Ky Thuat Truyen So Lieu

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B MN IN T-VIN THNG
GIO TRNH:
K THUT TRUYN
S LIU
BIN SON: NGUYN VIT HNG
NGUYN NG LM
NGUYN VN PHC
TP. H CH MINH 9/2011
TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT TP.HCM

KHOA IN-IN T
B MN IN T-VIN THNG
GIO TRNH:
K THUT TRUYN
S LIU
BIN SON: NGUYN VIT HNG
NGUYN NG LM
NGUYN VN PHC
TP. H CH MINH 9/2011
MC LC
Trang
Chng 1: M u........................................................................................................ 1
Chng 2: Cc khi nim c bn.................................................................................... 4
Chng 3: M hnh OSI .............................................................................................. 23
Chng 4: Tn hiu ..................................................................................................... 40
Chng 5: M ha v iu ch ..................................................................................... 53
Chng 6: Truyn d liu s: Giao din v modem........................................................ 90
Chng 7: Mi trng truyn dn ............................................................................... 121
Chng 8: Ghp knh ................................................................................................ 151
Chng 9: Pht hin v sa li.....................................................................................182
Chng 10: iu khin kt ni d liu......................................................................... 206
Chng 11: Giao thc kt ni d liu .......................................................................... 228
Chng 12: Mng cc b ........................................................................................... 257
Trng H S phm K thut TP. HCM

http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
Bi ging: Truyn s liu
Chng 1: M u
CHNG 1
M U
1.1 MT S NIM M U
1.1.1
M u
Mc kt ni thng tin ton cu hin ang gia tng nh v bo.
Ngy cng c nhiu cng ngh vin thng pht trin rt nhanh.
Yu cu mi trong truyn dn nh: thit k, s dng v qun l thng tin.
1.1.2
Mc tiu c bn ca truyn s liu
1.1.3
Trao i thng tin tt nht gia hai i tc

Qu trnh pht trin
1.1.3.1 Vin thng
1837 - Samuel Morse ch to h thng in tn.
1843 - Alexander Bain ng k bn quyn my in tn hiu in tn.
1876 - Alexander Graham Bell, ch to ra in thoi u tin.
1880 - Cc in thoi tr tin u tin.
1915 Dch v in thoi lin lc a v kt ni thoi xuyn i Ty dng u

tin.
1947 Pht minh ra transistor ti phng th nghim Bell Labs
1951 in thoi ng di xut hin
1962 in thoi quc t dng v tinh u tin.
1968 - Phn quyt ca ta n Carterfone nhm cho php kt ni cc thit b ca

hng ch to khc vo cc thit b ca mng Bell System Network
1970 Cho php MCI cung cp dch v in thoi ng di nhm cnh tranh.
1984 Bi b c quyn ca AT&T
1980s Mng dch v cng cng s
1990s Xut hin in thoi di ng
1.1.3.2 Phn cng: (nh lut Moore)
Xut hin: 1965
Do Gordon Moore, ng sng lp cng ty Intel.
Pht biu: Dung lng cc chip mi tng gp i v gi thnh gim phn na so

vi cc chip ch to trc trong vng t 18-24 thng.
Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng

Th vin H SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn
Trang 1

Chng 1: M u
So snh: Nu ng dng c hng pht trin ny vo k thut hng khng th

gi thnh mt my bay ch cn 500 la, v ta c th i vng quanh th gii trong
20 pht.
1.1.3.3 Mng: Internet, Intranet v Extranet
Internet: mng cc mng dch v dng cho thu bao ton cu.
Intranet: mng ring ca c quan dng cng ngh Internet
Extranet: Mng intranet c mt s chc nng chia s c thng tin vi t chc

i tc.
1.1.4
Hng pht trin
Bn cnh cc ng gp to ln ca phng thc truyn s liu v mng, hin nay ang

xut hin cc vn sau:
Yu t tn cng virus my tnh.
Tin tc (Hacking).
Great Global Grid (GGG).
Dch v mng pht trin mnh (Web services).
Th rc (Email Spamming): hng t th rc/ngy, thit hi ln n hng chc t

la mi nm.
1.1.5
Ni dung ti liu
Ti liu bin dch ny ch yu nhm phc v cho sinh vin khoa in in t

trong bc u nghin cu v k thut truyn s liu, ngoi ra cn l ti liu tham kho tt
chun b cho sinh vin khi nghin cu v mng truyn thng cng nghip.
Ti liu gm 12 chng:
Chng 1:
M u, nhm trnh by mt s nim c bn v k thut truyn s

liu, qu trnh vi xu hng pht trin trong tng lai
Chng 2:
Cc nim c bn; trnh by cc nim c bn v cu hnh ng

truyn, cu hnh c bn ca mng, cc ch truyn dn, cc dng
mng LAN, MAN, WAN, phng thc kt ni lin mng.
Chng 3:
M hnh OSI; trnh by v m hnh mng, chc nm cc lp trong

mng, giao thcTCP/IP.
Chng 4:
Tn hiu; trnh by cc dng tn hiu analog v s dng trong k

thut truyn s liu.
Chng 5:
M ha v iu ch; trnh by cc nim c bn v cc k thut

chuyn i c bn dng trong truyn s liu nh chuyn i tn
hiu s-s, chuyn i tn hiu tng t-s, chuyn i tn hiu stng t v chuyu i tn hiu tng t-tng t.
Chng 6:
Truyn dn d liu s: Giao din v modem; trnh by cc ch

truyn s liu c bn l ni tip v song song, ng b v khng

Trang 2

Chng 1: M u
ng b, giao din DTE-DCE cng mt s chun giao din c bn,
c ch truyn dn s liu ca modem, modem 56K, modem dng
trong truyn hnh cp.
Chng 7:
Mi trng truyn dn; trnh by cc dng mi trng truyn dn

c bn l mi trng c nh hng v mi trng khng nh
hng, cu to, cc ch truyn dn, suy hao qua mi trng
truyn, hiu nng ca mi trng, di sng, dung lng
Shannon, v so snh u nhc im ca cc dng mi trng
truyn.
Chng 8:
Ghp knh; trnh by cc ch ghp knh, v phn knh theo tn

s FDM, phn knh v ghp knh theo bc sng WDM, phn
knh v ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM). ng dng ca k thut
ghp knh, h thng in thoi. Dy thu bao s DSL, cp quang
FTTC.
Chng 9:
Pht hin v sa li; trnh by v cc dng li trong truyn dn.

Phng php pht hin li, phng php VRC, LCR, CRC,
Checksum. Phng php pht hin v sa li Hamming.
Chng 10:
iu khin kt ni d liu; trnh by v cc chun ng truyn,

iu khin lu lng, kim tra li trn ng truyn.
Chng 11:
Giao thc kt ni d liu; trnh by v cc giao thc khng ng

b, giao thc ng b, cc giao thc theo hng k t v cc giao
thc theo hng bit. Cc th tc truy xut ng truyn.
Chng 12:
Mng cc b LAN; trnh by v n 802, Ethernet v cc dng

mng Ethernet vng v bus Token, giao din FDDI.
c im quan trng trong ti liu ny l trong tng chng u c phn cc nim c

bn v t kha, cng vi phn tm tt v cc bi luyn tp cng c dng cu hi, bi trc
nghim v bi tp. iu ny gip nh hng cho sinh vin tham kho ti liu, pht huy kh
nng c ti liu v t hc tt.

Trang 3

Chng 2: Cc khi nim c bn
CHNG 2: CC KHI NIM C BN

Trc khi kho st cch truyn d liu t thit b ny n thit b khc, vn quan
trng l ta phi hiu mi quan h gia cc thit b truyn d liu. C nm khi nim chung
cung cp v cc mi quan h c bn gia cc thit b thng tin. l:
Cu hnh ng dy
Tp mng
Ch truyn
Cc loi mng
Cc kt ni lin mng
2.1 CU HNH NG DY
+ Khi nim: Cu hnh ng dy l phng thc hai hay nhiu thit b mc
vo kt ni.
Kt ni (link) l ng truyn thng tin vt l truyn d liu t thit b ny sang thit
b khc, ng thng kt ni hai im.
+ Phn loi: C hai loi cu hnh ng dy:
Cu hnh im - im
Cu hnh a im
Cu hnh ng dy nhm nh ngha phng thc kt ni thng tin gia cc thit
b vi nhau.
2.1.1 Cu hnh im - im (point to point):
+ c im:
Cu hnh im - im cung cp kt ni c dnh ring cho hai thit b.
Ton dung lng knh c dng cho truyn dn gia hai thit b.
Hu ht cu hnh im -im u dng dy hay cp ni hai im (hoc v
tuyn: vi ba, v tinh, hng ngoi)
+ V d: Dng b remote iu khin TV, kt ni im im gia hai thit b dng
ng hng ngoi.

Trang 4

Hnh 2.1
+u im:
Khng cn gii quyt bi ton lu thng

Pht hin v tch li d dng
m bo tnh ring t (Bo mt)
+Khuyt im: Hiu qu s dng ng truyn khng cao( Khi tn sut s dng thp)
2.1.2. Cu hnh a im (multipoint):
+ c im:
Cu hnh a im: kt ni c nhiu hn hai thit b trn mt ng truyn.
Dung lng knh c chia s theo thi gian.
Hnh 2.2
+ u im: Hiu qu s dng ng truyn cao
+ Khuyt im:
Cn gii quyt bi ton lu thng
Kh pht hin v tch li.
Khng m bo tnh ring t (Khng bo mt)

Cu hi:
Cu hnh ng dy l g? Phn loi, nu c im v u khuyt im ca
tng loi.
Cu hnh ng dy l g? Phn loi, nu v d.
Trang 5

2.2. TP MNG (Topology: hnh hc)

+ Khi nim: l biu din hnh hc cc mi quan h ca tt c cc tuyn (link) v thit
b ang kt ni (thng c gi l cc nt) ti cc thit b khc.
Thut ng tp mng ni n phng thc mng c b tr v mt lun l hoc
vt l.
+ Phn loi: C 5 dng tp c bn l: li, sao, cy, bus v vng. V mt dng
Tp hn hp.
Hnh 2.3
Tp nh ngha cch sp xp vt l hoc lun l ca cc kt ni trong mng.
-
Tp dng sao, khng c ngha l cc thit b phi c sp xp vt l xung quanh hub

theo hnh sao.
Khi xem xt la chn dng tp th phi xem xt thm v cp bc lin quan ca cc thit
b c kt ni.
C hai quan h c th l:
ng cp (peer to peer): thit b chia s kt ni ngang hng vi nhau
S cp-th cp (primary-secondary): mt thit b iu khin lu thng v
cc thit b cn li phi truyn qua n.
Tp vng v li thng thch hp vi truyn dn ng cp.
Tp sao v cy thng thch hp cho truyn dn s cp- th cp.
Tp bus thch hp cho c hai dng: ng cp v s cp- th cp.
Cu hi:
Tp mng l g? Phn loi v nu phm vi s dng mi loi.
2.2.1. LI (Mesh):
+ c im:
- Mi thit b c mt kt ni im-im chuyn dng (dedicated) ti cc thit
b cn li.
- Mt mng li nu c n thit b th s c n(n-1)/2 s kt ni.
- Mi thit b cn c (n-1) cng vo/ra (I/O: input/output).

Trang 6

+ V d: C 5 thit b kt ni
theo tp li.
S kt ni: 5(5-1)/2= 10
Mi thit b cn c 4 cng vo/ra
+ u im so vi cc dng mng khc:

- Kt ni im-im chuyn dng m bo mi kt ni ch truyn dn d liu
ring, nn khng xut hin bi ton lu thng.
- Tp li rt bn vng (Khi mt kt ni b hng th khng nh hng ln
ton mng).
- Tnh ring t hoc vn an ninh. (Khi dng ng truyn ring bit th ch
c hai thit b trong kt ni dng c thng tin ny, cc thit b khc khng th truy
cp vo kt ni ny c).
- Kt ni im-im cho php pht hin v tch li rt nhanh. (C th iu
khin lu thng trnh cc ng truyn nghi ng b hng. Nh qun l d dng pht
hin chnh xc ni b hng nhanh chng tm ra nguyn nhn v c bin php khc
phc).
+ Khuyt im:
- S kt ni v s cng I/O nhiu nn chi ph lp t s tng.
- M rng mng kh khn.
Cu hnh li ch c dng rt gii hn, ng trc (backbone) kt ni cc my
tnh ln (mainframe) trong mt mng hn hp vi nhiu cu hnh khc.
2.2.2 SAO (Star):
+ c im:
- Mi thit b c kt ni im - im vi mt thit b iu khin trung tm
(Hub).
- Chc nng Hub: To kt ni gia cc thit b khi c yu cu, thu tn hiu
v pht (Repeater: thit b lp, mang tnh tch cc)
- Nu Tp sao c n thit b th s c n kt ni.
- Mi thit b c 1 ng I/O

Trang 7

Hnh 2.5
+ u im:
- t tn km hn so vi tp li. (s kt ni, s ng I/O)
- Mi thit b ch cn mt kt ni v ch cn mt cng I/O kt ni vi cc thit
b khc.
- Tnh bn vng cao.
- Pht hin li d dng.
+ Khuyt im:
- Chi ph Hub.
- Tnh bo mt khng cao.
- M rng thit b c gii hn.
- Khong cch gia Hub v thit b c gii hn.
2.2.3 CY (Tree):
+ c im:
- y l bin th ca dng sao.
- Cc nt trong cy c kt ni vi hub trung tm iu khin lu thng n
mng.
- Cc thit b khng hon ton kt ni trc tip vo hub trung tm.
- Phn ln cc thit b c kt ni vi hub ph (ni vi hub trung tm).
- S kt ni = s thit b (n) + s hub ph (m) = n + m

Trang 8

Hnh 2.6
- Hub trung tm ca cy mang tnh tch cc: b lp (repeater), to kh nng
m rng c ly ca mng.
- Hub ph c th l tch cc hoc th ng, ch nhm cung cp nhng kt ni
vt l n gin gia cc thit b.
+ u im v khuyt im: tng t nh dng sao.
Khi thm vo cc hub ph, lm cho mng c hai u im.
- Cho php thm nhiu thit b c kt ni vi hub trung tm v c th tng c
ly tn hiu di chuyn trong mng.
- Cho php phn cp mng v to mc u tin ca cc thit b khc nhau.
2.2.4. BUS:
+ c im:
- Tp bus l dng cu hnh a im.
- Mt ng cp di c gi l trc (backbone) nhm kt ni cc thit b trong
mng.
Hnh 2.7
- Cc nt c ni vi cp bus thng qua nhnh r (drop line) v im ni (tap).
Trang 9

- im ni thng b tn hao nhit do yu t nhnh r. T c gii hn v s

im ni m cp chnh c th h tr v khong cch gia cc im ni.
+ u im:
- Hiu qa s dng kt ni cao.
- D lp t, thay i v tr lp t thit b.
+ Khuyt im :
- Kh pht hin v phn cch hng hc.
- Kh gn thm thit b vo.
- Cc im ni c th to tn hiu phn x lm gim cht lng truyn tn hiu
trong bus. Yu t ny c th c khng ch bng cch gii hn s lng v c ly
thch hp ca cc im ni hay phi thay th ng trc.
- Tnh bn vng km. (Khi c li hoc t cp th ton mng s b ngng
truyn dn tn hiu do vng b hng c th to sng phn x ln ng trc, to nhiu
lon trn ton mng.)
2.2.5. VNG (Ring):
+ c im:
- Mi thit b c kt ni im - im vi thit b bn phi v thit b bn tri ca
n.
- Tn hiu di chuyn trong vng theo mt chiu, t thit b ny sang thit b
khc, cho n khi n ch.
- Mi thit b trong mng l mt b lp.
- Nu c n thit b th s cn n kt ni.
- Mi thit b c mt ng pht v mt ng thu.
Hnh 2.8
+ u im
- Tng i d thit lp v ti cu trc
- Pht hin li tng i n gin.
Trang 10

Thng thng trong mng, tn hiu di chuyn, khi mt thit b b hng th s xut hin
tn hiu bo ng, thng bo cho ngi qun l mng v hng hc v v tr hng hc ny.
+ Khuyt im:
- Vic di chuyn ca tn hiu trong mng ch theo mt chiu (thi gian truyn
chm).
- Tnh bn vng thp (Khi c mt thit b hng th ton mng s dng hot ng.
V d: Gi s c 8 thit b, hy cho bit s kt ni kt ni cc thit b trn ln lt
theo cc dng tp: Li, sao, cy, bus, vng.
Li: 8(8-1)/2 = 28 kt ni.
Sao: 8 kt ni + Hub 8.
Cy: nhiu hn 8 kt ni + Hub trung tm + hub ph.
Bus: 1 kt ni + 8 nhnh r + 8 im ni + 2 kt ni cui Bus.
Vng: 8 kt ni.
Cu hi: Nu c im ca mt loi tp. Trnh by u, khuyt im. Tnh s kt ni
trong tp .
2.2.6. TP HN HP ( Hybrid Topologies ):
+ c im:
- Tn ti t nht 2 dng trong cc dng tp sau: li, sao, bus v vng.
- Kt hp cu hnh nhiu mng con thnh mt mng ln.
+ V d: Cho 1 tp hn hp c mng trc dng sao c 3 kt ni, mi kt ni c ni
n ln lt ti cc tp sau: bus (4 thit b), vng (4 thit b) v sao (3 thit b).
Hnh 2.9
2.3. CH TRUYN DN
+ Khi nim: L ch nhm nh ngha chiu lu thng tn hiu gia hai thit b
c kt ni vi nhau.

Trang 11

+ Phn loi: C 3 dng:

- n cng (simplex)
- Bn song cng (half-duplex)
- Song cng (full-duplex = duplex)
Hnh 2.10
2.3.1 n cng (simplex):
+ c im:
- Chiu lu thng tn hiu gia hai thit b theo mt chiu.
- Mt thit b pht v mt thit b thu.
Hnh 2.11
2.3.2 Bn song cng (half-duplex):
+ c im:
- Chiu lu thng tn hiu gia hai thit b theo hai chiu 2 thi im khc
nhau.
- Mt thit b pht v mt thit b thu hoc ngc li.
Hnh 2.12

Trang 12

2.3.3 Song cng (full-duplex):

+ c im:
- Chiu lu thng tn hiu gia hai thit b theo hai chiu c th cng thi
im.
- Mt thit b pht - thu v thit b cn li thu - pht.
Hnh 2.13
Cu hi: Nu khi nim ch truyn dn. Phn loi cc ch v cho v d.
2.4. CC DNG MNG

Hin nay, khi ni n mng th ngi ta ngh ngay n: mng cc b (LAN; local area
network), mng MAN (metropolitain area network) v mng WAN (wide area network) nh
hnh 2.14.
Hnh 2.14
2.4.1 Mng LAN:
Ban u c dng kt ni cc thit b trong mt vn phng nh, mt ta nh, hay
khun vin trng i hc (xem hnh 2.15). Tu theo nhu cu, mng LAN c th ch gm hai
my tnh v mt my in trong mt vn phng, cho n vic m rng vi nhiu vn phng v
cc thit b thoi, hnh nh v ngoi v khc. Hin nay, c ly ca mng LAN thng gii hn
trong khong vi km.
LAN c thit k cho php chia s ti nguyn gia cc my tnh v my ch. Ti
nguyn ny c th l phn cng (th d my in) hay phn mm (cc chng trnh ng dng)
v d liu.
Ngoi kch thc th mng LAN cn phn bit vi cc mng khc t phng php cu
hnh mng cng nh mi trng truyn dn.Thng thng, trong mng LAN ch dng mt
mi trng truyn dn. Cu hnh thng dng l bus, vng v sao.
Tc truyn dn t 4 n 16 Mbps trong cc mng LAN truyn thng, hin nay tc
ny c th ln n 100 Mbps vi mt s` h thng c th ln n tc gigabit.

Trang 13

Hnh 2.15
2.4.2 Mng MAN:
c thit k hot ng trong ton cp thnh ph, n c th l mt mng nh
mng truyn hnh cp, hay c th l mng kt ni nhiu mng LAN thnh mng ln hn, nh
hnh 2.16
Hnh 2.16
2.4.3 Mng WAN:
Cung cp truyn dn d liu, hnh nh, thoi, v video trong din rng bao gm quc
gia, lc a v ton cu (hnh 2.17).

Trang 14

Hnh 2.17
2.5 LIN MNG
Khi kt ni nhiu mng, ta c kt ni lin mng (internetwork hay internet). Ch l
internet ny khng phi l Internet l mt dng mng ton cu c bit, xem hnh 2.18
Hnh 2.18

Trang 15

TM TT
Cu hnh ng dy l quan h gia cc thit b thng tin vi ng truyn thng tin.
- Trong cu hnh im ni im, ch c hai thit kt ni vi nhau m thi.
- Trong cu hnh nhiu im, c nhiu hn 2 thit b c kt ni vi nhau.
Tp l phng thc sp xp vt hay lun l trong mng. Cc thit b c th c b
tr thnh dng li, sao, cy, bus, vng v hn hp.
C ba phng thc truyn dn thng gp l: n cng, bn song cng v song cng.
- Truyn dn n cng ch i theo mt chiu m thi.
- Truyn dn bn song cng th theo hai chiu nhng khng ng thi (pht th khng
thu, v ngc li).
- Song cng thng tin truyn theo hai chiu cng mt lc.
Cc mng c chia thnh: LAN, MAN v WAN.
LAN: mng cc b.
MAN: mng trong mt thnh ph.
WAN: mng ton cu.

Trang 16

BI TP CHNG 2
I. CU HI N TP:
1.
Tp mng lin quan vi cu hnh ng dy nh th no?
2.
nh ngha ba ch truyn dn ?
3.
Cho bit u im ca cc dng tp mng?
4.
u im ca cu hnh nhiu im so vi im - im l g?
5.
Cho bit cc yu t c bn nhm xc nh cc h thng thng tin l LAN, MAN

hay WAN.
6.
Cho bit hai dng cu hnh ng dy?
7.
Cho bit 5 dng tp mng c bn?
8.
Phn bit gia quan h ng cp v quan h s cp - th cp?
9.
Trnh by cc khuyt im ca cc tp mng ?
10.
Trnh by cng thc tnh s kt ni cn thit thit lp tp mng dng li?
11.
Phn loi 5 tp mng c bn theo cu hnh ng dy?
12.
Gi s c n thit b trong mng, xc nh s cp kt ni cn thit thit lp tp

mng dng : li, vng, bus v sao ?
13.
Khc bit gia hub trung tm v hub ph l g ? Khc bit gia hub tch cc v
hub th ng l g? Chng quan h vi nhau nh th no?
14.
Yu t gii hn kch thc mng bus l g? (cc Tap)
15.
Trnh by phng php pht hin li v cp ni trong cc tp mng ?
16.
Kt ni lin mng (internet) l g ? Internet l g?

Trang 17

II. CU HI TRC NGHIM

1.
Cho bit tp mng no cn c b

iu khin trung tm (hub):
d. T ng
7.
a. Li
b. Sao
a. Li
c. Bus
b. Sao
d. Vng
2.
c. Bus
Tp no c cu hnh a im:
d. Vng
a. Li
b. Sao
8.
c. Bus
b. Nhiu im
Cho bit dng kt ni thng tin gia

bn phm v my tnh l :
c. S cp
d. Th cp
a. n cng
b. Bn song cng
c. Song cng
d. T ng
4.
Mng c 25 thit b, hy cho bit

tp no c dy ni nhiu nht:
a. Li
b. Sao
c. Bus
d. Vng
5.
Mng cy l bin th ca mng

a. Li
b. Sao
c. Bus
d. Vng
6.
Truyn hnh l mt th d v phng

thc truyn dn
a. n cng
b. Bn song cng
c. Song cng
Dng cu hnh ng dy no kt
ni ch nh (ring) gia hai thit b:
a. im - im
d. Vng
3.
Cho bit dng tp mng no m khi

c n thit b, mi thit b cn thit
phi c (n-1) cng I/O:
9.
Dng cu hnh ng dy no m c
nhiu hn hai thit b chia s ng
truyn.
a. im - im
b. Nhiu im
c. S cp
d. Th cp
10. Ch truyn dn no m dung

lng knh truyn c chia s cho
2 thit b thng tin trong mi thi
gian.
a. n cng
b. Bn song cng
c. Song cng
d. Tt c sai
11. Nh
xut
bn
MacKenzie
Publishing, vi tng hnh dinh t
ti London v nhiu vn phng t
ti Chu , u, Nam M, c th
c kt ni dng mng:
a. LAN
b. MAN

Trang 18

c. WAN
a. S cp n ng cp
d. Tt c u sai
b. ng cp n s cp
12. Vn phng cng ty A c hai my

tnh kt ni vi mt my in, nh th
h dng mng:
a. LAN
c. S cp n th cp
d. ng cp
16. Tp mng no m khi cp t th
mng ngng hot ng
b. MAN
a. Li
c. WAN
b. Cy
d. Tt c u sai
c. Bus
13. Cho bit dng tp mng c cu

hnh im - im:
a. Li
b. Vng
c. Sao
d. Tt c u ng
14. Trong dng kt ni no m ng
truyn ch dng cho hai thit b
a. S cp
b. Th cp
c. Ch nh
d. Tt c u sai
15. Trong tp mng li, quan h gia
mt thit b vi mt thit b khc l:
d. Sao
17. Mt mng dng nhiu hub th c cu
hnh dng
a. Li
b. Cy
c. Bus
d. Sao
18. Mng no c tnh ring t v vn
bo mt thng tin yu nht:
a. Li
b. Cy
c. Bus
d. Sao

Trang 19

III. BI TP
1.
Gi s c 6 thit b c kt ni theo tp li, cn c bao nhiu cp? Mi thit b cn

bao nhiu cng I/O? (Xem phn ti liu)
2.
Hy xc nh loi tp mng trong hnh 2.19: (Dng Bus)
Hnh 2.19
3.
Hy xc nh loi tp mng trong hnh 2.20: Hn hp
Hnh 2.20
4.
Hy xc nh loi tp mng trong hnh 2.21: Hn hp
Hnh 2.21
5.
Hy xc nh loi tp mng trong hnh 2.22: Cy

Trang 20

Hnh 2.22
6.
Hy xc nh loi tp mng trong hnh 2.23: vng
Hnh 2.23
7.
Trong hnh 2.24, Hy xc nh loi tp mng no l dng vng:
Hnh 2.24
8.
Trong bn dng mng sau, cho bit hu qu nu c 1 kt ni b li:

a. Nm thit b kt ni theo dng li.
b. Nm thit b kt ni theo dng sao (khng tnh hub).
c. Nm thit b kt ni theo dng bus.
d. Nm thit b kt ni theo dng vng.
9.
Hy v mng hn hp c tp mng trc l sao v 3 mng vng.
10.
Hy v mng hn hp c trc l mng vng v 2 mng bus.
11.
Hy v mng hn hp c trc l mng bus kt ni vi hai mng trc l mng vng. Mi

mng vng ni 3 mng sao.

Trang 21

12.
Hy v mng hn hp c trc chnh l mng sao kt ni vi hai mng trc l mng bus.
Mi mng bus ni 3 mng vng.
13.
Mt mng c 4 my tnh, nu ch cn c bn on cp ni, hy cho bit dng mng

thch hp nht trong trng hp ny ?
14.
Gi s mun thm hai thit b mi vo trong mt mng hin hu vi 5 thit b, khi dng
mng li th cn bao nhiu cp ni? Khi dng mng vng th cn bao nhiu cp ni?
15.
Nm my tnh c kt ni theo cu hnh a im, cp ch c th truyn 100 kbps. Nu

tt c cc my tnh u c d liu cn gi, cho vit tc trung bnh ca mi my tnh
l bao nhiu?
16.
Khi dng in thoi kt ni vi thu bao khc, cho bit lc ny l kt ni im - im

hay a im? gii thch?
17.
Cho bit cc phng thc truyn dn thch hp nht (n cng, bn song cng v song
cng) trong cc trng hp sau:
a. My tnh vi mn hnh
b. m thoi gia 2 ngi
c. i truyn hnh

Trang 22

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
CHNG 3: M HNH OSI

T chc ISO (International Standard Organization) ra cc tiu chun cho quc t.
+ Khi nim: OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) l mt tiu chun ca ISO bao
trm tt c cc yu t thng tin mng.
H thng m l m hnh cho php hai h thng khc nhau c th thng tin vi nhau bt
k kin trc mng ca n ra sao.
+ Mc ch ca m hnh OSI: M rng thng tin gia nhiu h thng khc nhau m
khng i hi phi c s thay i v phn cng hay phn mm i vi h thng hin hu.
M hnh OSI khng phi l giao thc (protocol) m l m hnh gip hiu v thit k
kin trc mng mt cch mm do, bn vng v d din t hn.
ISO l t chc cn OSI l m hnh.
Cu hi: M hnh OSI l g? Nu mc ch ca m hnh OSI.
3.1 TNG QUAN M HNH OSI :
M hnh OSI l mt khung sn phn lp thit k mng cho php thng tin
trong tt c cc h thng my tnh khc nhau.
M hnh OSI gm 7 lp ring bit nhng c quan h vi nhau, mi lp nhm nh ngha
mt phn on trong qu trnh di chuyn thng tin qua mng. Vic hiu r m hnh OSI s
cung cp c s cho vic khm ph vic truyn s liu.
Hnh 3.1
Trang 23

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
3.1.1 KIN TRC LP:

M hnh OSI c xy dng t 7 lp:
-
Lp vt l (lp 1)
Lp kt ni d liu (lp 2)
Lp mng (lp 3)
Lp vn chuyn (lp 4)
Lp kim sot kt ni (lp 5)
Lp biu din (lp 6)
Lp ng dng (lp 7).
Hnh sau minh ha phng thc mt d liu c gi i t thit b A n thit b B.
Hnh 3.2
Trong qu trnh di chuyn, bn tin phi i qua nhiu nt trung gian.
Cc nt trung gian ny thng nm trong ba lp u tin trong m hnh OSI.
Khi pht trin m hnh, cc nh thit k tinh lc qu trnh tm kim d liu thnh cc
thnh phn n gin nht. Chng xc nh cc chc nng kt mng c dng v gom chng
thnh cc nhm ring bit gi l lp. Mi lp nh ngha mt tp cc chc nng ring bit so
vi lp khc. Thng qua vic nh ngha v nh v cc chc nng theo cch ny, ngi thit
k to ra c mt kin trc va mm do, va d hiu. Quan trng hn ht, m hnh OSI cho
php c c tnh minh bch (transparency) gia cc h thng tng thch.
Trang 24

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
3.1.2 CC QU TRNH NG CP:

Trong mt thit b n, mi lp gi dch v ca lp ngay pha di.
V d: lp 3, dng cc dch v ca lp 2 v cung cp dch v cho lp 4.
Gia cc thit b, lp x ca mt thit b phi thng tin vi lp x ca thit b kia, thng
qua mt chui cc lut v qui c c gi l giao thc (protocole).
Qu trnh mi thit b thng tin vi nhau ti mt lp c gi l qu trnh ng
cp (peer to peer processes).
Hnh 3.3
Ti lp vt l, truyn d liu trc tip: Thit b A gi mt lung bit n thit b B. Tuy
nhin ti cc lp cao hn, thng tin ny phi di chuyn xung qua cc lp ca thit b A, i
n thit b B, v tip tc i ln n lp cn thit.
Mi lp trong thit b pht tin gn thm vo bn tin va nhn mt thng tin ring ca
mnh v gi n lp pha di ca n.
Thng tin thm vo mi lp gi l Header v Trailer (d liu iu khin c thm
vo ti phn u v phn cui ca d liu gc). Header c thm vo ti lp 6, 5, 4, 3, v
2. Trailer c thm vo ti lp 2.
Header c thm vo lp 6, 5, 4, 3, v 2.
Trailer thng ch c thm vo lp 2.
Ti lp 1, ton b gi d liu c chuyn thnh dng c th truyn c n thit b
thu. Ti Thit b thu, bn tin ny c tri ra tng lp, vi mi qu trnh nhn v ly thng tin
ra. V d, lp 2 g ra cc thng tin ca mnh, v chuyn tip phn cn li ln lp 3. Tng t,
lp 3 g phn ca mnh v truyn tip sang lp 4, v c th tip tc.
3.1.3 GIAO DIN GIA CC LP
Vic chuyn d liu v thng tin mng i xung cc lp ca thit b pht v i ngc
ln qua cc lp ca thit b thu c thc hin nh c phn giao din ca hai lp cn k nhau.
Mi giao din nh ngha thng tin v cc dch v m lp phi cung cp cho lp trn n.
Trang 25

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
Cc giao din c nh ngha tt v cc chc nng lp cung cp tnh modun cho mng.
Min sao mt lp vn cung cp cc dch v cn thit cho cc lp trn n, vic thc thi chi tit
ca cc chc nng ny c th c thay i hoc thay th khng i hi phi thay th cc lp
xung quanh.
3.1.4 SP XP CC LP
+ By lp c th c nhm thnh ba nhm con sau:
-
Lp 1, 2, 3: l nhm con cc lp h tr mng, nhm gii quyt cc yu t vt

l v truyn d liu t mt thit b ny sang mt thit b khc (nh cc c
tnh in, kt ni vt l, nh a ch vt l v thi gian truyn cng nh tin
cy).
Lp 5, 6, v 7: lp kim sot kt ni, biu din v ng dng c th c xem l

nhm con cc lp h tr ngi dng (chng cho php kh nng truy cp n
nhiu h thng phn mm).
Lp 4: lp vn chuyn, bo m tnh tin cy cho vic truyn dn hai u mt

(end to end) trong khi lp 2 m bo tin cy trn mt ng truyn n.
+ Cc lp trn ca m hnh OSI hu nh lun lun thc thi trong phn mm;
+ Cc lp di c thc thi kt hp phn cng v phn mm, tr lp vt l hu nh l
thuc phn cng.
3.2 CHC NNG CA CC LP
Phn ny trnh by ngn gn chc nng ca tng lp trong m hnh OSI.
3.2.1 LP VT L (Lp 1):
+ Chc nng: Truyn lung bit i qua mi trng vt l.
Lin quan n cc c tnh c, in ca giao din thit b v mi trng truyn.
+ V tr lp 1:
Hnh 3.4
+ Cc c tnh lin quan :
c tnh vt l ca giao din gia thit b v mi trng:

Lp vt l nh ngha cc c tnh ca giao din gia cc thit b v mi
trng truyn. Ngoi ra, lp cn nh ngha dng ca mi trng truyn.
Trang 26

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
Biu din cc bit:

D liu lp vt l bao gm lung cc bit (chui cc gi tr 0 v 1) m khng
cn phi phin dch. truyn dn, cc bit ny phi c m ha thnh tn
hiu in hoc quang. Lp vt l nh ngha dng m ha (cch bit 0 v 1
c chuyn i thnh tn hiu).
Tc d liu:
S bit c truyn i trong mt giy. Ni cch khc, lp vt l nh ngha
rng mi bit (chu k bit).
ng b bit:
Thit b pht v thit b thu cn c ng b theo cp bit. Ni cch khc,
ng h ca thit b pht v thit b thu phi c ng b ha.
Cu hnh ng dy: cu hnh im - im v a im
Tp mng:
nh ngha phng thc kt ni thit b to thnh mng. Thit b c th
c ni theo li, sao, cy, vng hay bus.
Ch truyn: n cng, bn song cng hay song cng.
Nu chc nng ca lp vt l v c tnh lin quan ca n trong m hnh OSI.
3.2.2 LP KT NI D LIU:
+ Chc nng: truyn khung (frame) t nt n nt (trong 1 mng).
+ V tr:
Hnh 3.5
To khung (framing):
Lp 2 chia lung bit nhn c thnh cc n v d liu d qun l c gi l
khung (frame).
nh (to) a ch vt l:
Nu frame c phn phi n nhiu h thng trong cng mng th lp kt ni
d liu thm vo frame mt header nh ngha a ch vt l ca ni pht
(a ch ngun) v ni nhn (a ch ch).
Trang 27

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
Nu frame mun gi n h thng ngoi mng ca ngun pht, th a ch ni

nhn l a ch ca thit b ni vi mng k tip.
V d 1: nh a ch vt l
Hnh 3.6
iu khin lu lng:
Nu tc nhn d liu ca thit b thu b hn so vi tc ca thit b pht
th lp kt ni d liu to c ch iu khin lu lng trnh qu ti ca thit b
thu.
Kim tra li:

Lp 2 thm kh nng tin cy cho lp vt l bng cch thm c ch pht hin v
gi li cc frame b hng hay tht lc. ng thi, cng to c ch trnh gi
trng cc frame. Kim tra li thng c thc hin nh trailer c thm vo
phn cui ca frame.
iu khin truy cp:

Khi hai hoc nhiu thit b c mc trn cng mt tuyn, cn c giao thc ca
lp kt ni d liu xc nh thit b no nm quyn trn kt ni ti mt
thi im.
3.2.3 LP 3 (MNG):
+ Chc nng: Nhm phn phi cc gi (packet) t ngun n ch c th i qua
nhiu mng.
Ch :
Nu hai h thng c kt ni cng mng, th khng cn thit phi c lp

mng.
Khi hai thit b ny hai mng khc nhau, th cn c lp mng thc hin
giao nhn ngun ch .
+ V tr:
Trang 28

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
Hnh 3.7
nh (to) a ch lun l:
-
a ch vt l do lp 2 gii quyt nh a ch cc b.
Nu gi d liu i qua cc mng, th nht thit phi c thm mt h thng

nh a ch khc gip phn bit gia h thng ngun v h thng ch.
Lp mng thm header vo gi t lp trn xung, trong cha a ch

lun l ca ni gi v ni nhn.
nh tuyn (routing):
Khi nhiu mng c lp c ni vi nhau to ra lin mng (mng ca
mng) hay mt mng ln hn, th thit b kt ni l b nh tuyn (router hoc
gateways) c dng chuyn ng i ca gi n ch, lp mng c
thit lp cho mc tiu ny.
V d 2: nh a ch lun l;
A
10
87
Bus
F
T2
Data
10 20
R
T
99
T2
Ring
45
H
20
Data
99 33
N
33
R
66
71
T2
P
Data
66 95
95
77
Bus
Hnh 3.8
Trang 29

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
Cu Hi:
1. a ch vt l, a ch lun l l g? Hy so snh hai a ch .
2. So snh vic truyn d liu ca lp 1, 2, 3.
3.2.4 LP VN CHUYN:
+ Chc nng: Lp vn chuyn nhm chuyn ton bn tin t thit b u cui pht
n thit b u cui thu (end to end).
Khi lp mng nhn ra vic chuyn end to end ca mt gi ring, lp khng nhn ra bt
k quan h no gia cc gi ny. Lp s x l cc gi ring bit, v cho rng cc gi ny
thuc vo cc bn tin ring bit, cho d phi hay khng phi i na. Mt khc, lp vn chuyn
bo m l ton bn tin u n l nguyn vn v theo th t, b qua vic kim tra li, v iu
khin lu lng ti cp ngun n ch. Hnh 3.9 minh ha quan h gia lp vn chuyn vi
lp mng v lp kim sot kt ni
tng cng tnh an ninh, lp vn chuyn c th to mt kt ni gia hai cng cui.
Kt ni l mt ng ni lun l gia ngun v ch lin quan n mi gi trong bn tin. Vic
to kt ni bao gm ba bc: thit lp kt ni, truyn d liu, v nh kt ni. Thng qua
vic xc nhn vic truyn dn tt c mi gi trn mt ng, lp vn chuyn kim sot thm
c ln trnh t truyn, lu lng, pht hin v sa li.
Hnh 3.9
Cc nhim v ca lp vn chuyn bao gm:
nh a ch im dch v (service-point addressing): Mt my tnh thng

chy nhiu chng trnh trong cng mt lc. V th, chuyn giao ngun ch
khng c ngha l t mt my tnh n my khc m cn t nhng qu trnh
c th (chy chng trnh) ln cc chng trnh khc. Nh th header ca lp
vn chuyn phi bao gm mt dng a ch c bit l gi l a ch im dch
v (service-point addressing) hay cn gi l a ch cng. Lp mng ly mi
gi n ng t my tnh, lp vn chuyn ly ton bn tin n ng qu trnh
ca my tnh .
Phn on v hp on: Mt bn tin c chia thnh nhiu phn on truyn

i c, mi phn on mang s chui. Cc s ny cho php lp vn chuyn
Trang 30

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
ti hp ng bn tin khi n ch c th nhn dng v thay th cc gi b

tht lc trong khi truyn dn.
iu khin kt ni: Lp vn chuyn c th theo hng kt ni hay khng kt

ni. Lp vn chuyn theo hng khng kt ni x l mi phn on nh l gi
c lp v chuyn giao n lp vn chuyn ca thit b ch. Lp vn chuyn
theo hng kt ni to kt ni vi lp vn chuyn ca thit b ch trc khi
chuyn giao gi. Sau khi chuyn xong d liu, th kt thc kt ni.
iu khin lu lng: Tng t nh trong lp kt ni d liu, lp vn chuyn

c nhim v iu khin lu lng. Tuy nhin, iu khin lu lng trong lp
ny c thc hin bng cch end to end thay v kt ni n.
Kim tra li: Tng t nh lp kt ni d liu, lp vn chuyn cng c nhim

v kim tra li. Tuy nhin, kim tra li trong lp ny c thc hin bng cch
end to end thay v kt ni n. Lp vn chuyn ca thit b pht bo m l
ton bn tin n lp vn chuyn thu khng b li (hng hc, tht lc hay trng
lp). Vic sa li thng c thc hin trong qua trnh truyn li.
V d 3: hnh 3.10
Hnh 3.10
D liu n t lp trn a ch service-point (port) l j v k ( j l a ch ca ng dng
gi v k l a ch ca ng dng thu). Do kch thc ca d liu ln hn kh nng ca lp
mng, nn d liu c chia thnh hai gi, mi gi vn cn gia a ch im dch v (j v k).
Nn trong lp mng, a ch mng (A v P) c thm vo mi gi. Cc gi s di chuyn theo
cc ng khc nhau v n ch theo hay khng theo th t. Hai gi c chuyn giao n
lp mng ch, c nhim v g b header lp mng. Hai gi c truyn tip sang lp vn
chuyn, c ti hp chuyn giao ln lp trn.
Trang 31

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
3.2.5 LP KIM SOT KT NI:

Cc dch v do ba lp u (vt l, kt ni d liu, v lp mng) i khi cha cho mt
s qu trnh. Lp kim sot l lp iu khin i thai: thit lp, duy tr, v ng b ha
tng tc gia cc h thng thng tin.
Cc nhim v ca lp kim sot:
iu khin i thoi: Lp kim sot cho php hai h thng i vo i thoi.

