ti thy kh khn trong vic xoay s vi nhng trch nhim khc nhau, v
d nh bi tp phi lm nh v trng
10
11
12
13
Ti cm thy cng thng v khng c tin trang tri cho nhng nhu cu
vt cht ca mnh
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
4 3 2 1
23
24
25
26
27
28
Phn 3: ng ph vi vn
Xin bn vui lng tr li tng cu mt cch c lp, khng lin kt vi nhng cu khc. Suy ngh
thu o v chn cu tr li tht ng vi mnh. Xin tr li tt c mi cu. Khng c cu tr li no
l ng hay sai, v vy hy chn cu tr li chnh xc nht i vi bn. Hy cho bit bn thng
lm g khi tri qua mt bin c gy cng thng
1 = Ti thng khng lm iu ny cht no
2 = Ti thng lm iu ny cht t
3 = Ti thng lm iu ny kha kh
4 = Ti thng lm iu ny rt nhiu
Ti nhn nhn rng mnh khng th gii quyt vn , v thi khng c gng
na
10 Ti chia s cm xc ca mnh vi ai
11 Ti dng thuc l hoc ma ty lm cho mnh cm thy d chu hn
4 3 2 1
------------ Ht --------------
PH LC 2
BNG CU HI (Dnh cho phng vn su)
A. Bn hng dn phng vn su dnh cho cc bn c thi tch cc tm n s gip
A. Vn kh khn
1. Nhng vn /kh khn no bn gp phi trong 6 thng qua?
2. Nhng vn /kh khn no bn gp thuc lnh vc no? Vui lng m t li?
B. Tm n s gip
3. Khi bn i u vi nhng vn kh khn trong cuc sng, bn tm n ai nh h gip
?
4. Ti sao bn thch chn ngi ?
5. Xin vui lng cho bit thi ca bn v vic tm s gip /c vn ca ngi khc khi bn
gp kh khn?
6. C bao gi bn n vi chuyn vin t vn tham kho kin khng? Nu c, bn thng
t vn v vn g?
7. T kinh nghim ca bn, bn gt hi c nhng thnh qu no qua vic tr gip ca
ngi khc? Vui lng gii thch r.
A. Gii quyt
8. Bn thng dng nhng phng cch no gii quyt cc vn /kh khn ca bn?
PH LC 3
PH LC THNG K
Statistics
Gioi tinh
N
Valid
572
Missing
Mean
1.60
Gioi tinh
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
Nam
229
40.0
40.0
40.0
Nu
343
60.0
60.0
100.0
Total
572
100.0
100.0
Lop
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
Lop 10
334
58.4
58.4
58.4
Lop 11
238
41.6
41.6
100.0
Total
572
100.0
100.0
Tuoi
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
14
.2
.2
.2
15
24
4.2
4.2
4.4
16
339
59.3
59.3
63.6
17
208
36.4
36.4
100.0
Total
572
100.0
100.0
Truong
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
Minh Khai
184
32.2
32.2
32.2
Tran Phu
187
32.7
32.7
64.9
Vo Thi Sau
201
35.1
35.1
100.0
Total
572
100.0
100.0
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Co
Khong
Total
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
545
95.3
95.3
95.3
27
4.7
4.7
100.0
572
100.0
100.0
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
TP. HCM
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
558
97.6
97.6
97.6
Tinh
14
2.4
2.4
100.0
Total
572
100.0
100.0
Song chung
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
512
89.5
89.5
89.5
Ly di
31
5.4
5.4
94.9
Goa chong
10
1.7
1.7
96.7
.7
.7
97.4
15
2.6
2.6
100.0
572
100.0
100.0
Goa vo
Cha me don than
Total
$c14 Frequencies
Percent of
Responses
N
Cases
Percent
kho
Hoc tap
429
23.8%
75.9%
khan
Gia dinh
214
11.9%
37.9%
tam
Tinh cam
304
16.9%
53.8%
ly(a)
Tai chanh
124
6.9%
21.9%
88
4.9%
15.6%
36
2.0%
6.4%
Ap luc ban be
180
10.0%
31.9%
Tinh yeu
129
7.2%
22.8%
18
1.0%
3.2%
153
8.5%
27.1%
74
4.1%
13.1%
19
1.1%
3.4%
Khac
34
1.9%
6.0%
Total
1802
100.0%
318.9%
a Group
Group Statistics
Std. Error
Gioi tinh
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mean
Nam
229
2.76
.536
.035
Nu
343
3.01
.506
.027
Kho
Equal
khan
variances
trong
assumed
Mean
Error
95% Confidence
Sig. (2-
Differ
Differen
Interval of the
Difference
Sig.
df
tailed)
ence
ce
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
2.395
.122
Upper
Lower
-5.538
570
.000
-.245
.044
-.332
-.158
-5.475
469.454
.000
-.245
.045
-.333
-.157
van de
tinh cam
Equal
variances not
assumed
Group Statistics
Std. Error
tinh trang gia dinh
kho khan trong gia dinh
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mean
510
2.70
.351
.016
60
2.53
.487
.063
Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
Sig.
df
Mean
Std.