Lp cho php thng tin gia hai qu trnh bn song cng hoc song cng. V
d i thoi gia u cui kt ni vi thit b ch l bn song cng.
ng b ho: Lp kim sot cho php qu trnh thm cc checkpoint (im

ng b) vo trong dng d liu.
V d: mt h thng gi mt file gm 2000 trang, nn chn vo checkpoint
sau mi 100 trang bo m mi n v 100 trang c nhn v xc nhn
mt cch c lp. Trong trng hp ny, nu truyn dn b t vo trang 523,
th vic truyn li ch bt u vo trang 501, khng cn truyn li cc trang t
1 n 500. Hnh 3.11 minh ha quan h gia lp kim sot vi lp vn chuyn
v lp trnh by.
3.2.6 LP TRNH BY:
Hnh 3.11
Lp trnh by lin quan n vn v c php (syntax) v ng ngha (sematic) ca tin

tc trao i gia hai h thng. Hnh 3.12 cho thy quan h gia lp trnh by vi lp ng
dng v lp kim sot.
Hnh 3.12
Trang 32

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
Cc nhim v ca lp 6 l:
Bin dch (translation): Cc qu trnh (chng trnh ang chy) ca hai h

thng thng trao i thng tin theo dng chui cc k t, s, v.v...Thng tin
ny nht thit phi c chuyn sang dng bit trc khi c gi i. Do cc
my tnh khc nhau thng dng cc phng php m ha khc nhau, nn lp
trnh by c nhim v vn hnh chung trong hai h thng ny. Lp trnh by
ti thit b pht thay i dng thng tin t dng ca thit b pht (senderdepending) sang dng thng thng. Ti thit b thu, th lp trnh by chuyn
dng thng thng thnh dng ca thit b thu (receiving depending).
M kha (encryption) v Gii m kha (decryption): mang cc thng tin

nhy cm, h thng phi c kh nng bo m tnh ring t. M kha l qu
trnh m thit b pht chuyn i thng tin gc thnh dng khc v gi i bn
tin i qua mng. Gii m kha (decryption) l qu trnh ngc li nhm chuyn
bn tin tr v dng gc.
Nn: Nn d liu nhm gim thiu s lng bit truyn i. Nn d liu ngy
cng tr nhn quan trng trong khi truyn multimedia nh vn bn, audio, v
video.
3.2.7 LP NG DNG:
Cho php ngi dng (user), l ngi hay phn mm, truy cp vo mng. Lp ny
cung cp giao din cho ngi dng v h tr dch v nh th in t, remote file access and
transfer, shared database management, v cc dng dch v phn phi d liu khc.
Hnh 3.13 minh ha quan h gia lp ng dng vi user v lp trnh by. Trong s cc
dch v c c, th hnh v ch trnh by 3 dng: X.400 (message handle services); X.500
(directory services); v chuyn file access, and management (FTAM). User trong hnh
dng X.400 v gi mt email. Ch l khng c thm header hay trailer trong lp ny.
Hnh 3.13
Trang 33

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
Cc c tnh ca lp ny l:
Mng u cui o (network virtual terminal): l mt version ca phn mm

ca u cui vt l v cho php user log on vo thit b ch (remote host).
lm vic ny, lp ng dng to ra mt phn mm m phng u cui cho
remote host. My tnh ca user i thoi phn mm u cui ny, tc l vi
host v ngc li. Remote host tng l ang i thoi vi terminal ca mnh
v cho php bn log on.
Qun l, truy cp v truyn d liu (FTAM: file transfer, access, and

management): ng dng ny cho php user truy cp vo remote computer (
c hay thay i d liu), truy lc file t remote computer v qun l hay
iu khin file t remote computer.
Dch v th in t: ng dng ny cho cung cp c s cho vic gi, tr li

v lu tr th in t.
Dch v th mc (directory services): ng dng ny cung cp ngun c s d

liu (database) phn b v truy cp ngun thng tin ton cu v cc dch v v
mc ch khc nhau.
TM TT V CHC NNG CC LP:

Chc nng ca by lp c tm tt hnh 3.14:
Hnh 3.14
Trang 34

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
TM TT
International Standard Organization (ISO) to ra m hnh gi l OSI (Open System
Interconnection) nhm cho php thng tin gia cc h thng khc nhau.
- By lp trong m hnh OSI cung cp cc nguyn tc pht trin cc kin trc tng
thch mt cch vn nng, phn cng v phn mm.
Lp vt l, kt ni d liu, v lp mng l cc lp h tr mng
Lp vn chuyn l lp h tr mng v h tr user
Lp kim sot, trnh by v ng dng l cc lp h tr user
Lp vt l iu phi cc chc nng cn thit truyn dng bit trong mi trng vt
l
Lp kt ni d liu c nhim v giao nhn n v d liu t mt trm n trm k m
khng c li
Lp mng chu trch nhim giao nhn t ngun n ch mt gi qua nhiu kt ni
mng
Lp vn chuyn c nhim v giao nhn t ngun n ch ton bn tin
Lp kim sot thit lp, duy tr, v ng b cc tng tc gia cc thit b thng tin.
Lp trnh by bo m kh nng hot ng qua li gia cc thit b thng tin xuyn
qua bin i d liu thnh format c cc thit b chp nhn chung.
Lp ng dng thit lp kh nng truy cp mng ca user
TCP/IP l giao thc nm lp dng phn cp c pht trin trc khi c m hnh OSI,
v l giao thc thch hp cho Internet.
Trang 35

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
BI TP CHNG 3
I.CU HI N TP:
1. Hy cho bit cc lp h tr mng trong m hnh OSI ?
2. Hy cho bit cc lp h tr user (ngi dng) trong m hnh OSI ?
3. Hy cho bit s khc bit gia phng thc giao nhn trong lp mng v lp vn chuyn?
4. Quan h gia OSI v ISO nh th no?
5. Hy lit k cc lp trong m hnh OSI?
6. Qu trnh thng tin ng cp l g?
7. Hy cho bit phng thc ly thng tin t mt lp ny sang lp khc trong m hnh OSI?
8. Header v trailer l g ? Chng c thm vo v g b ra sao ?
9. Phn cc lp trong m hnh OSI theo chc nng?
10. Cc c tnh lin quan ca lp vt l?
11. Chc nng ca lp kt ni d liu?
12. Chc nng ca lp mng?
13. Chc nng lp vn chuyn?
14. Lp vn chuyn to ra kt ni gia ngun v ch. Cho bit ba bc c thc hin trong
kt ni ny ?
15. Cho bit khc bit gia a ch lun l v a ch vt l ?
16. Chc nng ca lp kim sot ?
17. Mc ch ca b iu khin i thoi l g ?
18. Chc nng ca lp trnh by l g ?
19. Cho bit mc tiu phin dch ca lp trnh by?
20. Cho bit cc dch v do lp ng dng cung cp?
21. Cho bit quan h gia cc lp trong TCP/IP vi cc lp trong m hnh OSI?
Trang 36

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
II.CU HI TRC NGHIM

22. M hnh no cho thy cc chc
nng mng m my tnh cn c t
chc:
a. ITU-T
b. OSI
c. ISO
d. ANSI
23. M hnh OSI gm bao nhiu lp:
a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 8
24. Vic xc nh cc im ng b
c thc hin lp:
a. vn chuyn
b. kim sot
c. trnh by
d. ng dng
25. Giao nhn end to end ca ton bn
tin l chc nng ca lp:
a. mng
b. vn chuyn
c. kim sot
d. trnh by
26. Lp gn vi mi trng truyn dn
nht l lp:
a. vt l
b. kt ni d liu
c. mng
d. vn chuyn
27. Cc n v d liu c gi l
frame trong lp:
a. vt l
b. kt ni d liu
c. mng
d. vn chuyn
28. Gii kha m v kha m l vai tr
ca lp:
a. vt l
b. kt ni d liu
c. trnh by
d. kim sot
29. iu khin i thoi l chc nng
ca lp:
a. vn chuyn
b. kim sot
c. trnh by
d. ng dng
30. Dch v th mc cho user c thc hin

trong lp:
a. kt ni d liu
b. kim sot
c. vn chuyn
d. ng dng
31. Giao nhn nt-nt ca n v d liu c
thc hin lp:
a. vt l
b. kt ni d liu
c. vn chuyn
d. mng
32. Khi d liu di chuyn t lp thp n lp
cao hn th header s c:
a. thm vo
b. bt i
c. sp xp li
d. thay i
33. Khi d liu di chuyn t lp cao n lp
thp hn th header s c:
a. thm vo
b. bt i
c. sp xp li
d. thay i
34. Lp nm gia lp mng v lp kim sot
l:
a. vt l
b. kt ni d liu
c. vn chuyn
d. trnh by
35. Lp 2 quan h gia lp vt l v lp:
a. mng
b. kt ni d liu
c. vn chuyn
d. trnh by
36. Khi d liu c truyn t thit b A n
thit b B th header t lp th 5 ca A s
c thit b B c lp:
a. vt l
b. vn chuyn
c. kim sot
d. trnh by
37. Vic phin dch mt k t sang mt dng
m khc c thc hin lp:
a. vn chuyn
b. kim sot
c. trnh by
d. ng dng
Trang 37

38. Cc bit c bin i thnh tn hiu
in t trng trong lp:
a. vt l
b. kt ni d liu
c. vn chuyn
d. trnh by
39. Trailer ca frame c thm vo
nhm mc ch kim tra li thc
hin lp:
a. vt l
b. kt ni d liu
c. vn chuyn
d. trnh by
40. Cho bit ti sao m hnh OSI c
pht trin:
a. Nh sn xut khng thch giao
thc TCP/IP
b. Tc truyn d liu tng
theo hm m
c. Cn c tiu chun nhm cho
php hai h thng thng tin vi
nhau
d. tt c u sai
41. Lp vt l nhm truyn g trong
mi trng vt l :
a. chng trnh
Chng 3: M hnh OSI

b. i thoi
c. giao thc
d. bit
42. Chc nng ca lp no nhm kt ni gia
lp h tr ngi dng v lp h tr mng:
a. lp mng
b. lp vt l
c. lp vn chuyn
d. lp kim sot
43. Chc nng chnh ca lp vn chuyn l:
a. chuyn giao nt-nt
b. chuyn giao bn tin end to end
c. ng b
d. cp nht v bo tr bng nh tuyn
44. Cc checkpoint ca lp kim sot c chc
nng:
a. cho php gi li mt phn file
b. pht hin v khi phc li
c. iu khin v thm vo cc header
d. dng trong iu khin i thoi
45. Dch v ca lp ng dng l:
a. network virtual terminal
b. file transfer, access, v management
c. mail service
d. tt c u ng
Trang 38

Chng 3: M hnh OSI
III.BI TP:
46. Sp xp theo tng lp ca m hnh OSI theo chc nng:
a. Xc nh tuyn truyn
b. iu khin lu lng
c. Giao din vi th gii bn ngoi
d. Truy cp vo mng dng cho user
e. Thay i t ASCII sang EBCDIC
f. Chuyn gi
a. Truyn d liu end to end vi tin cy
b. Chn lc mng
c. nh ngha frame
d. Dch v cho user nh email v chuyn file
e. Truyn dng bit qua mi trng truyn vt l
a. Thng tin trc tip vi cc chng trnh ng dng ca ngi dng
b. Sa li v truyn li
c. Giao din chc nng, c v in hc
d. Ph trch thng tin gia cc nt k nhau
e. Ti hp cc gi d liu
49. Sp xp theo tng lp ca m hnh OSI theo chc nng
a. Cung cp format v dch v chuyn m
b. Thit lp, qun l, v kt thc kim sot
c. Bo m tin cy trong truyn dn
d. Cung cp s ph thuc t nhng biu din d liu khc nhau
Trang 39

Chng 4: Tn hiu
CHNG 4: TN HIU
4.1
TN HIU TNG T
Tn hiu c th c dng tng t (analog) hay s (digital). Thut ng d liu tng t

cho bit thng tin l lin tc, cn d liu s th cho bit thng tin c cc trng thi ri rc.
D liu tng t c cc gi tr lin tc hay c v hn gi tr trong tm hot ng.
D liu s c cc gi tr ri rc, hay ch c mt s hu hn cc gi tr.
Trong truyn s liu, ta thng dng cc tn hiu tng t c chu k v cc tn hiu
s khng c chu k.
Hnh 4.1 So snh gia tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s.
Phn loi: Tn hiu tng t c chu k v khng c chu k.

4.1.1 Tn hiu tng t c chu k
C th c chia thnh tn hiu n (iu ho) v tn hiu hn hp ( tng hp nhiu
tn hiu iu ho ).
Xt mt tn hiu tng t c chu k n gin, th d sng sin; ta thy rng khng th
phn tch tn hiu ny thnh cc thnh phn n gin hn c.
Tn hiu tng t c chu k l tn hiu hn hp khi l t hp ca nhiu sng sin n
gin.
Th d, hnh 4.2 v sng sin :
Hnh 4.2

Trang 40

Chng 4: Tn hiu
Th d 1:
Ngun in khu vc c biu din bng mt sng sin c bin nh t 155 n 170
V. Tuy nhin, ngun ny ti M l t 110 V n 120 V. Khc bit ny ty thuc vo gi tr
hiu dng RMS. Trong , tr nh -nh l 2 2 tr RMS.
Hnh 4.3 v hai tn hiu c cng tn s nhng tr nh khc nhau.
Hnh 4.3
Th d 2:
Ngun p t pin l khng i, th d, tr nh ca mt pin AA thng l 1,5 V.
Tn s v chu k
Tn s v chu k l nghch o ca nhau:
1
1
v T ; khi f c th nguyn l Hz th T c th nguyn l giy
f
T
Bng 1: n v ca chu k v tn s.

Trang 41

Chng 4: Tn hiu
Th d 3:
Ngun in khu vc c tn s l 60 Hz. Chu k ca sng sin c xc nh nh sau:
1 1
0,0166x103 ms 16,6ms
f 60
Th d 4:
Vit gi tr chu k 100 ms sang n v s.
100 ms = 100 x103s = 105 s
Th d 5:
Chu k ca tn hiu l 100 ms. Tnh tn s tn hiu theo KHz.
1
1
1000
10 Hz 10 x10 3 KHz 10 2 KHz

3
T 100 x10
100
Pha:
Pha m t v tr tng i ca tn hiu so vi tr 0.
Hnh 4.4 M t cc tn hiu c cng tn s, bin , nhng khc pha.

Th d 6: Mt sng sin lch 1/6 chu k theo gc thi gian. Tnh gc pha theo v theo
radian.
Gii:
Mt chu k l 3600, vy 1/6 chu k l:
Trang 42

Chng 4: Tn hiu
(1/6)x3600=600= 60x(2/360)rad=(/3) rad = 1,046 rad
Hnh 4.5 V quan h gia di sng v chu k
Hnh 4.6 V cch biu din tn hiu trong min thi gian v min tn s.
Ch : Mt sng hon ton sin c biu din bng mt gai n trong min tn s.
Th d 7:
Cch biu din trong min tn s th hu hiu hn khi dng vi nhiu sng sin. Th d
trong hnh 4.7 minh ha 3 dng sng sin, c biu din ch bng 3 gai nhn trong min tn
s.
Hnh 4.7
Trang 43

Chng 4: Tn hiu
Ghi ch:
Tn hiu sng sin ch dng mt tn s th khng hu dng trong thng tin s do ta cn
gi i cc tn hiu hn hp, nn cn to ra tn hiu gm nhiu tn s sng sin.
Theo dng phn tch Fourier, th c th khai trin tn hiu hn hp thnh nhiu tn hiu
sng sin c tn s, bin v pha khc nhau.
Nu tn hiu hn hp l tun hon, th phn tch cho chui cc tn hiu c tn s ri rc,
cn nu tn hiu khng c chu k, th phn tch cho t hp cc sng sin c tn s lin tc.
Th d 8:
Hnh 4.8 v sng hn hp c chu k f. Dng tn hiu ny tuy khng tiu biu trong k
thut truyn s liu. Xt 3 tn hiu cnh bo, c cc tn s khc nhau. Vic phn tch cc tn
hiu ny, gip ta hiu r hn v phng thc khai trin cc tn hiu hn hp.
Hnh 4.8 Mt tn hiu hn hp tun hon
Hnh 4.9 Khai trin tn hiu hn hp c tun hon, trong min thi gian v min tn s

Trang 44

Chng 4: Tn hiu
4.1.2 Tn hiu tng t khng tun hon:

Th d 9:
Hnh 4.10 v tn hiu hn hp khng tun hon. c th l dng tn hiu ra r mt
micr hay t in thoi khi pht m t two. Trong trng hp ny th tn hiu hn hp khng
th l tun hon c, do ta khng th pht m nhiu ln t ny vi cng m sc nh nhau.
Hnh 4.10 Biu din tn hiu khng tun hon trong min thi gian v min tn s.
Ghi ch:
Bng thng (bng thng) ca tn hiu hn hp l sai bit gia tn s cao nht v thp
nht c trong tn hiu ny.
Hnh 4.11 Bng thng ca tn hiu hn hp tun hon v khng tun hon

Trang 45

Chng 4: Tn hiu
Th d 10:
Nu phn tch tn hiu tun hon thnh 5 sng hi sin c tn s ln lt l 100, 300,
500, 700 v 900 Hz. Cho bit bng thng ca tn hiu? V ph vi gi s l tt c sng hi
u c gi tr ln nht l 10V.
Gii:
Gi fh l tn s cao nht, fl l thp nht, v B l kh sng, th
B = fh - fl = 900 100 = 800 Hz
Ph ch gm 5 gai nhn xut hin ti cc tn s 100, 300, 500, 700 v 900 Hz nh v
hnh 4.12
Hnh 4.12 Kh sng trong v d 10

Th d 11: Tn hiu tun hon c bng thng l 20 Hz. Tn s cao nht l 60 Hz, tm
tn s thp nht? V ph ca tn hiu sng hi cha c bin ging nhau.
Gii:
Gi fh l tn s cao nht, fl l thp nht, v B l kh sng, th
B = fh - fl 20 = 60 fl fl =60 20 = 40 Hz
Ph cha tt c cc tn s c gi tr nguyn, nh v trong hnh 4.13
Hnh 4.13 Bng thngca th d 11.

Th d 12: Mt tn hiu hn hp khng tun hon c bng thng l 200 kHz, c tn s
trung tm l 140 kHz, v bin nh l 20 V. Hai gi tr bin ti hai tn s cc tr l 0. V
tn hiu trong min tn s.
Gii: Tn s thp nht phi l 40 kHz v tn s cao nht l 240 kHz. Hnh 4.14 v tn
hiu trong min tn s v bng thng.

Trang 46

Chng 4: Tn hiu
Hnh 4.14
Th d 13: Mt th d v tn hiu hn hp khng tun hon l tn hiu lan truyn sng
AM. Ti M, sng AM c bng thng l 10 KHz. Bng thng chung dng cho pht sng AM
t 530 KHz n 1700 KHz.
Th d 14: Mt th d v tn hiu hn hp khng tun hon trong sng FM. Ti M,
sng FM c bng thng l 200 KHz. bng thng chung dng cho pht sng FM l t 88 n
108 MHz.
Th d 15: Mt th d khc l tn hiu hn hp dng trong tuyn tn hiu truyn hnh
en trng. Mn hnh TV c to nn t nhiu im nh (pixel). Gi s phn gii l 525 x
700, ta c 367.500 pixel trong mi mn hnh. Nu qut 30 dng trong mt giy, ta c 367.500
x 30 = 11.025.000 pixel mi giy. Tnh hung xu nht l cc tn hiu lin tip en ri trng.
Ta c th gi 2 pixel cho mi chu k. Nh th, th cn c 11.025.000/2 = 5.521.500 chu k
mi giy (Hz). Vy, bng thng cn thit l 5,5125 MHz.
4.2
TN HIU S
Thay v dng tn hiu tng t, ta c c th dng tn hiu s biu din thng tin. Th
d, c th dng mc in p dng m ha 1 v dng in p khng cho 0. Mt tn hiu s
cn c th c nhiu hn hai mc, iu ny cho php gi i nhiu hn mt bit cho mi mc.
Hnh 4.15 Hai dng tn hiu s: mt dng hai mc v mt dng bn mc.

Trang 47

Chng 4: Tn hiu
Th d 16: Mt tn hiu s c 8 mc. Cho bit c th truyn bao nhiu bit cho mi
mc?
Gii: Ta tnh s bit theo cng thc sau:
S bit trong mt mc = log2 8 = 3.
Nh th mi mc tn hiu c th truyn c 3 bit.
Th d 17: Mt tn hiu s c 9 mc. Cho bit c th truyn bao nhiu bit cho mi
mc?
Gii: Tnh s bit theo cng thc va trnh by th d 16:
Mi mc tn hiu truyn i c log2 9= 3,17 bit. R rng l kt qu ny l khng hin
thc. S bit cn truyn i cn l s nguyn l tng ng vi s m 2.
Trong trng hp ny th nn dng 4 bit cho mi mc tn hiu truyn.
Th d 18: Gi s ta cn ti mt ti liu vn bn vi tc 100 trang mi giy, mt
trang trung bnh c 24 dng v mt dng c 80 k t, mt k t c 8 bit. Tm s bit cn
truyn trong 1s?
Gii: Mt trang trung bnh c 24 dng v 80 k t trong tng dng, nu gi s cn 8 bit
biu din mt k t th tc bit (bit rate) l:
100 x 24 x 80 x 8 = 1.636.000 bps = 1,636 Mbps.
Th d 19: Mt knh thoi c ri rc ha, c cu to t mt tn hiu tng t c
bng thng tn hiu thoi l 4 KHz. Ta cn ly mu tn hiu vi hai ln tn s cao nht. Vi
gi s mi mu cn 8 bit, hi tc bit (bit rate) l bao nhiu?
Gii: Tc bit c tnh theo: 2 x 4.000 x 8 = 64.000 bps = 64 Kbps.
Th d 20: Cho bit tc bit (bit rate) ca truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV)?
Gii: HDTV dng tn hiu s truyn tn hiu hnh cht lng cao. Mn hnh ca
HDTV thng c t l 16:9. Nh th th c 1.920 x 1080 pixel cho mi mn hnh, vi tc
qut dng l 30 ln trong mi giy. Mi pixel mu th cn c biu din bng 24 bit.
1.920 x 1.080 x 30 x 24 = 1.492.992.000 bps hay 1,5 Gbps
Cc i pht hnh dng phng php nn tn hiu xung cn t 20 n 40 Mbps
Ghi ch: Tn hiu s l dng tn hiu hn hp tng t c bng thng l v cng.

Trang 48

Hnh 4.16
Chng 4: Tn hiu
Tn hiu s tun hon v khng tun hon c biu din trong min thi gian
v min tn s.
Hnh 4.17
Truyn dn trong di tn c s (Baseband transmission).
Hnh 4.18
Bng thng ca hai knh thng tn s thp.

Trang 49

Hnh 4.19
Chng 4: Tn hiu
Truyn dn trn di tn c s dng mi trng chuyn dng.
Ghi ch:
Truyn dn tn hiu s trn di tn s s th c th duy tr c dng tn hiu s nu ta
dng knh truyn thng tn s thp c bng thng rt ln hay bng thng v hn.
Th d 21:
Mt th d v knh chuyn dng trong ton bng thng ca mi trng ch dng
truyn mt knh l mng LAN. Hu ht cc mng LAN dng dy dn hin nay u dng knh
chuyn dng cho hai trm thng tin ln nhau. Trong cu hnh mng dng bus vi dng kt ni
nhiu im, th ti mt thi im, ch c hai trm c th thng tin vi nhau (chia s thi gian:
timesharing), cc trm khc th phi i. Trong cu hnh mng LAN hnh sao, th ton mng
v hub c dng thng tin gia hai i tng. Phn ny c trnh by chi tit trong
chung mng LAN.
Hnh 4.20
Xp x th tn hiu s ch dng mt sng hi (trong trnghp xu nht: worst

case).

Trang 50

Hnh 4.21
Chng 4: Tn hiu
M phng tn hiu s dng sng hi bc ba.
Ghi ch:
Khi truyn dn trn di tn c s th bng thng cn thit l t l vi tc bit (bit rate);
nu ta mun truyn bit nhanh hn, th cn phi c bng thng rng hn.
Bng 2: Bng thng cn c.
Th d 22: Tm bng thng cn c ca knh truyn thng tn s thp nu cn gi vi

tc 1 Mbps dng phng php truyn trn di tn c s.
Gii:
Li gii cn ty theo mc chnh xc cn c:
a. Bng thng ti thiu, l B = (tc bit)/2, tc l 500 KHz
b. Tt hn th dng hi bc mt v bc ba, tc l B = 3 x 500KHz = 1,5 MHz
c. Tt hn na l hi bc mt, bc ba v bc nm, B = 5 x 500 KHz = 2,5 MHz
Th d 23: Ta dng hai knh thng tn s thp c bng thng l 100 KHz, cho bit tc
truyn bit ti a l bao nhiu?
Gii: Tc truyn bit ti a c th t c nu ta dng sng hi bc mt.
Tc bit l 2 x (bng thng hin c), tc l 200 Kbps.

Trang 51

Hnh 4.22
Chng 4: Tn hiu
Bng thng ca knh di thng.
Ghi ch: Nu knh ang truyn l knh thng di, ta khng th truyn tn hiu s qua
knh trc tip c, m cn chuyn i sang tn hiu tng t trc khi truyn.
Hnh 4.23
iu ch tn hiu s truyn dn trong knh truyn thng di.
Th d 24: Mt th d v truyn dn bng rng dng phng php iu ch l trng

hp gi tn hiu t my tnh qua dy thu bao in thoi, l ng ni t my thu bao n
tng i. Cc dy ny c thit k dng cho truyn thoi vi bng thng rt hn ch. Knh
truyn c xem l knh truyn thng di. Ta cn chuyn i tn hiu s t my tnh thnh tn
hiu tng t, v gi nh tn hiu m tn. Ta cn thit lp hai b chuyn i chuyn tn
hiu s sang tng t khi gi i v ngc li ti u thu. B chuyn i ny c gi l
modem v s nghin cu k trong chng modem
Th d 25: Th d th hai l h thng in thoi s di ng (digital cellular telephone).
nhn c tt, in thoi di ng s chuyn tn hiu thoi tng t thnh tn hiu s. Mc
d bng thng c qui hoch cho in thoi di ng l rt rng, ta vn khng th gi trc
tip tn hiu s ny m khng chuyn i. L do l knh truyn gia ngi gi v ngi c
gi li c dng knh thng di, nn nht thit phi chuyn i tn hiu thoi dng s sang tn
hiu tng t dng hn hp trc khi gi i.

Trang 52

Chng 5: M ha v iu ch
CHNG 5: M HO V IU CH
.
5.1
CHUYN I DIGITAL DIGITAL
+ Khi nim: chuyn i (M ha) s-s l phng php biu din d liu s bng tn hiu
s.
V d: khi truyn d liu t my tnh sang my in, d liu gc v d liu truyn u
dng s.
+ c im: cc bit 1 v 0 c chuyn i thnh chui xung in p c th truyn qua
ng dy.
+ S khi:
+ Phn loi: unipolar (M n cc), polar (M c cc), bipolar (M lng cc).
5.1.1 Unipolar- M n cc:

L dng m ha n gin nht (nguyn thy-ra i u tin).
Mt mc in p biu th cho bit 0 v mt mc in p khc biu th cho bit 1.
V d: Bit 0 0 volt v 1+V volt (+5V, +9V).; Tn ti trong mt chu k Bit
V d 1: Cho 1 chui bit 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m
Unipolar (n cc).

Trang 53

Amplitude
0
5V
Time
+ u im : n gin v chi ph thp.

+ Khuyt im: Tn ti in p mt chiu (DC) v bi ton ng b.
- Thnh phn DC: Tr trung bnh ca m n cc khc khng, to ra thnh phn
in p DC trn ng truyn. Khi tn hiu tn ti thnh phn DC, khng th i xuyn qua
mi trng truyn.
- Kh nng ng b: Khi tn hiu truyn c gi tr khng thay i, my thu khng th
xc nh c thi gian tn ti ca mt bit (Chu k bit). Hng gii quyt c th dng
thm mt dy dn truyn tn hiu ng b gip my thu bit v chu k bit.
5.1.2 Polar:
+ Khi nim: m ha polar dng hai mc in p: mt mc c gi tr dng v mt mc
c gi tr m, nhm gim thnh phn DC.
+ Phn loi: NRZ, RZ v Biphase.
NRZ: NRZ-L (nonreturn to zerolevel: Cng COM RS232) v NRZI (nonreturn
to zero invert)
RZ (return to zero).
Biphase: Manchester (dng trong mng ethernet LAN), Manchester vi sai (
thng c dng trong Token Ring LAN)
5.1.2.1 NRZ
+ c im: Tn hiu c gi tr l dng (+V) hoc m (-V).
+ Phn loi: NRZ L (Cng COM RS232) v NRZ I
a. NRZ L:
+ c im: Bit 0+V (+3V, +5V, +15V..); Bit 1 -V (-3V, -5V,- 15V)
V d 2: Cho chui 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m NRZ L.
+ u im: Thnh phn DC gim hn so vi m n cc.

Trang 54

+ Khuyt im: Bi ton ng b: Khi tn hiu truyn c gi tr khng thay i, my

thu khng th xc nh c thi gian tn ti ca mt bit (Chu k bit). Hng gii
quyt c th lm dng thm mt dy dn truyn tn hiu ng b gip my thu
bit v chu k bit
b. NRZ I:
+ c im:
Gp bit 1 s o cc in p trc .
Gp bit 0 s khng o cc in p trc .
(Bit u tin c th gi s dng hoc m)
V d 3: Cho chui 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m NRZ
I. Gi s ban u in p dng.
Bin
0
1
0
NRZ-I
0
+V
t
-V
o cc in p v
bit k tip l 1
u im hn NRZ L vn ng b c gii quyt khi gp chui bit 1 lin

tip.
5.1.2.2 RZ :
+ c im:
Bit 0 Na chu k u ca bit l in p -V v na chu k sau ca bit l in p 0V.
Bit 1 Na chu k u ca bit l in p +V v na chu k sau ca bit l in p 0V.
V d 4: Cho chui 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m RZ.

Trang 55

+ u im: Gii quyt vn ng b cho chui bit 1 hoc chui bit 0 lin tip.
+ Khuyt im: c bng thng rng hn (di tn s ln). C 3 mc in p.
Tuy nhin, ta s thy y l phng php hiu qu nht. (Mt phng php m ha tn
hiu s tt phi c d phng cho ch ng b)
5.1.2.3 BIPHASE:
+ c im:
Tn ti in p +V v -V trong 1 bit.
Thnh phn DC bng zr.
Phng php ng b ha tt.
+ Phn loi: Manchester v Manchester vi sai.
- Manchester:
Bit 0Na chu k u ca bit l in p +V v na chu k cn li l in p -V

Bit 1Na chu k u ca bit l in p V v na chu k cn li l in p +V
- Manchester vi sai:
Gp bit 0 s o cc in p trc .
Gp bit 1 s gi nguyn cc in p trc .
Lun lun c s thay i in p ti gia chu k bit.
V d 5: Cho chui 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m Manchester v

Manchester vi sai. Gi s ban u in p dng.
+ u im: Cc v tr gia chu k bit cho php to ng b. Thnh phn DC trit tiu.
5.1.3 BIPOLAR (Lng cc)
+ c im: Dng ba mc in p: dng, m, v zr (0 volt).
+ Phn loi: AMI, B8ZS v HDB3

Trang 56

5.1.3.1 AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)

+ c im:
Bit 0 0 Volt.
Bit 1 in p -V hoc + V lun phin (Tn ti 1 chu k bit).
V d 6: Cho chui d liu 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m AMI.
Bin th ca phng php ny c gi l gi tam nguyn (pseudo-ternary) theo

cc bit 0 ln lt nhn cc gi tr in p dng v m.
+ u im :
- AMI lm trit tiu thnh phn DC ca tn hiu
- ng b i vi chui cc gi tr bit 1 lin tip.
+ Khuyt im :
- D mt ng b i vi chui cc gi tr bit 0 lin tip.
5.1.3.2 B8ZS (Bipolar 8- Zero Substitution):
+ c im:
Bit 1 in p -V hoc + V lun phin (Tn ti 1 chu k bit), o cc in p trc .
Bit 0 m s bit 0 lin tip:
Nu khng phi l nhm 8 bit 0 lin tip s m ho l 0 Volt.
Nu l 8 bit 0 lin tip s m ho nh sau:
+ 00000000 + 000 + - 0 - + (+ +V; - -V)
- 00000000 - 000 - + 0 +- (+ +V; - -V)
V d 7: Cho chui 10000000000100, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m B8ZS.

Gi s bit 1 u tin c in p dng.

Trang 57

5.1.3.3 HDB3 (High-Density Bipolar)

+ c im:
Bit 1 in p -V hoc + V lun phin (Tn ti 1 chu k bit), o cc in p trc .
Bit 0 m s bit 0
Nu khng phi l 4 bit 0 lin tip s m ho l 0 Volt.
Nu l 4 bit 0 lin tip th s tnh tng s xung (+ hoc -)
L s l: +0000 +000+
L s chn: +0000 +-00-0000 -+00+
V d 8: Dng m HDB3, m ha lung bit 10000000000100, bit bit 1 u tin l

in p dng.
V d 9: Cho 1 chui nh phn 10 bit 0 lin tip, hy biu din chui bit ny di
dng cc m Unipolar, NRZ-I, NRZ-L, RZ, Manchester, Manchester vi sai, AMI, B8ZS,
HDB3. Gi s in p trc 10 bit ny l dng v s bit 1 l s chn.

Trang 58

5.2 CHUYN I ANALOG DIGITAL

Khi ta cn ri rc ha tn hiu tng t.
V d: nh khi gi tn hiu thoi qua ng dy di, do tn hiu s c tnh chng nhiu
tt hn so vi tn hiu tng t (analog).
+Khi nim: chuyn i tng t - s (s ha tn hiu tng t) l qu trnh chuyn tn
hiu tng t thnh lung tn hiu s. Hoc (biu din cc thng tin c trong tn hiu lin tc
thnh chui cc tn hiu s 1, 0).
+ Mc ch:
Gim thiu khi lng ln cc gi tr trong thng tin ca tn hiu tng t c
th c biu din thnh lung tn hiu s m khng b tht thot thng tin.
codec (coder decoder).
Chng nhiu.
D x l.
+S khi:
Analog/Digital
Conversion
(codec)

Trang 59

Ch :
C th s dng bt k dng tn hiu s no trong mc 5.1
Khng lm tht thot hay lm gim cht lng tin.
5.2.1 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin xung):
+ PAM : Ly mu v to ra chui xung- Bc u tin cho vic chuyn i tng t - s
Hnh 5.1
+ iu kin ly mu (sampling rate)
Theo nh l Nyquist, tc ly mu phi ln hn hoc bng hai ln tn s cao nht
ca tn hiu.
fs 2 fi max
Chu k ly mu: TS =1/fS
PAM khng c dng trong thng tin s vi l do l tuy ri rc ha nhng tn hiu
PAM cng cha qu nhiu thnh phn bin vi cc gi tr khc nhau (vn cn l dng
tng t).
5.2.2 PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation - iu ch xung m):
+ Khi nim: PCM l qu trnh chuyn tn hiu PAM sang tn hiu s.
+ Cc bc thc hin PCM: 4 bc:
Ly mu v gi (PAM).
Lng t ha.
M ha nh phn.
M ha s - s.
- PAM: ly mu v gi (theo nh l Nyquist)

Trang 60

- Lng t ha (quantilization): l phng thc gn gi tr bt k ca tn hiu (sau khi ly

mu) v mt mc c nh sn.
Amplitude
+127
+127
+125
+110
+100
+90
+75
+50
+25
+24
+38
+48
+88
+77
+52
+39
+26
-25
Time
- 15
-50
- 50
-75
- 80
-100
-125
- M ho nh phn: Chuyn mi mu lng t thnh 1 t hp nh phn.

S bit cho 1 mc= log2[tng s mc lng t)
V d: C 256 mc lng t, suy ra S bit cho 1 mc: log 2[256]=8
V d: Mi gi tr c chuyn sang gi tr by bit nh phn tng ng, bit th tm
nhm biu th du.
Amplitude
+127
+127
+125
+110
+100
+90
+75
+50
+25
+24
+38
+48
+88
+77
+52
+39
+26
-25
Time
- 15
-50
- 50
-75
- 80
-100
-125
+024
+038
+048
+039
+026
00011000
00100110
00110000
00100111
00011010
-015
-080
-050
+052
+127
10001111
11010000
10110010
00110110
01111111
+125
+110
+090
+088
+077
01111101
01101110
01011010
01011000
01001101
Sign bit
+ is 0 - is 1

Trang 61

- M ho s- s: Chuyn cc bit nh phn thnh tn hiu s (m n cc, lng cc.)

V d : phng php iu ch xung m PCM ca mt tn hiu s c chuyn theo m
unipolar, trong hnh ch v gi tr 3 mu u.
+ PCM l phng php ly mu tn hiu c dng trong s ha tn hiu thoi trong

truyn dn T-line trong h thng vin thng Bc M, E -line trong h thng vin thng
Chu u.
Amplitude
Highest frequency = x Hz
Sampling rate = 2x samples/second
Time
sampling interval = 1/2x
Hnh 5.2
V d 10: Tnh tc ly mu (tn s ly mu) ca tn hiu c bng thng 10kHz ( t 1khz
n 11khz)?
Gii:
fs 2 fimax
Tc ly mu phi l hai ln tn s cao nht ca tn hiu,

Tc ly mu = 2 x 11.000 = 22.000 mu/ giy.
S bit trong mi mu l Log2(Tng s mc)
n = Log2(M)
n: l s bit trong mi mu. ( s nguyn )
M: l tng s mc

Trang 62

V d 11: Ly mu tn hiu, c 12 mc. Hi cn bao nhiu bit trong mi mu?

Gii: S bit cn trong mi mu l:
n = Log2(M)= Log2(12)= 3,17 lm trn 4
+ Tc bit (bit rate): Sau khi c c s bit trong mu, ta cn tnh tc bit dng cng
thc sau:
Tc bit = tc ly mu x s bit trong mi mu.
Rbit = fs x n (bps: bit per second)
fs : Tn s ly mu (tc ly mu)
n: s bit trong mi mu.
V d 12: Cn s ha tn hiu thoi, tnh tc bit, gi s c 8 bit trong mi mu? Gi s tn
hiu thoi c tn s cc i l 4 KHz.
Gii: Tc ly mu = 4000 x 2 = 8000 mu/giy.
Tc bit c tnh theo:
Tc bit = Tc ly mu x s bit trong mi mu = 8000 x 8 = 64.000 bps =64Kbps
Cu Hi:
1. V s khi ca k thut PCM, gii thch chc nng tng khi, nu iu kin ly
mu.
2. Tnh tc ly mu, chu k ly mu, tc bit ca lung PCM.
5.3
CHUYN I S-TNG T (iu ch s)
+Khi nim: iu ch s l qu trnh thay i mt trong cc c tnh (Bin , Tn

s, Pha) ca tn hiu sng mang (iu ho, sin) da trn thng tin ca tn hiu s (1 v
0).
+L do iu ch s:
Khi truyn d liu t mt thit b s A sang mt thit b s B dng ng dy
in thoi, v tuyn. Hoc khong cch truyn xa.
Dy in thoi li mang tn hiu tng t, nn phi chuyn i tn hiu s sang
tn hiu tng t.
Ghp knh.
+ S khi
+ Phn loi:
Tn hiu sin c nh ngha t ba c tnh: bin , tn s v gc pha.
Trong truyn s liu, ta quan tm n cc phng php sau:
Trang 63

ASK (amplitude shift keying): iu ch s bin , kho dch bin

FSK (frequency shift keying): iu ch s tn s, kho dch tn s
PSK (phase shift keying): iu ch s pha, kho dch pha
Ngoi ra cn c phng thc th t l QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) l
phng thc iu ch rt hiu qu dng trong cc modem.
+ Cc yu t ca iu ch s
C 2 yu t quan trng iu ch s: Tc bit/baud v tn hiu sng mang (Sin).
Tc bit (Rbit): l s bit c truyn trong mt giy (bps: bit per second)
Tc baud (Rbaud=Nbaud): l s n v tn hiu truyn trong mt giy (baud/s)
n v tn hiu l mt tn hiu sng mang (sin) cha tn hiu s (c th mang 1bit,
2bit, 3 bit)
ngha tc baud nhm xc nh bng thng cn thit truyn tn hiu.

Tc bit = tc baud x s bit trong mt n v tn hiu
Rbit= Rbaud x n
+ V d:
Baud tng t nh xe, cn bit tng t nh ngi trong xe.
Mt chuyn xe ch mt hoc nhiu ngi.

Trang 64

Nu 1000 xe di chuyn t im ny sang im khc ch ch mt ngi (V d li

xe) th mang c 1000 ngi.
Vi s xe trn, mi xe ch 4 ngi, ta vn chuyn c 4000 ngi.
S xe l n v lu thng trn ng, tc l to nhu cu v rng ca con
ng.
Ni cch khc, tc baud xc nh bng thng cn thit, ch khng phi tc bit.
V d 13: Mt tn hiu tng t (sng mang) mang 4 bit trong n v tn hiu. Gi s c
1000 n v tn hiu c truyn trong mt giy, hy xc nh tc baud v tc bit.
Gii:
Tc baud = s n v tn hiu trong 1s = 1000 baud/giy
Tc bit = tc baud x s bit trong mt n v tn hiu =1000 x 4 = 4000 bps.
V d 14: Cho tc bit ca tn hiu l 3000 bps. Gi s mi phn t tn hiu mang 6
bit, hy tnh tc baud.
Gii:
Tc baud = tc bit/ s bit trong mi phn t tn hiu = 3000/6 =500 baud/giy
+ Tn hiu sng mang (carrier signal):
Trong truyn dn analog, thit b pht to ra tn s sng cao tn lm nn cho tn
hiu thng tin. Tn hiu nn ny c gi l sng mang hay tn s sng mang (dng
iu ho, sin).
Thit b thu c chnh thu tn s sng mang, trong c tn hiu s c
iu ch.
Tn hiu mang thng tin c gi l tn hiu iu ch.
5.3.1 ASK (amplitude shift keying: iu ch s bin ):
+ Khi nim: L qu trnh cc bit 1 v 0 lm thay i bin ca tn hiu sng
mang (tn s v pha khng thay i).
V d:
0 vc1(t)=Vcm1 sin(2fct+1800); Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
1 vc2(t)=Vcm2 sin(2fct+1800); Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
Gi s Vcm2 > Vcm1;
V d 15: Cho mt tn hiu s 01010, tc bit l 5 bps, c iu ch bng phng
php ASK. Tn s sng mang fc= 20Hz. Bin i vi bit 1 l 5V, bin i vi bit 0
l 2V. Pha ban u ca sng mang l 1800.
a. V tn tn hiu ASK.
b. Tn hiu ASK c phi l tn hiu iu ho hay khng? Gii thch.
c. Tnh tc Baud.
Gii:
a. V tn tn hiu ASK.
0 vc1(t)=2. sin(2.20t+1800) V; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
1 vc2(t)=5 sin(2.20t+1800) V; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
Trang 65

Chu k bit T b=1/ Rb=1/5 = 200ms

Chu k sng mang Tc=1/ fc=1/20 = 50ms
Vy Tb= 4 Tc 1 chu k bit cha 4 chu k sng mang
b. Tn hiu ASK khng phi l tn hiu iu ho.V c 2 bin .

c. Tc Baud: Nbaud = Rbaud= 5 baud/s
+ Khuyt im: ASK thng rt nhy cm vi nhiu bin .
Nhiu ny thng l cc tn hiu in p xut hin trn ng dy t cc ngun tn
hiu khc nh hng c ln bin ca tn hiu ASK.
Phng php ASK thng dng v c gi l OOK (on-off keying). Trong OOK, c
mt gi tr bit tng ng vi khng c in p. iu ny cho php tit kim ng k
nng lng truyn tin.
+ Bng thng ASK: C v s tn s (Khng tun hon). Sng mang fc gia, cc gi

tr fc Nbaud/2 v fc + Nbaud/2 hai bin.
Bng thng cn thit truyn tn hiu ASK c tnh theo cng thc sau:
BW = fmax fmin = (fc + Nbaud/2) (fc Nbaud/2
= Nbaud = Rbaud
Trong : BW: bng thng [Hz]
Rbaud, Nbaud: tc baud [baud/s]
Vy bng thng ti thiu cn cho qu trnh truyn tn hiu ASK bng tc baud (1
hng - trn ng dy).
Thc t BW = (1+d) Nbaud

Trang 66

d: l tha s lin quan n iu kin ng dy (c gi tr b nht l 0)

V d 16: Cho mt tn hiu s 01010, tc bit l 5 bps, c iu ch bng phng
php ASK. Tn s sng mang fc= 20Hz. Bin i vi bit 1 l 5V, bin i vi bit 0
l 2V. Pha ban u ca sng mang l 1800.
a. Tnh tc Baud.
b. Tnh bng thng ca tn hiu ASK trn.
c. V ph ca tn hiu ASK trn.
Gii:
a. Tnh tc Baud.
Tn hiu ASK, Rbaud= Rbit=5 baud/s

b. Tnh bng thng ca tn hiu ASK trn.
BW = Rbaud=5 (Hz);
c. V ph ca tn hiu ASK trn.
Amplitude
Bng thng
Frequency
(Hz)
17,5
20
22,5
+ Bng thng h thng truyn tn hiu thay i theo ch truyn:

ng dy c 1 hng truyn (ch n cng): bng thng ca ng dy ti
thiu bng bng thng ca tn hiu
BWh thng = BWng dy = BWtn hiu.
ng dy c 2 hng truyn nhng khng ng thi (ch bn song cng):
bng thng ca ng dy ti thiu bng bng thng ca tn hiu
BWh thng = BWng dy = BWtn hiu= BWmi hng .
ng dy c 2 hng truyn ng thi (ch song cng):
BWh thng = BWng dy min = 2.BWtn hiu + BWbo v.
BWbo v: di tn s bo v 2 hng (l tng bng 0)
V d 17: Tnh bng thng h thng truyn tn hiu ASK vi tc bit l 2 kbps. Ch
truyn dn bn song cng.

Trang 67

Gii:
V h thng bn song cng nn: BWh thng = BWmi hng
V iu ch ASK nn Rbit = Rbaud x 1= Rbaud
Suy ra BWmi hng = Rbaud = Rbit = 2000Hz
Bng thng ti thiu ca h thng l BW h thng = 2kHz.
V d 18: Cho tn hiu ASK c bng thng 5kHz, tnh tc bit v tc baud.
Gii:
V iu ch ASK nn Rbit = Rbaud
M BWASK = Rbaud ;
Suy ra tc bit Rbit =5000 bps;
Suy ra tc baud Rbaud =5000 baud/s;
V d 19: Cho bng thng h thng truyn ASK l 10 kHz (1 kHz n 11 kHz), h
thng truyn song cng. Gi s khng c khong trng tn s gia hai hng (BWbo v=0).
a. Tnh bng thng ca mi hng.
b. Tnh tn s sng mang mi hng (Hng thun v hng nghch).
c. V ph ASK ca h thng.
Gii:
a. Tnh bng thng ca mi hng.
Do h thng ASK song cng nn BWh thng = 2. BWmi hng
Suy ra BWmi hng = (1/2). BWh thng = 10khz / 2 = 5khz = 5.000 Hz
b. Tnh tn s sng mang mi hng (Hng thun v hng nghch).
Tn s sng mang l tn s gia:
+ Hng nghch (tn s thp):
fchng nghch = fmin+ (1/2). BWmi hng = 1.000 + 5.000/2 = 3500 Hz

+ Hng thun (tn s cao):

Trang 68

fc hng thun = fmax - (1/2). BWmi hng = 11.000 - 5.000/2 = 8500 Hz

c. V ph ASK ca h thng
5.3.2 FSK (frequency shift keying):

+Khi nim: L phng php m tn s ca tn hiu sng mang thay i biu din cc
bit 1 v 0 (bin v gc pha khng thay i).
V d:
Bit 0 ng vi sng mang vc1(t) = Vcm sin(2fc1t+1800); Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
Bit 1 ng vi sng mang vc2(t) = Vcm sin(2fc2t+1800): Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
Gi s fc2 > fc1;
V d 20: Cho mt tn hiu s 01101, tc bit l 5 bps, c iu ch bng phng php
FSK. Bin sng mang l 5V, tn s i vi bit 1 l 20Hz, tn s i vi bit 0 l 10Hz
v pha ban u ca sng mang l 1800.
a. V tn tn hiu FSK.
b. Tn hiu FSK c phi l tn hiu iu ho hay khng? Gii thch.
c. Tnh tc Baud.
Gii:
a. V tn tn hiu FSK
0 vc1(t)=5sin(2.10t+1800) V; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
1 vc2(t)=5sin(2.20t+1800) V; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
Chu k bit Tb=1/ Rb=1/5 = 200ms
Chu k sng mang bit 0; Tc1=1/ fc1=1/10 = 100ms
Chu k sng mang bit 1; Tc2=1/ fc2=1/20 = 50ms
Vy Tb= 2Tc1 =4Tc2 1 chu k bit cha 2 chu k sng mang fc1 v cha 4 chu
k sng mang fc2.

Trang 69

b. Tn hiu FSK khng phi l tn hiu iu ho.V tn s thay i.
c. Tc Baud:
Mt n v tn hiu mang 1 bit nn Rbit = Rbaud
Suy ra Rbaud= 5 baud/s
+ Bng thng ca FSK: Ph FSK chnh l t hp ca hai ph ASK tp trung quanh 2
tn s: fC1 (bit 0) v fC2 (bit 1).
BW = fmax fmin
BW = fC2 + (1/2)Rbaud -[ fC1- (1/2)Rbaud ]
BW = /fC2 - fC1/+ Rbaud = f + Nbaud = f + Rbaud
BWFSK = f + Rbaud ; BWASK =Rbaud ;
f: lch tn s ca 2 sng mang
Nbaud = Rbaud: Tc baud
Rbit = Rbaud
FSK. Bin sng mang l 5V, tn s i vi bit 1 l 20Hz, tn s i vi bit 0 l 10Hz
v pha ban u ca sng mang l 1800.
a. Tnh tc Baud.
b. Tnh bng thng ca tn hiu FSK trn.
c. V ph ca tn hiu FSK trn.

Trang 70

Gii:
a. Tnh tc Baud.
FSK, Rbaud = Rbit = 5baud/s
b. Tnh bng thng ca tn hiu FSK trn.
BWFSK = f + Rbaud = 20-10+5 = 15Hz
c. V ph ca tn hiu FSK trn.
+ u im FSK so vi ASK : FSK trnh c hu ht cc dng nhiu bin .

+ Khuyt im FSK so vi ASK: Nu cng mt tc bit th bng thng FSK ln hn
bng thng ASK.
V d 22: Tnh bng thng nh nht ca h thng FSK, bit tc bit 2kbps, ch truyn
dn bn song cng v cc sng mang cch nhau 3kHz.
Gii:
Rbit = 2kbps ; f = 3kHz; bn song cng
V h thng truyn bn song cng nn: BWh thng= BWmi hng=f + Rbaud
Trong FSK, Rbit =Rbaud ; suy ra Rbaud = 2000 baud/s
BWh thng = f + Rbaud = 3.000 + 2.000 = 5.000 Hz =5 kHz
V d 23: Tnh tc bit cc i ca tn hiu FSK nu bng thng ca h thng l 12kHz v
lch tn s ca gia hai sng mang t nht l 2kHz, ch truyn song cng.
Gii:
Cho FSK; fmin = 2kHz; song cng; BWh thng = 12khz
Tnh Rbit max ?
V h thng truyn song cng nn: BWh thng= 2.BWmi hng
Suy ra: BW mi hng= (1/2)BWh thng = 12kHz/2 = 6kHz= 6.000Hz
M trong FSK, bng thng c tnh theo cng thc BWFSK = BWmi hng = f + Rbaud ;
Trong FSK, Rbit = Rbaud.
Suy ra Rbit= BWmi hng - f
Rbit Max = BWmi hng - fmin= 6.000 2.000 = 4.000 bps = 4 kbps

Trang 71

Vy tc bit cc i ca tn hiu FSK l 4 kbps.

5.3.3 PSK (phase shift keying):
+ Khi nim: Pha ca sng mang thay i biu din cc bit 1 v 0 (bin v tn
s khng i).
V d:
0 vc1(t) = Vcm sin(2fct+0 0) ; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
1 vc2(t) = Vcm sin(2fct+180 0) ; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
PSK, bin 5V, tn s sng mang 20Hz, pha i vi bit 1 l 1800, pha i vi bit 0 l 00
a. V tn tn hiu PSK.
b. Tn hiu PSK c phi l tn hiu iu ho hay khng? Gii thch.
c. Tnh tc Baud.
Gii:
a. V tn tn hiu PSK
0 vc1(t)= 5 sin(2.20t+0 0) V ; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
1 vc2(t)= 5 sin(2.20t+1800) V; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit
Chu k bit Tb=1/ Rb=1/5 = 200ms
Chu k sng mang T c=1/ fc=1/20 = 50ms
Vy Tb= 4Tc 1 chu bit cha 4 chu k sng mang fc.
b. Tn hiu PSK khng phi l tn hiu iu ha.V c 2 pha.

c. Tc Baud: Nbaud = Rbaud= Rbit =5 baud/s
+ Bng thng ca PSK: Ging bng thng ASK
BW2-PSK = Rbaud
Nbaud = Rbaud: Tc baud
Trang 72

+ u im PSK (2-PSK, BPSK): khng b nh hng nhiu bin , Bng thng hp

(nh hn bng thng ca FSK)
BWASK = Rbaud ; nhiu bin
BWFSK = f + Rbaud ; khng b nh hng nhiu bin
BWPSK = Rbaud ; khng b nh hng nhiu bin
+ Gin trng thi pha:
0 vc1(t)= 5 sin(2.20t+00) V ; 1 vc2(t)= 5 sin(2.20t+1800)
PSK khng b nh hng ca cc dng nhiu tc ng nh ASK, ng thi cng khng

b nh hng ca yu t bng thng rng nh FSK. iu ny c ngha l mt thay i nh
ca tn hiu cng c th c my thu pht hin, nh th thay v ch dng hai thay i ca tn
hiu t mt bit, ta c th dng vi bn s thay i thng qua dch pha ca hai bit.
+ 4-PSK (QPSK): 4 pha, 1 pha c biu din 2 bit.
V d 25: Cho mt tn hiu s 0110101100, tc bit l 10 bps, c iu ch bng
phng php 4-PSK (QPSK). Bin 5V. Tn s sng mang 20Hz. Pha c biu din nh
sau: 00 pha l 00 ; 01 pha l 900 ; 10 pha l 1800 ; 11 pha l 270 0 (-900).
a. V tn tn hiu QPSK.
b. Tn hiu QPSK c phi l tn hiu iu ho hay khng? Gii thch.
c. Tnh tc Baud.
Gii:
a. V tn tn hiu QPSK
00 vc1(t)= 5 sin(2.20t+00) V ; Tn ti trong 2 chu k bit
01 vc2(t)= 5 sin(2.20t+90 0)V; Tn ti trong 2 chu k bit
10 vc3(t)= 5 sin(2.20t+1800)V; Tn ti trong 2 chu k bit
11 vc4(t)= 5 sin(2.20t -900)V; Tn ti trong 2 chu k bit
Chu k bit Tb=1/ Rb=1/10 =100ms
Chu k sng mang T c=1/ fc=1/20 = 50ms
Vy Tb= 2Tc 1 chu bit cha 2 chu k sng mang fc.
Vy 2Tb= 4Tc 2 chu bit cha 4 chu k sng mang fc.
Cho mt tn hiu s 0110101100

Trang 73

b. Tn hiu QPSK khng phi l tn hiu iu ha. V c 4 pha.

c. Tc Baud: Nbaud = Rbaud= (1/2)Rbit =5 baud/s
+ Bng thng ca QPSK: Ging bng thng ASK
BW = Rbaud
Nbaud=Rbaud: Tc baud
+ u im QPSK(2-PSK, BPSK): khng b nh hng nhiu bin , nu cng 1
bng thng cho trc th tc ca d liu ln hn tc ca cc phng php iu ch
khc.
+ Gin trng thi pha QPSK:
Tng t, ta cng c cc phng php iu ch pha khc 2 n - PSK, c n bit biu din 1
pha, khong cch gia cc pha l 360 0/2n.
T , c th pht trin ln 8PSK. Thay v dng gc 900, ta thay i tn hiu t cc gc
pha 450. Vi 8 gc pha khc nhau, dng ba bit (mt tribit), theo quan h gia s bit to
thay i vi gc pha l ly tha ca hai. ng thi 8PSK cng cho php truyn nhanh gp 3
ln so vi 2 PSK, nh minh ha hnh 33.

Trang 74

Hnh 5.3
+ Bng thng dng cho 2 n -PSK: Bng thng ti thiu dng cho truyn dn 2n -PSK th
tng t nh ca ASK (Bng tc Baud).
Bng thng ti thiu dng cho truyn dn 2n -PSK th tng t nh ca ASK, tuy nhin
tc bit ti a th ln hn nhiu ln. Tc l tuy c cng tc baud ti a gia ASK v
PSK, nhng tc bit ca PSK dng cng bng thng ny c th ln hn hai hay nhiu ln
nh minh ha hnh 5.4
Hnh 5.4
V d 26: Tm bng thng ca tn hiu QPSK(4 PSK), vi tc 2kbps theo ch bn
song cng.
Gii:
V h thng bn song cng nn BWh thng= BWmi hng= BWQPSK
Phng php iu ch 4 PSK, 1 pha (n v tn hiu) cha 2 bit,
Rbit = 2 x Rbaud ; Suy ra Rbaud = (1/2). Rbit=1000 baud/s;
M BWPSK = Rbaud ; Suy ra BWQPSK = 1000Hz.
V d 27: Cho tn hiu 8PSK c bng thng 5.000 Hz, tm tc bit v tc baud?
Gii:
Phng php iu ch 8 PSK, 1 pha (n v tn hiu) cha 3 bit,
Rbit = 3 x Rbaud ;
M BW8-PSK = Rbaud ; Suy ra Rbaud =5000 baud/s ;
Suy ra Rbit = 3x Rbaud =15.0000 bps=15kbps ;
5.3.4 QAM (quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
PSK b gii hn t kh nng phn bit cc thay i gc pha nh ca thit b, iu ny
lm gim tc bit.

Trang 75

+ Khi nim: QAM l phng thc kt hp gia ASK v PSK sao cho ta khai thc
c ti a s khc bit gia cc n v tn hiu.
V d 28: Cho mt tn hiu s 101100001000010011110111, tc bit l 24 bps, tn s
16Hz, c iu ch bng phng php 8-QAM (8 loi n v tn hiu). Gin pha nh
hnh v.
a. V tn tn hiu 8-QAM.
b. Tn hiu 8-QAM c phi l tn hiu iu ho hay khng? Gii thch.
c. Tnh tc Baud.
d. Tnh bng thng 8-QAM.
Gii:
a. V tn tn hiu 8-QAM.
Chu k bit Tb=1/ Rb=1/24
Chu k sng mang Tc=1/ fc=1/16
Ta c 3 Tb = 2Tc suy ra 3 chu bit s tn ti 2 chu k sng mang
tn hiu s 101100001000010011110111
Amplitude
Bit rate : 24
3 bits 3 bits 3 bits

100
001
101
Baud rate : 8
3 bits 3 bits 3 bits

000 010
011
3 bits 3 bits
110
111
011
Time
010
000
001
101 100
1 baud
110
1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud
111
1 second
8-QAM
2 amplitude, 4 phases
b. Tn hiu 8-QAM khng phi l tn hiu iu ho, v c nhiu bin v

nhiu pha.
c. Tnh tc Baud.
R baud = (1/3)Rbit = 8 baud/s
d. Tnh bng thng 8-QAM.
Bng thng ca tn hiu QAM bng bng thng ASK v bng tc baud
BWQAM = BWASK = Rbaud;
Suy ra BWQAM = 8Hz.
+ Tng t ta cng c cc dng iu ch 2 n-QAM. Vi n l s bit cha trong mt n
v tn hiu, 2n : l s loi n v tn hiu.
Quan h hnh hc ca QAM c th th hin di nhiu dng khc nhau nh trong hnh
sau, trong minh ha 3 cu hnh thng gp ca 16-QAM.

Trang 76

Hnh 5.5
Trng hp u dng 3 bin v 12 pha, gim thiu tt nhiu do c t s gia gc pha

v bin ln nh ITU - ngh.
Trng hp th hai, bn bin v 8 pha, theo yu cu ca m hnh OSI, khi quan st
k, ta s thy l cu hnh theo dng ng trc, khng xut hin yu t giao nhau gia cc bin
v pha. Thc ra, vi 3 x 8 ta c n 32 kh nng. Tuy nhin khi mi s dng phn na kh
nng ny, th sai bit gc pha o lng c gia tng cho php c tn hiu tt hn ri.
Thng thng th QAM cho thy t b nh hng ca nhiu hn so vi ASK (do c yu t
pha)
+ Bng thng ca QAM:
Bng thng ti thiu cn cho truyn dn QAM th ging nh ca ASK v PSK, ng
thi QAM cng tha hng u im ca PSK so vi ASK.
+ So snh tc bit/tc baud:
Gi s tn hiu FSK c dng truyn tn hiu qua ng thoi c th gi n 1200 bit
trong mt giy, tc c tc bit l 1200 bps. Mi tn s thay i biu din mt bit; nh th
th cn c 1200 phn t tn hiu truyn 1200 bit. Trong tc baud, cng l 1200 bps. Mi
thay i ca tn hiu trong h thng 8 QAM, c biu din dng ba bit, nh th vi tc
bit l 1200 bps, th tc baud ch l 400. Hh thng dibit c tc baud ch bng phn na
tc bit, v trong h tribit th tc baud ch cn mt phn ba tc bit, v trng hp
quabit th tc baud ch cn mt phn t tc bit.
Bng di y nhm so snh tc bit v tc baud trong nhiu phng php iu
ch s - tng t.
S bit trong 1
n v t/ hiu
Bits/Baud
Tc Baud
Tc Bit
ASK, FSK, 2-PSK
1 Bit
4-PSK, 4-QAM
2 Bit
2N
8-PSK, 8-QAM
3 Bit
3N
16-QAM
4 Bit
4N
32-QAM
5 Bit
5N
64-QAM
6 Bit
6N
128-QAM
7 Bit
7N
256-QAM
8 Bit
8N
Dng iu ch

Trang 77

V d 29: Gin pha trng thi gm 8 im cch u nhau trn mt vng trn. Bit tc
bit l 4800 bps, tnh tc baud .
Gii:
- y l dng 8 PSK (23 =8)
- Cc pha cch nhau 3600/8 = 450
- Mt n v tn hiu cha 3 bit.
- Nh th tc baud l Rbaud = (1/3)Rbit = 4.800/3 = 1600 baud/s
V d 30: Tnh tc bit ca tn hiu 16 QAM, bit tc baud l 1000.
Gii:
- y l dng 16 QAM (24 =16)
- Nh th tc bit l Rbit= 4 Rbaud = 1.000 x 4 = 4.000 bps.
V d 31: Tm tc baud ca tn hiu 64QAM bit c tc bit 72.000 bps.
Gii:
- y l dng 64 QAM (26 =64)
- Nh th tc baud l Rbaud = (1/6)Rbit = 72.000/6 = 12.000 baud.
5.4 CHUYN I ANALOG ANALOG (iu ch tng t)
+ Khi nim: L qu trnh thay i mt trong cc thng s ca sng mang cao tn
(Dng iu ho) bi tn hiu tin tc (d liu tng t).
+ S khi:
+ Sng mang cao tn (Dng iu ho) c 3 thng s : Bin , tn s v pha nn ta c 3

phng php iu ch tng t l:
AM (Amplitude Modulation): iu bin (iu ch bin )
FM (Frequency Modulation) ): iu tn (iu ch tn s)
PM (Phase Modulation) ): iu pha (iu ch pha)

Trang 78

5.4.1 iu bin (AM):

+ Khi nim: L phng php m bin sng mang c thay i theo tn hiu iu
ch (tin tc), tn s v gc pha sng mang khng i.
+ Tn hiu iu ch (tin tc) tr thnh hnh bao ca sng mang.
+ Bng thng ca tn hiu AM:

Amplitude
Frequency
fC
BWm
BWm
BWt = 2 x BWm
BWAM = 2 Fi max= 2 BWi

Vi Fi max l tn s cc i ca tin tc.
Vi BWi = BWm l Bng thng ca tin tc.
V d: Bng thng ca tn hiu thoi thng l 5 KHz. Nh th cc i pht thanh AM cn
bng thng ti a l 10 KHz. Trong thc t, FCC (Federal Communication Commission) cho
php mi i AM c bng thng l 10 KHz.
+ Cc i AM pht cc tn s sng mang t 530 kHz n 1700 KHz (1,7 MHz). Tuy nhin
cc tn s pht ny phi c phn cch vi nhau t nht l 10 KHz (mt bng thng AM)
nhm trnh giao thoa.
V d: Nu mt i pht dng tn s 1100 KHz, th tn s sng mang k khng c php b
hn 1110 KHz.
V d 32: Cho tn hiu vi bng thng 4 KHz, tm bng thng ca tn hiu AM. Gi s khng
tnh n cc qui nh ca FCC.
Gii:
Tn hiu AM c bng thng l hai ln bng thng tn hiu gc: BW = 2 x 4KHz = 8 KHz

Trang 79

5.4.2 FM (iu tn):

+ Khi nim: L qu trnh m tn s sng mang bin thin theo bin tn hiu tin tc,
bin v pha ca sng mang khng i.
Hnh 5.6
+ Bng thng tn hiu FM:
BWFM = 2 (Fi max+ fm ) = 10. BWi
Vi : Fi max l tn s cc i ca tin tc.
fm l di tn cc i.
BWi l bng thng ca tin tc.
Bng thng ca tn hiu audio khi pht theo ch stereo thng l 15 KHz.
Mi i pht FM cn mt bng thng ti thiu l 150 KHz.
C quan FCC cho php 200 KHz (0,2 MHz) cho mi i nhm d phng cc di
tn bo v (guard band).
Cc chng trnh pht FM pht trong di tn t 88 MHz n 108 MHz, cc i phi
c phn cch t nht 200 KHz trnh trng lp sng.
Trong tm t 88 MHz n 108 MHz, c kh nng c 100 knh FM, trong c th
dng cng lc 50 knh.

Trang 80

V d 33: Cho tn hiu vi bng thng 4 MHz, iu ch FM, tm bng thng ca tn hiu FM
, khng tnh n qui nh ca FCC.
Gii:
Tn hiu FM cn 10 ln bng thng ca tn hiu gc: BW = 10 x 4 MHz = 40 MHz
5.4.3 PM (Phase Modulation):
Nhm n gin ha yu cu ca phn cng, i khi PM c dng thay th FM trong
mt s h thng, theo gc pha ca sng mang c iu ch theo bin tn hiu iu ch,
trong khi bin v tn s ca sng mang c gi khng i. Phng php phn tch th
tng t nh FM v khng c bn y.

Trang 81

BI TP CHNG 5
I. CU HI N TP:
1. Cho bit s khc bit gia m ha v iu ch ?
2. M ha s - s l g?
3. Chuyn i tng t - s l g?
4. Chuyn i s - tng t l g?
5. Chuyn i tng t - tng t l g?
6. Cho bit ti sao phng php iu ch tn s tt hn so vi iu ch bin ?
7. u im ca QAM so vi ASK hoc PSK l g?
8. Trnh by 3 dng chuyn i s - s ?
9. Thnh phn DC l g?
10. Ti sao phi c bi ton ng b trong truyn s liu?
11. NRZ L khc NRZ I im no?
12. Trnh by v hai dng m ha biphase dng trong mng?
13. Khuyt im ca NRZ l g? Cho bit hng gii quyt t RZ v biphase?
14. So snh khc bit gia RZ v AMI?
15. Ba dng m ha bipolar l g?
16. So snh khc bit gia B8ZS v HDB3?
17. Hy cho bit cc bc thit lp m PCM ?
18. Tc ly mu nh hng nh th no ln tn hiu s c truyn ?
19. nh hng s bit ca mt mu ln tn hiu s c truyn ?
20. Nu bn phng php chuyn i tn hiu s sang tng t l g?
21. Khc bit gia tc bit v tc baud l g ? Cho th d ?
22. iu ch l g ? Mc ch ca sng mang trong iu ch l g?
23. Tc baud lin quan nh th no i vi bng thng truyn ASK ?
24. Tc baud lin quan nh th no i vi bng thng truyn FSK ?
25. Tc baud lin quan nh th no i vi bng thng truyn PSK ?
26. Cho bit cc thng tin c c t gin trng thi pha?
27. Tc baud lin quan nh th no i vi bng thng truyn QAM?
28. QAM quan h ra nh th no vi ASK v PSK?
29. Cho bit cc u im ca PSK so vi ASK?
30. Khc bit gia AM v ASK?
31. Khc bit gia FM v FSK?
32. So snh bng thng ca FM v AM theo tn hiu iu ch

Trang 82

II.CU HI TRC NGHIM

33. ASK, PSK, FSK v QAM l dng iu
ch:
a. s - s
b. s -tng t
d. QAM
39. Nu ph tn hiu c bng thng l
500Hz, tn s cao nht l 600Hz th tc
ly mu l
c. tng t -tng t
a. 200 mu/giy
d. tng t - s
b. 500 mu/giy
34. Unipolar, bipolar v polar phng thc

m ha:
a. s - s
b. s -tng t
c. tng t -tng t
d. tng t - s
35. PCM l th d v phng php iu
ch no:
a. s - s
b. s -tng t
c. tng t -tng t
d. tng t - s
36. AM v FM l cc phng thc iu
ch:
a. s - s
b. s -tng t
c. 1.000 mu/giy
d. 1.200 mu/giy
40. Nu tc baud l 400 ca tn hiu 4PSK th tc bit l.
a. 100
b. 400
c. 800
d. 1600
41. Nu tc bit ca ASK l 1200 bps th
tc baud l
a. 300
b. 400
c. 600
d. 1200
42. Nu tc bit ca tn hiu FSK l
1200 bps th tc baud l
c. tng t -tng t
a. 300
d. tng t - s
b. 400
37. Trong QAM, yu t no ca sng

mang b thay i:
a. bin
c. 600
d. 1200
43. Nu tc bit ca tn hiu QAM l
3.000 bps v mt n v tn hiu cha
3 bit. Tc baud l.
b. tn s
c. tc bit
a. 300
d. tc baud
38. Cho bit phng thc no d b nh
hng ca nhiu bin :
b. 400
c. 1000
d. 1200
a. PSK
44. Nu tc baud ca tn hiu QAM l

3.000 v mt n v tn hiu cha 3 bit.
Tc bit l.
b. ASK
c. FSK
Trang 83

a. 300 bps
50. Yu t to chnh xc khi ti to tn
hiu tng t t lung PCM l.
b. 400 bps
a. bng thng tn hiu
c. 1000 bps
b. tn s sng mang
d. 9000 bps
45. Nu tc baud ca tn hiu QAM l
1.800 v tc bit l 9.000, trong mt
phn t tn hiu c
a. 3 bit
c. s bit dng lng t ha

d. tc baud
51. Dng m ha lun c trung bnh khc
khng l.
b. 4 bit
a. unipolar
c. 5 bit
b. polar
d. 6 bit
c. bipolar
46. Trong 16-QAM, s 16 l

a. T hp ca pha v bin
b. Bin
d. tt c cc dng trn
52. Dng m ha khng cn truyn tn hiu
ng b l
c. Pha
a. NRZ-L
d. Bit trn giy
b. RZ
47. Phng thc iu ch dng 3 bit, 8 gc

dch pha khc nhau v mt bin l
phng thc:
a. FSK
c. B8ZS
d. HDB3
53. Phng php m ha dng ln lt cc
gi tr dng v m cho bit 1 l
b. 8-PSK
a. NRZ-I
c. ASK
b. RZ
d. 4-PSK
c. Manchester
48. nh l Nyquist cho bit tc ly

mu ti thiu ca tn hiu l.
a. bng tn s thp nht ca tn hiu
d. AMI
54. Phng php dng yu t vi phm khi
m ha s-s l.
b. bng tn s cao nht ca tn hiu
a. AMI
c. gp i bng thng ca tn hiu
b. B8ZS
d. gp i tn s cao nht ca tn hiu
c. RZ
49. Cho tn hiu sng AM c bng thng

10 KHz v tn s cao nht l 705 KHz,
cho bit tn s sng mang:
d. Manchester
55. Tn hiu iu ch c c t yu t:
a. Thay i tn hiu iu ch bng
sng mang
a. 700 KHz
b. 705 KHz
b. Thay i sng mang bng tn hiu

iu ch
c. 710 KHz
d. khng th xc nh dng cc thng
tin trn
c. lng t ha ngun d liu

d. ly mu dng nh l Nyquist

Trang 84

56. Theo qui nh ca FCC, tn s sng
mang ca cc i AM c phn cch
nhau:
c. 4
d. 5
62. Cho bit s mc lng t ha no cung
cp trung thc cao khi khi phc tn
hiu:
a. 5 KHz
b. 10 KHz
c. 200 KHz
a. 2
d. 530 KHz
b. 8
57. Theo qui nh ca FCC, trong di tn

ca FM c th c bao nhiu knh (i)
v mt l thuyt: (88Mhz-108MHz),
BWFM=0,2Mhz=200Hz.
a. 50
c. 16
d. 32
63. Cho bit phng thc no nhm gii
quyt yu t mt ng b khi truyn
nhiu bit 0 lin tip?
b. 100
a. B8ZS
c. 133
b. HDB3
d. 150
c. AMI
58. PCM nhm chuyn i tn hiu t

tng t sang tn hiu.
d. a v b u ng
64. Dng chuyn i c lin quan n iu
ch l.
a. analog
b. s
a. chuyn i s - s
c. QAM
b. chuyn i tng t - s
d. vi sai
c. chuyn i s - tng t
59. Nu gi tr ti a ca tn hiu PCM l

+31 v gi tr b nht l 31, cho bit
c th dng bao nhiu bit m ha:
a. 4
d. tt c u ng
65. Phng thc chuyn i cn ly mu
tn hiu l.
a. chuyn i s - s
b. 5
b. chuyn i tng t - s (PAM, PCM)
c. 6
c. chuyn i s - tng t
d. 7
60. Khi phn tch tn hiu ASK, kt qu
cho ta:
a. lun l tn hiu sin
b. lun l hai tn hiu sin
c. s v hn cc tn hiu sin
d. tt c u sai
61. Phng thc RZ dng bao nhiu mc
in p:
a. 1
b. 3
d. tt c u ng
66. Bng thng ca tn hiu FM bng 10
ln bng thng ca tn hiu.
a. sng mang
b. iu ch (Tin tc)
c. bipolar
d. ly mu
67. iu ch tn hiu tng t l phng
thc lm thay i yu t ..ca sng
mang.
a. bin

Trang 85

b. tn s
a. bin
c. pha
b. tn s
d. tt c u ng
c. pha
68. iu ch tn hiu s l phng thc

lm thay i yu t ..ca sng mang.
d. tt c u ng
III. BI LUYN TP
69. Cho tc bit l 1000 bps. Hi c bao nhiu bit c gi i trong 5s, 0,2s v 100 ms ?
70. Gi s chui d liu gm 10 bit 0. Hy v tn hiu m ha chui ny dng cc phng
thc sau?
a. unipolar
f. Manchester vi sai
b. NRZ-L
g. AMI
c. NRZ-I
h. B8ZS
d. RZ
i. HDB3
e. Manchester
71. Lm li bi 71 dng chui 10 bit 1?
72. Lm li bi 71 vi chui gm 10 bit ln lt: 1010101010
73. Lm li bi 71 khi chui d liu gm: 0001100111
74. Cho tn hiu unipolar ca chui d liu, hy cho bit chui nh phn ca n?
00100100
75. Cho tn hiu NRZ-L ca chui d liu, hy cho bit chui nh phn ca n?
11001001
76. Hnh v sau chui NRZ-I ca chui d liu, cho bit chui ny l g?
10101101
77. Hnh v RZ ca chui d liu, cho bit chui ny l g?
01110011
78. Hnh v chui Manchester ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?

Trang 86

11100011
79. Hnh v chui Manchester vi sai ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?
00010010
80. Hnh v chui AMI ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?
10001001
81. Hnh bi 81 v chui pseudoternary ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?
01110110
82. Hnh v chui B8ZS ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?
Time
10100000000010
83. Hnh v chui HDB3 ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?
001000001001; gi s tng s xung ban u l s l

84. Cho bit c bao nhiu mc bin cn c cho cc phng thc sau:
a. Unipolar: 2
d. RZ: 3
b. NRZ-L: 2
e. Manchester: 2
c. NRZ-I: 2
f. Manchester vi sai: 2
85. Tnh tc ly mu ca PCM nu tn s thay i t 1.000 Hz n 4.000 Hz?

Trang 87

Chng 5: M ho v iu ch
86. Dng nh l Nyquist, tnh tc ly mu ca cc tn hiu tng t sau:

a. Tn hiu tng t c bng thng 2.000 Hz (fmax=BW)
b. Tn hiu tng t c tn s t 2.000 Hz n 6.000 Hz
87. Nu tn hiu c ly mu 8.000 ln trong mt giy, cho bit khong cch gia 2 mu
(chu k ly mu) l bao nhiu? 125 microgiy
88. Nu khong cch gia hai mu tn hiu ly mu l 125 microgiy, cho bit tc ly mu
l bao nhiu? 8.000 Hz.
89. Ly mu tn hiu, mi mu dng mt trong bn mc. Cho bit cn bao nhiu bit biu
din mi mu? Nu tc ly mu l 8.000 mu/giy, cho bit tc bit? 2 bit,
2 x 8000=16kbps.
90. Tnh tc baud ca cc tn hiu c tc bit v phng thc iu ch?
a. 2.000 bps, FSK
e. 6.000 bps, 8-PSK
b. 4.000 bps, ASK
f. 4.000 bps, 4-QAM
c. 6.000 bps, 2-PSK
g. 6.000 bps, 16-QAM
d. 6.000 bps, 4-PSK
h. 36.000 bps, 64-QAM
91. Tnh tc baud nu bit tc bit v t hp bit:

a. 2.000 bps, dibit (2 bit)
c. 6.000 bps, quabit (4 bit)
b. 6.000 bps, tribit (3 bit)
d. 6.000 bps, 8 bit
92. Tnh tc bit khi c tc baud v dng iu ch:

a. 1.000 baud, FSK
c. 1.000 baud, 8-PSK
b. 1.000 baud, ASK
d. 1.000 baud, 16 -QAM
93. V gin trng thi pha trong cc trng hp sau:

a. ASK, bin 1 v 3
b. 2-PSK, 1 00 v 01800.
94. D liu t ngun c gi tr thay i t -1.0 v +1.0, cho bit gi tr bit ti cc im 0,91; 0,25; 0,56 v 0,71 khi dng phng php lng t 8 bit?
95. Cc im d liu trong gin trng thi pha l (4,0) v (6,0). V gin ny. Hy cho
bit cc gi tr bin v pha ti tng im? (Bi 101)
96. Lm li bi 96 nu cc im d liu l (4,5) v (8,10).
97. Lm li bi 96 nu cc im d liu l (4,0) v (-4,0).
98. Lm li bi 96 nu cc im d liu l (4,4) v (-4,4).
99. Lm li bi 96 nu cc im d liu l (4,0), (4,4), (-4,0) v (-4,-4).
100. Gin trng thi pha hnh 5.7 l dng iu ch no: ASK, FSK, PSK v QAM?
Hnh 5.7

Trang 88

Chng 5: M ho v iu ch
Hnh 5.8
Hnh 5.9
103. Gin trng thi pha hnh 5.10 c biu din ASK, FSK, PSK v QAM?
Hnh 5.10
104. Mt gin trng thi pha c th c 12 im khng? gii thch?
105. Mt gin trng thi pha c th c 18 im khng? gii thch?
106. Th ngh mt nguyn tc chung tm cc im trong gin trang thi pha
107. Nu c 8 dim trong gin trng thi pha, cho bit c th gi bao nhiu bit trong mt
baud?
108. Tnh bng thng cn thit cho tng i pht AM sau, b qua yu cu ca FCC.
a. iu ch tn hiu c bng thng 4 KHz; S: 8 KHz
b. iu ch tn hiu c bng thng 8 KHz ; S: 16 KHz
c. iu ch tn hiu c tn s t 2.000 n 3.000 Hz; S: 2 KHz
109. Tnh bng thng cn thit cho tng i pht FM sau, b qua yu cu ca FCC.
a. iu ch tn hiu c bng thng 12 KHz; S: 120 KHz
b. iu ch tn hiu c bng thng 8 KHz; S: 80 KHz
c. iu ch tn hiu c tn s t 2.000 n 3.000 Hz; S: 10 KHz

Trang 89

Chng 6: GIAO DIN V MODEM

CHNG 6
TRUYN D LIU S: GIAO DIN V MODEM

6.1
TRUYN D LIU S
Cc cch truyn s liu: truyn song song v truyn ni tip (ng b v khng ng
b)
Hnh 6.1
6.1.1 Truyn song song
+ Khi nim: Truyn mt lc nhiu bit, mi bit i trn mt ng dy
+ u im: Tc nhanh.
Hnh 6.2
+ Khuyt im: Chi ph cp ln. (khong cch xa) thch hp c ly ngn.

6.1.2 Truyn ni tip
+ Khi nim: Truyn ln lt tng bit, ch s dng mt dy.
Hnh 6.3

Trang 90

+ u im: Ch cn mt knh truyn (1 dy) gim gi thnh v chi ph vn hnh.

+ Khuyt im:
-
Cn gii quyt bi ton chuyn i ni tip sang song song v song song sang ni tip.
Tc truyn chm hn so vi truyn song song.
+ Phn loi: 2 loi

-
Truyn ni tip khng ng b (asynchronous transmission)
Truyn ni tip ng b. (synchronous transmission)
6.1.2.1 Truyn khng ng b

+ c im: Phng php truyn ny cn: mt bit start (0) ti u bn tin, mt (nhiu)
bit stop (1) cui bn tin v tn ti khong trng gia cc byte .
Ch : Khng ng b y c hiu l khng ng b cp byte, nhng vn
ng b tng bit, do chng c thi khong ging nhau.
+ V d:
Hnh 6.4
+ Hiu sut truyn = s bit d liu / tng s bit truyn;
V d: d liu truyn 8 bit, suy ra hiu sut truyn l: 8/10 = 0,8.
n gin, chi ph truyn thp, hiu qu tng i cao.
+ u im:
+ Khuyt im: Do Tn ti cc bit start v bit stop, khong trng dn n thi

gian truyn chm.
Phng thc ny l mt chn la ti u trng hp truyn vi tc thp
V d: qu trnh truyn d liu gia bn phm v my tnh, theo ngi dng ch gi mt
ln mt k t, v thng li nhng khong thi gian trng ng k gia hai ln truyn.
6.1.2.2 Truyn ni tip ng b
+ c im:
- Cc lung bit c t hp thnh nhng khung (frame) ln hn nhiu byte.
- Khng tn ti khong trng gia cc Byte.
- My thu c nhim v nhm cc bit thnh Byte.(ng b bit v ng b byte)
Hnh 6.5
Trang 91

+ u im:
Tc truyn nhanh hn bt ng b.
Byte to tn hiu ng b thng c thc hin trong lp kt ni d liu.

+ Khuyt im: Cn gii quyt bi ton ng b mt cch ti u.
+ Hiu sut truyn: 1
Thng dng trong truyn dn tc cao nh truyn d liu gia cc thit b s.
6.2
GIAO DIN DTE-DCE

+ DTE (Data Terminal Equipment): Thit b u cui d liu, l ngun hoc ch ca d
liu s.
V d: Mch s, my tnh, my fax.(pht d liu s, thu d liu s)
+ DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment): Thit b mch u cui d liu, l thit b
pht hoc nhn d liu dng tng t, dng s.
V d: Modem (Nhn v pht tn hiu s, tng t).
DTE to ra d liu s v chuyn n DCE, DCE chuyn tn hiu ny thnh cc dng

thch hp cho qu trnh truyn. Khi n ni nhn th thc hin qu trnh ngc li, nh trong
hnh 6.6.
Hnh 6.6
6.2.1 Cc Chun giao tip:
+ Mc ch ca chun giao tip DTE v DCE: nhm nh ngha cc c tnh c, c
tnh in, c tnh chc nng ca kt ni gia DTE v DCE.
+ Phn loi: EIA (Electronic Industries Association) v ITU-T pht trin nhiu
chun cho giao din DTE-DCE.
-
EIA c cc chun: EIA-232, EIA-449, EIA-485, EIA-530
ITU-T pht trin cc chun series V v series X.
Hnh 6.7
Trang 92

6.2.2 Giao din EIA-232

Chun giao din quan trng ca EIA l EIA-232 (trc y gi l RS-232) nhm nh
ngha cc c tnh v c, in v chc nng ca giao din gia DTE v DCE.
6.2.2.1 Cc c tnh v c
- Dng cp 25 si (u ni DB-25), cp 9 si (DB-9)
- Chiu di khng qu 15 mt (50 feet), khong cch ga DTE v DCE nh hn 15m.
Hnh 6.8
6.2.2.2 Cc c tnh in
nh ngha mc in p v dng tn hiu c truyn trong giao tip DTE-DCE.
+ Gi d liu: Dng m NRZ-L.
+3V n +15V bit 0
-3V n -15V bit 1
V d: V chui 1010 dng tn hiu RS232
Volt
+15
+3
0
-3
Time
-15
NRZ-L encoding
Hnh 6.9
V d: V tn hiu RS-232 cho d liu ng vi k t M (M ho theo m ASCII),
truyn theo ch ni tip bt ng b, kim tra li Parity chn. Bit rng tc truyn 10
bps. Tnh thi gian truyn.
+ iu khin v nh thi (ng b):
-
Tn hiu OFF<-3V v ON> +3V
V tc bit, chun EIA-232 cho php tc ti a l 20 Kbps.

Trang 93

Hnh 6.10
6.2.2.3 Cc chc nng chnh
C hai dng DB-25 v DB-9
a. DB-25 (thit b DTE)
Chn 1: V bc.
Chn 2: Pht d liu
Chn 3: Thu d liu
Chn 4: yu cu gi
Chn 5: Xo gi
Chn6: Bo hiu thit b DCE sn sng
Chn 7: Mass chung
Chn 8: Pht hin tn hiu sng mang
trn ng dy
Chn 17: ng b thu
Chn 20:Bo hiu thit b DTE sn
sng
Chn 22: Ch nh bo hiu
Chn 24: ng b pht
Hnh 6.11

Trang 94

b. DB-9 (thit b DTE)

Chn 1: Pht hin tn hiu sng mang trn
ng dy ( tng ng DB-25 Chn 8)
Chn 2: Pht d liu (tng ng DB-25
Chn 2)
Chn 3: Thu d liu (tng ng DB-25
Chn 3)
Chn 4: Bo hiu thit b DTE sn sng
(tng ng DB-25 Chn 20)
Chn 5: Mass chung (tng ng DB-25
Chn 7)
Chn 6: Bo hiu thit b DCE sn sng
(tng ng DB 25 Chn 6)
Hnh 6.12
Chn 7: Yu cu gi (tng ng DB-25

Chn 4)
Chn 8: Xo gi (tng ng DB-25
Chn 5)
Chn 9: Ch nh bo hiu (tng ng
DB-25 Chn 22)
V d: Hy m t vic truyn d liu s t thit b DTE1 sang thit b DTE2 dng
chun EIA-232 (RS232). S dng u ni DB-25, phng thc truyn ni tip-ng b, ch
truyn song cng, truyn thng qua mng (khng truyn trc tip).
-
Modem ng vai tr DCE
My tnh l DTE
Qu trnh ny gm 5 bc : Chun b, sn sng, thit lp, truyn d liu, xo thit lp.
Hnh 6.13
Trang 95

Bc 1: Chun b: Hai mch ni t, 1 (shield) v 7 (signal ground) Chn 1: V

bc. Chn 7: Mass chung
Bc 2: sn sng: Lin quan 2 chn: 6, 20
Chn 6: Bo hiu thit b DCE sn sng
Chn 20: Bo hiu thit b DTE sn sng
Bo m 4 thit b sn sng cho vic truyn dn.
u tin, DTE pht tc ng chn 20 v gi tn hiu DTE ready n DCE ca mnh.
DCE tr li bng cch tc ng vo chn 6 v thng bo tn hiu DCE ready, cho c
hai b thu pht.
Bc 3: thit lp Lin quan 3 chn: 4, 5 v 8;
Chn 4: yu cu gi
Chn 5: Xo gi
Chn 8: Pht hin tn hiu sng mang trn ng dy
Thit lp cc kt ni vt l gia modem pht v modem thu, bc ny c
xem nh m cho qu trnh truyn v l bc u tc ng vo mng. u tin, b
DTE pht tc ng chn 4 v gi n DCE ca mnh tn hiu request to send.
DCE gi tn hiu carrier cho modem nhn (ang rnh). Khi modem thu nhn c
tn hiu carrier, th tc ng vo chn 8 (tn hiu line signal detector) ca phn thu,
bo cho my tnh bit l qu trnh truyn sp bt u. Sau khi truyn tn hiu carrier
xong, b DCE pht tc ng chn 5, gi n DTE ca mnh tn hiu clear to
send. Phn thu cng vn hnh theo cc bc tng t.
Bc 4: truyn d liu Lin quan 4 chn: 2, 3, 17, 24;
Chn 2: Pht d liu
Chn 3: Thu d liu
Chn 24: ng b pht
Chn 17: ng b thu
Qu trnh truyn d liu. My tnh khi to vic chuyn d liu ca mnh n
modem qua chn 2, km theo xung ng b ca chn 24. Modem chuyn tn hiu s
sang tn hiu analog v gi tn hiu ny vo mng. Modem thu nhn tn hiu,
chuyn tr li thnh tn hiu s v chuyn d liu n my tnh qua chn 3, c cc
xung ng b t chn 17. My thu hot ng vi cc bc tng t.
Bc 5: xo thit lp Lin quan 2 chn: 4, 5 v 8;
Sau khi c hai pha truyn xong, hai my tnh ngng tc ng: chn request to
send (chn 4); cc modem tt cc tn hiu carrier (chn 8), b received signal
detector (do khng cn tn hiu na pht hin) v mch clear to send (chn 5).
B th
Th d: Truyn d liu t thit b DTE1 sang thit b DTE2 dng chun EIA-232
(RS232) DB9, truyn bt ng b song cng, thng qua mng.
Bc 1: Chun b, Lin quan chn: 5 ;
Bc 2: Sn sng, Lin quan chn: 4, 6 ;
Trang 96

Bc 3: Thit lp, Lin quan chn: 7, 8, 1 ; trng thi ON

Bc 4: Truyn d liu, Lin quan chn: 2, 3;
Bc 5: Xo thit lp, Lin quan chn: 7, 8 ,1 ; trng thi OFF
-
Truyn d liu gia 2 thit b DTE1, DTE2 trc tip (khng thng qua
mng- khong cch nh hn 15m)
+ Modem rng (Null modem): Truyn trc tip d liu gia hai thit b DTE gn
nhau.
Gi s khi truyn trc tip d liu gia hai my tnh vi khong cch gn (nh hn
15m), khng cn c modem do qu trnh truyn khng cn chuyn i sang tn hiu analog,
nh dy in thoi v khng cn qu trnh iu ch tn hiu. Tuy nhin, ta vn cn phi thit
lp giao din thc hin trao i thng tin (tnh sn sng, truyn d liu, nhn d liu, ...)
theo cc chun ca cp do EIA-232 DTE-DCE qui nh. Dng modem rng (null modem)
(theo chun EIA) to giao din DTE-DTE khng c DCE.
Do trong giao din EIA-232 DTE-DCE dng cp c u ci ti DTE v u c DCE,
nn null modem phi c hai u ni u l ci nhm tng thch c EIA-232 DTE port, l
cc u c.
Crossing connection (kt ni cho): truyn d liu trc tip gia hai thit b DTE gn
nhau, cn kt ni cho (DB25)
Hnh 6.14
Th d: V kt ni v m t hot ng truyn d liu t thit b DTE1 sang thit b
DTE2 dng chun EIA-232 (RS232) DB 25, truyn ng b song cng, khng thng qua
mng.
Bc 1: Chun b, Lin quan chn: 77;
Bc 2: Sn sng , Lin quan chn: 6, 20 ; DTE 1: 206; DTE 2: 206
Bc 3: Thit lp, Lin quan chn: 4, 5, 8 ; DTE 1: 458(DTE 2);
DTE 2: 458 (DTE 1); trng thi ON
Bc 4: Truyn d liu, Lin quan chn: 2, 3, 24, 17;
DTE 1: 23 (DTE 2), 2417(DTE 2).
Trang 97

DTE 2: 23 (DTE 1), 2417(DTE 1).