95% Confidence
Sig. (2-
Differen
Error
Interval of the
tailed)
ce
Differen
Difference
ce
kho khan
Equal
trong gia
variances
dinh
assumed
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
6.379
.012
3.350
568
.001
.168
.050
.069
.266
2.591
66.376
.012
.168
.065
.039
.297
Equal
variances not
assumed
Group Statistics
Std. Error
Gioi tinh
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mean
Nam
229
2.33
.516
.034
quan he ban be
Nu
341
2.52
.498
.027
Kho
Equal
khan
variances
trong
assumed
Sig. (2-
Differen
Std. Error
Interval of the
Difference
Sig.
df
tailed)
ce
Difference
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
.682 -4.405
568
.168
moi
95% Confidence
Upper
Lower
.000
-.190
.043
-.275
-.105
.000
-.190
.043
-.276
-.105
quan he
ban be
Equal
variances not
-4.373
476.7
81
assumed
Group Statistics
Co dang song
voi cha me?
Kho khan ve tai chinh
Co
Khong
Std. Error
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mean
545
2.59
.403
.017
27
2.79
.264
.051
Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
Kho
Equal
khan ve
variances
95% Confidence
Sig. (2-
Differe
Std. Error
Interval of the
Difference
Sig.
df
tailed)
nce
Difference
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
3.579
Upper
Lower
.059 -2.513
570
.012
-.197
.078
-.351
-.043
-3.670
32.321
.001
-.197
.054
-.306
-.088
Group Statistics
Co dang song
Std. Error
Co
Khong
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mean
543
2.69
.362
.016
27
2.45
.460
.089
Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
kho khan
Equal
trong gia
variances
dinh
assumed
95% Confidence
Sig. (2-
Differe
Differenc
Interval of the
Difference
Sig.
df
tailed)
nce
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
5.219
.023
3.271
568
Equal
variances not
Mean
2.635
assumed
Group Statistics
27.62
7
Upper
Lower
.001
.237
.072
.095
.379
.014
.237
.090
.053
.421
Std. Error
Gioi tinh
Kho khan ve tai chinh
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mean
Nam
229
2.56
.418
.028
Nu
343
2.63
.384
.021
Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
Kho khan ve
Equal
tai chinh
variances
95% Confidence
Sig. (2-
Differen
Std. Error
Interval of the
Difference
Sig.
df
tailed)
ce
Difference
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
.020 -2.142
570
5.466
Upper
Lower
.033
-.073
.034
-.139
-.006
.036
-.073
.035
-.141
-.005
assumed
Equal
variances not
-2.106
assumed
460.3
09
Gioi tinh * Khi gap kho khan, co tim giup do? Crosstabulation
Khi gap kho khan, co
tim giup do?
Co
Gioi
Nam
Count
229
37.1%
46.4%
40.0%
25.3%
14.7%
40.0%
246
97
343
62.9%
53.6%
60.0%
43.0%
17.0%
60.0%
391
181
572
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
68.4%
31.6%
100.0%
do?
% of Total
Count
% within Khi gap kho khan, co tim giup
do?
% of Total
Count
% within Khi gap kho khan, co tim giup
do?
Co
84
Total
Khong
145
tinh
Nu
Total
% of Total
Chi-Square Tests
Value
df
Asymp. Sig.
Exact Sig.
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
(2-sided)
4.481(b)
.034
4.101
.043
4.449
.035
Continuity
Correction(a)
Likelihood Ratio
Fisher's Exact Test
(1-sided)
.035
Linear-by-Linear
4.473
Association
N of Valid Cases
.022
.034
572
Valid Percent
Percent
Tu nguyen
452
79.0
91.7
91.7
Bi ep buoc
41
7.2
8.3
100.0
493
86.2
100.0
79
13.8
572
100.0
Total
Missing
Percent
System
Total
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Valid Percent
33
5.8
6.2
6.2
18
3.1
3.4
9.6
466
81.5
87.9
97.5
Khac
13
2.3
2.5
100.0
Total
530
92.7
100.0
42
7.3
572
100.0
System
Total
Percent
Thay co
Ban than
Missing
Percent
Lop 10
Count
% within Khi gap kho
khan, co tim giup do?
% of Total
Lop 11
Count
% within Khi gap kho
khan, co tim giup do?