Bc 5: Xo thit lp, Lin quan chn: 4, 5 ,8; trng thi OFF
Th d: V kt ni v m t hot ng truyn d liu t thit b DTE1 sang thit b
DTE2 dng chun EIA-232 (RS232) DB 9, truyn ni tip bt ng b song cng, khng
thng qua mng.
-
Bc 1: Chun b, Lin quan chn: 55;
Bc 2: Sn sng ,Lin quan chn: 4, 6 ; DTE 1: 46; DTE 2: 46
Bc 3: Thit lp, Lin quan chn: 7, 8 ,1 ;

DTE 1: 78, 1(DTE 2); trng thi ON
Bc 4: Truyn d liu, Lin quan chn: 2, 3;

DTE 1: 23 (DTE 2).
DTE 2: 23 (DTE 1).
Bc 5: Xo thit lp, Lin quan chn: : 7, 8 ,1; trng thi OFF
Th d: V kt ni v m t hot ng truyn d liu t thit b DTE1(DB25) sang thit

b DTE2 (DB9) dng chun EIA-232 (RS232), truyn ni tip bt ng b song
cng, khng qua mng.
-
Bc 1: Chun b
DTE 1: 75 (DTE 2);
Bc 2: Sn sng
DTE 1: 206; DTE 2: 46
Bc 3: Thit lp

Bc 4: Truyn d liu DTE 1: 23(DTE 2).

DTE 2: 23(DTE 1).
Bc 5: Xo thit lp
DTE 1: 4, 5 ,8 trng thi OFF

DTE 2: 7, 8 ,1 trng thi OFF
6.2.3. CC CHUN GIAO DIN KHC

+ Chun EIA-232 b gii hn:
-
C ly 50 feet (15 mt)
Tc truyn 20Kbps.
+ T nhu cu cn tng tc v c lyT chc EIA v ITU-T a ra thm cc

chun: EIA-449, EIA-485 EIA-530, v X.21.
6.2.3.1 EIA-449
+ c tnh c: DB-37 v DB-9 :

Trang 98

Hnh 6.15
+ Chc nng cc chn
Pin
Function
Category
Pin
Function
Category
Shield
20
Receive Common
II
Signal rate error
21
Unassigned
Unassigned
22
Send data
Send data
23
Send timing
Send timing
24
Receive data
Receive data
25
Request to send
Request to send
26
Receive timing
Receive timing
II
27
Clear to send
Clear to send
28
Terminal in service
II
10
Local loopback
II
29
Data mode
11
Data mode
30
Terminal ready
12
Terminal ready
31
Receive data
13
Receive ready
32
Select standby
II
14
Remote loopback
II
33
Signal quality
15
Incoming call
34
New signal
II
16
Select frequency
II
35
Terminal timing
17
Terminal timing
36
Standby indicator
II
18
Test mode
II
37
Send common
II
19
Signal ground

Trang 99

+ Chc nng cc chn ca DB-9

Pin
Function
Shield
Secondary receive ready
Secondary send ready
Secondary receive data
Signal ground
Receive common
Secondary request to send
Secondary clear to send
Send common
+ Cc c tnh v in ca RS-423 v RS-422

EIA-449 dng hai chun nh ngha cc c tnh v in: RS-423 (cho mch
khng cn bng) v RS-422 (dng cho mch cn bng).
RS-423:
- Ch khng cn bng: s dng 1 dy, cc tn hiu u so vi mass (ni t)
Khong cch 12m (40 feet) Tc 100Kbps
Khong cch 1,2Km (4000 feet) Tc 1Kbps
- D liu c m ho theo dng NRZ-L:
Mc in p t 2V n 6V 0
Mc in p t -2V n - 6V 1
- D b nhiu, truyn ni tip, cu hnh ng dy dng im - im
Hnh 6.16

Trang 100

RS-422:
- Ch cn bng: dng 2 dy truyn tn hiu.
Khong cch 12m (40 feet) Tc 10Mbps.
Khong cch 1,2Km (4000 feet) Tc 1Kbps.
- M ho NRZ-L: t 4V n 6V mc logic 0; T -4V n - 6V mc logic 1
- Truyn tn hiu trn 2 dy, 2 dy lun c in p ngc nhau.
- Chng nhiu, truyn ni tip, cu hnh im - im.
Hnh 6.17
Trit nhiu trong ch cn bng
Hnh 6.18
Chun EIA-449 khng thch hp trong cng nghip (DB-25)
6.2.3 EIA-530
EIA-449 cung cp cc chc nng tt hn EIA-232, tuy nhin li cn dng DB-37 trong
khi cng nghip li chung DB-25. Nn pht trin chun EIA-530 l chun EIA-449 nhng
dng DB-25.
Chc nng cc chn ca EIA-530 v c bn l ging EIA-449 (tra li cho tng trng
hp c th).
Thc t, dng RS-232 v RS-485.

Trang 101

RS 485 ging nh RS 422 nhng thch hp cho cu hnh a im, c 32 thit b mc

vo kt ni, c dng trong PLC.
Cu Hi:
1. Nu cc cch truyn d liu s, cho v d.
2. Nu phng php truyn song song, u khuyt im ca n.
3. Nu cc phng php truyn ni tip u khuyt im ca n.
4. Nu mc ch ca chun giao tip. Khi nim DTE v DCE.
5. Nu chun RS 232: c tnh c, in, chc nng cn thit (DB25, DB9).
6. Nu c tnh in chun RS 423.
7. Nu c tnh in chun RS 422.
8. So snh c tnh in chun RS232 v RS422
9. So snh c tnh in chun RS232 v RS423
6.2.4 X.21 (Vin thng)
L chun giao din do ITU-T thit k nhm gii quyt cc vn cn tn ti trong giao
din EIA v hng n xu hng thch hp cho mi dng thng tin s.
S dng ng d liu iu khin.
Phn ln mch in trong giao din EIA thng c dng cho iu khin. Cc mch
ny rt cn thit do cc mch chun thng c thit lp ring bit, dng cc mc in p
dng v m. Tuy nhin, nu m ha cc tn hiu ny theo dng s v dng k thut truyn
dn s th c th dng chnh ng d liu mang cc thng tin iu khin dng s ny.
X.21 gii quyt bi ton ny cho php giao tip dng t chn hn nhng c kh nng
dng c trong h thng thng tin s
X.21 c thit k hot ng vi mch cn bng, tc 64Kbps, v phi hp vi
nhiu chun cng nghip hin ti.
Chc nng cc chn
DB-15 (hnh 6.19).
Hnh 6.19
ng b byte: dng byte, khng dng ng b bit, ci thin tnh nng ng b.
iu khin v khi to: dng khi to trong qu trnh bt tay (handshaking), hay
chp thun truyn.

Trang 102

Pin
Function
Function
Pin
Shield
Transmit data or control
Transmit data or control
10
Control
Control
11
Receive data or control
Receive data or control
12
Indication
Indication
13
Signal element timing
Signal element timing
14
Byte timing
Byte timing
15
Reserved
Signal ground
6.3 MODEM
Modem: B iu ch s v gii iu ch s.
(modulator: b iu ch s /demodulator: gii iu ch s)
B iu ch s (modulator): Chuyn i tn hiu s sang tn hiu dng tng t (ASK,
FSK, PSK hoc QAM).
B gii iu ch s (demodulator): Khi phc tn hiu s t tn hiu ASK, FSK, PSK
hoc QAM.
Modulator
Switching
Station
Demodulator
Modem
Hnh 20
Telephone
network
Modulator
Switching
Station
Demodulator
Modem
Hnh 6.20
Tc truyn: tc cao hay tc thp ty thuc s lng bit truyn mi giy
(bps)
Bng thng: hot ng vi bng thng ca dy in thoi c bng thng ch l
3.000Hz, hnh 6.21.

Trang 103

Hnh 6.21
Tc modem: hot ng vi cc phng thc ASK, FSK, PSK v QAM vi cc tc
truyn theo bng di y:
ASK: Ta bit rng bng thng dng trong truyn dn ASK th bng tc baud
ca tn hiu. Gi s ton kt ni c dng cho mt tn hiu, d l simplex hay halfduplex, th baud rate ti a trong iu ch ASK bng ton kh sng dng trong truyn
dn. Do kh sng hiu dng ca ng in thoi l 2400 Hz, baud rate ti a cng l
2400 bps. Do baud rate v bit rate l ging nhau trong iu ch ASK, nn bit rate ti
a cng l 2400 bps nh hnh 6.22.
Hnh 6.22
Trng hp truyn full duplex th ch mt na bng thng tng th l c dng cho
mi chiu. Nh th, tc ti a ca truyn dn ASK trong ch full-duplex l 1200 bps.
Hnh 6.23 minh ha quan h ny, vi nhn xt l ASK tuy c tc bit tt nhng hin khng
c dng trong modem v nhiu.
Hnh 6.23
FSK: Kh sng dng trong truyn dn FSK th bng tc baud ca tn hiu
cng vi lch tn s. Gi s ton kt ni ch c dng cho mt tn hiu, l simplex
hay half-duplex, th tc baud l bng ton bng thng ca truyn dn tr cho
lch tn s. Do tc baud v tc bit l ging nh trong ASK nn tc bit ti a
cng l 2400 bps tr cho lch tn s (nh hnh 6.24).

Trang 104

Hnh 6.24
Trng hp full-duplex th ch c na bng thng ca kt ni c dng trong mi
hng truyn. Nh th, tc l thuyt ln nht ca FSK trong trng hp ny l phn
na kh sng tr i lch tn s, nh v hnh 6.25.
Hnh 6.25
PSK v QAM: Nh bit th kh sng ti thiu cn cho PSK v QAM th
ging trng hp ASK, tuy nhin tc bit c th ln hn ty theo s bit c dng
biu din mi n v d liu.
So snh: bng di y tm tt v tc bit ti a trong dy xon i in thoi, khi

dng ng dn l bn dy th bit rate trong trng hp full-duplex s tng gp i. Trong
trng hp ny th hai dy c dng gi tn hiu v hai dng cho nhn, tc l kh sng
c nhn i.
Tc bit rate l thuyt ca modem:
Modulation
Tc bit -Half-duplex
Tc bit -Full-duplex
(Dng iu ch)
(Bn song cng)- bps
(Song cng)- bps
ASK= 2-ASK
2.400
1.200
FSK
<2.400
<1.200
2-PSK
2.400
1.200
4-PSK, 4-QAM
4.800
2.400
8-PSK, 8-QAM
7.200
3.600
16-QAM
9.600
4.800
32-QAM
12.000
6.000
64-QAM
14.400
7.200
128-QAM
16.800
8.400
256-QAM
19.200
9.600

Trang 105

Cc chun modem: hai chun modem Bell v modem ITU-T.
modem Bell: do Bell Telephone ra 1970. L nh sn xut u tin v hu

nh l c quyn trong mt thi gian di. Bell nh ngha vic pht trin cng
ngh v cung cp cc chun thc t cho cc nh sn xut khc. Hin nay, c
hng chc cng ty cung cp hng trm dng modem trn th gii.
Hin nay, vi nhiu kiu a dng truy xut pht t c s ban u ca Bell. Vic nghin
cu cc modem u tin s gip ta hiu r hn v cc c tnh c bn ca modem, nh v
trong hnh 6.26:
Hnh 6.26
103/113 series: mt trong nhng kiu c thng mi ha u tin, y l

dng hot ng trn c s full-duplex dng in thoi hai dy. Ch truyn
ng b, dng phng php iu ch FSK. Tn s l 1070 Hz = 0 v 1270
Hz = 1. Tn s tr li l 2025 Hz = 0 v 2225 Hz = 1. Tc d liu l
300 bps. Series 113 l bin th ca series 103 c thm mt s c tnh th
nghim.
202 series: Hot ng half-duplex dng in thoi hai dy. Phng thc
truyn dn khng ng b, dng iu ch FSK. Do truyn half-duplex, nn
ch dng mt tn s truyn 1200 Hz = 0 v 2400 Hz = 1.
Ch l trong nhng sri ny th cn c mt tn s truyn ph hot ng trn tn

s 387 Hz, dng phng php iu ch ASK vi tc bit l 5 bps. Knh ny c thit
b thu dng cho bn pht bit l kt ni v gi i bn tin yu cu ngng truyn (dng
iu khin lu lng) hay yu cu gi li d liu.
212 series: c hai tc . Tc ty chn th hai nhm tng thch vi nhiu

h thng khc. Hai tc u vn hnh full duplex dng dy in thoi,
tc thp, 300 bps dng phng thc iu ch FSK truyn khng ng
b, tng t nh ca series 103/113. Tc cao. 1200 bps, c th vn hnh
theo ch ng b hay khng ng b v dng phng php iu ch 4-PSK.

Trang 106

Dng cng tc 1200 bps nh ca sri 202 nhng sri 212 hot ng full
duplex thay v half duplex. Ch khi chuyn t FSK sang PSK, nh thit k
gia tng ng k hiu qu truyn dn. Trong 202, hai tn s c dng gi
i nhiu bit theo mt chiu. Trong 212, hai tn s biu din hai chiu truyn
khc nhau. Qu trnh iu ch c thc hin bng cch thay i pha trong cc
tn s ny, tc l dch bn pha biu din hai bit.
201 series: hot ng half hay full duplex dng in thoi bn dy. Bng
thng tng ca hai dy in thoi c dnh cho mt chiu truyn dn, nh th
vi bn dy th c hai knh truyn theo hai hng, ch dng mt modem cho
mt u. Truyn dn dng ch ng b, iu ch 4-PSK tc l ch dng mt
tn s cho vic truyn mi cp dy. Vic chia hai hng truyn trong hai cp
dy cho php mi chiu truyn dng ht bng thng ca dy. Tc l, vi cng
mt cng ngh, tc bit l gp i ln 2400 bps (hay 1200 baud) trong c hai
ch half v full duplex (2400 bps vn ch l phn na tc d liu l
thuyt trong phng php iu ch 4 PSK trong hai dy in thoi).
208 series: hot ng theo ch full duplex dng ng dy thu (leased

line) 4 dy. Truyn ng b, dng iu ch 8 PSK. Tng t nh trong 201,
series 208 dng full duplex thng qua vic tng gp i s dy dn, khc bit
y l phng thc iu ch dng ba bit (8-PSK) cho php tng tc bit ln
n 4800 bps.
209 series: tng t, dng full duplex, phng thc iu ch 16 QAM , vi

bn bit, cho php nng tc ln n 9600 bps.
Chun ca ITU-T
Ngy nay, hu ht cc modem thng gp u dng tiu chun do IUT- T. Trong ni

dung ny, ta chia thnh 2 nhm: nhm tng thch vi modem ca Bell th d nh V.21 tng
t nh 103 v nhm cc modem khng ging, nh v bng di y:
So snh tnh tng thch gia ITU-T/Bell:
ITU-T
Bell
Baud rate
Bit rate
Modulation
V.21
103
300
300
FSK
V.22
212
600
1200
4-PSK
V.23
102
1200
1200
FSK
V.26
201
1200
2400
4-PSK
V.27
208
1600
4800
8-PSK
V.29
209
2400
9600
16-QAM
Nhm cc modem khng tng ng vi modem Bell c m t phn di y v v

hnh 6.27.
V.22 bis: l th h th hai ca V.22, dng hai tc , 1200 bps hay 2400 bps,
ty theo tc cn ca DCE pht v nhn

Trang 107

Trong ch 1200 bps, V.22 bis dng 4-DPSK (dibit) vi tc truyn 600 baud,
DPSK l differential phase shift keying, tc l cc bit pattern nh ngha s thay i ca gc
pha nh sau: [ 00 thay i 900.; 01 thay i 0 0; 10 thay i 1800 ; 11 thay i 2700 ].
Trong ch 2400 bps, V.22 bis dng 16-QAM.
V.32,V.32 bis, V.32 terbo, V.33, V.34.
Hnh 6.27
Modem thng minh
Mc ch ca modem l iu ch v gii iu ch. Cc modem ngy nay c gi l
modem thng minh khi c cha phn mm h tr cc chc nng ph nh t ng tr li hay
gi my (dialing), hin ang pht trin rt mnh vi nhiu phng thc hot ng khc nhau.
6.4 MODEM 56K
Modem truyn thng: gii hn (dung lng truyn cc i) 33,6 Kbps theo Shannon.
Hnh 6.28
Trang 108

Modem 56K: dng c ch khng i xng, download vi tc 56Kbps v upload vi

tc 33.6Kbps.
Hnh 6.29
MODEM CP: Dng phi hp vi h thng truyn hnh cp.
Hnh 6.30

Trang 109

T KHA V NIM
56K Modem
Modulator -demodulator
Hayes compatible modem
Null modem
Asynchronous transmission
Chun RS-422, RS-423
Intelligent modem
Bell modems
Differential phase shift keying

(DPSK)
Interface
Serial transmission
Cable modem
Synchronous transmission
Link access procedure for modem

(LAPM)
Trellis-coded modulation
Downloading, uploading
Data circuit-terminating eqipment

(DCE)
Start bit, stop bit
EIA-232, EIA-449, EIA 530
Data termainal equipment (DTE)
Modem
DB-9, DB-15, DB- 25, DB-37
Vseries, V.21, V.22, V. 22bis,

V.32, V.32 bis, V.34, V.42,
V.42bis, X.21
Modulation - demodulation

Trang 110

Bi tp: Truyn s liu
Chng 6: Giao din v modem
TM TT
D liu c th truyn theo ch song song hay ni tip
Trong ch truyn song song, nhm cc bit c truyn ng thi, vi mi bit trn
mt ng ring bit
Trong ch ni tip, cc bit c truyn tun t trn mt dy
Ch ni tip c hai phng thc truyn ng b v khng ng b
Trong phng thc truyn khng ng b, mi byte (8 bit) c ng khung dng
mt start bit v mt stop bit. C mt khong trng c di thay i gia cc byte.
Trong phng thc truyn ng b, cc bit c truyn theo dng lin tc khng c
bit start v bit stop v cc khong trng gia cc byte. My thu c nhim v nhm li
cc bit thnh c byte c ngha.
DTE: (Data terminal equipment) Thit b u cui: l ngun hay ch ca d liu s
nh phn
DCE (Data-circuit equipment) Mch u cui: nhn tn hiu t DTE v chuyn thnh
dng thch hp cho qu trnh truyn trn mng. Mch ny cng thc hin qu trnh
chuyn i ngc li.
Giao din DTE-DCE c nh ngha bi cc c tnh v c, in v chc nng
Chun EIA-232 l chun c dng nhiu trong giao din DTE-DCE gm cc ni 25
chn (DB-25), vi cc chc nng c th cho mi chn. Cc chc nng ny c th l
ground, data, timing, d phng v cha t tn.
Chun EIA-449 cung cp tc truyn d liu tt v c ly xa hn chun EIA-232
Chun EIA-449 nh ngha cc cc 37 chn (DB-37) c dng cho knh s cp, knh
th cp dng cc ni 9 chn.
DB-37 chia thnh hai hng mc, Category I (cc chn tng thch vi EIA-232) v
Category II ( cc chn mi khng tng thch c vi EIA-232)
Cc c trng v in ca EIA-449 c nh ngha bi cc chun RS-423 v RS-422.
RS-422 l mch cn bng dng hai dy truyn tn hiu. Suy gim tn hiu do nhiu
trong RS-422 t hn so vi RS-423.
X.21 gim bt s chn iu khin trong giao din nh truyn thng tin iu khin
trong cc chn d liu.
Modem rng nhm kt ni hai DTE tng thch khng cn mng hay iu ch
Modem l mt DCE nhm iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu
Modem chuyn i tn hiu s dng cc phng thc iu ch ASK, FSK, PSK hay
QAM.
Cc c tnh vt l ca dy truyn gii hn tn s ca tn hiu truyn
Dy in thoi thng thng dng di tn s t 300Hz v 3300Hz. thng tin d
liu dng di tn 600hz n 3000hz, v cn c di thng tn (bng thng) l 2400Hz.
iu ch ASK d b nh hng ca nhiu

Trang 111

Bi tp: Truyn s liu
Do phi dng hai tn s truyn nn iu ch FSK c bng thng rng hn so vi ASK

v PSK.
iu ch PSK v QAM c hai u im so vi ASK:
Khng nhy cm vi nhiu
Mi thay i tn hiu c th biu din nhiu hn mt bit
Modem thng dng nht hin ny vt qua cc kh nng do modem Bell cung cp
(V series) do UIT-T nh ngha.
Trellis coding l k thut dng redundancy cung cp tc li b.
Mt modem thng minh c cha phn mm nhm thc hin cc chc nng khc vi
chc nng iu ch v gii iu ch.
Modem 56K l dng khng i xng, nn download vi tc 56K v upload vi tc
33.6 K
Cp ng trc dng trong truyn hnh cp c th cung cp bng thng ln (tc l cho
php tc bit cao) cho mi trng truyn s liu.

Trang 112

Bi tp: Truyn s liu
BI TP CHNG 6
I.CU HI N TP
1. Gii thch hai ch truyn d liu nh phn qua ng truyn? (truyn ni tip v song
song)
2. Cho bit u v nhc im ca phng php truyn song song ?
3. So snh hai phng php truyn ni tip v u v nhc im?
4. Trnh by chc nng ca DTE v DCE ? Cho v d.
5. Cho bit t chc no qui nh v cc chun giao din DTE-DCE? (EIA v ITU-T)
6. Nu tn ca mt s chun giao tip DTE-DCE ph bin ?
7. Hy cho bit cc bc thit lp ca chun EIA-232? Chng khc nhau nhng im no?
8. Mc ch ca modem rng (null modem) l g? (truyn trc tip t DTE n DTE)
9. M t cc chn d liu ca modem rng? (DB25, DB9)
10. So snh (c tnh in) gia RS-423 v RS-422.
So snh gia RS-232 v RS-422. (c tnh in, c)
So snh gia RS-232 v RS-423. (c tnh in, c)
11. Ti sao X.21 li c th loi bt mt mt s chn ca chun EIA ?
12. Thut ng Modem c ngha l g?
13. Trnh by chc nng iu ch v gii iu ch ?
14. Cc yu t nh hng ln tc d liu ca kt ni ?
15. nh ngha v bng thng ca ng dy? Cho bit bng thng ca cc dy in thoi
truyn thng?
16. Modem thng minh l g?
17. Gii thch v tnh khng i xng ca modem 56K.
18. Ti sao modem cp li c tc truyn d liu cao?
19. S khc bit gia knh s cp v th cp trong modem?
20. Ti sao DB-37 li c cc cp dy v sent data, sent timing, v receive data?
21. S khc bit gia cc mch cn bng v khng cn bng?
22. Quan h gia tc truyn d liu v c ly truyn mt cch tin cy trong chun EIA?
23. Ti sao truyn k t (t bn phm) n host computer li l khng ng b? gii thch?
24. Cho bit v cc c tnh c hc ca EIA-232?
25. Cho bit v cc c tnh in hc ca EIA-232?
26. Cc chc nng ca EIA-232 l g?
27. Theo chun EIA-449 th khc bit gia category I v category II l g?
28. Ti sao modem li cn thit cho truyn tin in thoi ?

Trang 113

Bi tp: Truyn s liu
29. Trong in thoi hai dy, ti sao tc bit khi truyn full-duplex ch bng phn na tc
khi truyn half-duplex?
30. FSK c chn lm phng php iu ch trong cc modem tc thp, ti sao phng
thc ny li khng thch hp khi truyn tc cao?
31. Gii thch v s khc bit gia kh nng truyn khi dng 4 dy thay v 2 dy?
32. Bng thng ti thiu ca tn hiu ASK c th bng tc bit. Gii thch ti sao iu ny
khng ng vi trng hp FSK?

Trang 114

Bi tp: Truyn s liu
II. CU HI TRC NGHIM

33. Trong ch truyn dn no m cc bit
c truyn ng thi, mi bit truyn
trn mt dy:
a. ni tip khng ng b
b. ni tip ng b
c. song song
d. a v b
34. Trong ch truyn dn no m cc bit
c ln lt truyn trn mt dy?
a. thit b u cui d liu (DTE)

b. thit b truyn dn d liu
c. m ha u cui s
d. thit b truyn s
39. Thit b dng truyn v nhn d liu
dng tng t hay nh phn qua mng
c gi l:
a. thit b kt ni s
a. ni tip khng ng b
b. thit b kt thc mch d liu

(DTE)
b. ni tip ng b
c. thit b chuyn i s
c. song song
d. thit b thng tin s
d. a v b
35. Trong ch truyn dn no, mt bit
start v mt bit stop to frame k t:
40. EIA-232 nhm nh ngha cc c tnh

g ca giao din DTE-DCE?
a. C
a. ni tip khng ng b
b. in
b. ni tip ng b
c. chc nng
c. song song
d. tt c u ng
d. a v b
36. Trong ch truyn khng ng b, thi
gian trng (gap) gia hai byte l:
41. Phng php m ha dng trong chun

EIA-232 l:
a. NRZ-I
a. c nh
b. NRZ-L
b. thay i
c. Manchester
c. hm theo tc bit
d. Manchester vi sai
d. zr
37. Truyn ng b khng cn thit c:
42. Trong chun EIA-232, bit 0 c biu

din bng bao nhiu volt?
a. bit start
a. ln hn 15V
b. bit stop
b. b hn 15 V
c. khong trng gia hai byte
c. gia 3 v 15
d. tt c u ng
d. gia 3 v 15
38. Thit b dng truyn v nhn d liu nh

phn c gi l:
43. Giao din EIA-232 c bao nhiu chn

Trang 115

Bi tp: Truyn s liu
a. 20
a. local loopback (18)
b. 24
b. remote loopback v signal quality

detector (21)
c. 25
c. test mode (25)
d. 30
44. Trong giao din EIA232, d liu c
gi i chn no?
a. 2
d. a v c
49. Chn no c dng cho remote
loopback testing
b. 3
a. local loopback (18)
c. 4
b. remote loopback v signal quality

detector (21)
d. tt c u ng
45. Phn ln cc chn trong trong giao din
EIA-232 c dng vo mc ch:
a. iu khin (control)
c. test mode (25)

d. a v c
50. Chn no hin nay cha dng n
b. nh thi (timing)
a. 9
c. d liu (data)
b. 10
d. kim tra (testing)
c. 11
46. Trong chun EIA-232, gi tr in p

-12 V c ngha l g?
d. tt c cc chn trn
51. Chn no c dng cho knh ph
a. 1
a. 12
b. 0
b. 13
c. khng nh ngha
c. 19
d. l 1 hoc 0 ty theo s m ha
d. tt c cc chn trn
47. truyn d liu, cc chn no phi

trng thi ON? (DB25)
a. request to sent (4) v clear to
send (5)
b. received line signal deector (8)
c. DTE ready (20) v DCE ready
(6)
d. tt c u ng
48. Chn no c dng cho local loopback
testing
52. Chiu di ti a 50 feet(15m) l ca

chun no:
a. EIA 449
b. EIA 232
c. RS 423
d. RS - 422
53. Theo chun EIA-449 th chiu di cp l
t 40 feet (12m) n:
a. 50 feet
b. 500feet
c. 4000feet (1,2Km)
d. 5000feet
54. Tc d liu ti a ca RS-422 l bao
nhiu ln tc ti a ca RS-423.

Trang 116

Bi tp: Truyn s liu
a. 0,1
a. data receive (3) ca cng DTE
b. 10
b. data receive (3) ca DTE khc
c. 100
c. data transmit (2) ca DTE khc
d. 500
d. signal ground ca DTE khc
55. Trong mch RS-422, nu nhiu thay i

t 10V n 12V th phn b s c gi tr
l:
61. Nu c hai thit b gn nhau, cc DTE

tng thch c th c truyn d liu
khng qua modem, dng modem g?
a. 2
a. mt modem rng
b. 8
b. cp EIA -232
c. 10
c. u ni DB 45
d. 12
d. mt my thu pht
56. Nu nhiu 0,5 V ph hng mt bit ca

mch RS-422, th cn thm bao nhiu
cho bit b?
62. Cho ng truyn c tn s cao nht l

H v l tn s thp nht l L th bng
thng c tnh theo:
a. 1.0
a. H
b. 0,5
b. L
c. 0,5
c. H L
d. 1,0
d. L H
57. X.21 gim c cc chn no so vi

chun EIA
a. d liu
63. Trong ng dy in thoi, bng thng

thoi th thng l so vi bng
thng tn hiu:
b. nh thi
a. tng ng
c. iu khin
b. nh hn
d. t (ground)
c. ln hn
58. X.21 dng dng connector no:

a. DB 15
b. DB 25
c. DB 37
d. DB 9
59. Thng tin iu khin (ngoi tr
handshaking) trong X.21 thng c
gi i qua chn no?
a. D liu
d. hai ln
64. Vi mt tc bit cho trc, bng thng
ti thiu ca ASK so vi ca FSK nh
th no?
a.
b.
c.
d.
tng ng
nh hn
ln hn
hai ln
65. Khi tc bit ca tn hiu FSK tng th

bng thng:
b. nh thi
c. iu khin
d. t
60. Trong modem rng, d liu truyn
chn 3 ca mt DTE s ni vi:
Trang 117

Bi tp: Truyn s liu
a. gim
a. bng
b. tng
b. nh hn
c. gi khng i
c. ln hn
d. hai ln
d. gp i
66. Trong FSK, sai bit gia ( lch) hai

sng mang tng th bng thng:
72. Trong chun V.22 bis, khi dng tc

thp, th ta dng gc phn t th 3 v
dibit k l 11, tc gc lnh pha l:
a.
Gim
b.
Tng
a. 0
c.
Khng i
b. 90
d.
phn na
c. 180
67. Hy cho bit phng php iu ch c

dng trong modem:
d. 270
73. Mc ch ca trellis coding l:
a. 16 QAM
a. Kh sng hp hn
b. FSK
b. iu ch n gin hn
c. 8 PSK
c. tng tc bit
d. tt c u ng
d. gim t s li
68. iu ch 2-PSK thng c bng thng

nh th no so vi FSK?
a. rng hn
74. Trong phng php iu ch no m gc

pha thay i theo dng bit cng vi cc
mu bit trc :
b. hp hn
a. FSK
c. cng bng thng
b. PSK
d. tt c u sai
c. DPSK
69. Cho bit cc loi modem dng phng

php iu ch FSK
a. Bell 103
d. ASK
75. Cho bit dng iu ch m tc bit
bng tc baud
b. Bell 201
a. FSK
c. Bell 212
b. QAM
d. tt c u ng
c. 4 PSK
70. Cho bit chun modem no ca ITU-T

dng trellis coding:
a. V.32
b. V.33
c. V.34
d. a v b
71. Trong phng php trellis coding th s
bit d liu so vi s bit truyn i th:
d. tt c u ng
76. Vai tr ca b iu ch s l chuyn tn
hiu. sang tn hiu ..
a. s; tng t
b. tng t; s
c. PSK; FSK
d. FSK; PSK
77. Trong EIA 232, thit lp DB9 c
dng trong dng kt ni no:

Trang 118

Bi tp: Truyn s liu
a. Bt ng b n
a. 33,6K; 33,6K
b. ng b n
b. 33,6K; 56,6K
c. n cng
c. 56K; 33,6K
d. tt c u sai
d. 56,6K; 56,6K
78. Chun no dng giao thc LAPM

a. V.32
b. V.32 bis
c. V.34
81. Ngi dng kt ni Internet qua mng

truyn hnh cp c c tc truyn
dn cao l nh vo:
a. iu ch ti trm chuyn mch
b. iu ch ti thm nh
d. V.42
c. iu ch AMI
79. Chun no dng phng php nn

Lempei-Ziv-Welch
d. cp ng trc c bng thng rng
a. V.32
b. V.32bis
c. V.42
d. V.42bis
80. Trong modem 56 Kth c th downdoad
vi tc .v upload vi tc ..
III. BI TP
82. Gi s truyn 4 k hiu: 1000 (ASCII) khng ng b, hy cho bit s bit (extra) ti a
cn c? Tnh hiu sut truyn theo phn trm ? 28/36
83. Truyn mt k t A (ASCII-1000001) dng chun EIA-232, truyn ni tip ng b. v
dng bin tn hiu theo thi gian, vi gi s bit rate l 10 bps.
84. V dng sng theo thi gian ca mu bit 10110110 c truyn trong mch RS-422. Gi
s mc 0 l 5 volt v mc 1 l 5 volt. V phn b ca tn hiu.
85. Dng d liu ca bi tp trn, gi s l bit u v bit cui b nhim nhiu 1 volt, V tt c
cc dy v sai bit ca phn complement ca tn hiu.
86. To bng hai ct, ct th nht lit k cc chn ca DB-9 chun EIA-232.
Trong ct th hai, cc chn tng ng ca thit lp DB-25 ca EIA-232.
87. Vit lnh Hayes dng gi s 864-8902 v iu chnh volume ln mc 10.
88. Vit lnh Hayes gi s (408)864-8902 v cho php echo printing.
89. Lm li bi tp 88, nhng khng cn c echo printing.
90. Mun truyn ch khng ng b dng DB-25 v ch dng mt knh.
91. Mun truyn ch ng b dng DB-25 v ch dng mt knh.
92. Mun truyn thm knh th cp dng DB-25 th cn bao nhiu chn.
93. Lm li th d hnh 6.12 trong bi ging dng ch khng ng b.

Trang 119

Chng 6: Truyn d liu s: Giao din v Modem
94. Lm li th d hnh 6.12 dng cc ni DB-9.

95. Dng RS-423, cho bit tc bit nu c ly gia DTE v DCE l 1000 feet (300m).
96. Dng RS-422, cho bit tc bit nu c ly gia DTE v DCE l 1000 feet.
97. Khi thay RS-423 bng RS-422 th tc bit c ci thin nh th no trong c ly 1000
feet ?
98. Cho bit chui bit nh th no khi ta truyn k t Hello dng m ASCII trong ch
tuyn khng ng b c mt start bit v mt stop bit.
99. Mt s modem truyn 4 bit cho mt k t (thay v l 8 bit) nu d liu ch ton l s (0
n 9). Cho bit cch cc bit truyn nh th mo nu ta dng m ASCII.
100.
Dng local loopback test kim tra hot ng ca mt DCE cc b (modem). Mt
tn hiu c gi t mt DCE cc b n mt DTE cc b v tr v DTE cc b. Minh
ha hot ng ca cc chn dng EIA-232.
101.
Dng local loopback test kim tra hot ng ca mt DCE cc b (modem). Mt
tn hiu c gi t mt DTE cc b n mt DCE cc b, t DCE cc b n remote
DCE (qua mng in thoi) sau gi v. Minh ha hot ng ca cc chn dng EIA232 trong qu trnh ny.

Trang 120

Chng 7: Mi trng truyn dn

CHNG 7:
MI TRNG TRUYN DN
Mi trng truyn c chia thnh hai loi:

Mi trng c nh hng.
Mi trng khng nh hng.
7.1. MI TRNG C NH HNG

+ Khi nim: L mi trng cung cp cp t thit b ny n thit b kia.
+ Phn loi:
Cp xon i (twisted pair cable): UTP, STP
Cp ng trc (Coaxial)
Cp si quang (Fiber-optic cable)
7.1.1
CP XON I
Cu to: gm 2 si dy in xon li vi nhau.
Gm 2 dng: khng c gip bc (UTP) v c gip bc (STP).

Trang 121

7.1.1.1 Cp i xon khng bc (UTP: unshielded twisted pair cable)

+ c im:
UTP L dng thng dng nht trong truyn s liu.
UTP di tn s thch hp cho truyn dn d liu v thoi: 100Hz n 5MHz
(BW=5MHz).
UTP gm hai dy dn, mi dy c lp cch in vi mu sc khc nhau, c
dng nhn dng v cho bit tng cp dy trong b dy ln.
Mc ch xon gim nhiu t bn ngoi tc ng trn ti.

Noise source
Hnh 6
The total effect is

16
Noise effect = 16 units

16
Sender
Receiver
12
Noise effect = 12 units
3
Hnh 7.1
Hnh 7.2
Trang 122

+ u im ca cp UTP : r v d s dng, mm do hn v d lp t.
Cc cp UTP cp cao hn c dng trong nhiu LAN, bao gm Ethernet v Token
Ring.
T chc EIA (Electronic Industries Association) pht trin thnh 6 cp
Category 1: dng in thoi, thch hp cho truyn d liu tc thp.
Category 2: dng in thoi v truyn d liu ln n 4 Mbps.
Category 3: cn t nht 3 ln xon trong 0,3m, dng cho truyn d liu ln n 10
Mbps.
Category 4: cn t nht 3 ln xon trong 0,3m v c th truyn d liu ln n 16
Mbps.
Category 5: dng cho truyn dn d liu ln n 100 Mbps.
Category 6: dng cho truyn dn d liu ln n 150 Mbps.
+ u ni (Connectors):
Jack tng t nh loi dng trong in thoi, RJ11 c 4 dy, cp c 2 i dy
xon
Mng Lan Jack RJ45 dng 8 dy dn, cp c 4 i dy xon.
7.1.1.2 Cp xon i c gip bc (STP: shielded twisted pair cable)
Cu to: c 2 dy xon v c bc gip cho 2 dy

Mc ch lp gip bc kim loi: ngn nhiu xuyn knh (crosstalk).
Phn loi theo cht lng v cc u ni u tng t nh UTP.
Trang 123

Khi s dng, lp gip bc phi c ni t.

STP thng c tin hn UTP, tnh chng nhiu th cao hn.
7.1.2
CP NG TRC: (Coaxial cable hay coax)

+ Cu to: c 5 lp c sp xp theo trt t:
Lp dn in bn trong (trong cng)
Lp cch in 1
Lp dn in bn ngoi
Lp cch in 2
Lp nha bo ph bo v
+ Tn s: 800kHz n 500MHz, Bng thng: 500MHz
+ Cc chun cp ng trc:
c phn cp theo RG, Mi s RG cho mt tp cc c tnh vt l, bao gm kch
thc dy ng, kch thc lp cch in v kch c ca lp bc ngoi.
Cc chun thng gp l:
RG-8: dng cho thick Ethernet.
RG-58: dng cho thin Ethernet.
RG-59: dng cho TV.

Trang 124

+ u ni cp ng trc:
T-connector (dng trong thin Ethernet) dng kt ni cp th cp hoc cp n

nhiu thit b u cui khc nhau.
Terminator dng trong cu hnh bus, trong mt cp dn c dng lm xng
sng (backbone) vi nhiu thit b.
7.1.3
CP QUANG:
+ Bn cht nh sng: nh sng l mt dng ca sng in t, c tc 3.10 8 m/s

+ S khc x: Khi nh sng chiu qua 2 mi trng khc nhau.
Khi chiu nh sng t mi trng chit sut nh sang mi trng chit sut ln gc ti
I > R (Hnh a); I: gc ti v R: l gc khc x.
Khi chiu nh sng t mi trng chit sut ln sang mi trng chit sut nh gc ti
I < R. (Hnh b)
Hnh 7.3
+ Gc ti hn: Xy ra hin tng phn x ton phn. Iti hn
Khi chiu nh sng t mi trng chit sut ln sang mi trng chit sut nh gc ti
I < R. I ti hn l gc ng vi n gc khc x R=90o.

Trang 125

Khi gc ti ln hn gc ti hn th xut hin hin tng phn x ton phn.
Hnh 7.4
+ Cp quang dng hin tng phn x dn nh sng qua knh quang.
+ D liu c m ha thnh dng chm tia on-off biu din bit 1 v bit 0. (ON: c nh
sng, OFF: khng c nh sng).
+ Cc ch truyn si quang: 2 ch : si a mode v si n mode
Hnh 7.5
+ Si a mode: Nhiu tia t ngun nh sng di chuyn bn trong li theo nhiu ng khc
nhau.
- Si a mode step-index:
Hnh 7.6
Chit sut ca li c gi khng i t tm n ra.
Cc tia n khng ng u xut hin hin tng mo do tr.
Gii hn tc truyn d liu
c ng dng truyn d liu tc thp, chnh xc khng cao.
Trang 126

- Si a mode graded index:

C cc mt thay i c. Mt cao nht ti vng tm ca li v gim dn ti
vng ra.
Cc tia c chnh nh gc truyn tn hiu n cng 1 lc
C chnh xc cao hn so vi step-index.
Hnh 7.7
- Si n mode:
Ngun sng c tp trung cao trong mt gc nh, tia ti st mt ngang.
Si n mode sn xut vi ng knh tng i b so vi si a mode
Mt tng i nh, vic gim mt ny cho php c gc ti hn gn 90

lm cho qu trnh truyn gn nh nm ngang.
Vic lan truyn ca nhiu tia gn nh ging nhau v c th b qua yu t
truyn tr.
Cc tia c th xem n ch cng mt lc v c ti hp m khng b mo
dng.
Hnh 7.8
+ Kch thc cp quang:
T s ca ng knh li v ng knh v, dng micromet.
Loi si quang
Li
Lp bao ph
Micromet
micromet.
62.5/125
62.5
125
50/125
50.0
125
100/140
100.0
140
8.3/125 (n
mode)
8.3
125

Trang 127

+ Cu to cp:
Hnh 7.9
Li cp c bc bi lp sn ph (cladding) to ra cp quang.
Li v lp sn ph c th c lm t thy tinh hay plastic nhng c mt khc
nhau.
Lp bc ngoi c th c cu to t nhiu cht liu khc nhau, bao gm v
Teflon, plastic, plastic m kim loi hay li kim loi, ty theo cc ng dng
khc nhau, v iu kin lp t.
+ Ngun sng cho cp quang:
Ngun sng c th l LED (light-emitting diode) hay diode laser ILD (injection
laser diode).
-
LED tuy r tin nhng tn hiu li khng hi t tt, nn thng ch c dng

trong truyn dn c ly ngn.
ILD: cho php hi t chm tia vi gc rt hp, c th truyn c trn mt c

ly tng i di.
B thu phi c b cm bin quang (photodiode) cho php chuyn tn hiu thu
c sang tn hiu in dng c cho my tnh.
+ u ni cp quang:
u ni cp quang cng i hi s chnh xc nh bn thn cp quang, khng cho php
c khong h, cng nh khng c p qu st, lun i hi c cn chnh ng nu khng
mun tn hiu b suy hao.
T , cc nh sn xut cung cp cho th trng nhiu loi u ni va chnh xc
va r tin, vi hai dng u c v ci; u ni c thng ni vo cp, cn u ci c
mc vo thit b cn kt ni.
+ u im ca cp quang: tnh chng nhiu, t b suy gim tn hiu v bng thng ln hn.
Tnh chng nhiu: t bn cht nh sng, nn khng b nhim nhiu in t
trng, cn nh sng t ngoi vo cp th c lp bc bo v ngn chn.
t b suy gim tn hiu: iu ny cho php tn hiu lan truyn hng chc Km.
Bng thng ln hn: tc truyn cao hn.

Trang 128

+ Khuyt im ca cp quang: chi ph cao, Lp t/bo tr kh khn v d v.

Gi c: cp quang c gi thnh cao hn do phi sn xut vi cht lng cao hn
th qu trnh tinh lc, cng ngh i hi tnh chnh xc cao hn. ng thi chi
ph cho ngun laser dng to ngun tn hiu cng c hn nhiu ln so vi b
to tn hiu truyn thng trong cp i hay cp ng trc.
Lp t/bo tr: Kh khn khi lp t nht l khi thit lp cc u ni cp quang
so vi trng hp u ni dng cho cp ng.
Tnh d v: Thy tinh nn d v, lm hn ch s tc ng mnh.
Phng tin
truyn dn
Gi
Tc
Suy hao
Nhiu in
t
an ton
(An ninh)
UTP
1 100 Mbps
Nhiu
Nhiu
Thp
STP
Va
1 150 Mbps
Nhiu
Va
Thp
Cp ng trc
Va
1 Mbps 1 Gbps
Va
Va
Thp
Cp quang
Cao
10 Mbps 2 Gbps Thp
Khng
Cao
Cu hi:
Nu tn cc loi cp c s dng trong truyn d liu, trnh by c im mi loi v so
snh cc loi ?
7.2 MI TRNG KHNG NH HNG
+ Khi nim: Cn gi l thng tin khng dy (v tuyn), sng in t c truyn dn qua
khng kh.
+ Qui hoch tn s v tuyn : Chia thnh 8 di tn 3kHz n 300GHz.
VLF Very low frequency
VHF Very high frequency
LF
UHF Ultra high frequency
Low frequency
MF Middle frequency
SHF Super high frequency
HF
EHF Extremely high frequency
High frequency

Trang 129

7.2.1 LAN TRUYN SNG V TUYN:

Sng v tuyn: dng 5 dng truyn: sng b mt (surface), sng tng i lu
(troposheric), tng in ly (ionosheric), truyn thng (line of sight), v khng gian (space)
Ionosphere
Ionosphere
Troposphere
Troposphere
Troposphere
Surface propagation
Tropospheric propagation
Ionospheric propagation
Hnh 22
Troposphere
Troposphere
Line-of-sight propagation
Space propagation
Hnh 7.10
Tng i lu l vng kh quyn ko di n khong 30 dm so vi mt t (tng
bnh lu -stratosphere), cha ch yu khng kh. My, gi, thay i nhit , v
thi tit thng din ra lp i lu, l lp bay ca my bay phn lc.
Tng in ly l lp kh quyn pha trn tng i lu nhng nm di lp khng
gian, trong cha cc phn t in tch t do.
Lan truyn b mt: trong dng ny, sng lan truyn trong phn thp nht ca kh
quyn, st mt t. Ti nhng tn s thp nht, tn hiu ta ra theo nhiu hng t anten v i
theo b mt t. C ly pht i ph thuc vo cng sut, cng sut cng ln th i cng xa.
Lan truyn b mt c th i theo mt nc bin.
Lan truyn tng i lu: lan truyn theo hai cch: c th i thng (t anten n anten)
hay c th truyn dn theo mt gc ri phn x li xung mt t nhiu ln khi chm lp b
mt trn ca tng i lu. Phng php truyn thng cn c nh hng anten cn phng
php th hai th cho php truyn dn xa hn.
Lan truyn tng in ly: Sng tn s cao c th truyn n tng in ly ri phn x
v mt t nhiu ln. Dng lan truyn ny cho php truyn xa vi cng sut b.
Lan truyn sng thng: Cn iu kin cc anten phi nhn thy nhau. Anten nh th
phi c tnh nh hng, mc trn cao khng gp chng ngi vt. Dng truyn dn ny
i hi phi tinh t, cn tp trung hi t sng do sng phn x trong trng hp ny s gy
nhiu ln trn tn hiu thu.
Lan truyn trong khng gian: c dng trong cc b chuyn tip dng v tinh. Tn
hiu pht i c v tnh thu v truyn tip v my thu ti mt t. y l mt dng truyn

Trang 130

thng c b tip vn trung gian (v tinh) vi i hi phi c cc anten thu cc tt do tn hiu

t v tinh l yu v b suy gim nhiu do c ly xa.
7.2.2 LAN TRUYN CC TN HIU C BIT:
Dng truyn ca tn hiu radio ph thuc vo tn s (tc ) ca tn hiu. Mi tn s
thch hp vi mt lp kh quyn c th cng nh cng ngh thu pht c dng trong lp
ny.
VLF (Very Low Frequency): Sng ny c lan truyn theo dng sng b mt, thng
qua khng kh, i khi mt bin. Sng VLF tuy khng b nh hng ca suy hao nhng li
nhy cm vi nhiu kh quyn (nhit v in) ti vng cao thp. Dng sng ny thch hp
cho thng tin sng di hay thng tin dng cho tu ngm (hnh 7.11).
Hnh 7.11
LF (Low Frequency): tng t nh VLF l truyn theo dng sng b mt, c dng
trong truyn tin sng-di hng hi (hnh 7.12). Dng sng ny b suy hao nhiu vo ban
ngy, khi sng b hp thu nhiu bi cc vt cn t nhin.
Hnh 7.12
MF (Middle Frequency): Sng c truyn qua tng i lu. Cc tn s ny b tng
in ly hp thu. Do , c ly ca sng b gii hn t gc cn thit phn x tn hiu trong
vng i lu khi phi i vo vng in ly. Hp th ny tng vo ban ngy, tuy nhin hu
ht cc truyn dn MF li thng da vo cc anten truyn thng (line-insight) cho php d
iu khin v gim yu t hp th. Trong di sng ny c radio AM, hng hi, radio nh
hng (RDF: radio direction finding), v tn s bo nguy khn cp (emergency
frequency) (hnh 7.13).
Hnh 7.13
HF (high frequency): tn hiu dng trong tng in ly, cc tn s ny i t vo tng
in ly, trong b phn x v mt t do c s khc bit v mt . Sng HF dng cho

Trang 131

amateur radio (ham radio), citizens band (CB), truyn tin quc t, truyn tin qun s,
thng tin hng khng ng di v thng tin hng hi, telegraph, v fax (hnh 7.14)
Hnh 7.14
VHF (Very High Frequency): dng trong thng tin truyn thng, bao gm sng TV
VHF, radio hng khng AM, h tr khng lu AM (hnh 7.15)
Hnh 7.15
UHF (Ultra high Frequency): hu ht dng trong thng tin truyn thng, bao gm sng
TV UHF, thng tin di ng, paging, v kt ni vi ba (hnh 7.16). Xin ch l vi ba c hiu
l sng t 1 GHz ca UHF cho n cc SHF v EHF.
Hnh 7.16
SHF (Superhigh frequency): dng trong thng tin truyn thng v khng gian, bao gm
thng tin vi ba mt t v v tinh, radar (hnh 7.17)
Hnh 7.17
EHF (Extremely high frequency) dng trong thng tin khng gian, ch yu cho cng
tc khoa hc bao gm radar, v tinh, v cc thng tin th nghim (hnh 7.18).
Trang 132

Hnh 7.18
7.2.3 VIBA MT T (terrestrial microwave)
Do truyn thng nn vi ba cn c cc thit b thu pht p ng c yu cu ny. C
ly truyn ph thuc rt ln vo chiu cao anten, nhm trnh c cc chng ngi vt. Thng
thng anten c t trn cc nh ni hay i.
Vi ba lan truyn theo mt hng, nh th cn c hai tn s khc nhau khi truyn tin hai
chiu, mt cho pht v mt cho thu, ngy nay thit b ny c t hp li thnh my thu pht
(transceiver) vi cc thit b cho php ch dng mt anten cho hai tn s thu-pht.
B tip vn (repeater):
tng c ly ca vi ba mt t, c th dng thm nhiu b tip vn (hnh 7.19). Hin
nay, h vi ba mt t vi cc trm tip vn cung cp c s cho cc h thng in thoi hin
i
Hnh 7.19
Anten:
Co hai dng anten vi ba thng dng: cho parabol v anten sng (horn)
Anten parabol (hnh 7.20)
Hnh 7.20
Horn antenna (hnh 7.21)

Trang 133

Hnh 7.21
7.2.4 THNG TIN V TINH:
Thng tin v tinh ging thng tin truyn thng trong c mt trm l v tinh. Nguyn
tc hot ng tng t nh vi ba mt t, trong v tinh ng vai tr mt anten v b tip
vn (hnh 7.22). Do truyn thng nn yu t v cong b mt ca tri t l t quan trng,
nn dng thng tin ny thch hp cho truyn dn lin lc a v xuyn i dng.
Hnh 7.22
V tinh a tnh:
bo m thng tin, th v tinh nht thit phi c cng tc vi mt t, yu cu c
v tinh a tnh (hnh 7.23). Qu o a tnh vo khong 22.000 dm so vi mt t. Cn c
ba v tinh ph sng ton cu.
Tn s dng trong thng tin v tinh:
Di tn ny tm GHz, dng hai tn s thu-pht khc nhau (uplink: t mt t ln v
tinh v downlink: t v tinh xung), nh bng B.2
Hnh 7.23
Trang 134

Band
Downlink
Uplink
3.7 to 4.2 GHz
5.925 to 6.425 GHz
Ku
11.7 to 12.2 GHz
14 to 14.5 GHz
Ka
17.7 to 21 GHz
23.5 to 31 GHz
7.2.5 IN THOI DI NG (cellular telephony):

c thit k nhm cung cp kt ni n nh gia mt my di ng v trm c nh.
Nh cung cp cn theo bm c thu bao, ch nh knh truyn, v chuyn tn hiu cuc gi
t knh ny sang knh khc khi thu bao di chuyn khi tm ph sng ca mt trm.
T c yu cu chia vng dch v thnh nhiu t bo. Mi t bo gm mt anten v
c mt trm iu khin t bo. Cc trm ny c ch huy bi mt trm chuyn mch c
gi l MTSO (mobile telephone switching office). MTSO iu phi thng tin gia cc trm t
bo v tng i in thoi (central office) nh hnh 7.24.
Hnh 7.24
Kch thc cc t bo c th thay i ty thuc s my ph trch. Trung bnh l 1 n
12 dm. Cng sut pht cc trm cng c b tr hp l khng gy nhiu ln cc t bo
ln cn.
Di sng dng cho in thoi di ng:
Thng tin di ng ban u dng analog. gim nhiu, dng phng php FM cho
truyn tin gia my di ng vi tng i cell. FCC qui nh hai di sng cho thng tin di ng
(hnh 7.25). Di tn gia 824 v 849 MHz c dng u tin cho thng tin di ng. Di tn
gia 869 v 894 MHZ truyn dn thng tin cho in thoi mt t. Cc tn s sng mang
c phn cch tng 30 KHz, cho php mi di tn h tr n 833 sng mang. Tuy nhin, do
cn hai di tn truyn tin cho full-duplex, lm cho bng thng mi di ln n 60 KHz, nn
ch cn c 416 knh trong mi di sng.

Trang 135

Nh vy, mi di tn ch cn 416 knh FM (trong s 832 knh). Trong , mt s knh

c dng iu khin v setup d lu thay v cho thng tin thoi. Ngoi ra, trnh nhiu,
cc knh c phn b trong t bo sao cho cc knh k nhau khng dng cng mt knh.
Gii hn ny lm cho mi t bo thng ch s dng 40 knh.
Hnh 7.25
Truyn:
thit lp cuc gi vi my bn, thu bao di ng dng m gm t 7 n 10 digit (s
in thoi) v nhn gi. in thoi di ng s scan trong di tn, tm v thit lp vi knh c
tn hiu mnh nht, ri gi d liu (s in thoi) n n cell office gn nht dng knh ny.
Trm cell tip vn d liu n MTSO, MTSO gi d liu ny n tng i in thoi trung
tm (CO: central office). Nu bn i tc tr li, kt ni c thc hin v c chuyn tip
n MTSO. Ti y, MTSO ch nh mt knh ri cho cuc gi v thit lp kt ni. in
thoi di ng t chnh nh n knh mi v thng thoi.
Nhn:
Khi in thoi bn gi di ng, th tng i (C.O) gi s gi n cho MTSO, MTSO
tm v tr ca thu bao di ng thng qua vic gi i tn hiu gi tm ti cc cell. Khi tm c
my di ng, MTSO gi tn hiu bo chung, v nu di ng tr li, MTSO ch nh mt
knh thoi dng cho cuc gi, cho php thng thoi.
Chuyn vng cuc gi:
Trong qu trnh kt ni khi my di ng i t mt cell ny n mt cell khc, khi tn
hiu b yu i, nn MTSO s gim st mc tn hiu trong mt vi giy. Khi cng ny
gim i, MTSO s tm mt cell mi thch hp hn chuyn sang knh mi. Qu trnh ny
din ra rt nhanh nn thu bao khng kp nhn ra.
Digital:
Dch v in thoi di ng FM dng chuyn mch di ng analog (ACSC: analog
circuit switched cellular). Khi truyn d liu s dng dch v ACSC th cn c modem vi tc
t 9.600 n 19.200 bps.
T 1993, nhiu nh cung cp dch v chuyn sang h thng mng chuyn gi di ng
s (CDPD: cellular digital packet data). CDPD cung cp dch v s tc thp trong cc
mng in thoi ang s dng, trn c s m hnh OSI.
tn dng cc mng di ng ang c, th d nh vi dch v chuyn mch 56K, th
CDDP dng phng php trisector. y l kt hp ca ba cell vi mi cell l 19, 2 Kbps,
c tng l 57,6 Kbps (tng thch c vi ng chuyn mch 56 K thng qua vic b bt
mt s overhead). Trong k thut ny, th nc M c chia thnh 12.000 trisector. C mi
60 trisector, dng mt b nh tuyn (router).

Trang 136

Kt hp v tinh v my tnh:
in thoi di ng ang chuyn hng nhanh trong vic kt hp thng tin v tinh vi
cc h thng hin hu. iu ny cho php thit lp thng tin di ng ti hai im bt k trn
tri t. Mt xu hng khc l kt hp thng tin di ng v my tnh c nhn c gi l
thng tin c nhn di ng (mobile personal communication) cho php dng cc my tnh c
nhn gi, nhn d liu, thoi, hnh nh v video.
7.3 TN HAO NG TRUYN (TRANSMISSSION IMPAIRMENT)
Hnh 7.26
C 3 dng tn hao: suy gim, mo dng, nhiu.
7.3.1 Suy gim (Attenuation): L tht thot nng lng.
- b suy hao, dng b khuch i tn hiu.
- deciBel (dB): c dng o mnh tng i ca hai tn hiu ti hai im

khc nhau.
Khi dB m tn hiu b suy gim
Khi dB dng tn hiu c khuch i.
suy gim (dB ) 10 log 10 ( P2 / P1 )
Trong :
P1 l cng sut pht (im 1)
P2 l cng sut thu (im 2)
Khuch i (dB ) 10 log 10 ( P2 / P1 )
Trong :
P1 l cng sut vo b khuch i (im 1)

Trang 137

P2 l cng sut ra b khuch i (im 2)

V d : Gi s c mt tn hiu i qua mi trng truyn, cng sut b gim mt na. Hy
tnh suy gim theo deciBel (dB).
suy gim ( dB ) 10 log 10 ( P2 / P1 ) = 10 log 10 ( 0,5 P1 / P1 ) 10 log 10 (0,5) 10( 0,3) 3dB
(-3dB tc l gim i 3 dB, tc l cng sut gim i mt na)
V d : Tn hiu c khuch i 10 ln, tc l P2 = 10P1.
khuch i 10 log10 ( P2 / P1 ) 10 log10 ( 10 P1 / P1 ) 10 log10 ( 10 ) 10( 1 ) 10dB
V d: Mt trong nhng yu t s dng dB l dng php tnh cng trong qu trnh tnh
ton tn hao ti nhiu im ni ui nhau.
Hnh 7.27
Tng deciBel ca ng truyn:
10 log 10 ( P4 / P1 ) 10 log 10 (
10 log 10 (
P2
)
P1
P2 P3 P4
P
) 10[log 10 ( 2 )
P1 P2 P3
P1
10 log 10 (
P3
)
P2
10 log 10 (
P4
) 3
P3
log 10 (
7
P3
)
P2
log 10 (
P4
)]
P3
3 1dB
tn hiu c khuch i.
7.3.2. Mo dng (Distorsion): L tn hiu b thay i hnh dng.
Tn hiu hn hp, to nn t nhiu nhiu tn hiu tn s khc nhau.
Mi tn s c tc truyn khc nhau trong mi trng, nn tn hiu ti im thu
khi tng hp li b mo.
7.3.3. Nhiu (Noise):

+ Khi nim: L thnh phn khng mong mun xut hin ti ni thu c kh nng lm xu tn
hiu.

Trang 138

+ Phn loi: nhiu nhit, nhiu cm ng (induced noise), nhiu xuyn knh (crosstalk) v
nhiu xung.
Nhiu nhit : Khi nhit thay i, chuyn ng ngu nhin ca electron trong
dy dn to ra thm vo cc tn hiu khng do my pht chuyn i. Khc phc:
dng my iu ho.
Nhiu cm ng: do ng c hay thit b in, khi cc thit b ny hot ng
ging nh mt anten v mi trng ng vai tr b thu sng. Khc phc:
khng dng cc thit b to in t trng trong lc truyn s liu.
Nhiu xuyn knh: nh hng ca mt dy dn ln dy khc. Mt dy ng vai
tr anten v dy cn li l b thu sng. Khc phc: dng dy chng nhiu nh
cp STP
Nhiu xung: Do cc thit b cng sut, tia chp Khc phc: dng chng st,
khng ng ngt cc thit in trong phng truyn s liu.
7.4 HIU SUT (HIU NNG PERFORMANCE):

o lng hiu nng ca mi trng truyn, dng 3 khi nim:
Thng lng (throughout),
Vn tc truyn sng (propagation speed)
Thi gian truyn sng (propagation time)
+Thng lng: L lng d liu truyn qua mt im trong 1 giy.
(thng lng l s bit c th i qua bc tng trong mt giy)
Hnh 7.28

Trang 139

+ Vn tc truyn sng: o lng c ly m tn hiu hoc bit c th i qua mi trng

trong mt giy. Vn tc truyn sng ca tn hiu in t ph thuc vo mi trng v tn s
tn hiu.
Th d: Trong chn khng nh sng di chuyn vi vn tc l 3.108 m/s. Tc ny tng t
nh trong dy cp i xon. Tuy nhin, trong cp ng trc v cp quang, th tc ny l
2.10 8 m/s cho cc tn s trong di MHz n GHz.
+ Thi gian truyn sng: Thi gian cn thit tn hiu hay bit i t mt im ny n mt
im kia trong mi trng truyn.
Thi gian truyn = khong cch / Vn tc truyn sng.
Hnh 7.29
Thi gian truyn thng c chun ha sang kilomet.
Th d, thi gian truyn trong dy cp xon i c chun ha thnh km nh sau:
Thi gian truyn = 1000m / (3 x 108 m/s) = 3,33 x 10 6 s/m = 3,33 s/km
Trong cp ng trc v cp quang, th:
Thi gian truyn = 1000m / (2 x 108 m/s) = 5 x 10 6 s/m = 5 s/km
+ BC SNG:
di sng l mt c tnh khc ca tn hiu di chuyn trong mi trng truyn. di
sng rng buc chu k hay tn s ca mt sng sin n gin vi tc truyn trong mi
trng. Ni khc i, khi tn s tn hiu c lp vi mi trng, di sng ph thuc vo c
tn s v mi trng. Mc d di sng c lin quan n tn hiu in, nhng ngi ta cng
dng khi bn n nh sng trong cp quang. di sng l c ly ca tn hiu n gin di
chuyn trong mt chu k, nh trong hnh 7.30.

Trang 140

Hnh 7.30
di sng c th c tnh ton t tc truyn v chu k ca tn hiu
di sng = tc truyn x chu k
Mt khc t quan h gia tn s v chu k, ta c:
di sng = tc truyn x (1/tn s) = tc truyn/tn s
Gi l di sng, tc truyn l c, v tn s l f th:
= c/f
di sng thng c o bng micromet (micron), th d di sng tia hng ngoi
(tn s = 4.1014) trong khng kh l:
= c/f = (3.108)/(4.1014) = 0,75 .10-6 m = 0,75 m
Trong dy ng trc hay cp quang th di sng thp hn (0,5 m) do tc truyn
trong cp b hn trong khng kh.
+ DUNG LNG KNH SHANNON:
- Dung lng knh: Xc nh tc truyn d liu cc i theo l thuyt ca mt
knh truyn
C = B log2(1+S/N)
Trong :
C[bps]: Dung lng knh.
B[Hz] : Bng thng ca knh truyn.
S/N : T s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut nhiu.
S(W): Cng sut tn hiu; N(W): Cng sut nhiu.
V d 4: Cho c mt knh truyn rt nhiu nhiu (N = ), t s S/N gn bng 0, nhiu
qu mnh lm yu tn hiu. Nh th, dung lng truyn lc ny l:
C = B log2(1+S/N)= B log2(1+ 0)= B log2(1)= B . 0= 0
iu ny tc l dung lng knh truyn l zr, bt k bng thng, tc l ta khng th
truyn tin qua knh ny.

Trang 141

V d 5: Tnh tc bit cao nht l thuyt ca mt ng cp UTP, vi bng thng

3000Hz, t s S/N l 3162 ln (35 dB).
Nh th, dung lng truyn l thuyt cao nht l:
C=Blog2(1+S/N)=3000
34.860bps=34,86kbps
log 2(1+3162)=3000
log2(3163)=
3000
x11,62=
Nh th, nu mun tng tc truyn d liu trong ng dy UTP, th phi mt l

tng bng thng hay ci thin t s S/N.
i t dB sang s ln hoc ngc li:
S / N ( dB ) 10 log 10 ( S / N lan );
S / N lan 10
S / N ( dB )
10
S / N ( dB )
10
35 ( dB )
10
S / N lan 10
10
10 3, 5 3162 lan
S / N ( dB ) 10 log 10 (3162 ) 35 dB
Cu hi:
Trnh by cc dng nhiu trong truyn d liu.
Trnh by s suy gim v mo dng trong truyn d liu.
Bi Tp: (Xem V d)
Tnh suy hao, khuch i.
Thi gian truyn.
Dung lng knh cc i.
7.5 SO SNH CC MI TRNG TRUYN
Khi cn thit phi nh gi mt mi trng truyn trong cc ng dng c th th cn
quan tm n 5 yu t sau: chi ph, tc , suy hao, nhiu in t trng v an ton.
Chi ph: chi ph vt t v lp t
Tc : l tc truyn bps vi tin cy cao, ch l tc thay i theo tn
s (tn s cng cao th truyn cng nhiu bps), cng nh kch thc ca mi
trng hay thit b truyn dn, v vn iu ha ca mi trng dn in.
Suy hao: nh tho lun phn trn
Nhiu in t trng: (EMI: electromagnetic interference) ni ln kh nng cm
nhn ca mi trng i vi nng lng in t trng t bn ngoi vo ng
kt ni ln trn tn hiu truyn.
An ninh: l tnh bo v cho an ninh khi truyn, th d sng in trng, dy dn
in rt d b thm nhp lu, cn cp quang th kh hn.

Trang 142

Bng so snh nhiu dng mi trng truyn theo cc tiu ch cht lng va nu:
Phng tin
truyn dn
Gi
Tc
Suy hao
Nhiu
in t
an
ton
(An ninh)
UTP
1 100 Mbps
Nhiu
Nhiu
Thp
STP
Va
1 150 Mbps
Nhiu
Va
Thp
Cp ng trc
Va
1 Mbps 1 Gbps
Va
Va
Thp
Cp quang
Cao
10 Mbps 2 Gbps Thp
Khng
Cao
Radio
Moderate 1 10 Mbps
High
Low
Microwave
High
1 Mbps 10 Gbps Variable
High
Moderate
Satellite
High
1 Mbps 10 Gbps Variable
High
Moderate
Cellular
High
9.6 19.2 Kbps
Moderate
Low
Low-high
Low

Trang 143

BI TP CHNG 7
CU HI N TP
1. Cho bit cc thnh phn ca ph in t c dng trong thng tin?
2. Cho bit hai loi chnh ca mi trng truyn ?
3. S khc bit gia mi trng nh hng v mi trng khng nh hng ?
4. Nu tn 3 loi cp ch yu ca mi trng c nh hng ?
5. u im ca cp i xon so vi cp i khng xon ?
6. Ti sao cp ng trc tt hn cp xon i ?
7. Khi chm tia sng i qua vng chit sut thp hn th xy ra vic g ? Khi qua vng c
mt cao hn?
8. Khi chm tia i qua mi trng chit sut cao sang mi trng chit sut thp hn, chm
tia s nh th no trong cc trng hp sau:
Gc ti nh hn gc ti hn.
Gc ti bng gc ti hn.
Gc ti ln hn gc ti hn.
9. Khc x l g ?
10. Cho bit cc phng thc lan truyn nh sng trong cp quang ?
11. Vai tr ca lp sn bc (cladding) trong cp quang? Cho bit v mt tng i ca li?
12. Trnh by cc u im ca cc quang so vi cc dng cp ng trc v xon i ?
13. Khuyt im ca cp quang ?
14. Cho bit di tn s ca thng tin v tuyn ?
15. Cho bit cc phng thc lan truyn sng v tuyn ?
16. Trnh by v phng thc tip vn trong vi ba mt t ?
17. Ti sao cn v tinh a tnh trong thng tin v tinh ?
18. Phng thc chuyn vng trong thng tin di ng ?
19. Cho bit ba yu t to tn hao truyn dn?
20. DeciBel c dng trong o lng g?
21. Cho bit ba yu t quan trng trong nh gi cht lng mi trng truyn?
22. Quan h gia tc truyn v thi gian truyn ?
23. nh ngha v phng php tnh ton di sng ?
24. Vai tr ca dung lng Shannon trong truyn tin ?
25. Crosstalk l g v phng php gim ?
26. M t cc thnh phn c bn cu to nn cp quang ? V hnh ?
27. Ti sao nn cho chm tia phn x thay v khc x trong thng tin quang hc?
28. M t cc lp ca kh quyn? Thng tin ng dng trong cc lp no?
Trang 144

29. Trnh by phng thc truyn dn trong tng in ly? Dng vo ng dng no ?
30. Ti sao li c gii hn v c ly trong thng tin vi ba mt t?
31. Trong cp quang, nng lng tn hiu thu c ti ch c bng tn hiu ni pht khng?
Trnh by cc ch truyn trong cp quang?
CU HI TRC NGHIM
32. Mi trng truyn dn thng c
chia thnh:
37. Thng tin dng khi l th d v dng

mi trng truyn:
a. c nh v khng c nh
a. c nh hng
b. nh hng v khng nh
hng
b. khng nh hng
c. xc nh v khng xc nh
d. kim loi v khng kim lai
33. Cho bit loi cp c mt li kim loi
ng v lp v bc lm dy dn th
hai:
a. cp xon i
b. cp ng trc
c. cp quang
d. cp i xon c gip bc
34. Trong cp quang, th ngun tn hiu c
dng:
a. nh sng
b. sng v tuyn
c. hng ngoi
d. tn s rt thp
35. Trong ph in t, u cui pha di
l:
a. sng v tuyn
b. cng sut v thoi
c. nh sng t ngoi
d. nh sng hng ngai
36. Trong ph in t, u cui pha trn
l:
c. phn x
d. b hay to
38. Mi trng truyn c nh hng ban
u c dng lm:
a. in thoi di ng
b. in thoi bn
c. thng tin v tinh
d. thng tin qung b
39. Cho bit dng no khng phi l mi
trng c nh hng:
a. cp xon i
b. cp ng trc
c. cp quang
d. kh quyn
40. Trong mi trng c cc thit b in
p cao, th mi trng truyn tt nht
l:
a. cp xon i
b. cp ng trc
c. cp quang
d. kh quyn
41. Cho bit yu t quan trng lm cho cp
ng trc c tnh chng nhiu tt hn
so vi cp xon i:
a. nh sng thy c
a. li dn in
b. Tia v tr
b. kch thc cp
c. Sng v tuyn
c. b mt ngoi dn in
d. Tia gamma
d. cht cch in

Trang 145

42. Ch s RG mang thng tin g?
a. cp xon i
b. cp ng trc
c. cp quang
d. tt c cc dng trn
43. Trong cp quang th li c mt ra
sao so vi lp sn bc:
a. mt cao hn

48. Trong phng php truyn dn no m
tn s thp bm st mt t:
a. sng t
b. i lu
c. in ly
d. khng gian
49. Phng thc truyn qua sng v tuyn
ph thuc nhiu vo yu t no:
b. mt thp hn
a. tc d liu
c. cng mt
b. tn s
d. mt tn khc
44. Li ca cp quang c ch to t cht
liu g:
c. tc baud
d. cng sut
50. VLF hot ng trong lp no:
a. thy tinh hay plastic
a. tng i lu
b. ng
b. tng in ly
c. lng kim
c. khng gian
d. cht lng
d. tt c cc yu t trn
45. Trong kt ni cp quang th yu t no

c th gy mo dng tn hiu:
a. li trong cp c kt ni
cha ng gc hay cha
thng hng
b. c khe h gia li
c. mt tip xc ch ni cha
lin
d. tt c cc yu t trn
46. Thng tin v tuyn c di tn t:
a. 3 KHz n 300 KHz
b. 300KHz n 3 GHz
51. Mt v tinh trong qu o a tnh th

s i ht mt qu o trong:
a. mt gi
b. 24 gi
c. mt thng
d. mt nm
52. Nu v tinh l a tnh, th c ly so vi
trm mt t s l:
a. khng i
b. thay i theo thi gian trong
ngy
c. 3 KHz n 300 GHz
c. thay i theo bn knh ca

qu o
d. 3 KHz n 3000GHz
d. tt c u sai
47. Thng tin v tuyn chia thnh cc di

sng da trn tiu chun no:
a. bin
b. tn s
c. chi ph v phn cng
d. mi trng truyn dn
53. Khi mt chm tia i qua mi trng c

hai mt th nu gc ti ln hn
gc ti hn, hin tng no xut
hin:
a. phn x
b. khc x
c. ti

Trang 146

d. ti hn
54. Chm tia di chuyn t vng mt cao
sang vng mt thp, khi gc phn
x so vi gc ti nh th no:
a. ln hn

b. multimode graded-index
c. multimode single index
d. single mode
60. Trong ch truyn dn no m li c
mt thay i:
b. b hn
a. multimode step-index
c. bng
d. tt c u sai
55. Khi gc ti hn l 50 v gc ti l
60 , th gc phn x l bao nhiu
:
a. 10
d. single mode
61. Khi ni n mi trng khng nh
hng, tc l ni n mi trng:
a. dy kim loi
b. 50
b. dy khng kim loi
c. 60
d. 110
56. Nu gc khc x l 90 v gc ti l
48 , th gc ti hn l:
a. 42
c. kh quyn
d. tt c u sai
62. Cp quang khng ging nh cp in,
v khng b nh hng ca:
a. truyn dn tn s cao
b. 48
b. truyn dn tn s thp
c. 90
d. 138
57. Nu gc khc x l 70 v gc ti l
50 , th gc ti hn phi ln hn:
a. 50
c. nhiu in t trng
d. tt c u sai
63. Trong thng tin di ng, vng dch v
c chia thnh nhiu phn nh,
c gi l:
b. 60
a. cell
c. 70
b. cell office
d. 120
c. MTSO
58. Trong ch truyn dn cp quang no

m chm tia di chuyn hu nh theo
chiu ngang v vng li c mt
thp c ng kinh b hn so vi cc
ch truyn dn khc:
d. im chuyn tip
64. Yu t no xc nh kch thc mt
cell l:
a. din tch
b. s my di ng
c. s MTSO
d. tt c cc yu t trn
d. single mode
59. Phng php truyn dn no chu
nhiu nh hng ca mo dng:
65. MTSO c nhim v:

a. kt ni cell vi tng i
in thai
Trang 147

b. ch nh knh truyn
a. thng lng
c. tnh tin
b. tc truyn
d. tt c cc chc nng trn
c. thi gian truyn
66. MTSO tm v tr mt thu bao di ng

th c gi l:
a. Hand-off
d. tt c u ng
72. Cho bit yu t no c o bng
mt/giy hay km/giy:
b. Hand on
a. thng lng
c. paging
b. tc truyn
d. receiving
c. thi gian truyn
67. Mt tn hiu c o ti hai im.

Cng sut P1 ti im u tin v P2
ti im th hai. Tr dB bng 0, tc
l:
a. P2 bng khng
b. P2 bng P1
c. P2 rt ln hn P1
d. P2 rt b hn P1
68. Tn hiu b tn hao do sc cn ca mi
trng truyn, do yu t no:
d. b hay c
73. Cho bit yu t no c o bng
bit/giy:
a. thng lng
b. tc truyn
c. thi gian truyn
d. b hay c
74. Cho bit yu t no c o bng giy:
a. thng lng
a. suy hao
b. tc truyn
b. mo dng
c. thi gian truyn
c. nhiu
d. b hay c
d. DeciBel
69. Tn hiu b tn hao do tc truyn
ca cc tn s sng con l khc nhau:
75. Khi nhn tc truyn vi thi gian

truyn ta c:
a. thng lng
a. suy hao
b. di sng ca tn hiu
b. mo dng
c. h s mo dng
c. nhiu
d. c ly ca tn hiu hay bit

i c
d. DeciBel
70. Cho bit yu t no do tc ng ca
ngun bn ngoi lm suy hao tn
hiu:
76. Thi gian truyn s quan h vi c ly

v tc truyn ra sao:
a. nghch; thun
a. suy hao
b. thun; nghch
b. mo dng
c. nghch; nghch
c. nhiu
d. thun; thun
d. DeciBel
71. Hiu nng ca mi trng c th c
o lng bng:
77. Bc sng s quan h nh th no vi

tc truyn v chu k:
a. nghch; thun

Trang 148

b. thun; nghch
c. nghch; nghch
d. thun; thun
78. di sng ph thuc vo:
a. tn s ca tn hiu
b. mi trng
c. gc pha ca tn hiu
d. a v b
79. di sng ca nh sng lc trong
khng kh so vi trong cp quang th:
a. b hn
b. ln hn
c. bng
d. tt c u sai
80. Dng cng thc Shannon tnh ton
tc truyn d liu ca mt knh
truyn, nu C = B, th:
a. tn hiu nh hn nhiu
b. tn hiu ln hn nhiu
c. tn hiu bng nhiu
d. cha thng tin tr li

Trang 149

BI TP
81. Cho bit tc nh sng l 186.000 mile/second v v tinh l a tnh, cho bit thi gian
ti thiu mt tn hiu i t trm mt t n v tinh.
82. Chm tia di chuyn t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc c chit sut b hn. Gc ti
hn l 60 . V ng i ca nh sng i qua hai mi trng khi gc ti l:
a. 40
b. 50
c. 60
d. 70
e. 80
83. Mt tn hiu i t im A n im B. Ti im A, cng sut ca tn hiu l 100 watt, ti
im B cng sut cn li 90 watt, tnh suy hao theo dB? 10log10(90/100)= -
84. Mt knh truyn c suy hao l 10 dB. Khi cho tn hiu 5 watt i qua th cn li bao
nhiu ti ni nhn? 10log10(P2 /5) = - 10; P2 = 5. 10-1= 0,5W
85. Mt tn hiu i qua ba b khuch i ni ui nhau, mi b c li 4 dB. Cho bit li
tng? Tn hiu c khuch i bao nhiu ln? (12 dB, 12dB=10log10 ( li theo s
ln);
li theo s ln = 101,2.
86. D liu i qua mt im c tc 100 kbit trong 5 giy. Cho bit thng lng? 20kbps
87. Nu thng lng ca kt ni gia thit b v mi trng truyn l 5 Kbps, tnh thi gian
truyn 100.000 bit qua thit b ny ? 100.000 bit=100kb; 20s
88. C ly gia tri t v mt trng l 400.000 km, cho bit thi gian cn thit nh sng t
mt trng xung tri t?
89. nh sng phi mt khong tm pht i t mt tri n tri t, tnh c ly ny?
90. Tnh di sng ca tia hng ngoi trong chn khng? Cho bit di ny di hay ngn
hn so vi di sng ca nh sng mu ?
91. Tn hiu c bc sng 1m trong khng kh, cho bit c ly di chuyn ca tn hiu ny sau
5 chu k ?
92. Bc sng ca nh sng l 0,5 m. Cho bit thi gian cn thit tn hiu di chuyn
c 2000 km cp quang.
93. Mt ng dy c t s tn hiu trn nhiu(S/N) l 1000 ln v bng thng l 4000 Hz,
tnh tc truyn d liu ti a theo Shannon? C = B log2(1+S/N)= 4000
log2(1+1000)=.
94. o lng hiu nng ca ng dy cp UTP (bng thng 4 KHz), khi tn hiu l 10 volt
th nhiu l 5 volt. Tc truyn d liu ti a l bao nhiu ?
Cng sut tn hiu S = VS2/RL ; Cng sut nhiu N =VN2/RL ; Suy ra
C = B log2(1+S/N)= B log2[1+(VS/ VN)2] =4000.log2[1+(10/ 5)2]= 4000.log2[5]=

Trang 150

Chng 8: Ghp knh (Multiplexing)
Chng 8: GHP KNH (MULTIPLEXING)

8.1 Khi nim v phn lai
+ Khi nim: Ghp knh l tp cc k thut cho php truyn ng thi nhiu tn hiu
trn mt ng kt ni d liu.
Hnh 8.1
Trong h thng ghp knh, n thit b chia s dung lng ca mt ng kt
ni.
B ghp knh: MUX
B phn knh: DEMUX
Phn loi: C 3 k thut ghp knh c bn.
- FDM: Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s.
- TDM: Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian. TDM gm:
o TDM ng b (cn c gi l TDM).
o TDM khng ng b, cn gi l TDM thng k hoc tp trung
(concentrator).
- WDM: Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng.
Hnh 8.2
8.2 GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO TN S (FDM)
+ Khi nim: Ghp knh FDM l k thut tng t c dng khi bng thng ca
ng truyn ln hn bng thng t hp ca cc tn hiu cn truyn.
+ c im:

Trang 151

- Tn hiu do mi thit b pht to ra c iu ch vi cc tn s sng mang khc

nhau.
- Cc tn hiu sau khi iu ch c t hp thnh mt tn hiu hn hp truyn
qua kt ni.
- Tn s sng mang c phn chia thnh cc bng thng thch hp vi cc knh
truyn.
- Cc tn hiu sau khi iu ch c phn cch bi mt di tn bo v (bng bo v:
di bo v), bo m tn hiu khng b trng tn s, khng gy nhiu.
o me
V
lu
1
hift
S
ABC
DEF
Transfer
HI
G
Test
J L
K
NO
M
DEF
DEF
Cast
QR
P
u
M te
p ea
S
k er
T U
V
WX Y
Z
r op
D
o ld
H
o me
V
lu
1
hift
S
ABC
Transfer
HI
G
Test
J L
K
M
NO
M
NO
Cast
QR
P
u te
M
p ea
S
k er
T U
V
WX Y
Z
r op
D
o ld
H
o me
V
lu
1
hift
S
ABC
Transfer
HI
G
Test
J L
K
Cast
QR
P
u te
M
p ea
S
k er
T U
V
WX Y
Z
r op
D
o ld
H
Hnh 8.3
8.2.1 Qu trnh ghp knh FDM:
hift
rop
Tes
t
Mute
Vol
u
me
sfe
ran
er
eak
Cast
3
AB
JKL
6
I
GH
PQRS
7
Sp
EF
AB
O
MN
UV
XYZ
9
T
UV
UV
Hold
u
Vol
hift
rop
Tes
t
Mute
Sp
er
eak
Sp
er
eak
hift
rop
Cast
EF
EF
5
I
GH
6
JKL
8
PQRS
0
u
Vol
r
1
Tes
t
Mute
me
sfe
ran
Cast
Hold
O
MN
XYZ
me
ran
sfe
1
r
3
AB
5
I
GH
6
JKL
PQRS
O
MN
XYZ
Hold
Hnh 8.4
Multiplexer
t
hif
olu
m e
2
A
Trans fer
4
Te
s t
Cast
P
M ute
ansfe
Tr
M NO
X YZ
W
t
as
ABC
4
t
es
DEF
6
KL
TUV
old
l
Vo
um
e
Shift
DE
F
5
I
GH
XYZ
W
MNO
TU
V
Drop
Mod
6
JKL
PQRS
Mute
Speak
e r
Mod
3
BC
5
8
GHI
QRS
Dr
op
*
e ak
Sp
er
Hold
f1
f2
Sending Bandwidth
Mod
l
Vo
um
e
1
Shift
ansfe
Tr
t
es
ABC
4
T
t
as
DE
F
5
I
GH
6
JKL
MNO
PQRS
Mute
9
V
TU
XYZ
W
Drop
*
Speak
e r
Hold
f3
Hnh 8.5
Hnh trn minh ha nim ghp knh FDM trong min tn s. Ch l trc honh
trong trng hp ny l trc tn s. Trong FDM, cc tn hiu ny c iu ch vi cc tn s
sng mang ring (f1, f2 v f3) dng iu ch AM hay FM. Tn hiu hn hp c kh sng gp
ba ln tn s mi knh cng vi cc di phn cch bo v (guard band).
Trang 152

Bng thng h thng FDM: BWFDM= n.BWi +(n-1)BWbo v

BWFDM: Bng thng h thng FDM;
BWi : Bng thng ng vo
n: s ng vo
8.2.2 Phn knh:
Hnh 8.6
B phn knh l cc b lc nhm tch cc tn hiu ghp knh thnh cc knh phn bit.
Cc tn hiu ny tip tc c gii iu ch v c a xung thit b thu tng ng.
8.3 GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO BC SNG (WDM)
Fiber-optic cable
Multiplexer
Demultiplexer
Hnh 8.7

Trang 153

Ghp knh dng phng php phn chia theo bc sng v nim l tng t nh
FDM, tr tn hiu l nh sng v mi trng l cp quang. iu tng t y l hai phng
php u dng cc tn s khc nhau cho cc tn hiu khc nhau.
8.4 GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO THI GIAN (TDM)
+Khi nim: Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian l qu trnh s c dng khi mi
trng truyn c tc d liu ln hn yu cu ca thit b thu v pht.
Hnh 8.8
TDM c hai dng: TDM ng b v TDM khng ng b.
o TDM ng b (cn c gi l TDM).
o TDM khng ng b, cn gi l TDM thng k hoc tp trung
(concentrator).
8.4.1 TDM ng b:
TDM ng b c hiu l b ghp knh:
Phn chia cc khe (slot) cho tng ng vo (source: ngun) vi thi gian bng
nhau.
Ng vo no khng c d liu truyn th khe b trng.
S khe thi gian bng s ng vo.
Chiu di ca khung bng s ng vo.
Cc ng vo c cng tc bit.
Hnh 8.9

Trang 154

Frame (Khung): Cc khe (slot) thi gian c nhm thnh khung (frame). Mi frame
gm mt chu k y cc khe thi gian, bao gm mt hay nhiu slot c gn cho tng
thit b gi. Trong mt h thng c n ng dy, mi frame c t nht l n slot, trong mi
slot c dng mang thng tin ca tng ng vo. Khi tt c cc thit b ng vo dng
chung ng truyn gi vi cng tc bit mi ng vo c mt slot trong frame thi gian.
Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng c th cho php truyn vi cc tc truyn bit khc
nhau. Khi truyn vi hai slot trong mt frame s nhanh hn mt khe mi frame. Mi khe thi
gian dnh cho thit b to thnh knh truyn cho thit b ny.
Chuyn v (Interleaving): Phng php TDM ng b c th xem nh mt chuyn
mch xoay rt nhanh. Chuyn mch ny di chuyn t thit b ny sang thit b khc theo th
t v tc khng i. Qui trnh ny c gi l chuyn v (interleaving).
Chuyn v c th c thc hin cho tng bit, tng byte, hay tng n v d liu. Ni
khc i, b ghp knh s ly mt byte ca thit b ny, v byte khc t thit b khc. Trong
cng mt h thng, cc n v chuyn v ny thng c cng kch thc.
Hnh 8.10
Hnh 8.11
Ti my thu, b phn knh tch mi frame ra tng lt mt. Trong phng thc gn
cho mi knh mt slot, ta thy c nhng slot trng nu cc knh cha hon ton hot ng.
Trong hnh trn, ch c ba frame u tin l c d liu y , cc frame cn li c cc slot
trng, th d nh ta c 6 slot trng trn tng s 24 slot, l mt s lng ph dung lng knh
truyn.
RTDM = n x Rbi; RTDM: Tc bit ca d liu sau khi ghp knh TDM;
Rbi: Tc ca d liu ng vo.