Total
Khong
Co
241
93
334
61.6%
51.4%
58.4%
42.1%
16.3%
58.4%
150
88
238
38.4%
48.6%
41.6%
% of Total
Total
26.2%
15.4%
41.6%
391
181
572
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
68.4%
31.6%
100.0%
Count
% within Khi gap kho
khan, co tim giup do?
% of Total
Chi-Square Tests
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
df
Asymp. Sig.
Exact Sig.
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
(2-sided)
(1-sided)
5.356(b)
.021
4.942
.026
5.324
.021
Continuity
Correction(a)
Likelihood Ratio
Fisher's Exact Test
Linear-by-Linear
.023
5.347
Association
N of Valid Cases
.013
.021
572
Tu nguyen hay ep buoc? * Khi gap kho khan, co tim giup do? Crosstabulation
Tu nguyen
ep buoc?
Count
Co
87
452
94.3%
82.1%
91.7%
74.0%
17.6%
91.7%
22
19
41
5.7%
17.9%
8.3%
4.5%
3.9%
8.3%
387
106
493
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
78.5%
21.5%
100.0%
Asymp. Sig.
Exact Sig.
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
(2-sided)
(1-sided)
Khong
365
Bi ep buoc
Total
Count
% within Khi gap kho
khan, co tim giup do?
% of Total
Chi-Square Tests
Value
df
Pearson Chi-Square
16.349(b)
.000
14.783
.000
13.838
.000
Continuity
Correction(a)
Likelihood Ratio
Fisher's Exact Test
.000
Linear-by-Linear
16.316
Association
N of Valid Cases
.000
.000
493
Statistics
nhan thuc giup do ve cac lieu phap tam ly
N
Valid
570
Missing
Mean
2.7664
Std. Deviation
.38010
Sum
1576.88
Group Statistics
Std. Error
Gioi tinh
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mean
Nam
229
2.7211
.32325
.02136
Nu
341
2.7969
.41157
.02229
Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
nhan thuc
Equal
giup do ve
variances
Mean
Error
95% Confidence
Sig. (2-
Differen
Differen
Interval of the
Difference
Sig.
df
tailed)
ce
ce
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
.000 -2.345
568
12.58
4
.019
-.07585
.03235
.014
-.07585
.03087
Upper
Lower
.13938
-.01232
tam ly
Equal
variances not
assumed
-2.457
554.1
94
.13649
-.01521
Group Statistics
Std. Error
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mean
Co
389
2.7889
.38199
.01937
Khong
181
2.7182
.37248
.02769
Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
nhan thuc
Equal
giup do ve
variances
assumed
Error
95% Confidence
Sig. (2-
Mean
Differen
Interval of the
Difference
Sig.
df
tailed)
Difference
ce
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
.016
.900
2.072
568
.039
.07065
.03410
.00367
.13763
2.091
359.349
.037
.07065
.03379
.00420
.13710
Upper
Lower
tam ly
Equal
variances not
assumed
Statistics
dau hieu chiu dung kho khan tam ly
N
Valid
572
Missing
Mean
2.3420
Std. Deviation
.41847
Sum
1339.60
Group Statistics
Std. Error
Gioi tinh
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mean
Nam
229
2.4114
.39074
.02582
Nu
343
2.2956
.43037
.02324
Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
dau hieu
Equal
chiu dung
variances
kho khan
assumed
95% Confidence
(2-
Mean
Std. Error
Interval of the
Difference
Sig.
df
tailed)
Difference
Difference
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
1.702
.193
3.268
570
.001
.11573
.03541
.04617 .18528
.001
.11573
.03474
.04748 .18397
Upper
Lower
tam ly
Equal
variances not
3.331
519.6
assumed
39
Statistics
tro chuyen coi mo voi nguoi khac
N
Valid
572
Missing
Mean
2.6034
Std. Deviation
.40270
Sum
1489.14
Group Statistics
Co dang song
Std. Error
Co
Khong
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mean
545
2.6121
.39746
.01703
27
2.4286
.47214
.09086
95% Confidence
Sig. (2-
Mean
Differen
Interval of the
Difference
Sig.
df
tailed)
Difference
ce
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
tro chuyen
Equal
coi mo voi
variances
nguoi khac
assumed
2.759
.097
2.320
570
.021
.18349
.07909
.02814
.33884
.057
.18349
.09245
-.00592
.37290
Equal
variances
1.985
not
27.85
6
assumed
Statistics
tin tuong vao chuyen gia suc khoe tam than
N
Valid
572
Missing
Mean
2.4081
Std. Deviation
.34752
Cronbach's
Alpha
N of Items
.780
44
Statistics
Valid
Ung pho de
dat, ne tranh,
quyet van de
tieu cuc
567
572
572
Mean
2.7547
2.5011
2.2031
Std. Deviation
.42468
.41958
.33385
Missing