Trang 155

n: s ng vo.
RFrame = Rbi/m; m: s bit cha trong 1 khe.
+ Ghp knh TDM c cc bit ng b (Cc bit to khung -framing bits):
Hnh 8.12
Do cc slot trong phng php TDM ng b c sp xp theo th t, nn ta khng
cn thay i g t frame ny sang frame khc, nn cn rt t thng tin overhead(dn ng)
cho mi frame. Nhm mc ch cho b phn knh bit phi chuyn cc slot i u, nn nht
thit phi c vn nh a ch. Nhiu yu t c th lm cho vic ng thi tr nn khng n
nh, nh th cn thm mt hay nhiu bit ng b, c thm vo u mi frame. Cc bit ny
cn c gi l cc bit to khung (framing bits), i theo tng mu, t frame sang frame, cho
php b phn knh ng b vi lung d liu n nhm chia cc slot c chnh xc. Trong
hu ht cc trng hp, cc thng tin ng b gm mt bit trn mi frame, lin tip
gia 0 v 1 (010101010101) v tip tc.
RTDM(c t ng b) = n x Rbi + RFrame; RTDM: Tc bit ca d liu sau khi ghp knh
TDM;
Rbi: Tc ca d liu ng vo.
n: s ng vo.
RFrame = Rbi/m; m: s bit cha trong 1 khe.
V d: Cho 4 ngun vo c tc 2000bps (250 k t/s), c ghp knh TDM ng
b c s dng mu ng b. Hy tnh tc bit lung d liu s sau khi ghp knh. Bit rng
h thng ghp knh theo byte.
V ghp knh TDM ng b c s dng mu ng b nn tc bit lung d liu s
sau khi ghp knh l:
RTDM(c t ng b) = n x Rbi + RFrame
n: s ng vo, n= 4;
Rbi: Tc ca d liu ng vo. Rbi= 2000bps.
RFrame : Tc frame; RFrame = Rbi/m; m: s bit cha trong 1 khe.
V h thng ghp knh theo byte nn m=8
Suy ra RFrame = Rbi/m=2000/8=250 frame/s
Suy ra RTDM(c t ng b) = n x Rbi + RFrame= 4.2000 +250= 8250 bps.

Trang 156

Hnh 8.13
Gi s ta c bn ngun vo trn mt ng truyn TDM ng b, trong c s
chuyn v (interleaving) cc k t. Nu mi ngun to ra 250 k t trong mi giy, v mi
frame mang 1 k t ca mi ngun, ng truyn c th mang 250 frame/giy.
Nu ta gi s mi k t gm tm bit, nh th mi frame di 33 bit: 32 bit dng cho bn
k t v mt bit to khung. Nhn vo quan h bit, ta thy mi thit b to ra 2000 bps (250 k
t/ 8 bit mi k t) nhng ng dy phi dn n 8250 bps (250 frame vi 33 bit mi
frame): 8000 bit d liu v 250 bit overhead.
Bit nhi (bit stuffing): Ta c th cho php cc thit b c truyn tn hiu vi cc
tc khc nhau trong TDM ng b. Th d, thit b A dng 1 khe thi gian, trong khi
thit b B nhanh hn dng hai slot. S lng slot trong frame v cc ng vo dng cc slot
ny trong h thng thng c gi c nh, tuy nhin tc truyn c th iu khin c
s lng cc slot ny. Ch rng, di thi gian trong mi slot l khng i. cho
phng php ny hot ng c, cc tc bit khc nhau phi l bi s nguyn ca nhau.
Th d, ta c th cho mt thit b c tc nhanh hn 5 ln so vi thit b khc bng cch
cung cp cho thit b nhanh 5 slot v thit b cn ch dng 1 slot, tuy nhin, ta khng th cho
vn hnh vi trng hp mt thit b c tc nhanh 5,5 ln v khng th cung cp nm v
slot c trong phng php truyn ng b ny.
Ta c th gii quyt trng hp trn dng phng php gi l bit nhi (bit stuffing).
Trong phng php ny, mt ghp knh cng thm mt s bit thm vo dng bit truyn. Th
d, khi c mt thit b c tc truyn gp 2,75 ln so vi cc thit b khc,ta thm vo mt
s bit tc c bi s l 3 ln so vi cc thit b khc. Cc bit tha ny (0,25 ln) s c
b phn knh nhn ra v loi i.
8.4.2 TDM khng ng b:
Phn chia cc khe (slot) ca tng tn hiu vi thi gian bng nhau.
S khe thi gian nh hn s ng vo.
Khng c khe trng.

Trang 157

Hnh 8.14
Phng php ghp knh bng cch phn chia theo thi gian khng ng b hay phng
php ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian dng phng php thng k, c thit k trnh
lng ph ny. T khng ng b thng c nhiu ngha khc nhau khi dng trong k
thut ghp knh v truyn dn, trong trng hp ny, t ny c hiu l mm do v
khng c nh.
Tng t nh trong TDM ng b, TDM cho php mt s cc ng vo c tc thp
c ghp knh trong mt ng truyn tc cao. Khc vi trng hp dng TDM ng
b, tng s tc ca cc ng vo c th ln hn kh nng ca ng truyn. Trong h
TDM ng b, nu ta c n ng vo, frame phi gm mt s khng i vi t nht l n slot.
Trong h khng ng b, nu ta c n ng vo th frame khng cha nhiu hn n slot.
TDM khng ng b h tr cng s lng ng vo nh trng hp TDM ng b nhng
dung lng ng truyn thp hn. Hay trong cng mt ng truyn, TDM khng ng b
c th h tr nhiu thit b hn so vi trng hp ng b.
S lng cc slot trong frame TDM khng ng b a trn cc phn tch thng k v
s ng vo truyn dn trong cng mt n v thi gian. Cc slot khng c phn trc, m
phc v cho ng vo no c d liu cn truyn. B ghp knh qut cc ng vo, chp nhn
mt phn d liu cho n khi frame c lp y, v gi frame ny trn ng truyn. Nu
khng d liu lp y tt c cc slot trong frame, frame ch chuyn i phn y; nh
th knh c th khng s dng ht 100% kh nng ca mnh. Tuy nhin t kh nng cho
php thit lp cc slot mt cch nng ng hn, ghp ni mt phn nh cc slot ca ng vo,
gim thiu c lng ph trn ng truyn.
Hnh bn di minh ha mt h thng vi 5 my tnh chia x ng truyn dng TDM
khng ng b. Trong th d ny , kch thc ca frame l ba slot. Hnh v cho thy b ghp
knh x l ba mc lu thng khc nhau. Trong trng hp u, ch c ba trong nm my
tnh c d liu gi ( l trng hp trung bnh, cho php chn ba slot trong mt frame).
Trong trng hp th hai, bn ng vo truyn d liu, nhiu hn mt slot trong frame. Trong
trng hp th ba (thng k cho thy t khi xy ra), tt c cc ng vo u gi d liu. Trong
tt c cc trng hp, b ghp knh qut qua theo th t, t 1 n 5, lp y cc slot gi
d liu i.

Trang 158

Hnh 8.15
Trong trng hp u, ba ng vo tc ng tng ng vi ba slot trong mi frame.
Trong bn frame u, cc ng vo c phn phi i xng dc theo tt c cc thit b thng
tin. Ti frame th 5 , thit b 3 v 5 truyn xong, nhng thit b 1 cn hai k t phi gi.
B ghp knh chn A t thit b 1, qut xung ng dy m khng tm thy thit b cn
truyn tin, v tr v thit b 1 ly k t A cui. Khng cn thng tin cho slot cui cng, b
ghp knh gi frame th 5 i vi ch c hai slot c d liu. Trong TDM ng b, cn su
frame vi 5 slot mi frame cn truyn tt c cc d liu, nh th l cn 30 slot. Nhng ch
c 14 trong s cc slot ny c s dng.. Trong h TDM khng ng b, ch c mt frame l
c chuyn i khng y . Trong thi gian cn li , ton kh nng ca ng truyn c
s dng.
Trong trng hp th hai, c mt slot thiu, nhng b ghp knh qut t 1 n 5, ri lp
y trc khi chuyn i. Frame u gi d liu t thit b 1, 3 v 4, ch khng phi 5. B
ghp knh tip tc qut v thy cn st mt, nn a d liu ca 5 vo slot u tin ca
frame k, ri qut tr li ln trn a phn d liu th hai ca 1 vo slot th 2, v tip tc.
Nh th, khi s cc thit b gi khng bng s slot trong frame,, cc slot khng c lp y
mt cch i xng . Th d thit b 1, chim slot 1 trong frame u, nhng li chim slot 2
trong frame k.
Trong trng hp th ba, cc frame c lm y nh trn, nhng li c nm thit b
cn truyn d liu. T , thit b 1 chim slot 1 trong frame u, slot 3 trong frame 2, v
khng c slot no trong frame 3.
Trong th d 2 v 3, nu tc ng dy bng ba ln tc truyn ca tng knh, d
liu s c truyn nhanh hn kh nng vn hnh ca b ghp knh. Nh th nht thit phi
c thm mt b nh m (buffer) nhm lu tr d liu, ch n khi b ghp knh c th gii
quyt.
nh a ch (addressing) v overhead:
Trng hp 2 v 3 ni trn minh ha c yu im ca TDM khng ng b. Nh
th b phn knh lm th no bit c l slot no l ca knh no? Trong TDM ng b,
thit b c d liu trong slot ph thuc vo v tr thi gian ca slot trong frame. Nhng iu
ny khng ng vi trng hp TDM khng ng b. Nh th trong TDM khng ng b

Trang 159

nht thit phi c phng php nh a ch gip b phn knh thc hin ng chc nng ca
mnh. a ch ny ch dng mt cch cc b, c b ghp knh nh km theo khi gi v
c b phn knh loi i sau khi c xong.
Khi thm cc bit a ch vo mi slot lm gia tng overhead ca h khng ng b v
lm gim hiu nng ca h thng. gim thiu yu t ny, a ch thng ch gm mt s t
bit v c th rt gn li bng cch ch truyn ton b a ch trong phn u truyn dn, cc
phn cn li ch truyn i a ch dng rt gn.
Nhu cu nh a ch lm gim hiu qu ca TDM khng ng b khi chuyn v cc bit
hay byte. Gi s khi chuyn v bit m phi mang thm bit a ch; thm mt bit d liu, ba bit
a ch. Nh th cn thm bn bit truyn mt bit d liu. Nh th cho d c tn dng ht
cng sut ca knh truyn i na th ch c mt phn t nng lc ca ng truyn c dng
cho vic truyn d liu, phn cn li l overhead. T , TDM khng ng b ch thc s
hiu qu khi kch thc cc slot trong frame phi tng i ln.
Cc khe c di thay i (Variable-length Tome slot): TDM khng ng b c th
cho php truyn d liu vi cc tc khc nhau bng cch thay i kch thc ca cc slot
trong frame. Trm pht vi tc cao c th c cung cp slot c kch thc di hn. Vic
qun l trng c di thay i i hi phi thm vo cc bit iu khin ti phn u ca
mi slot nhm cho bit di ca phn d liu ang n. Cc bit thm ny cng lm gia tng
overhead ca h thng v mt ln na, c kh nng lm gim hiu sut ca h thng v h
thng ch hiu qu vi cc frame c kch thc cc slot ln hn.
8.4.3 GHP KNH NGHCH:
Hnh 8.16

Trang 160

Nh tn gi, y l i ngu vi trng hp ghp knh. Ghp knh nghch dng lung
d liu t mt ng tc cao v chia ct ra thnh nhiu phn c th truyn c
ng thi trn ng tc thp, m khng b tn tht v tc d liu.
Ti sao li cn ghp knh nghch?
Th xt trng hp ta mun truyn d liu, thoi v video, vi cc tc truyn khc
nhau.
gi voice, ta cn kt ni 64 Kbps.
Gi d liu, cn 128 Kbps
Video c khi cn n 1,544 Mbps= 64 Kbps x 24.
Nh th c hai la chn:
Thu mt knh 1,544 Mbps t cng ty in thoi v rt t khi dng ton dung lng
knh truyn v rt lng ph.
Thu nhiu knh ring c tc truyn thp hn 64 Kbps.
Dng mt phng thc c gi l kh sng theo yu cu (bandwidth on demand),
nhm dng cc knh truyn khi c yu cu dng knh. D liu hay tn hiu video c th c
ch nh v gi i trong hai hay nhiu knh hn. Ni cch khc, tn hiu d liu v video c
th c ghp knh nghch dng nhiu ng truyn.
8.5 NG DNG CA GHP KNH: H THNG IN THOI
Telephone network
Hnh 8.17
Ghp knh lun l cng c ch yu trong cng nghip in thai, trong ng dng
c FDM v TDM. Hin nay, trn th gii c nhiu h thng khc nhau. Trong trng hp ny,
ta th kho st h thng Bc M.
8.5.1.Dch v sng mang chung v phn cp (common carrier services and hierarchies):
Hnh 8.18
Ban u cc cng ty in thoi ch c th dng dch v analog trong mng analog. Hin
nay, cng ngh cho php thc hin cc dch v v mng s.

Trang 161

8.5.1.1.DCH V ANALOG:
C hai dch v cho thu bao l: dch v chuyn mch (switched services) v dch v
thu (leased services).
Hnh 8.19
Dch v chuyn mch analog (analog switched service): L dch v gi my (dial up) thng
thng dng ti nh. Dng hai dy (hay trong mt s trng hp; dng bn dy) l cp i
xon kt ni my in thoi vi mng thng qua tng i. Kt ni ny c gi l mch
vng (local loop). Mng c kt ni ny i khi cn c gi l PSTN (public switched
telephone network)
Tn hiu trong mch vng l analog, v bng thng thng l t 0 n 4000 Hz.
Trong ng chuyn mch, khi c tn hiu gi n, cuc gi c a n chuyn
mch, ti trm chuyn mch. Cc chuyn mch chuyn kt ni vi ngi c gi. Chuyn
mch kt ni hai my trong thi gian cuc gi.
Hnh 8.20
Dch v thu knh analog (analog leased service): cung cp cho thu bao c hi thu
ng dy, i khi cn gi l dedicated line, tc l kt ni thng trc vi thu bao khc.
Mc d kt ni vn phi dng chuyn mch ca mng in thoi, thu bao xem nh l mt
dy ring do chuyn mch lun c ng, khng cn gi my (dialing).
Hnh 8.21
Conditioned lines: Telephone carrier cng cung cp mt dch v gi l conditioning, tc l
ci thin cht lng ng dy do nhiu lm nghe khng r, mo dng tn hiu v nhiu do
tr. iu kin ng dy ny l analog, nhng cht lng cho php dng c vi thng tin
d liu s nu c kt ni vi modem.

Trang 162

Phn cp mng analog (analog hierarchy):

tng hiu qu ca h tng, cc cng ty in thoi c xu hng ghp knh. Trng
hp analog dng FDM.
Mt trong nhng h thng phn cp do AT&T thit lp cc nhm, siu nhm, nhm
ch v nhm jumbo.
ume
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Hnh 8.22
Trong phng php phn cp ny, 12 knh thoi c ghp thnh mt ng c bng
thng rng hn, to thnh nhm (group). ( duy tr bng thng, AT&T dng k thut iu
ch loi b sng mang v bin di ca tn hiu, v phc hi chng khi phn knh). Mi
nhm nh th l 48 KHz v h tr 12 knh thoi.
Trong cp k, nm nhm c ghp thnh mt tn hiu hn hp c gi l siu nhm
(supergroup), c bng thng 240 KHz v h tr n 60 knh thoi. Siu nhm c th c
ghp t 5 nhm hay 60 knh thoi ring bit.
Tip n, 10 siu nhm c ghp thnh nhm ch (master group), c bng thng 2,40
MHz v do cn c cc di bo v, nnthc t la 2,52 MHZ. Nhm ch h tr n 600 knh
thoi.
Cui cng su nhm ch kt hp thnh mt nhm jumbo, c 15,12 MHz (6 x 2,52
MHZ) nhng tng n 16,984 MHz do cn bng bo v gia cc nhm ch.
Tuy c nhiu bin th ca php phn cp ny (ITU-T ng mt h thng khc dng
cho chu u). Tuy nhin do hin nay cc h thng analog ang dn c thay th bng cc
mng s, nn ta ch gii hn vn y.
8.5.1.2. DCH V S
Hnh 8.23
Hin nay, cc dch v s dn c cung cp cho thu bao. Mt trong nhng u im
ca dch v s l tnh khng nhiu tt hn nhiu so vi analog. Trong h thng analog, do d
liu v nhiu u l analog nn kh pht hin v trit nhiu, cn trong dch v s d liu l s
(ch c hai mc), nhiu vn l analog nn qu trnh pht hin v trit nhiu n gin hn.

Trang 163

a.Dch v chuyn mch/56: y l dng s ca dy chuyn mch. L dch v chuyn mch

s cho php tc d liu ln n 56 Kbps. thng tin trong dch v ny, hai bn u phi
ng k. Mt ngi gi dng dch v in thoi thng thng khng kt ni c vi in
thoi hay my tnh dng chuyn mch/56 Kbps ngay c khi dng modem. Ni chung, cc dch
v analog v s biu din hai lnh vc khc nhau trong in thoi.
Hnh 8.24
Do ng dy dng dch v chuyn mch/56 t thn l s, nn thu bao khng cn
dng modem truyn d liu s. Tuy nhin, phi cn mt thit b n v dch v s DSU
(digital service unit). Thit b ny thay i tc d liu s do thu bao to ra thnh 56 Kbps
v m ha d liu ph hp vi nh cung cp dch v.
iu khng may l DSU li c tin hn modem, nh th ti sao thu bao li chp
nhn. L do l ng dy s cho php c tc nhanh hn, cht lng tt hn v chng
nhiu tt hn so vi ng analog.
Bng thng theo yu cu (Bandwidth on demand): Chuyn mch/56 h tr kh sng
theo yu cu, cho php thu bao c tc cao hn bng cch dng nhiu hn mt ng
dy (xem phn ghp knh nghch). Chn la ny cho php chuyn mch/56 h tr hi tho
truyn hnh, fax nhanh, multimedia, v truyn d liu nhanh, v cc chc nng khc.
b. Dch v d liu s (DDS: Digital Data Service): l dng khc ca ng thu bao analog;
tc l ng thu dng s vi tc truyn ti a l 64 Kbps.
Tng t nh chuyn mch/56, DDS cn dng DSU, trng hp ny, dng DSU r hn
chuyn mch/56, tuy khng cn dng cc phm.
Hnh 8.25
c. Dch v tn hiu s (DS: Digital Signal service): sau khi cung cp chuyn mch/56 v
dch v DDS, cc cng ty in thoi thy cn pht trin vic phn cp dch v s rt ging
nh h thng analog. Bc k tip l dch v tn hiu s (DS), l phn cp ca cc tn hiu
s.

Trang 164

Hnh 8.26
Dch v DS-0: tng t nh DDS, chnh l cc knh s vi 64 Kbps.
DS-1 l dch v 1,544 Mbps; 1,544 l 24 ln ca 64 Kbps cng vi 8 Kbps ca

overhead. C th c dng trong mt dch v truyn 1,544 Mbps, hay c th
dng ghp knh 24 DS-0 mang bt k cc thng tin no m user yu cu
trong tm dung lng 1,544 Mbps.
DS-2 l dch v 6,312 Mbps; 6,312 Mbps l 96 ln 64 Kbps cng vi 168

overhead. C th dng truyn mt dch v 6,312 Mbps hay dng ghp 4
knh DS-1, 96 DS-0, hay kt hp cc dch v trn.
DS-3 l dch v 44,376 Mbps; 44,376 Mbps l 672 ln 64 Kbps cng 1,368
overhead. C th dng truyn mt dch v 44,376 Mbps hay 7 knh DS-2, 28
knh DS-1, 672 knh DS-0, hay kt hp cc dch v trn.
DS-4 l dch v 274,176Mbps; 274,176Mbps tc l 4032 nhn vi 64 Kbps

cng vi 16,128 Mbps overhead. C th c dng ghp 6 knh DS-3, 42
knh DS-2, 168 knh DS-1, 4032 knh DS-0, hay kt hp cc phng php
trn.
T-lines: DS-0, DS-1 v tip tc l tn cc dch v. thit lp cc dch v ny, cc

cng ty in thoi dng dy T (T-1 hay T-4). Cc ng dy ny thch hp mt cch chnh
xc vi tc d liu ca dch v t DS-1 n DS-4.
T-1 c dng thit lp DS-1, T-2 c dng thit lp DS-2, v.v,.... Trong bng,
ta thy l DS-0 thc s khng phi l dch v, nhng c nh ngha dng lm c s tham
chiu. cc cng ty in thoi hy vng l khch hng ca mnh thy l cc dch v ca DS-0
thay th c DDS.

Trang 165

T line dng cho truyn dn analog:

Sampling at 8000 samples/second
Using 8 bits per sample
4KHz
64.000 bps
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T-1 LINE 1.544 Mbps

24x64 Kbps+8 Kbps overhead
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Hnh 8.27
Frame T-1: nh ni trn, DS-1 cn 8 Kbps lm overhead. hiu c cch tnh
overhead ny, ta cn xem xt format ca frame 24 knh thoi.
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Hnh 8.28
Frame dng cho dy T-1 thng l 193 bit chia cho 24 slot/8bit v thm mt bit ng
b (24 x 8 +1 = 193). Ni khc i mi slot cha mt on tn hiu t mi knh; 24 segment
c chuyn v thnh mt frame. Nu T-1 mang 800 frame, tc d liu l 1,544 Mbps (193
x 8000 =1,544 Mbps), l dung lng ca ng dy.
Fractional T line: nhiu thu bao c th khng dng ht ton dung lng ca T line.
phc v cc thu bao ny, cng ty in thoi pht trin dch v fractional (phn an) T
line, cho php thu bao c chia s mt ng truyn bng cch a hp cc truyn dn.
Hnh 8.29
Th d, mt doanh nghip nh c th ch cn dung lng ng T-1. Nu bn doanh
nghip c tr s trong cng ta nh, h c th chia ng T-1. thc hin, h hng cc
ng truyn ca h qua mt b phn gi l DSU/CSU (digital service unit/channel service
unit). Thit b ny cho php h chia dung lng knh truyn thnh bn knh chuyn v
(interleaving).

Trang 166

E-Lines: cc dng T line dng ti chu u th gi l E line. V nguyn tc, hai h thng
ny tng t nhau, nhng dung lng khc nhau.
8.5.2 Cc dch v ghp knh khc:

Ta kho st phng php ghp knh trong mi trng cp, nhng ghp knh cn c
th dng c trong c mi trng tri t ln v tinh. Ngy nay cc nh cung cp dch v
in thoi a ra mt dch v rt mnh, nh ISDN, SONET, v ATM u ph thuc vo
phng php ghp knh.
8.6. NG DY THU BAO S (DSL)
ng dy thu bao s (DSL: Digital Subscriber Line) l mt cng ngh mi c
dng trong cc mng in thoi hin i nh mch vng (local loop) in thoi, cho php thc
hin vic truyn vi tc cao d liu, voice, video, v a phng tin (multimedia).
DSL l mt h cc cng ngh: nm trong s l: ADSL, RADSL, HDSL, VDSL v
SDSL.
8.6.1.ADSL: (asymmetric digital subscriber line)
Cc cng ty in thoi thit lp mng s din rng tc cao duy tr thng tin
gia cc tng i. Kt ni gia thu bao v mng, li vn cn l analog (mch vng). Nh th
cn c kt ni s - mt dy thu bao s - m khng cn phi thay i mch vng hin hu.
Mch vng l cp i xon c bng thng 1 MHz hoc ln hn.
ADSL l khng i xng, tc l cung cp tc bit cao theo chiu downstream (t tng
i n thu bao) cao hn so vi tc upstream (t thu bao n tng i). l iu m
thc t cc thu bao u cn, h mun download nhiu d liu t Internet nhanh v khi gi
ch chuyn d liu dung lng thp (email).
Hnh 8.30
ADSL chia bng thng ca dy cp xon (1 MHz) thnh ba di tn. Di tn 1, thng l
t 0 n 25 KHz, c dng cho dch v in thoi thng thng(plain old telephone
service: POTS). Dch v ny ch cn bng thng 4 KHz, phn cn li dng lm bng bo v
phn cch knh thoi vi knh d liu. Bng th hai, t 25 n 250 KHz, c dng to
upstream. Bng th ba, t 250 KHZ n 1 MHz, c dng cho downstream. Mt s thit lp
cho php trng lp dng upstream v downstream cung cp thm bng thng cho
downstream.

Trang 167

K thut iu ch: Hu ht cc thit lp u tin ca ADSL u dng k thut iu ch

c gi l CAP(carrierless amplitude/phase ), tip n l dng phng php iu ch khc
c gi l discrete mutitone (DMT) l chun c ANSI ra.
CAP: (Carrierless amplitude/phase) l k thut iu ch tng t QAM, nhng c mt
im quan trng l b sng mang. K thut ny trong thc t phc tp hn QAM v cha
c chun ha.
DMT: (discrete multitone technique) kt hp QAM v FDM, cc bng thng cho mi
hng c chia thnh tng knh 4 KHz, vi cc tn s sng mang ring.
Hnh 8.31
Hnh v trn minh ha nim DMT dng N knh. Cc bit t ngun c i qua b
chuyn i ni tip/song song, trong cc block N bit c chia thnh N knh truyn, mi
knh mt bit. Tn hiu QAM c to ra t mi knh c ghp theo tn s FDM to tn
hiu chung trn ng truyn.
lu
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Hnh 8.32
Chun ANSI nh ngha tc mi knh 4 KHz l 60 Kbps, tc l iu ch QAM vi
15 bit/baud.
Knh upstream thng chim 25 knh, tc l tc bit l 25 x 60 Kbps, hay l

1,5 Mbps. Thng thng tc theo hng ny thay i t 64 Kbps n 1
Mbps.

Trang 168

Knh downstream thng chim 200 knh, tc l tc bit l 200 x 60 kbps,

hay 12 Mbps. Tuy nhin thng thng tc theo hng ny thay i t 500
Kbps n 8 Mbps do nh hng ca nhiu.
Hnh trn minh ha ADSL, tc bit theo cc chiu.

8.6.2. RADSL: (rate adaptive asymmetrical digital subscriber line) l cng ngh da trn
ASDL. Cho php nhiu cp tc d liu khc nhau ty theo dng thng tin: thoi, d
liu, multimedia, v.v,... Cc tc khc nhau ny c th c cp cho thu bao theo yu cu
v bng thng. RADSL c li cho ngi dng hn do chi ph da trn tc d liu cn thit.
8.6.3. HDSL:(high bit rate digital subscriber line) c Bellcore thit k (hin nay l
Telecordia) l mt dng khc ca T-line (1,544 Mbps). Dy T-1 dng phng php m ha
AMI, thng nhy cm vi suy hao ti tn s cao. iu ny lm gii hn chiu di ca T-1
ch c 1 km. c c ly xa hn, cn c repeater, nh th l gia tng chi ph.
HDSL dng phng php m ha 2B1Q, tc l t nhy cm vi suy hao hn. Tc d
liu c th ln n 2 Mbps m khng cn repeater vi c ly ln n 3,6 km. HDSL dng hai
i dy xon truyn full-duplex.
8.6.4. SDSL:(symmetric or single-line digital subscriber line) tng t nh HSDL nhng
ch dng mt i dy xon, ph hp cho hu ht cc thu bao ti nh, vi cng tc d
liu nh HSDL. Dng mt k thut c gi l trit ting di (echo-cancellation) truyn
full-duplex.
8.6.5. VDSL:(very high bit rate digital subscriber line); l dng khc ca ADSL, dng cp
ng trc, cp quang hay cp dy xon truyn c ly ngn(300 n 1800 mt). Dng k
thut iu ch DMT vi tc bit t 50 n 55 Mbps cho downstream v 1,5 n 2,5 Mbps
cho upstream.
8.7. FTTC (fiber to the curb ) :

Cp quang c nhiu u im, vi yu t chng nhiu v bng thng rng . Tuy nhin,
khi so snh vi cc dng cp khc th c tin. Cc cng ty in thoi v truyn hnh cp
ci thin bng cch dng phng php gi l FTTC, cho php dng cp quang vi chi ph
thp. Cp quang c dng lm mi trng truyn t cc tng i vi nhau hay t tng i
n l ng (curb). T l ng n thu bao dng cc mi trng t tn km hn nh cp
ng trc hay cp xon.
FTTC trong mng in thoi:
Hnh 8.33
H thng in thoi dng cp quang kt ni v ghp knh nhiu knh thoi. Dy
ng xon i t tng ngi nh (premise) c ghp knh trong hp ni v chuyn thnh tn
Trang 169

hiu quang. Cc tn hiu quang ny c ghp knh ti tng i chuyn mch, dng WDM
to bng thng tn hiu rng hn.
FTTC dng trong truyn hnh cp:
H thng truyn hnh cp dng cp quang kt ni v ghp knh nhiu knh truyn
hnh cp. Cc cp ng trc t cc ngi nh ring bit c ghp nh ti hp ni v chuyn
sang tn hiu quang hc. Cc tn hiu quang ny c ghp knh ti tng i chuyn mch,
dng WDM to bng thng tn hiu rng hn.
Hnh 8.34
Cu hi:
1. Trnh by k thut ghp knh v phn kn FDM.
2. Trnh by k thut ghp knh TDM khng ng b.
3. Trnh by k thut ghp knh TDM ng b.
Bi Tp:
1. Cng thc tnh bng thng tn hiu FDM.
2. Cng thc tnh tc bit TDM ng b, TDM khng ng b.

Trang 170

T KHA V NIM
analog hierarchy
analog leased service
analog service
analog switched service
asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)
asynchronous time-division multiplexing
bandwidth
bandwidth on demand
bit stuffing
carrierless amplitude/phase
channel
common carrier
conditioning
demultiplexer (DEMUX)
digital data service (DDS)
digital service unit (DSU)
digital service unit/channel service unit (DSU/DCU)
digital signal service (DS)
digital sibscriber line (DSL)
discrete multitone technique (DMT)
E-lines
fiber to the curb (FTTC)
fractional T line
framing bit
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
group
guard band
high bit rate digital subscriber line (HDSL)
interleaving
inverse multiplexing
jumbo group
local loop
master group
multiplexer (MUX)
multiplexing
overhead
path
rate adaptive asynnetrical digital subscriber line (RADSL)
statistical time-division mutiplexing
supergroup
switched/56
symmetrical digital subscriber line (SDSL)
synchronuos time-division mutiplexing
T lines T-1 lines T-2 lines T-3 lines T-4 lines
time division multiplexing (TDM)
very high bit rate digital subscriber line (VDSL)
wave-division multiplexing (WDM)

Trang 171

TM TT
Ghp knh l qu trnh truyn ng thi nhiu tn hiu qua mt ng truyn d liu
C hai dng ghp knh l FDM (phn chia theo tn s) v TDM (phn chia theo thi
gian)
Trong FDM, mi tn hiu c iu ch vi cc tn s sng mang khc nhau. Cs2c tn
hiu iu ch ny c t hp thnh mt tn hiu mi v gi i trn ng truyn
Trong FDM, b ghp knh iu ch v t hp tn hiu cn b phn knh tch tn v
gii iu ch.
Trong FDM, di phn cch gi cho cc tn hiu iu ch khng b trng lp v gy
nhiu qua li
Trong TDM cc tn hiu s t n thit b c chuyn v ln nhau, to nn khung
(frame) d liu (bit, byte, hay cc n v d liu khc).
TDM c chia thnh TDM ng b v TDM khng ng b (thng k).
Trong TDM ng b, mi frame cha t nht mt slot c dng cho mi thit b. Th
t chuyn d liu ca cc thit b l khng thay i, nu mt thit b khng gi d liu
th gi i slot trng.
Trong loi TDM ng b, c th c mt bit ti ou frame nhm gi ng b.
Trong TDM khng ng b, th t cc slot ph thuc vo thit b no c d liu cn
gi.
TDM khng ng b thm a ch thit b vo mi slot thi gian.
Ghp knh nghch chia dng d liu t mt ng tc cao thnh nhiu ng tc
thp.
Dch v in thoi c th dng analog hay s.
Dch v chuyn mch analog cn c gi chung (dialing), chuyn mch, v cc kt ni
tm thi ch nh.
Dch v thu analog l ng kt ni thng trc gia hai thu bao. Khng cn gi
chung.
Cng ty in thoi dng ghp knh t hp cc knh thoi thnh nhm ln
truyn hiu qu hn.
Dch v chuyn mch/56 l dng s tng ng ca ng dy chuyn mch analog.
Cn c n v dch v s (DSU) bo m tc d liu 56 Kbps.
Dch v d liu s (DDS) l dng tng ng ca ng thu knh (leased line).
DDS cng cn c DSU.
DS l dng phn cp ca cc tn hiu TTTTDM.
T line (t T-1 T-4) l cc thit lp ca DS. Mt knh T-1 c 24 knh thoi.
Dch v fractional T-1 cho php nhiu thu bao chia x mt ng bng cch ghp
knh tn hiu.
T line c dng Bc M, cn E line c dng Chu u.

Trang 172

ng dy thu bao s (DSL: digital subscriber line) l cng ngh dng mng thng
tin hin hu vo vic truyn tc cao nh: d liu, voice, video, v multimedia.
H DSL bao gm ADSL, RADSL, HDSL, SDSL v VDSL.
Bng thng downstream trong ADSL thng l 4,5 ln ln hn so vi upstream.
ADSL dng c k thut carrierless amplitude/phase (CAP) v discrete multitone
modulation (DMT).
WDM tng t FDM , tuy nhin trng hp ny l nh sng.
Truyn hnh cp v mng in thoi dng k thut cp quang n l ng (FTTC:
fiber to the curb) gim thiu s lng cp quang cn thit.
K thut DMT (discrete multitone modulation) l kt hp cc phn t ca QAM v
FDM cho php c bng thng rng hn trong dng downstream.

Trang 173
Bi tp: Truyn s liu

Chng 8: Ghp knh
BI TP CHNG 8
I.
CU HI N TP
1.
Hy cho bit ba k thut ghp knh c bn?
2.
Hy cho bit phng thc ghp knh ca FDM?
3.
Hy cho bit mc ch ca bng bo v?
4.
Hy cho bit phng php tch knh FDM?
5.
Hy cho bit WDM ging FDM ch no? v khc nhau ch no?
6.
Hy cho bit hai dng TDM ?
7.
Hy cho bit phng thc ghp knh TDM (ng b)?
8.
Hy cho bit cch thit lp hai dng TDM v chng khc nhau im no?
9.
Cho bit phng php tch knh TDM? Trnh by c hai dng?
10.
Ghp knh nghch l g?
11.
Cho bit s khc bit gia ng chuyn mch v ng thu bao?
12.
Trnh by phng thc phn cp trong analog?
13.
Cho bit ba dch v s dng cho thu bao in thoi?
14.
Vai tr ca DSU trong chuyn mch/56?
15.
M t phn cp DS?
16.
Vai tr ca T- line trong dch v DS?
17.
Cho bit phng thc dng T- line trong mng analog?
18.
Cho bit phng php dng trong ADSL chia bng thng ca ng dy i xon?
19.
Phng thc iu ch tn hiu trong ADSL?
20.
FTTC l g v dng u?
21.
Cho bit hai phng tin m dch v s cho thy hn hn dch v analog?
22.
DSU khc modem im no?
23.
Cho bit quan h gia s khe (slot) trong mt khung (frame) vi s ng vo trong TDM
ng b? TDM khng ng b?
24.
DS-0 c tc d liu l 64 Kbps, cho bit do u m c con s ny?

Trang 174
Bi tp: Truyn s liu

Chng 8: Ghp knh
II. CU HI TRC NGHIM

25.
Vic chia s mi trng v ng

truyn cho nhiu thit b c gi l:
31.
a. iu ch
Trong TDM ng b, khi c n ngun

tn hiu, mi frame cha t nht bao
nhiu khe:
b. m ha
a. n
c. hng mc ng dy
b. n+1
d. ghp knh
c. n-1
26.
K thut ghp knh no c dng

cho tn hiu analog:
d. 0 n n
32.
a. FDM
b. TDM ng b
c. TDM khng ng b
d. b v c
27.
a. Nh hn
b. nhiu hn
c. bng
K thut ghp knh no dng cho

ghp knh s:
d. nh hn 1
33.
a. FDM
b. TDM ng b
c. TDM khng ng b
Trong TDM khng ng b, tc

truyn ca ng ghp knh thng
ra sao so vi tc truyn ca ngun
tn hiu:
a. Thp hn
d. b v c
28.
Trong TDM khng ng b, nu c n

ngun tn hiu, mi frame c m slot,
m thng ra sao so vi n:
K thut ghp knh no dch chuyn

mi tn hiu n cc tn s sng
mang khc nhau:
a. FDM
b. cao hn
c. bng
d. nh hn 1
34.
b. TDM ng b
Dng ghp knh no c nhiu ng

truyn
c. TDM khng ng b
a. FDM
d. b v c
b. TDM khng ng b
29.
Thit b no cn cho qu trnh ghp

knh:
a. ng truyn d liu dung lng cao

b. truyn song song
c. QAM
d. ghp knh nghch

35.
Dng dch v in thoi no r nht:
a. dy chuyn mch analog

b. dy thu analog
d. modem
30.
c. TDM ng b
c. chuyn mch/56
Ghp knh lin quan n..
a. mt ng v mt knh truyn
b. mt ng v nhiu knh truyn
d. dch v DDS
36.
Dng dch v in thoi no cn

phi gi my (dialing):
c. nhiu ng v mt knh
d. nhiu ng v nhiu knh
b. dy thu analog

Trang 175
Bi tp: Truyn s liu

Chng 8: Ghp knh
c. chuyn mch/56
c. dch v thu dy analog
d. dch v DDS
d. a v b
37.
Dch v in thoi analog no cung

cp ng dy ring gia hai thu
bao:
43.
Dch v in thoi no cho php thu

bao c chn la tc truyn:
a. dch v chuyn mch analog
b. dch v thu dy analog
b. dy thu analog
c. dch v chuyn mch/56
c. chuyn mch/56
d. Dch v DS
d. tt c cc dch v trn
38.
44.
Dch v chuyn mch c ngha l kt

ni gia hai thu bao phi c:
a. modem
b. ng dy ch nh
a. s knh thoi 4000 Hz

b. tc ly mu 4000 Hz
c. gi chung
c. s knh thoi ly mu 8 bit/giy
d. dy thu
39.
Dch v thu knh tc l kt ni gia

hai thu bao cn c:
d. tc ly mu 8 bit/mu
45.
a. modem
b. ng dy ch nh
DS-0 n DS-4 l -------- Trong khi

T-1 n T-4 l ------?
a. dch v, ghp knh

b. dch v, tn hiu
c. gi chung
c. dch v, ng dy
d. dy thu
40.
Trong phn cp knh FDM do AT&T

ngh mi dng nhm c th tm
c bng cch nhn yu t no------- v cng thm bng bo v:
gim thiu suy hao v mo dng

tn hiu ng dy cn c:
d. ghp knh, tn hiu

46.
a. ghp knh
Trong T1 line, xut hin chuyn v

g?
b. ni t
a. bit
c. m rng
b. byte
d. conditioned
c. DS-0
41.
Trong dch v chuyn mch/56, 56

c ngha g:
d. chuyn mch
47.
Bng bo v lm gia tng bng thng

ca:
a. s dy ch nh c th c trong kt
ni
a. FDM
b. tc truyn Kbps
b. TDM ng b
c. s micro giy cn thit lp kt ni
c. TDM khng ng b
d. in tr ng dy tnh theo ohm
d. WDM
42.
n v dch v s (DSU) cn thit

cho:
48.
K thut ghp knh no i hi tn

hiu dng quang:
a. dch v DDS
a. FDM
b. dch v chuyn mch/56
b. TDM ng b

Trang 176
Bi tp: Truyn s liu

c. TDM khng ng b
d. WDM
49.
d. RDSL
54.
DSL l mt th d ca:
Trong ADSL , bng thng ln nht

c dng vo vic g:
a. POTS
a. ghp knh
b. thng tin upstream
b. phn knh
c. thng tin downstream
c. iu ch
d. tt c a, b, v c
50.
Chng 8: Ghp knh
Trong h DSL, dng no dng

phng php m ha 2B1Q gim
thiu nh hng ca suy hao tn hiu:
d. tt c
55.
Trong ADSL , bng thng b nht

c dng vo vic g:
a. POTS
a. ADSL
b. thng tin upstream
b. RADSL
c. thng tin downstream
c. HDSL
d. tt c
d. VDSL
51.
56.
Trong h DSL, dng no c chi ph

ph thuc vo dng thng tin mong
mun:
a. ADSL
a. TDM
b. FDM
c. CAP
b. RADSL
d. DMT
c. HDSL
57.
d. VDSL
52.
Dng no ging HDSL, nhng ch

dng cp i xon:
a. SDSL
Cho bit k thut iu ch dng cc

thnh phn ca QAM v FDM
a. TDM
b. CAP
c. DMT
b. ADSL
d. FTTC
c. VSDL
58.
d. RDSL
53.
Chi bit k thut iu ch khng

dng sng mang:
Khi c ly t tng i n thu bao

trong khong nh hn 1800 mt, nn
chn dng:
Trong FTTC , mi trng c dng

t tng i n thm nh thu bao l:
a. dy ng trc
b. cp dy xon
c. cp dy khng xon
a. SDSL
d. cp quang
b. ADSL
c. VDSL

Trang 177
Bi tp: Truyn s liu

Chng 8: Ghp knh
II.
BI TP
59.
Cho cc thng tin sau, tm bng thng nh nht ca ng truyn.

Ghp knh FDM.
Nm thit b, mi thit b c bng thng 4000 Hz.
Di tn bo v 200 Hz.
60.
Cho cc thng tin sau, tm bng thng ln nht cho mi tn hiu ngun vo.
Ghp knh FDM
Bng thng FDM l 7900 Hz,
C 3 ngun tn hiu
Cn 200 Hz cho di tn bo v
61.
Ghp knh bn tn hiu. Ta ly mt s o n trn tn hiu ghp knh. Nh th n c ngha

l g i vi FDM v TDM
62.
Dng TDM ng b ghp 5 knh tn hiu. Mi knh to ra 100 k t tn giy. Gi s

thc hin chuyn v byte (1 khe cha 1 byte) v mi frame c mt bit ng b. Hy cho
bit tc frame, tc bit trn ng truyn?
63.
Trong ghp knh TDM khng ng b, S slot trong mi frame c chn nh th no?
64.
V cc frame TDM ng b cho bit c tnh k t ca cc thng tin sau:

Bn ngun tn hiu:
Bn tin ngun 1: T E G
Bn tin ngun 2: A
Bn tin ngun 3:
Bn tin ngun 4: E F I L
65.
Lm li bi tp 64 dng TDM khng ng b, frame c 3 k t?
66.
Cho bit thi gian ko di ca frame T-1?
67.
ng T-2 cung cp dch v 6,312 Mbps. Cho bit ti sao khng phi l 4 x 1,544
Mbps?
68.
Gi s trong mt thnh ph nh c 500 nh c in thoi. Cc in thoi l im ni

im (dedicate line). Hy cho bit cn c bao nhiu dy? v c th ghp knh nh th
no?
69.
Bng thng ca dch v chuyn mch thng l t 0 n 4000 Hz, ti sao?
70.
Trong hnh di y, tc ly mu l 8000 mu /giy. Ti sao?

Trang 178
Bi tp: Truyn s liu

Chng 8: Ghp knh
71.
Mt mt cp quang single mode c th truyn n 2Gbps, cp ny c th mang bao

nhiu knh in thoi?
72.
Tnh overhead (bng bit) cho mi knh thoi ca T line, Cho bit % overhead trong mi
knh thoi?
73.
Ba ng knh thai, mi ng dng bng thng 4 Khz, l ghp knh tn s dng

phng php iu ch AM v trit di tn di. V theo min tn s ca tn hiu tng
hp ca tn hiu ghp knh nu tn s sng mang 4 KHz, 10 KHz, 16 KHz. Hy cho
bit bng thng ca tn hiu ghp knh?
74.
Nu ta mun t hp 20 tn hiu knh thoi (mi knh 4 kHz) dng bng bo v 1Khz ,
cho bit cn bng thng l bao nhiu?
75.
Cho bit biu din trong min tn s ca tn hiu tng trong mi tng ca hnh sau. Gi
s khng c bng bo v. Chn tn s sng mang thch hp.
76.
Cho bit biu din trong min tn s ca tn hiu tng trong mi tng ca hnh sau. Gi
s khng c bng bo v. Chn tn s sng mang thch hp.

Trang 179
Bi tp: Truyn s liu

Chng 8: Ghp knh
77.
Ghp knh 100 my tnh dng TDM ng b. Nu mi my tnh gi d liu vi tc

14,4 Kbps, cho bit tc bit ti thiu trn ng dy? Dng dy T-1 trong trng hp
ny c c khng?
78.
Trong bi tp 77, nu ch c 70 my tnh gi d liu cng lc, cho bit bng thng b
lng ph l bao nhiu?
79.
Cho bit tc bit ti thiu trong hnh bn di nu dng phng php TDM ng b?
b qua cc bit to khung (framing bit)
80.
Trong hnh di y. Nu mi frame c 10 bit (mi knh ly ba bit v mt bit to

khung). V lung TDM, Tnh tc bit ng ra? Tc frame? Thi gian tn ti 1
frame?
81.
Dng b phn knh trong hnh di y. Nu mi frame di 12 bit (b qua framing bit),
cho bit lung bit ti mi ng ra? Tnh tc mi ng ra?
Fram cha 12 bit

Trang 180
Bi tp: Truyn s liu

Chng 8: Ghp knh
82.
Trong hnh di y l b ghp knh nghch. Nu d liu vo l 15 Mbps, cho bit tc

mi ng? C th dng dch v T-1 c khng? B qua framing bit.
83.
Trong hnh di y l b TDM khng ng b. Cho bit tc d liu ca mi ng

gim i nu tt c 10 ng u truyn d liu? C bao nhiu ng vo c th gi d
liu ng thi vi ton dung lng? B qua bit a ch.
84.
Trong hnh di y l b ghp knh TDM thng k. Xc nh d liu ng ra? Khng

tnh cc bit nh a ch.
85.
Cho bit overhead (s bit d trong mt giy) ca ng T-1?
86.
Nu mun ni hai Ethernet LAN vi tc 10 Mbps, cho bit vn bao nhiu dy T-1?
C cn thit phi ghp knh nghch khng? V cu hnh h thng?

Trang 181

Chng 9: Pht hin v sa li

CHNG 9:
PHT HIN V SA LI
Vic pht hin v sa li c thit lp lp kt ni d liu hoc lp vn chuyn
trong m hnh OSI.
9.1 CC DNG LI
C 2 dng li: Li mt bit v li nhiu bit (burst)
+ Li mt bit: Ch c mt bit b sai trong mt n v d liu (byte, k t, n v d

liu, hay gi)
V d: thay i t 1 0 hoc t 0 1.
00000010 (STX: start of text) khi b sai 1 bit d liu nhn c 00001010 (LF: line
feed)
Li mt bit t xut hin trong phng thc truyn ni tip. Thng xut hin trong
truyn song song.
+ Li bt: c hai hoc nhiu bit sai trong n v d liu.
Nhiu bt khng c ngha l cc bit b li lin tc, chiu di ca bt tnh t bit sai u
tin cho n bit sai cui. Mt s bit bn trong bt c th khng b sai.
Hnh 9.1
Nhiu bt thng xut hin trong truyn ni tip.

Trang 182

9.2 PHT HIN LI

+ M tha (Redundancy)
Hnh 9.2
tng thm cc thng tin ph vo trong bn tin ch nhm mc ch gip kim
tra li.
M tha s c loi b sau khi xc nh xong chnh xc ca qu trnh
truyn.
C bn dng kim tra li c bn dng m tha trong truyn d liu:
VRC (vertical redundancy check): kim tra tnh chn l ca tng bit 1 trong mt
n v d liu.
LRC (longitudinal redundancy check): kim tra tnh chn l ca tng cc bit 1
trong mt khi.
CRC (cyclic redundancy check) : kim tra chu k d.
Checksum: kim tra tng.
Ba dng u, VRC, LRC, v CRC thng c thit lp trong lp vt l dng trong
lp kt ni d liu. Dng checksum thng c dng trong cc lp trn.
9.3 VRC (kim tra parity (chn/l)

Thm mt bit (0 hoc 1) vo n v d liu sao cho tng s bit 1 l mt s chn.
c im: Mt bit tha (bit parity) c gn thm vo cc n v d liu sao cho tng
s bit 1 trong n v d liu (bao gm bit parity) l mt s chn (even).
Gi s ta mun truyn n v d liu nh phn 1100001 [ASCII l a (97)];
1100011 [ASCII l c (99)];
Ta thy tng s bit 1 l 3 (a), tc l mt s l; tng s bit 1 l 4 (c), tc l mt s
chn.

Trang 183

Trc khi truyn, ta cho n v d liu qua b to bit parity, gn thm vo n

v d liu mt bit, lm tng s bit 1 l s chn.
H thng truyn d liu vi parity bit ny vo ng truyn: 11000011,
11000110
Thit b thu, sau khi nhn s a n v d liu sang hm kim tra parity chn.
Nu d liu nhn c c tng s bit 1 l s chn th chp nhn.
Nu d liu nhn c c tng s bit 1 l s l th loi ton n v d liu.
Hnh 9.3
+ Mch to bit Parity chn (VRC):
V d: Mch to bit VRC ca mt d liu 7 bit: 1100001
d0
d1
d2
d3
d4
d5
d6
VRC
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
+ Mch kim tra bit Parity chn (VRC):

V d: Mch kim tra VRC ca mt d liu 8 bit: 11000011.
E
R1
R
12
VRC
d0
d1
d2
d3
d4
d5
d6
D1
LED

Trang 184

Nu E=1 d liu sai, E=0 d liu ng.

0
E
1
R1
R
12
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
D1
LED
V d 1:
Gi s ta mun truyn t world trong m ASCII, nm k t ny c m ha nh
sau:
Bn k t u c s bit mt l chn, nn c bit parity l 0, cn k t cui c s bit 1 l

l nn c bit parity l 1 (cc bit parity c gch di)
V d 2:
Gi s k t to c t V d 1 c my thu nhn c nh sau:
My thu m s bit 1 v nhn ra c s bit 1 l chn v l, pht hin c li, nn loi bn

tin v yu cu gi li.
+ Hiu nng:
VRC c th pht hin li 1 bit.
ng thi cng c th pht hin cc li bt m tng s bit sai l s l (1, 3, 5,
v,v....)
V d:
1000111011,
-
Nu c ba bit thay i th kt qu s l l v my thu pht hin ra c:

1111111011: 9
0110 0111011:7
Trng hp hai bit b li: 1110111011:8
1100011011:6
1000011010:4
My thu khng pht hin c ra li v chp nhn.

Trang 185

9.4 LRC
LRCKim tra mt khi bit. Khi bit c sp xp thnh bng (hng v ct).
+To LRC:
V d: Gi mt khi c 32 bit
-
Sp xp d liu thnh 4 hng v 8 ct.
Tm bit VRC cho mi ct
To mt hng mi gm 8 bit, l LRC
Gi km LRC vo cui d liu.

Original data
11100111
11011101
00111001
10101001
11100111
11011101
00111001
10101001
Hnh 7
LRC
11100111 11011101
00111001 10101001
10101010
10101010
Original data plus LRC
+Kim tra LRC

V d: Thu mt khi c 40 bit
-
Sp xp d liu nhn c thnh 5 hng v 8 ct (ging bn pht).
Tm bit VRC cho mi ct, nu VRC bng 1 th d liu b sai.
Nu VRC ca mi ct bng 0 th d liu ng.
Nu LRC bn thu l zr th d liu ng. Ngc li d liu b sai.
Hnh 9.4

Trang 186

01100111
D liu nhn b
sai 1 bit
11011101 00111001 10101001 10101010
VRC hng
LRC
Bn
thu
01100111
11011101
00111001
10101001
10101010
10000000
1
0
0
0
0
D liu b sai,
pht hin v tr
sai
Hnh 9.5
V d 3:
Gi s khi bit truyn i l:

Trang 187

Tuy nhin, c nhiu bt di tm bit xut hin, lm mt s bit b li:
Khi my thu kim tra LRC, mt s bit khng theo ng parity chn v ton khi b loi
(cc gi tr sai c in m)
+ Hiu nng:
-
LCR cho php pht hin li bt.
Khi hai (s chn) bit cng sai cc v tr ging nhau trong mt n v d

liu th LRC khng pht hin c.
Th d, hai n v d liu: 11110000 v 11000011. Nu bit u v bit cui ca hai n

v u bit li, tc l d liu nhn c l 01110001 v 01000010 th LCR khng th pht
hin c li.
9.5 CRC (CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK):
+ S khi ca Bn pht v Bn thu ca phng php CRC:
Divisor: s chia (a thc sinh), c s bit l n+1; D kin cho trc, ging nhau bn
pht v bn thu.
CRC: s d ca php chia bn pht, c s bit l n.
Remainder: s d php chia bn thu. Nu s d ny zr d liu thu khng b sai,
ngc li d liu thu b sai.
Data: D liu cn m ho li CRC.
Bn pht
n + 1 bits
m bits
Data
00...0
S chia
n bits
Thng s
CRC
n bits
S d
Hnh 9.6
Cc bit tha trong dng m ho CRC c c bng cch chia n v d liu vi mt s
chia (divisor) cho trc v d s l CRC. Yu cu i vi CRC gm hai yu t:
C s bit nh hn s bit b chia 1 bit.
c gn vo cui chui d liu
Trang 188

+ Cc bc tm CRC:
Thm n bit 0 vo n v d liu, s n ny nh hn mt so vi (n+1) bit ca b

chia (divisor).
D liu mi ny c chia cho s chia dng php chia nh phn. Kt qu c

c chnh l CRC.
CRC vi n bit ca bc hai thay th cc bit 0 gn cui n v d liu (CRC c

th cha ton bit 0).
+ Ti my thu:
n v d liu n my thu vi phn u l d liu, tip n l CRC. My thu
xem ton chui ny l mt n v v em chia chui cho cng s chia c
dng to CRC.
Khi chui d liu n my thu khng li, th b kim tra CRC c s d l 0 v
chp nhn n v d liu ny.
Khi chui b thay i trong qu trnh truyn, th s d s khc khng v b thu
khng chp nhn n v ny.
9.5.1 B to CRC
B CRC dng php chia modulo2. Trong bc u, b chia bn bit c tr i. Mi
bit trong b chia c tr vi cc bit tng ng m khng nh hng n bit k tip. Trong
V d ny, b chia 1101, c tr t bn bit ca s b chia 100, c c 100 (bit 0 u b b
qua).
Bc k tip, ly 1000 1101, thc hin tng t nhu php chia.
Trong qu trnh ny, b chia lun bt u vi bit 1; v h thng thc hin php
chia theo cch tr nh phn khng c s nh (tc l 0 0 = 0; 1 1 = 0; 0 1 = 1; 1 0
=1).
Hnh 9.7

Trang 189

V d: Cho mt d liu X: 100100, c m ha li theo dng CRC vi s chia (a

thc sinh) c dng 1101.
a. Tm CRC.
b. Tm chui d liu pht.
c. Gi s my thu nhn 2 chui d liu Y: 100100001 v Z: 111100001; Hy cho
bit chui d liu no ng v chui d liu no sai? Gii thch.
Gii
a. Tm CRC;
S bit ca s chia l 4, suy ra n = 4-1=3, thm vo d liu 3 bit 0
1
0 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
0 0
1 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
1 0
1 1
1 1
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
0 0
1 1
0 1
1 1
1 1
0 1
Vy CRC l 001
b. Tm chui d liu pht theo dng CRC
0 0
1 0
0 1
c. Gi s my thu nhn 2 chui d liu Y: 100100001; Z: 111100001. Hy cho

bit chui d liu no ng v chui d liu no sai.
+ D liu Y: 100100001

Trang 190

0 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
0 0
1 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
1 0
1 1
1 1
0 0
0 1
0 1
0 0
0 1
1 1
0 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 1
1 0
1 1
0 1
S d bn thu l Zr D liu Y ng.

+ D liu Z: 111100001;
0
0 1
1 1
1 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
1 0
1 1
0 1
1 1
S d bn thu l 111zr d liu Z sai.

Trang 191

9.5. 2 B kim tra CRC

B ny hot ng ging ht nh b pht. Sau khi nhn c gia liu c gn thm phn
CRC, mch thc hin li php chia modulo 2. Nu kt qu l 0, ct b phn CRC v nhn
d liu; ngc li th loi b d liu v yu cu gi li. Gi s l khng c li, d s l 0 v
d liu c chp nhn.
Hnh 9.8
9.5. 3 Cc a thc:
B to CRC (b chia) thng khng ch l chui cc bit 1 v 0, nhng to ra t a thc
i s. Cc a thc ny tin li v hai l do: Chng thng ngn v thng c dng
chng minh cc nim ton hc trong qu trnh CRC.
a thc ca b chia:
(k s. xi); vi i l v tr ca k s, i= 0 n; b chia c n+1 bit.
Quan h gia chui a thc vi biu din nh phn c minh ha hnh sau:
Mt a thc sinh ca b chia cn c chn theo cc c tnh sau:

-
Khng c chia ht cho thc x

Chia ng cho a thc (x + 1)

Trang 192

iu kin u nhm bo m l tt c cc nhiu bt c di bng bc ca a thc sinh

u c pht hin. iu kin th hai bo m l tt c cc nhiu bt nh hng ln th t bit
l c pht hin.
V d 4:
R rng l ta khng th chn x (s nh phn 10) hay x2 + x (s nh phn 110) lm a
thc c v chng chia ht cho x. Tuy nhin, ta c th chn x+1 (tng ng 11) do khng
chia ht cho x, m chia ht cho (x+1), cng nh ta c th chn x2 + 1 (s nh phn 101) do
chia ht cho (x+1).
Cc a thc chun dng trong b chia CRC c minh ha trong hnh 13. Cc s 12,
16, v 32 c lin quan n kch thc ca d s CRC. B chia CRC tng ng l 13, 17 v 33
bit.
Hnh 9.9
Hiu nng:
CRC l phng php pht hin li rt hiu qu nu b chia c chn theo cc lut va
nu do:
a. CRC c th pht hin tt c cc nhiu bt nh hng ln cc bit c th t l.
b. CRC c th pht hin cc nhiu bt c di b hn hay bng bc ca a thc.
c. CRC c th pht hin vi xc sut cao cc nhiu bt c di ln hn bc ca
a thc.
V d 5:
CRC 12 (x12+x11+x3+x+1) c bc 12, c th pht hin tt c cc nhiu bt nh hng
ln cc bit l, v cng c th pht hin tt c cc nhiu bt c di ln hn hay bng 12, v
pht hin n 99,97% cc nhiu bt c di ln hn 12 hay di hn na.
9.6 CHECKSUM
Phng php pht hin li lp cao hn v ging nh cc phng php VRC, LRC, v
CRC th phng php ny cng da trn yu t tha (redundancy).
9.6.1 B to Checksum:
Bn pht thc hin cc bc nh sau:
B to checksum s chia cc n v d liu thnh k phn, mi phn n bit

(thng l 8, 16).
Cc phn on ny c cng li.
Ly b 1 ca kt qu cng. Gi tr ny c gn vo ui ca d liu gc v
c gi l trng checksum.(Php b 1: 01; 10)
Chhecksum c truyn cng vi d liu.

Trang 193

Hnh 9.10
V d 6: Cho mt khi d liu c 16 bit: 10101001 00111001. M ho li chui d
liu trn dng phng php checksum 8 bit. Tm checksum v chui d liu pht.
Gii: Chia d liu thnh 2 phn, mi phn 8 bit
+
Tng
Ly b 1
10101001
00111001
11100010
00011101
Chu d liu pht

10101001 00111001
00011101
Checksum
9.6.2 B kim tra Checksum:

My thu thc hin cc bc nh sau:
B kim tra checksum s chia cc n v d liu thnh k phn mi phn n bit

(ging nh bn pht).
Cng cc phn trn, c tng (Sum).
Ly b 1 ca tng.
Nu kt qa ly b l zr th d liu thu khng b sai, nguc li d liu b sai.
V d 7: Gi s my thu nhn c chui bit c m ho li dng checksum. D liu

ny ng hay sai?

Trang 194

V d 8: Gi s my thu nhn c chui bit c m ho li dng checksum. D liu

ny ng hay sai?
B 1 ca tng khc zr nn d liu thu b sai

V d 9: sai 2 bit 0, 1 ca 2 phn on c v tr ging nhau.
10101001
00111101
00011001
Tng
B 1
11111111
00000000
Sai
khng
pht
hin
c
Hiu nng:
Checksum pht hin c tt c cc li bit l cng nh hu ht cc bit chn. Tuy
nhin, nu mt hay nhiu bit trong phn on b hng v bit tng ng hay bit c gi tr o
trong phn on th hai cng b li, th khi ly tng, khng nhn ra thay i v my thu
khng pht hin li c. Nu bit cui trong mt phn on l 0 v bi i thnh 1 khi truyn,
th ta khng th pht hin ra li nu bit 1 cui ca phn on th hai cng chuyn thnh 0.
9.7 SA LI
C hai cch sa li l:
Khi pht hin mt li, my thu phi yu cu my pht truyn li d liu.
My thu dng cc m sa li, sa t ng mt s li.
Trang 195

Cc m sa li, thng rt phc tp hn so vi m pht hin li v cn nhiu bit d. S

bit cn thit sa li nhiu bit thng rt ln v khng phi lc no cng hiu qu. Thng
thng hu ht cc phng php sa li u gii hn mt, hai hoc ba bit.
Trong ti liu ny ch cp n phng php pht hin sai 1 bit (xc nh v tr sai) v
sa sai. Do vy s sai mt bit, ta phi bit c bit no b sai. Nh th, ta phi nh v
c bit sai ny.
V d khi cn sa li mt bit trong bng m ASCII, m sa li phi xc nh bit no b
thay i trong 7 bit. Trng hp ny, cn phn bit c gia 8 trng thi khc nhau: khng
li, li v tr 1, li v tr 2, v tip tc cho n v tr 7. Nh th cn thit phi c s bit
d biu din c 8 trng thi ny.
u tin, ta nhn thy l vi 3 bit l do c th biu din c tm trng thi (t 000
n 111) v nh th th c th ch ra c tm kh nng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, vic g xy ra
nu li li ri vo cc bit d ny? By bit trong k t ASCII cng vi 3 bit d s to ra 10 bit.
Vi ba bit l , tuy nhin cn c thm cc bit ph cho tt c cc tnh hung c th xy ra.
9.7.1 Cc bit d
tnh s bit d (r) cn c c th sa li mt s bit d liu (m), ta cn tm ra quan h
gia m v r. Trong hnh sau cho thy m bit d liu v r bit d. di ca m c c l m+r.
Hnh 16
Data (m) bits
Redundancy
(r) bits
Total m + r bits
Hnh 9.11
Nu tng s cc bit trong mt n v c truyn i l m+r, th r phi c kh nng ch
ra t nht m+r+1 trng thi khc nhau. Trong , mt trng thi l khng c li v m+r trng
thi ch th v tr ca li trong mi v tr m+r.
iu , tc l m+r+1 trng thi phi c r bit pht hin ra c; v r bit c ch ch
c 2r trng thi khc nhau. Nh th, 2r phi ln hn hay bng m+r+1:
2 r m+r+1.
Gi tr ca r c th c xc nh t cch gn vo trong gi tr ca m (chiu di ban u
ca n v d liu cn gi i).
Th d, nu gi tr ca m l 7 (trng hp 7 bit ca m ASCII), th gi tr b nht ca r
cn tha mn phng trnh l 4:
2r 7+r+1 ; chn r=4
24 7+4+1.

Trang 196

Bng B.1 cho thy mt s kh nng ca cc gi tr m v r tng ng.

S lng bit
d liu (m)
S lng
bit d (r)
Tng s
bit
(m+r)
10
11
M Hamming
Ta xem xt s lng bit cn thit ph ton b trng thi bit li c th c khi
truyn. Nhng iu cn li l phi x l nh th no bit c trn thi ang xut hin?
R.W.Hamming cung cp mt gii php thc tin.
nh v ca cc bit d
M Hamming c th c p dng vo n v d liu c chiu di bt k dng quan h
gia d liu v cc bit d c kho st trc y.
Th d, m 7 bit ASCII cn c 4 bit d c thm vo phn cui n v d liu hay
phn b vo bn trong cc bit gc. Cc bit ny c t cc v tr 1, 2, 4 ,8,. (2n). Ta gi
cc bit ny ln lt l r1, r2, r4 v r8.
Hnh 9.11
Trong m Hamming, mi bit r l bit VRC ca mt t hp cc bit d liu; r1 l bit
VRC ca mt t hp bit; r2 l mt bit trong mt t hp bit khc v c th tip tc. T hp
c dng tnh ton mi gi tr trong bn bit r ny trong chui by bit c tnh ton nh
sau:
r1 (bit 1), 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn
r2 (bit 2), 3, 6, 7, 10, 11 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn
r4 (bit 4), 5, 6, 7 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn
r8 (bit 8), 9, 10, 11 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn
Mi bit d liu c th tnh n trong nhiu hn mt ln tnh VRC. Th d, trong chui
trn, mi bit d liu gc c tnh n trong t nht hai tp, trong khi r ch c tnh mt ln.
tm cc mu trong chin lc tnh ton ny, hy xem cch biu din ca mi vit tr
bit. Bit r1 c tnh dng tt c cc v tr bit c cch biu din nh phn c 1 trong v tr tn

Trang 197

cng bn phi. Bit r2 c tnh dng tt c cc v tr bit c cch biu din nh phn c 1 trong
v tr th hai bn phi v tip tc nh v trong hnh 9.12.
Hnh 9.12
9.7.2 Cc bit d
V d: Cho mt d liu 1001101, tm chui d liu c m ho dng Hamming.
Gii:
Xc nh s bit d: s bit ca d liu l m=7;
Suy ra s bit d r theo bt ng thc: 2r m+r+1
m= 7 2r 7+r+1 ; chn r=4
Tnh ton cc gi tr r:
Hnh 9.13
Trang 198

Bc u tin, ta t mi bit ca k t gc vo v tr thch hp trong n v 11 bit.

Trong bc k tip, ta tnh cc parity chn vi nhiu t hp bit khc nhau. Gi tr parity ca
mi t hp l gi tr bit r tng ng.Th d, gi tr ca r1 c tnh cung cp parity chn
cho t hp cc bit 3, 5, 7, 9 v 11. Gi tr ca r2 c tnh cung cp parity bit cho cc bit
3, 6, 7, 10 v 11, v c th tip tc. M 11 bit sau cng c gi i qua ng truyn.
9.7.3 Pht hin v sa li
Gi s trong lc truyn tn hiu i, bit th 7 thay i t 1 0.

My thu nhn v tnh li bn s d r bn thu (VRC):
r1 bn thu, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn
r2 bn thu, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn
r4 bn thu, 4, 5, 6, 7 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn
V tr bit sai ca d liu thu l gi tr thp phn ca s nh phn r8 r4 r2 r1.
V d: Gi s my thu nhn c mt d liu 10011100101 c m ho di dng
Hamming. Hy cho bit chui d liu nhn c ng hay sai.
r1 bn thu, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn r1 =0

r4 =0
r8 =0
r8 r4 r2 r1 =00002= 010, Khng c bit sai

V d: Gi s my thu nhn c mt d liu 10010100101 c m ho di dng
Hamming. Hy cho bit chui d liu nhn c ng hay sai.
11 10
1
V tr

Trang 199

r4 =1
r8 =0
Vy v tr sai l gi tr thp phn ca s nh phn r8 r4 r2 r1 bn thu, r8 r4 r2 r1 =01112= 710,

Vy v tr sai l 7, sa bit v tr 7: 0 1

Trang 200

TM TT
Li truyn dn thng c pht hin ti lp vt l trong m hnh OSI
Li truyn dn thng c sa trong lp kt ni d liu trong m hnh OSI
Li c th c chia ra thnh:
a. Li mt bit: ch sai mt bit trong n v d liu
b. Bt: sai hai hay nhiu bit trong n v d liu
Redundancy l nim nhm gi thm cc bit d dng trong pht hin li
C bn phng php kim tra li thng thng l:
a.
b.
c.
d.
VRC (vertical redundancy check)

LRC (longitudinal redundancy check)
CRC (cylic redundancy check)
Checksum
Trong VRC, mt parity bit c thm vo n v d liu

VRC ch c th pht hin mt bit v cc bit l b li; khng th pht hin s bit chn.
Trong LRC, c mt d liu tha theo sau mt n v d liu n bit
CRC, phng php mnh nht trong phng php kim tra li dng bit d, c c s l
php chia nh phn
Checksum c dng trong giao thc cp cao hn (TCP/IP) pht hin li
tnh checksum, th cn:
a. Chia d liu thnh nhiu phn nh
b. Cng cc phn ny li dng phng php b mt
c. Ly b ca tng cui cng, y chnh l checksum
Ti my thu, khi dng phng php checksum, d liu v checksum phi c cng li
thnh gi tr 0 khi khng c li
M Hamming l phng php sa li mt bit dng cc bit tha. S bit l hm ca
di n v d liu
Trong m Hamming, mt n v d liu m bit th dng cng thc 2r m r 1 xc
nh r, s bit d cn c.

Trang 201

Bi tp: Truyn s liu
BI TP CHNG 9
I. CU HI N TP
1)
Cho bit khc bit gia li mt bit v li bt (burst error) ?
2)
Trnh by nim m tha trong pht hin li?
3)
Cho bit bn dng kim tra m tha dng trong truyn d liu?
4)
Phng php pht hin n v d liu b li bng cch dng bit parity?
5)
S khc bit gia parity chn v parity l ?
6)
Trnh by v phng php VRC v cho bit dng li khng pht hin c?
7)
Quan h gia VRC v LRC?
8)
Trnh by v phng php LRC v cho bit dng li khng pht hin c?
9)
B pht, CRC kt ni vi n v d liu nh th no?
10) Cho bit quan h gia kch thc CRC v b chia?

11) B kim tra CRC pht hin li nh th no?
12) Cho bit v iu kin dng a thc trong b CRC generator?
13) u im ca CRC so vi LRC?
14) Cho bit cc phng php pht hin li trong cc giao thc lp trn?
15) Php tnh dng cng cc segment trong b checksum generator v checker?
16) Trnh by cc bc to checksum?
17) B checksum checker pht hin li ra sao?
18) Checksum khng pht hin c li dng no?
19) Cng thc tnh s bit redundancy cn thit sa li bit, bit s bit d liu?
20) Mc ch ca m Hamming l g?
II. CU HI TRC NGHIM
21) Pht hin li c dng trong lp
no ca m hnh OSI:
a. vt l
b. kt ni d liu
c. CRC
d. Checksum
23) Cho bit phng php no dng php
b :
c. mng
a. VRC
d. tt c u sai
b. LRC
22) Phng php pht hin li no bao

gm bit parity ti mi n v d liu
cng vi parity bit ca ton n v d
liu:
a. VRC
c. CRC
d. checksum
24) Cho bit phng php dng ch mt
bit d trong n v d liu
a. VRC
b. LRC
Trang 202

Bi tp: Truyn s liu
b. LRC
b. nh hn mt bit
c. CRC
c. ln hn mt bit
d. checksum
d. ln hn hai bit
25) Phng php no c lin quan n

nim a thc
a. VRC
b. LRC
31) Nu n v d liu l 111111, b

chia l 1010, v d s l 110, hy cho
bit gi tr s b chia (divident) ti
my thu?
a. 111111011
c. CRC
b. 111111110
d. checksum
c. 1010110
26) pht biu no m t li mt bit

a. mt bit b o
b. mt bit b o trong mt n v d
liu
c. mt bit b o trong mt ln truyn
d. tt c u ng
27) Trong m ASCII, k t G (100 0111)
c gi i nhng nhn li c k
t D(100 0100), th l dng li g:
a. li mt bit
b. li nhiu bit
c. bt
d. khi phc c
28) Trong m ASCII, k t H (1001000)
c gi i nhng nhn li c k
t I(100 1001) , th l dng li g:
a. li mt bit
b. li nhiu bit
d. 110111111
32) Nu n v d liu l 111111, b
chia l 1010, v d s l 110, cho
bit s b chia (divident) ti my
pht?
a. 111111000
b. 1111110000
c. 111111
d. 1111111010
33) Khi dng phng php parity l
trong pht hin li trong m ASCII,
th s bit 0 trong mt k t 8 bit l:
a. chn
b. l
c. khng chn, khng l
d. 42
34) Ti my thu, khi khng c li th
tng ca checksum v d liu l:
c. bt
a. 0
d. khi phc c
b. +0
29) Trong phng php CRC, CRC c

ngha l g:
a. b chia
b. thng s (kt qu php chia)
c. phn b ca checksum
d. phn b ca d liu
35) M Hamming l phng php dng
:
c. s bit chia
a. pht hin li
d. s d
b. sa li
30) Trong phng php CRC, b chia c

kch thc so vi CRC nh th no:
c. ng gi li
d. a v b
a. cng kch thc

Trang 203

Bi tp: Truyn s liu

d. 80
36) Trong CRC, khng c li khi thng

s (quotient) ti my thu l:
a. bng vi d s ti my pht
42) Trong b pht CRC, phi thm yu t

no vo n v d liu trc khi tin
hnh php chia:
b. bng khng
a. cc bit 0
c. khc khng
b. cc bit 1
d. l thng s (quotient) ca my
pht
c. a thc
37) Trong CRC, thng s ti my pht

s tr thnh:
a. s b chia (dividend)
b. b chia ti my thu
d. d s CRC
43) Trong b pht CRC, phi thm yu t
no vo n v d liu sau khi tin
hnh php chia:
a. cc bit 0
b. cc bit 1
c. b loi b
c. a thc
d. l s d
38) Phng php pht hin li no dng
bit parity:
a. VRC
d. d s CRC
44) Trong b kim tra CRC, iu g cho
bit l d liu b li:
b. LRC
a. chui cc bit 0
c. CRC
b. chui cc bit 1
d. a v b
c. chui lin tip cc bit 1 v 0
39) Phng php pht hin li no c th

pht hin li mt bit c:
d. d s khc khng
a. VRC
b. LRC
c. CRC
d. tt c cc dng trn
40)
Phng php pht hin li no c

th pht hin li bt c:
a. VRC
b. LRC
c. CRC
d. b v c
41) Tnh chiu di LRC, c 10 nhm,

mi nhm l 8 bit, th s bit trong
LRC l:
a. 10
b. 8
c. 18
Trang 204

Bi tp: Truyn s liu

52) Tm phn b ca 1110010001110011
III. BI TP
45) Cho bit nh hng ln nht ca
nhiu bt 2ms ln d liu truyn vi
tc :
a. 1500 bps; 3 bit sai
b. 12.000 bps; 24 bit sai
c. 96.000 bps; 192 bit sai
46) Gi s ta dng parity chn (VRC),
hy cho bit VRC trong cc n v
d liu sau (v mch to bit VRC):
a. 1001011; 0
53) Cng 11100011 v 00011100 v ly

phn b. Gii thch kt qu
54) Trong cc n v d liu sau, tm s
d ti thiu cn c c th sa li
bit n:
a.
12
b.
16
c.
24
d.
64
55) To m Hamming cho chui bit

10011101?
b. 0001100
56) Tm VRC v LRC ca cc chui bit

sau dng parity bit chn:
c. 1000000
d. 1110111
47) My thu nhn c mu bit
01101011. H thng dng VRC
parity chn, cho bit mu c nhn
ng khng (v mch kim tra
VRC)?
48) Tm LRC ca khi cc bit sau:
10011001
01101111
0011101
1111111 0000000
1100111
57) B pht gi 01110001, my thu

01000001. Nu ch dng VRC, cho
bit my thu c th pht hin li
c khng?
58) Khi bit sau s dng LRC, cc bit c
li khng?
49) Cho chui 10 bit: 1010011110 v b

chia l 1011, tm CRC, kim tra li
kt qu.
10010101
11010000 11011011
50) C d s l 111, n v d liu l

10110011, v b chia l 1001, cho
bit n v d liu c li khng?
59) H thng dng LRC vi khi 8 byte.

Cho bit s bit d phi gi i trong
mi khi? Cho bit t s bit hu ch
trn tng s bit?
10110011111: 1001
51) Tm checksum ca cc chui bit sau.
Gi s dng cc phn on 16 bit
1001001110010011
1001100001001101
01001111
8 bit, 64/72
60) B chia l 101101, hy cho bit CRC
c di l bao nhiu?
61) Tm gi tr nh phn tng ng cho
a thc: x8+x3+x+1.

Trang 205

Chng 10: iu khin kt ni d liu

CHNG 10:
IU KHIN KT NI D LIU (DATA LINK CONTROL)
Hnh 10.1 Lp kt ni d liu

Cc chc nng ca lp kt ni d liu:
Hng mc ng dy (line discipline): iu phi cc h thng kt ni, xc nh thit

b no c pht v thit b no c thu.
iu khin lu lng (flow control): iu phi lng thng tin c th truyn c

trc khi nhn c tin chp nhn (ACK). ng thi cng cung cp tn hiu chp
nhn t my thu, kt ni vi qu trnh kim sot li.
Kim tra li tc l pht hin v sa li: Cho php my thu bo cho my pht v cc
bn tin b mt hay b hng nhm iu phi vic truyn li d liu ca my pht.
10.1.HNG MC NG DY (LINE DISCIPLINE)

Hng mc ng dy tr li cu hi: Ai s gi thng tin ngay by gi?
Hng mc ng dy (line discipline): iu phi cc h thng kt ni, xc nh thit
b no c pht v thit b no c thu.
Hng mc ng dy c thc hin theo hai cch:
Yu cu/chp nhn (enquiry/acknowledgment: ENQ/ACK) : dng trong thng
tin ng cp (peer to peer communication).
Hi vng / la chn (Poll/select): thng tin s cp-th cp (primary-secondary
communicaton)
Hnh 10.2 Hng mc ng dy

10.1.1. Yu cu/chp nhn (ENQ/ACK)
c dng ch yu trong cc h thng khng kim tra sai, tc l c kt ni ring cho
hai thit b, trong ch c mt my l c kh nng thu.
Trang 206

Hnh 10.3 Hng mc ng dy theo EQN/ACK

C ch hot ng:
Hnh 10.4 C ch hot ng theo ENQ/ACK

ENQ: m ASCII 0000101; enquiry
ACK: m ASCII 0000110; acknowledgment
NAK: m ASCII 0010101; negative acknowledgment
EOT: m ASCII 0000100; end of transmission.
-
B khi to (my pht) trc ht gi mt frame c gi l ENQ (enquiry) hi xem my

thu c sn sng thu d liu cha.
My thu phi tr li bng frame ACK (acknowledgment ) khi my sn sng thu, hoc
frame NAK (negative acknowledgment) khi my cha sn sng thu.
Nu my pht khng nhn c tn hiu ACK hay NAK sau khong thi gian qui
nh th my pht s cho l tn hiu ENQ b tht lc khi truyn hay do t mch,
nn s gi tip tn hiu thay th. Thng thng, my pht phi thc hin khong 3 ln
bc ny kt ni thnh cng.
Nu my pht lin tc nhn thng tin t chi NAK trong 3 ln th s ct kt ni v bt

u li cc bc ny vo mt thi gian khc. Nu tn hiu nhn c l chp nhn, my
pht t do pht tin.
Sau khi chuyn tin i ht, h thng pht chm dt bng mt frame chm dt truyn
EOT (end of transmission:).

Trang 207

10.1.2. Hi vng / la chn (Poll/select):

- Phng php ny hot ng vi cu hnh mng trong mt thit b c phn
cng lm thit b s cp v my cn li l thit b th cp.
- Cc h thng a im cn phi iu phi nhiu im.
- Vn cn gii quyt l : thit b sn sng cha? V nt no trong s cc nt
c php dng knh thng tin ?
Hnh 10.5 Hng mc ng dy theo Poll/Select

C ch hot ng:
Thit b s cp v nhiu thit b th cp c ni vi nhau thng qua mt ng
truyn, tt c mi trao i u c thc hin thng qua thit b s cp ngay c
khi ch n l thit b th cp (trong hnh v dng bus, nhng iu ny cng
ng vi cc dng mng khc).
Thit b s cp iu khin kt ni; thit b th cp phi nhn ch th t thit b s
cp.
Thit b s cp xc nh thit b th cp no c php s dng knh trong mt
thi gian nht nh, ng thi thit b ny cng ng vai tr my pht.
Nu thit b s cp mun nhn d liu th phi hi th cp c cn gi khng,
chc nng ny c gi l hi vng (polling).
Nu thit b s cp mun gi d liu, th phi bo cho cc thit b ch th
cp bit chun b sn sng nhn tin, chc nng ny c gi l la chn
(selecting).
a ch: gip nhn dng i tng.
Giao thc poll/select nhn dng mi frame c thu hay nhn t mt thit b c th
trn kt ni. Mi thit b th cp c cc a ch khc nhau. Khi truyn dn a ch xut hin
trong mt phn c th ca mi frame, c gi l trng a ch hay tiu (header). Nu
thng tin do thit b th cp pht i, th a ch cho bit ngun gc ca d liu.
+ Select: Ch ny c dng khi thit b s cp cn gi thng tin i.
- Trc khi gi tin, thit b s cp gi i mt frame SEL, trong c cha trng
a ch ca thit b thu, ch c thit b th cp nhn dng c a ch ny mi m
c frame ny v c d liu.
- Khi thit b thu th cp sn sng th gi v frame ACK cho s cp, thit b s cp
truyn mt hay nhiu frame d liu, tng ng vi cc a ch ca thit b th cp.

Trang 208

SEL: cha trng a ch ca thit b th cp+ENQ;
ACK: m ASCII 0000110;
NAK: m ASCII 0010101;
EOT: m ASCII 0000100;
Hnh 10.6 Thit b s cp gi thng tin i

+ Poll: dng thu thng tin n t thit b th cp.
Poll: cha trng a ch ca thit b th cp v ACK;
NAK: m ASCII 0010101;
EOT: m ASCII 0000100;
- Thit b th cp ch c php gi tin khi c yu cu.

- Thit b s cp nm quyn bo m trong h thng nhiu im ny ch c mt
tn hiu truyn dn trong thi gian nht nh, khng xut hin xung t trn
ng truyn.
- Khi thit b s cp sn sng nhn tin, th phi hi mi thit b th cp xem
c cn gi khng? Khi thit b th cp th nht tr li bng NAK nu khng c
g gi v bng d liu nu c.
- Nu p ng l NAK th thit b s cp s poll tip n thit b th cp k theo
cch tng t.
- Nu p ng l tch cc (mt frame d liu) th thit b s cp c frame ny v
tr li bng frame ACK xc nhn.
- Ty theo giao thc khc nhau m thit b th cp c th gi i ln lt nhiu
frame d liu, hay phi ch tn hiu ACK c th tip tc gi i.
- Ty theo giao thc, c hai kh nng chm dt trao i: c th l th cp gi ht
tt c d liu, ri chm dt bng mt frame EOT, hay l s cp s cho bit ht
thi gian .
- Sau khi thit b th cp hon tt truyn tin, s cp c th poll n cc th cp
cn li.

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Hnh 10.7 Thu thng tin n t thit b th cp
10.2. IU KHIN LU LNG (FLOW CONTROL)

- iu khin lu lng l tp cc th tc nhm cho thit b pht bit v lng d liu
c truyn i trc khi phi ch tn hiu ACK t bn nhn.
-
Lu lng truyn ny khng c php lm qu ti bn thu.
- Thit b thu thng bo cho bn gi bit v cc gii hn d liu v c th yu cu gi t

hn hay tm dng truyn.
- Thit b thu cn c bc kim tra v x l d liu trc khi s dng, iu ny lm chm
ng k lu lng truyn dn, nn bn thu thng c thm mt khi nh tm, thng c
gi l b nh m (buffer).
iu khin lu lng l tp cc th tc c dng gii hn lng d liu m bn
pht c th gi i trc khi nhn c tn hiu xc nhn ACK.
C hai phng php c dng l: dng - i v ca s trt
Hnh 10.8 Hai phng php dng trong iu khin lu lng

10.2.1. Dng-i:
Hnh 10.9 Phng php dng-i

Trang 210

Trong phng php ny, thit b pht gi xong mt frame v i tn hiu xc nhn ACK
ri gi tip frame k.
u im: ca phng php ny l n gin
Khuyt im: tc truyn b chm do qu trnh dng-i
10.2.2.Ca s trt:
Phng php ny cho php nhiu frame cng mt lc
Hnh 10.10 Ghp nhiu frame thnh mt ca s

Ca s gi :
Hnh 10.11 Ca s gi
Dng tng, ca s trt co t bn tri khi frame d liu c gi i. Ca s trt
ca thit b pht m rng v bn phi khi nhn c tn hiu xc nhn ACK.
Ca s nhn:
Hnh 10.12 Ca s nhn

Dng tng, ca s trt ca my thu co t bn tri khi frame d liu c nhn.
Ca s trt ca thit b thu m rng v bn phi khi gi tn hiu xc nhn ACK i
Th d:

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Hnh 10.13 Qu trnh truyn nhn d liu dng ca s trt

Khi mi bt u, ca s thit b pht v thu u m rng ti a bao gm 7 frame
Cc frame ny c nh s t 0 n 7 v c lu vo b m.
B m phi c kch thc ln hn. V d trn b m c kch thc l 13.
Kch thc ca ca s: kch thc ca ca s lun nh hn modulo ca frame 1
n v d thc hin tn hiu ACK.
Gi s s chui frame l 8 v ta chn kch thc ca s cng l 8. Nu frame 0 c
gi v nhn tn hiu ACK 1. B pht m rng ca s v gi cc frame 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 v 0.
Nu li nhn c ACK 1 th khng th xc nhn c khi tn hiu ny l bn sao ca ACK 1
trc (do mng thc hin) hay l ACK1 mi khi mi nhn xong 8 frame. Nu ta chn
kch thc ca s l 7 th iu ni trn khng th xy ra.
10.3. IU KHIN LI (ERROR CONTROL)

iu khin li l phng php pht hin v truyn li d liu.
ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request): Yu cu lp li t ng.
Sa li trong lp kt ni d liu: Nu pht hin li khi truyn th bn thu gi v tn hiu
khng xc nhn (NAK) v frame c gi li. Qu trnh ny c gi l yu cu t ng lp
li (ARQ)
Sa li trong lp kt ni d liu dng c s yu cu t ng lp li (ARQ), tc l vic
truyn li d liu trong ba trng hp:
Frame(data) b hng.
Frame(data) b tht lc.
Tn hiu chp nhn(ACK) b tht lc.

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C 2 phng php iu khin li:

ARQ dng- i
ARQ dng ca s trt
Hnh 10.14 Cc phng php iu khin li

10.3.1 Stop and Wait ARQ:
L dng iu khin lu lng truyn dng dng v ch c m rng c th truyn
d liu trong trng hp frame gi i b tht lc hay b hng.
c th gi li d liu, c c im cho c ch kim tra li nh sau:
- Thit b pht gi mt bn sao ca frame gi cui cng cho n khi nhn c tn
hiu chp nhn frame ny (Vic lu gi bn copy nhm b pht gi li frame b tht lc
hoc b hng cho n khi frame c nhn ng).
- Tt c cc frame d liu v ACK u c nh s tun t l 0 v 1.
Nu gi frame d liu 0 (data 0) th s nhn tn hiu ACK l 1(ACK l), cho bit b thu
nhn c d liu 0 v ang ch d liu 1. Cch nh s ny cho php nhn dng cc
frame d liu trong trng hp phi gi li nhiu ln.
- Nu li c pht hin trong frame d liu, cho thy b hng trong qu trnh truyn
th c tn hiu NAK tr v.
Frame NAK ny khng c nh s, cho my pht bit phi truyn li frame d liu
va gi xong.
Stop and wait ARQ i hi my pht phi ch cho n khi nhn c tn hiu ACK
ca frame cui cng va gi, trc khi chuyn frame k tip. Khi my pht nhn c NAK,
my pht phi gi li frame gi ca ln nhn ACK trc, khng k s lng.
- Thit b pht c trang b mt b nh thi (timer), nu khng nhn c tn hiu
xc nhn ACK cn thit trong thi gian cho php t my thu, my pht s hiu l frame d
liu va gi b tht lc v s tip tc gi li ln na.
a. Trng hp h Frame d liu:
Nu my thu pht hin mt frame va nhn c li th s chuyn v mt frame NAK v my
pht s chuyn li frame va chuyn.
V d: trong hnh bn di, my pht chuyn mt frame d liu: data 0. My thu
chuyn v mt tn hiu ACK 1, cho bit data 0 n tt v my thu ang ch data 1. My
pht chuyn tip frame d liu: data 1. Tn hiu c nhn tt, my thu chuyn v ACK 0.
My pht chuyn tip frame d liu mi: data 0. My thu nhn ra li v gi v NAK. My
pht gi li data 0. Trng hp ny my thu tt, nn my thu chuyn v tn hiu ACK 1.

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Hnh 10.15 Trng hp frame d liu b h

b. Trng hp mt Frame:
- B tht lc Frame data trong qu trnh truyn
- B tht lc Frame ACK trong qu trnh truyn
- B tht lc Frame NAK trong qu trnh truyn
* Tht lc Frame data :
My pht c trang b b nh thi khi truyn d liu.
My pht ch i tn hiu ACK hay NAK khi tn hiu c gi, nu tn hiu ACK
hay NAK khng n my pht, my pht i ht thi gian qui nh, s gi li bn tin va gi
ri ch i thng tin xc nhn t my thu.
Hnh 10.16 Trng hp frame d liu b mt

* Tht lc Frame ACK
Frame d liu ti c my thu
Tn hiu ACK hoc NAK li b tht lc trong khi gi v.
My pht ch cho n khi ht thi gian do timer qui nh
Tip tc gi frame va gi.
My thu nhn v kim tra,
Nhn frame copy ny nh l bn sao, chp nhn ri hy i ch bn tin k tip
n.

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Hnh 10.17 Frame ACK b mt

10.3.2.Sliding Window ARQ:
C nhiu c ch dng kim tra li khi truyn d liu lin tc.
C hai giao thc thng dng l: go-back-n ARQ v selective-reject ARQ.
C ba c im:
- Thit b gi gi bn sao ca tt c cc frame gi i cho n khi chng c xc
nhn.
Nu cc frame t 0 n 6 c gi i, v xc nhn cui cng l frame 2 (ch i
3), th my thu gi cc bn sao ca frame 3 n 6 cho n khi chng c nhn ng.
- My thu cn c th gi v frame NAK nu d liu nhn b hng.
Frame NAK cho my pht bit gi li frame b hng.
Do ca s trt c c ch truyn lin tc (khng ging nh trng hp stop and wait),
cc tn hiu ACK v NAK u phi c nh s c th nhn dng.
Cc frame ACK mang s ca frame mong mun k tip. Tri li, cc frame NAK mang
s ca frame b hng.
Trong c hai trng hp, tn hiu n my pht l s frame m my thu mun. Ch
rng nhng frame d liu c nhn khng c li th khng c cc xc nhn ring bit. Nu
tn hiu ACK sau cng mang s 3 v k tip ACK6 nhn th cc frame 3,4 v 5 u nhn
tt. Tuy nhin, mi frame b hng li cn c xc nhn. Nu frame d liu 4 v 5 b sai khi
nhn, th c NAK 4 v NAK 5 phi c gi v. Tuy nhin, NAK 4 cho my pht bit l tt
c cc frame nhn trc frame 4 c nhn tt.
- Tng t nh trng hp stop and wait ARQ, thit b pht trong ca s trt ARQ
c trang b b nh thi c kh nng x l cc xc nhn b tht lc. Trong ca s trt
ARQ, (n-1) frame (kch thc ca ca s) c th c gi i trc khi nhn c xc nhn.
Nu (n-1) frame l cc xc nhn mong i, my pht khi ng b nh thi v ch trc khi
gi na. Nu ht thi gian cho php m khng nhn c xc nhn th my pht gi s l
cc frame cha nhn c v gi li mt hay tt c cc frame ty theo tng giao thc. Ch
rng trong phng php stop and wait ARQ, my pht khng c cch no bit c l frame
b tht lc l d liu, ACK hay NAK. Bng cch gi li cc frame d liu, c hai kh nng
khi phc: d liu tht lc v NAK tht lc. Nu tht lc frame l frame ACK th my thu c
th nhn bit s d tha thng qua s trn frame v loi cc d liu tha.
a.Go-Back-n ARQ

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Trong phng php ca s trt go-back-n ARQ, nu mt frame b tht lc hay hng,
tt c cc frame c pht khi tn hiu xc nhn cui cng c gi i. C 3 dng pht li:
H Frame data, mt Frame data, mt Frame ACK
H Frame:
Vic g xy ra nu cc frame 0, 1, 2 v 3 c gi i, nhng tn hiu xc nhn u
tin li l NAK 3? Xin nh cho rng NAK c hai ngha: (1) mt xc nhn v tt c cc
frame nhn c trc khi c frame b hng v (2) tn hiu khng xc nhn i vi frame
hin ti. Nu NAK u tin l NAK 3, c ngha l cc frame d liu 0, 1, v 2 c nhn
tt. Ch cn gi li frame s 3.
Vic g xy ra nu cc frame t 0 n 4 c gi i trc khi nhn c NAK 2?
Ngay va khi my thu pht hin li, th my ngng tip nhn cc frame cho n khi frame b
hng c thay th xong. Trong trng hp ny th d liu 2 xut hin hng v b loi, cng
cc d liu 3 v 4. D liu 0 v 1, c nhn trc khi c frame b hng, c chp
nhn, bng cch gi v my pht frame NAK 2. Nh th cn gi li cc frame 2, 3 v 4.
Hnh v di y cho mt th d trong 6 frame c gi i trc khi pht hin ra li
frame 3. Trng hp ny my thu gi v tn hiu ACK 3 cho bit cc frame 0, 1 v 2 c
chp nhn. Trong hnh th ACK 3 c gi trc khi d liu 3 n. Pht hin li ti frame
3, tn hiu NAK c gi tc th v cc frame 4 v 5 b loi khi chng n. Thit b pht gi
li c ba frame (3, 4 v 5) do t xc nhn trc , v qu trnh tip tc. My thu loi cc
frame 4 v 5 (cng cc frame tip theo) cho n khi nhn tt c frame 3.
Hnh 10.18 Trng hp h frame d liu

Mt Frame d liu:
Giao thc ca s trt i hi cc frame d liu phi c chuyn i tun t. Nu mt
trong s cc frame ny b nhim nhiu v b tht lc trong khi truyn, th frame n sau s b
my thu loi. My thu kim tra s nhn dng ca mi frame, pht hin ra l mt s frame
b b qua, v gi v tn hiu NAK cho frame tht lc u tin. Frame NAK khng ch ra l
frame b tht lc hy hng, ch thng bo yu cu gi li.Thit v pht s pht li frame do
NAK yu cu, cng cc frame c chuyn i sau frame va tht lc.

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Hnh 10.19 Trng hp mt frame d liu

Trong hnh trn, d liu 0 v 1 thu c nhng d liu 2 th b tht lc. Frame k tip s
n my thu l frame 3. My thu ang ch frame 2 nn frame 3 b xem l li, b loi v gi v
thng bo NAK 2, cho bit cc frame 0 v 1 c chp nhn nhng frame 2 th b sai (b
tht lc trong trng hp ny). Trong th d trn, do my pht pht d liu 4 trc khi
nhn c NAK 2, d liu 4 n ch nhng b loi. Mt khi my pht nhn c tn hiu
NAK 2, th chuyn tt c cc frame cn b kt li (2, 3 v 4).
Mt ACK:
My pht khng mong nhn c cc frame ACK sau mi d liu gi. iu nn
khng th dng cc chui s ca ACK nhn dng cc frame ACK hay NAK b tht lc, nn
phi dng mt timer. Thit b pht c th gi bt k frame no trong lc m ca s cn cho
php trc khi ch tn hiu chp nhn. Mt khi gii hn thi gian ny ht hay my pht
khng cn frame gi th my pht phi ch. Nu mt tn hiu ACK (hay, c bit, nu l
NAK) do my thu gi i b tht lc, th my pht phi ch mi. trnh tnh trng ny, phi
pht phi trang b mt b timer nhm bt u m khi dung lng ca s y. Khi khng
nhn c tn hiu xc nhn sau mt thi gian hn nh, my pht gi li mi frame c
pht t ln nhn c ACK gn nht.
Hnh 10.20 Trng hp mt frame ACK

Hnh trn cho thy tnh hung khi my pht gi i tt c cc frame v ch tn hiu
xc nhn b tht lc u trn ng truyn. My pht ch trong mt thi gian xc nh,
ri gi li cc frame unacknowledged. My thu nhn ra c l ln truyn mi ny l ln lp
li ca ln trc, gi tip i tn hiu ACK, v loi b thng tin tha.

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b.Selective - Reject ARQ

Trong giao thc ny, ch c ng cc frame bi hng hay tht lc l c truyn li. Nu
mt frame b hng trong khi truyn th tn hiu NAK c gi v v frame ny c gi
ring. B thu phi c kh nng chn lc cc frame v chn vo ng ch trong chui
frame. thc hin c vic ny, h thng selective-reject ARQ c im khc so vi goback-n ARQ nh sau:
- Thit b thu phi c trnh t chn lc cho php sp xp li cc frame nhn c. Thit
b thu cng cn lu tr c cc frame nhn c t sau khi gi v NAK cho n khi
frame hng ny c thay th.
- Thit b pht phi c c ch tm kim nhm cho php tm v chn lc cc frame c
yu cu truyn li.
- B nh m ti phn thu s lu tr tt c cc frame nhn c trc cho n khi
tt c cc frame truyn li c chn lc v cc frame trng lp c nhn ra v loi b.
- Nhm tng tnh chn lc, cc s ACK, tng t nh s NAK cng c ghi cho cc
frame nhn c (hay tht lc) thay v l cc frame mong mun nhn.
-Tnh phc tp ny i hi kch thc ca ca s phi b hn so vi trng hp goback-n cho php h thng hot ng hiu qu hn. Kch thc ca s nn c chn b
hn hay bng (n+1)/2, trong (n-1) l kch thc ca s ca trng hp go-back-n.
Cc trng hp hng: H Frame data, mt Frame data, mt ACK.
Damaged Frame:
Hnh 10.21 Trng hp mt frame d liu trong Selective-Reject ARQ

Hnh trn minh ha tnh hung trong frame b hng c nhn. Theo , frame 0 v
1 c nhn nhng khng c xc nhn. D liu 2 n v b pht hin l c li, n c tn
hiu NAK v. Tng t frame NAK trong phng php sa li go-back-n, mt NAK y
cha thng tin ca phn xc nhn d liu nhn v ch th sai s frame hin ti. Trong hnh
th NAK-2 cho my pht bit rng d liu 0 v 1 c chp nhn, nhng phi gi li d
liu 2. Khc vi trng hp my thu ca h go-back-n, trng hp ny my thu l h chnlc nn bt u chp nhn cc frame mi trong khi ch i cc li phi sa. Tuy nhin, do
ACK cho bit v cc cuc nhn thnh cng khng ch trong frame ang c m cn c gi tr
cho tt c cc frame nhn c trc , cc frame nhn c sau khi frame error cha
c xc nhn, cho n khi cc frame hng c gi li. Trong hnh th my thu chp nhn
d liu 3, 4 v 5 trong khi ch bn copy ca d liu 2. Khi d liu 2 mi ti, tn hiu ACK 5
c gi tr v, xc nhn v tn hiu 2 mi, v cc frame gc 3, 4 v 5. My thu cn c
Trang 218

phng thc chn la trong cc chui frame c truyn li v theo di xem frame hng cn
thiu c th xc nhn.
Lost Data Frame: Tuy cc frame c th c nhn, nhng khng c ngha l c xc
nhn. Nu frame b tht lc th frame k tip s khng c nhn vo chui. Khi my thu c
sp xp li cc frame hin c, th s pht hin ra thiu st ny v gi i tn hiu NAK. ng
nhin l my thu ch c th nhn ra thiu st ny nu c cc frame tip tc n. Nu frame
tht lc l frame truyn cui cng th my thu khng lm g v my pht s xem s im lng
ny chnh l NAK.
Lost Acknowledgment: Cc frame ACK v NAK tht lc c selective-reject ARQ
x l tng t nh trong trng hp go-back-n ARQ. Khi thit b pht t dung lng
ca ca s hay khi chm dt truyn, th thit lp b timer. Nu khng c tn hiu xc nhn
trong khong thi gian qui nh, thit b pht gi li tt c cc frame cha c xc nhn.
Trong hu ht trng hp, my thu s nhn ra cc bn trng lp v loi b chng.
So snh gia phng php Go-Back-n v Selective-Reject
Mc d ch truyn li cc frame b hng hay tht lc nn c v hiu qu hn so vi vic
chuyn li tt c cc frame b hng, nhng do c ch chn lc v lu tr m my thu phi c,
cng vi c ch chn lc phc tp nn phng php selective-reject c chi ph t hn v t
c dng. Tc l, tuy c hiu qu hn nhng thc t th phng php go-back-n c dng
nhiu hn do d thit lp hn.
Ch l giao thc stop and wait l trng hp c bit ca giao thc ca s trt
trong kch thc ca s c chn l 1.

Trang 219


T KHA V NIM
ACK: acknowledgment
Automatic repeat request ARQ
Buffer
End of transmission
Enquiry/acknowlegment (ENQ/ACK)
Error control
Flow control
Go-back ARQ
Line discipline
Negative acknowledgment (NAK)
Poll
Poll/select
Primary station
Secondary station
Select
Selective-reject ARQ
Sliding window
Stop-and-wait
Stop and wait ARQ

Trang 220

TM TT
Lp th hai trong m hnh OSI, lp kt ni d liu, c ba chc nng chnh: hng mc
ng dy, iu khin lu lng, v kim tra li.
Hng mc ng dy thit lp cc trng thi ca cc thit b (thu hay pht) trong kt
ni.
ENQ/ACK l phng php hng mc ng dy dng kt ni im- im.
Thit b thu dng ENQ/ACK tr li bng cch xc nhn (ACK) nu thit b sn
sng nhn d liu hay khng xc nhn NAK nu cha sn sng.
Poll/select l mt phng php trong hng mc ng dy. Thit b s cp cn khi
to thng tin bng cc frame poll hay select (SEL).
Mt frame poll c s cp gi n th cp xem thit b th cp c d liu gi
khng. Th cp c th tr li khng dng NAK hay nu c th gi frame d liu.
Mt frame SEL c thit b s cp gi n th cp thng bo chun b nhn d
liu. Th cp c th tr li bng ACK hay NAK.
iu khin lu lng l qu trnh iu ha d liu truyn thit b thu khng b qu
ti vi thng tin nhn.
C hai phng php iu khin lu lng:
Stop and wait
Sliding window
Trong c ch iu khin lu lng stop and wait, mi frame cn c my thu xc
nhn trc khi my pht gi tip frame k tip.
Trong c ch iu khin lu lng dng ca s trt, d liu pht b gii hn bi mt
ca s o m rng v co li c ty theo tn hiu xc nhn t my thu. Tng t, d
liu thu cng b gii hn ca mt ca s o c th co gin c theo d liu nhn
c.
Kim tra li, hay phng cch x l i vi d liu hay xc nhn b tht lc, b hng,
l qu trnh truyn li d liu.
D liu c truyn li nh automatic repeat request (ARQ).
C ba dng li cn n ARQ: frame b hng, frame b tht lc hay xc nhn b tht lc.
Phng php c dng trong kim tra li ty thuc vo phng php iu khin lu
lng.
Trong iu khin lu lng dng stop and wait, th stop and wait ARQ c dng
Trong iu khin lu lng dng ca s trt, go-back-n hay selective reject ARQ
c dng.
Trong stop and wait ARQ, mt frame khng xc nhn c gi i
Trong go-back-n ARQ, qu trnh truyn li bt u khi nhn c frame khng xc
nhn cho d cc frame trc c nhn ng. Cc frame trng lp s c my
thu loi b.
Trong selective-reject ARQ, ch c frame khng xc nhn l c truyn li.

Trang 221


BI TP CHNG 10
I. CU HI N TP
1. Cho bit khc bit gia thng tin v truyn dn.
2. Ba chc nng c bn ca lp kt ni d liu l g?
3. Mc ch ca hng mc ng?
4. Hai phng php hng mc ng dy l g? Cho bit khi no th h thng la chn cc
phng php ny?
5. Cho bit c ch ca ENQ/ACK?
6. Cho bit c ch ca Poll/select?
7. Ti sao trong phng php poll/select li cn nh a ch m phng php ENQ/ACK th
khng?
8. Khc bit gia polling v selecting?
9. Ti sao li cn c iu khin lu lng?
10. Cho bit vai tr ca b m ti my thu trong c ch iu khin lu lng?
11. Cho bit hai phng php iu khin lu lng d liu qua kt ni thng tin?
12. C ch ca phng php iu khin lu lng stop and wait?
13. C ch hot ng ca phng php iu khin lu lng dng ca s trt?
14. Cho bit ngha ca t iu khin li trong lp kt ni d liu?
15. Hai phng php iu khin li chnh ?
16. Khi no th my pht phi gi li mt gi?
17. Cho bit c ch ca phng php iu khin li stop and wait ARQ?
18. Cho bit hai dng ca phng php iu khin li dng ca s trt?
19. Cho bit cc tham s phi quan tm trong iu khin lu lng?
20. Trong iu khin lu lng dng stop and wait, nh ngha v cho bit vai tr ca:
a. Mt frame b hng
b. Mt frame b tht lc
21. Trong phng php stop and wait ARQ, iu g xy ra khi frame NAK b tht lc khi
truyn? ti sao li khng cn nh s NAK?
22. Phng php ARQ ca s trt no c dng nhiu? Ti sao?
23. Khi no mt frame b loi b trong ba phng php ARQ?

Trang 222

II. CU HI TRC NGHIM

24. Thit b th cp trong cu hnh nhiu
im s gi d liu khi no?
a. Kim tra li
b. Tnh trng li
a. ACK
c. Hng mc ng dy
b. ENQ
d. iu khin lu lng
c. Poll
30. Khi thit b s cp mun gi d liu n

cho th cp, th trc ht phi gi:
d. SEL
25. Trong phng php ca s trt, nu kch
thc ca s l 63, cho bit tm ca chui
s
a. ACK
b. Poll
c. SEL
a. 0 n 63
d. ENQ
b. 0 n 64
c. 1 n 63
d. 1 n 64
26. Trong phng php iu khin lu lng
dng ca s trt, cc frame bn tri ca
ca s my thu l cc frame:
31. Khi thit b s cp sn sng gi d

liu, th n phi ch frame no:
a. ACK
a. c nhn nhng khng c xc

nhn.
b. Poll
b. c nhn v xc nhn.
d. ENQ
c. Khng c nhn.
d. Khng c gi.
27. iu ha tc truyn ca cc frame d
liu c gi l:
c. SEL
32. Trong h thng ng cp, khi mt thit b
mun gi d liu n mt thit b khc, th
cn phi gi:
a. ACK
a. Hng mc ng dy
b. Poll
b. iu khin lu lng
c. SEL
c. iu khin tc d liu
d. ENQ
d. iu khin chuyn mch

28. ____ quyt nh vai tr (pht hay thu) ca
mt thit b trn mng:
33. iu khin lu lng l cn thit ngn

nga:
a. Li cc bit
a. Kt ni ng dy
b. B m my pht b qu ti
b. Kt ni mng
c. B m my thu b qu ti
c. Hng mc ng dy
d. Tranh chp gia my pht v my thu
34. Trong go-back-n ARQ, nu cc frame 4, 5

v 6 c nhn thnh cng, th my thu s
29. Qu trnh truyn li cc frame b hng
gi frame ACK no cho my pht:
hay tht lc trong lp kt ni d liu c
a. 5
gi l:
d. iu l kt ni
b. 6

Trang 223

c. 7

40. ARQ c ngha l
d. Khng thuc cc s va k
35. Trong ca s trt c kch thc (n-1),
tc l chui n, th c ti a bao nhiu
frame c gi m khng xc nhn:
a. automatic request quatalization

b. automatic repeat request
c. automatic retransmission request
d. acknowledge repeat request
a. 0
41. Chc nng no l chc nng ca lp kt

ni d liu
b. n-1
c. n
a. hng mc ng dy
d. n+1
b. iu khin lu lng
36. Mt Frame ACK 3 trong phng php
c. kim tra li
iu khin lu lng ca s trt (ca s
d. tt c cc chc nng trn
c kch thc l 7) cho thy l frame m
my thu mun nhn tip l frame s my: 42. Trong cu hnh thng tin dng no m
phng php poll/select c dng
a. 2
iu khin ng dy:
b. 3
a. peer to peer
c. 4
b. peer to primary
d. 8
c. primary to peer
37. Trong phng php stop and wait ARQ,
d. primary to secondary
nu d liu 1 c li, th my thu gi v
frame no:
43. Mt timer c thit lp khi ____c
gi i
a. NAK 0
b. NAK 1
a. Mt gi
c. NAK 2
b. ACK
d. NAK
c. NAK
d. Cc cu trn
38. Phng php ARQ no c dng nu
khi nhn c NAK, th tt c cc frame 44. Poll/select cn c _____ nhn dng gi
k t lc frame xc nhn cui cng c
a. timer
truyn li.
b. buffer
a. Stop and wait
b. Go-back-n
c. a ch
c. Select-reject
d. ng truyn
45. Trong phng php iu khin lu lng

stop and wait, truyn i n gi th bao
39. Phng php ARQ no c dng nu
nhiu frame xc nhn cn c
khi nhn c NAK, ch c frame b
a. n
hng hay tht lc l c gi li
d. a v b
a. Stop and wait
b. 2n
b. Go-back-n
c. n-1
c. Select-reject
d. n+1
d. a v b
Trang 224

II. BI TP
46. V ca s pht v thu trong h dng go-back-n ARQ cho bi:
a. Frame 0 gi, frame 0 c xc nhn
b. Frame 1 v 2 c gi. Frame 1 v 2 c xc nhn
c. Frame 3, 4 v 5 c gi v nhn c NAK 4
d. Frame 4, 5, 6 v 7 c gi; cc frame t 4 n 7 c xc nhn.
47. Lm li bi tp 46 dng selective-reject ARQ
48. Thit b thu s gi g nhm p ng li:
a. poll
b. select
49. S trn frame NAK cho bit:
a. stop and wait ARQ
b. go-and back-n ARQ
c. selective reject ARQ
50. S trn frame ACK cho bit
a. stop and wait ARQ
b. go-and back-n ARQ
c. selective reject ARQ
51. ACK 7 c my pht nhn c trong h go-back-n dng ca s trt. Hin ang gi i
cc frame 7, 0, 1, 2 v 3. Gii thch v qu trnh thu trong cc trng hp sau:
a. ACK 1
b. ACK 4
c. ACK 3
d. NAK 1
e. NAK 3
f. NAK 7
52. Giao thc ca s trt dng kch thc ca s l 15. Cho bit s bit cn c nh ngha
chui s?
53. Mt giao thc ca s trt dng 7 bit biu din mt chui s, cho bit kch thc ca
s l bao nhiu ?
54. Mt giao thc ca s dng kch thc ca l 7. B sung thm vo chui s sau cho 20
gi:
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..................................................................................................................
55. Mt my tnh dng chui s sau. Cho bit kch thc ca s?
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,0,1..................................................................

Trang 224

56. Ta bit l giao thc stop and wait thc cht l giao thc ca s trt vi kch thc l
1. Minh ha hot ng ca ca s trong hnh 10.22
Hnh 10.22
57. Lm li dng hnh 10.23
Hnh 10.23
58. Lm ll dng hnh 10.24
Hnh 10.24
59. Minh ha hot ng ca ca s gi trong hnh 10.25. Cho bit v tr chnh xc ca cc
vch trong mi ln truyn. Gi s kch thc ca s l 7.

Trang 225

Hnh 10.25
60. Lm li bi 59 dng hnh 10.26
Hnh 10.26
61. Lm li bi 59 dng hnh 10.27
Hnh 10.27
62. My tnh A dng giao thc stop and wait ARQ gi gi n my tnh B. Nu c ly gia
hai my l 4000 km, cho bit thi gian cn thit my tnh A nhn c xc nhn gi?
Dng vn tc nh sng cho tc truyn v gi s thi gian gia lc nhn v xc nhn l
khng.
63. Trong bi 62, cho bit thi gian cn thit my tnh A gi mt gi c kch thc 1000
byte nu tc truyn d liu l 100.000 Kbps.
64. Dng kt qu ca bi 62 v 63, cho bit thi gian ri ca my A
Trang 226

65. Lm li bi tp 64 cho h thng dng giao thc ca s trt ARQ vi kch thc ca s l
255
66. Trong hnh 10.23, v ca s sau khi gi cc gi t 0 n 11 v nhn c ACK 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0
67. Trong hnh 10. 23, v ca s sau khi my pht gi cc gi t 0 n 11 v nhn c

ACK6
68. trong hnh 10. 23, my pht gi i cc gi t 0 n 14, v khng nhn c xc nhn,
v ht thi gian ch. V ca s my pht
Trong hnh 10. 23, my thu gi ACK 6 nhng ACK 9 b tht lc. V ca s my pht.

Trang 227

Chng 11: Giao thc kt ni d liu

CHNG 11
GIAO THC KT NI D LIU (DATA LINK PROTOCOLS)

Giao thc (protocol) c hiu l tp cc lut hay qui c nhm thc hin mt
nhim v c th, trong ngha hp hn giao thc l tp cc lut hay c tnh c dng
thit lp mt hay nhiu lp trong m hnh OSI.
Giao thc trong truyn s liu l tp cc lut hay c tnh c dng thit lp
mt hay nhiu lp trong m hnh OSI.
Giao thc kt ni d liu l tp cc c tnh c dng thit lp lp kt ni d liu
Giao thc kt ni d liu chia ra hai nhm con:
Giao thc khng ng b x l cc k t trong dng bit mt cch c lp.
Giao thc ng b dng nguyn dng bit chuyn sang thnh k t c cng
chiu di.
Hnh 11.1 Hai nhm con trong giao thc kt ni d liu
11.1
GIAO THC KHNG NG B
Hnh 11.2 Cc giao thc khng ng b dng trong cc modem

Cc giao thc ny ch yu c dng trong cc modem.
Phng thc ny c yu im l truyn chm (do tn ti start bit, stop bit v khong
trng gia cc frame) nn hin nay, c cc giao thc truyn tc cao dng c ch ng
b.
11.1.1
XMODEM
Truyn file dng ng truyn in thoi gia cc PC. Giao thc ny, c gi l
XMODEM:
L giao thc stop and wait ARQ
Truyn bn song cng (half-duplex)

Trang 228

Hnh 11.3 XMODEM

- Trng u tin l mt byte tiu header (start of header: SOH).
- Trng th hai l header gm 2 byte: byte u l mt chui bit mang gi tr s
frame v byte th hai c dng kim tra gi tr hp php ca chui bit.
- Trng c nh gm 128 byte d liu (binary, ASCII, Boole, text)
- Trng cui cng l CRC, ch dng kim tra li trong trng d liu.
- Bt u truyn bng cch gi mt frame NAK t my thu n my pht.
- Mi khi my pht gi i mt frame th phi ch tn hiu ACK trc khi gi tip
frame k.
- Nu my pht nhn c NAK th frame va gi s c gi li.
- Mt frame cng c th c gi li nu my pht khng nhn c tn hiu xc
nhn sau mt thi gian nh trc.
- Ngoi tn hiu ACK v NAK, my thu cn c th nhn c tn hiu CAN
(cancel), yu cu hy vic truyn.
11.1.2
YMODEM
Dng giao thc tng t nh XMODEM, ngoi mt s im khc bit sau:

11.1.3
n v d liu l 1024 byte.

Dng hai tn hiu CAN hy vic truyn tin.
Dng phng php kim tra li ITU-T, CRC-16.
C th truyn ng thi nhiu file.
ZMODEM
Giao thc mi, kt hp c hai giao thc XMODEM v YMODEM.

11.1.4
BLAST
Blocked asynchronous transmission (BLAST) mnh hn XMODEM. Giao thc dng

ch song cng (full-duplex) dng phng php kim sot lu lng dng ca s trt
(sliding window).
11.1.5
KERMIT
Hin l giao thc khng ng b c dng nhiu nht hin nay.

Giao thc truyn file ny tng t nh hot ng ca XMODEM,
My pht ch NAK trc khi bt u truyn.
Kermit cho php truyn cc k t kim tra dng text theo hai bc:

Trang 229

u tin, k t kim tra c dng dng text, c chuyn thnh cc k t in c

thng qua vic thm vo mt s c nh v m ASCII c dng biu din.
Bc hai, thm k t # vo pha trc k t va chuyn i. Theo cch ny, k t kim
tra dng nh text c gi i nh hai k t. Khi my thu gp k t #, th bit phi b i v k
t k chnh l k t kim tra. Nu my pht mun pht k t #, th cn phi gi i hai k t
ny.
11.2.GIAO THC NG B
Tc truyn ng b l chn la tt hn so vi trng hp khng ng b, trong cng
ngh LAN, WAN hay MAN.
Cc giao thc ng b truyn d liu c chia thnh hai dng: giao thc theo hng
k t v giao thc theo hng bit.
Hnh 11.4 Cc giao thc ng b truyn d liu

Giao thc theo hng k t (cn gi l giao thc theo hng byte) din dch cc
frame hay gi cn truyn thnh cc k t lin tip nhau, mi k t gm mt byte (8 bit). Tt
c cc thng tin u dng hin hu ca k t (m ASCII)
Giao thc theo hng bit din dch d liu hay gi cn truyn thnh ca cc bit n,
to ngha cho chng bng cch sp xp v tr trong frame v bng phng thc xp t chng
vi cc bit khc. Cc thng tin iu khin trong giao thc ny c th dng mt hay nhiu bit,
ty theo kiu thng tin trong mu
Trong giao thc theo hng k t, cc frame hay gi c chuyn thnh chui cc
k t. Trong giao thc theo hng bit, cc frame hay gi c din dch thnh chui cc
bit.
11.2.1. CC GIAO THC THEO HNG K T
BINARY SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION (BSC)
a. Gii thiu:
Dng cho cu hnh im - im v a im
C ch truyn bn song cng (half-duplex)
Dng phng php kim tra li v iu khin lu lng stop and wait ARQ
(BSC khng h tr ch full-duplex hay giao thc ca s trt)
b.Cc k t iu khin
K t ACK khng c dng trong giao thc ny.
BSC dng phng php stop and wait ARQ v ACK phi l ACK0 hay ACK1 cho
cc frame d liu lin tip nhau.

Trang 230

Trong bng biu din cc k t dng m ASCII, ch l cc k t iu khin c th

biu din bng nhiu k t
Character
ASCII Code
Function
ACK 0
ACK 1
DLE
ENQ
EOT
ETB
ETX
ITB
NAK
NUL
RVI
SOH
STX
SYN
TTD
WACK
DLE and 0
DLE and 1
DLE
ENQ
EOT
ETB
ETX
US
NAK
NULL
DLE and <
SOH
STX
SYN
STX and ENQ
DLE and :
Good even frame received or ready to receive

Good odd frame received
Data transparency marker
Request for a response
Sender terminating
End of transmission block; ACK required
End of text in a message
End of intermediate block in a multiblock transmission
Bad frame received or nothing to send
Filler character
Urgent message from receiver
Header information begins
Text begins
Alerts receiver to incoming frame
Sender is pausing but not relinquishing the line
Good frame received but not ready to receive
Bng 11.1 Bng biu din cc k t dng m ASCII

c. M ASCII:
d. BSC frames:
Hnh 11.5 Frame BSC

Control frame: ch cha cc thng tin v iu khin.
Data frame: cha cc thng tin v d liu, nhng cng c cc thng tin iu khin
dng trong thng tin ny.
e. Data Frame:
Block check count :
A one-byte LRC or
two-byte CRC
S
Y
N
S
Y
N
ST
X
Da ta
E
T
X
B
C
C
Hnh 11.6 Fame d liu

Trang 231

Chiu mi tn l chiu truyn.
Frame c hai k t ng b hay nhiu hn. Cc k t ny cnh bo my thu l

frame mi n v cung cp bit pattern cho my thu nhm ng b thi gian vi
my pht. V d m ASCII ca SYN l 00010110. Bit u (th 8) ca byte
thng c thm vo cc s 0. Hai k t SYN cng nhau s c dng
0001011000010110.
Tip sau 2 k t ng b th bt u k t vn bn (STX: 00000010 start of text).

Cc k t ny bo cho my thu l ht thng tin iu khin v byte k tip l
d liu. D liu hay vn bn c th l mt s cc k t. K t chm dt text (end
of text: ETX: 00000011) cho bit c s chuyn tip t vn bn sang nhiu k t
iu khin.
Sau cng, mt hay hai k t c gi l khi m-kim tra (block check count:
BCC) c thm vo lim tra li. Trng BCC c th c mt k t kim tra
li dng LRC hay hai k t kim tra li CRC.
f. Trng tiu (Header Fields)

Mt frame n nh va m t thng t c dng, do phi c thm a ch ca thit b
thu, a ch ca thit b gi, v s nhn dng frame (0 hay 1) cho trng hp stop and wait
ARQ, xem hnh bn di. Cc thng tin ny thng c cha trong mt trng c bit gi
l tiu (header), c bt u bng k t start of header (SOH). Tiu ny n sau k
t SYN v trc k t STX; mi thng tin nhn sau trng SOH nhng trc k t STX l
cc thng tin tiu .
Hnh 11.7 Trng tiu

g. Multiblock Frame
Khi chiu di ca khi (block) tng th xc sut xut hin li cng gia tng theo. Cng
nhiu bit trong mt frame th kh nng b li cng cao, lm cho vic pht hin li cng tr nn
kh khn. Do , cc vn bn trong bn tin thng c chia ra thnh nhiu block. Mi
block(tr block cui cng) u bt u vi mt k t STX v chm dt bng mt khi text
trung gian (ITB: intermediate text block). Block cui bt u dng STX nhng tn cng dng
ETX. Lin k ngay sau mi ITB hay ETX l trng BCC. Theo cch ny, th my thu c th
kim tra li cho tng blck ring bit, cho php gia tng kh nng pht hin li. Nu mt
blck c li th c frame phi c chuyn li. Sau khi ETX n v BCC cui cng
c kim tra xong, my thu mi gi c mt xc nhn cho ton frame. Hnh v bn di
minh ha cu trc ca frame nhiu blck; th d ny ch dng hai block, ty nhin trong thc
t th c th c nhiu hn hai.
Hnh 11.8 Multiblock frame

Trang 232

Truyn nhiu frame (Multiframe Transmission)

Trong th d va ri, mt frame n mang ton bn tin. Sau mi frame, bn tin c
chm dt v kim tra chuyn sang ng th hai (th d trong ch full-duplex). Mt s
bn tin, thng di c th t vo format ca mt frame n, nh th, my pht s chia bn
tin ra khng nhng theo nhiu block m cn thnh nhiu frame. Nhiu frame c th chuyn
lin tc mt bn tin. my thu bit c l phn cui ca frame cha phi l phn cui ca
bn tin, th k t ETX trong tt c cc frame (tr frame cui cng) c thay th bng k t
end of transmission block (ETB). My thu phi xc nhn mi frame ring bit nhng khng
th iu khin ton kt ni cho n khi tm c k t ETX ti frame cui.
Hnh 11.9 Truyn nhiu frame

Frame iu khin (Control Frames)
Mt frame kim tra khng th b hiu lm thnh mt k t kim tra. Mt frame iu
khin c mt thit b dng gi tn hiu iu khin, cng c thng tin, cho thit b
khc. Mt frame iu khin cha cc k t iu khin nhng khng c data; chng cha cc
thng tin c bit t vn hnh lp kt ni d liu.
Hnh 11.10 Frame iu khin

Control frame c ba mc ch:
Thit lp kt ni
Duy tr lu lng v kim tra li trong khi truyn dn
Kt thc kt ni.

Trang 233

Hnh 11.11 Chc nng ca frame iu khin

DATA TRANSPARENCY
Nu mt trng text khi truyn gm mu 8 bit ging nh k t iu khin ca BSC, th
my thu s bin dch thnh mt k t v hy ngha ca bn tin.
Th d: my thu nhn thy mt chui bit 0000011 c c l k t ETX, nn nh ta
bit, khi my thu nhn ra k t ETX, n s cho rng hai byte k tip l BCC v bt u kim
tra li. Thc ra mu 0000011 y l d liu ch khng phi l thng tin iu khin. Hiu
lm ny c gi l thiu thng tin minh bch (transparency).
mt giao thc l hu ch th giao thc ny phi l minh bch - tc l c th mang bt
k t hp bit nh l d liu m khng b hiu lm l thng tin iu khin.
Data transparency trong thng tin s liu c hiu l ta c th truyn cc t hp bit
d liu bt k.
Tnh minh bch ca BSC c th c thc hin thng qua qu trnh bit nhi (bit
stuffing). Bao gm hai tc ng: nh ngha vng vn bn transparency dng k t data link
escape (DLE) v x l cc k t DLE trong vng transparency bng cc k t DLE extra.
nh ngha vng transparency, ta chn vo mt k t DLE ngay trc k t STX ti
lc bt u trng text v DLE khc ngay trc ETX (hay ITB hay ETB) ti cui trng

Trang 234

text. DLE u cho my thu bit l text c th cha cc k t iu khin v phi b qua chng.
DLE cui cho my thu bit l vng transparency chm dt.
Hnh 11.12 K t DLE trong vn bn transparency

11.2.2 CC GIAO THC THEO HNG BIT
Hnh 11.13 Cc giao thc theo hng bit

Cc bit c nhm thnh cc mu to k t.
So snh vi phng php theo hng byte th giao thc theo hng bit c th ng gi
nhiu thng tin hn trong mt frame ngn hn v trnh c vn transparency (minh bch)
Cc giao thc theo hng bit ngy nay ngy cng nhiu v dn pht trin thnh cc
chun. a s chng c cc nh sn xut thit k nhm h tr cho cc sn phm ca mnh.
Trong s , chun HDLC do ISO thit k v ngy cng tr thnh c s ca cc giao thc
theo hng bit hin nay.
Nm 1975, IBM i u trong vic pht trin giao thc theo hng bit vi giao thc
synchronous data link control (SDLC) v yu cu ISO chp nhn a vo lm chun.
Nm 1979, ISO tr li bng cch a ra high-level data link control (HDLC), pht trin t
SDLC. Vic ISO chp nhn chun HDLC lm giao thc ny c nhiu t chc chp nhn v
m rng. ITU-T l t chc u tin chp nhn HDLC. T 1981, ITU-T pht trin mt tp
cc giao thc c gi l link access protocol (LAPs, LAPB, LAPD, LAPM, LAPX, v.v...)
u da trn HDLC. Cc giao thc khc (th d Frame Relay, PPP, v.v..) c c ITU-T v
ANSI cng da trn HDLC, v lm giao thc cho mng LAN. Nh th hu ht cc giao thc
theo hng bit u xut pht t HDLC, nn chnh l nn tng tm hiu cc giao thc
khc.
Tt c cc giao thc theo hng bit u xut pht t HDLC (high-level data link
control), l dng giao thc theo hng bit do ISO cng b. HDLC h tr c ch song
cng v bn song cng trong cu hnh im-im hoc im ni nhiu im.
HDLC
HDLC l giao thc kt ni d liu theo hng bit c thit k nhm h tr cho cc ch
bn song cng v song cng, cu hnh im ni im hay im ni nhiu im. H thng
dng HDLC c th c c trng ho bi dng trm, cu hnh v ch p ng.
Trang 235

Cc dng trm
HDLC chia thnh cc trm : s cp, th cp v kt hp
Trm s cp trong chc nng HDLC: tng t nh chc nng thit b s cp ca
phng php kim sot lu lng. S cp l thit b kim sot mng theo cc cu hnh kt ni
im im hay im nhiu im. S cp chuyn tn hiu iu khin n cc trm th cp.
S cp - iu khin, th cp-p ng.
Trm hn hp l trm c th iu khin v p ng. Mt trm kt hp c th l mt
tp cc thit b ng cp kt ni c lp trnh c th vn hnh nh s cp hay th cp ty
theo bn cht v chiu truyn dn.
Trm trong HDLC c ba dng : s cp, th cp v kt hp. Trm s cp gi tn hiu
iu khin, th cp gi tn hiu p ng. Trm kt hp gi c tn hiu iu khin v p ng.
Cu hnh (Configuration)
T cu hnh ni ln quan h ca cc thit b phn cng trong kt ni. Cc trm s cp,
th cp v kt hp c th c cu hnh theo 3 cch: khng cn bng, i xng v cn bng.
Cc cu hnh ny u h tr cho phng thc truyn song cng v bn song cng.
Hnh 11.14 Cc cu hnh ca cc trm s cp, th cp v kt hp

Cu hnh khng cn bng (hay cn gi l cu hnh master/slave) trong c mt thit
b l s cp v cc thit b khc l th cp. Cu hnh khng cn bng cn c gi l cu hnh
im -im nu ch c hai thit b, v thng l im -nhiu im trong mt thit b s cp
iu khin nhiu thit b th cp.
Cu hnh i xng, trong mi trm vt l trn mng gm hai trm lun l, mt l s
cp v mt l th cp. Cc dy ring bit ni s cp ca mt trm vt l n th cp ca mt
trm vt l khc. Cu hnh i xng hot ng tng t nh cu hnh khng cn bng tr vic
iu khin mng c th c c hai mng thc hin.

Trang 236

Cu hnh cn bng, trong c mt trm dng hn hp, trong s cc trm cu hnh

im - im . Cc trm c kt ni dng mt dy v c iu khin t cc trm khc.
HDLC khng h tr ch cn bng nhiu im. iu ny a ra nhu cu cho vic
thit lp cc giao thc truy cp mi trng cho mng LAN.
Ch thng tin
Hot ng ca HDLC da trn quan h gia hai thit b cn trao i thng tin: Ch
ny cho bit ai iu khin mng. Trao i trong cu hnh khng cn bng thng c thc
hin trong ch p ng bnh thng. Trao i trong cu hnh i xng hay cn bng c th
c thit lp cc ch c bit dng cc frame c thit k mang lnh iu khin (s
tho lun trong phn U-frame). HDLC h tr ba ch thng tin gia cc trm:
Ch p ng bnh thng (normal response mode: NRM).
Ch p ng khng ng b (asynchronous response mode: ARM).
Ch cn bng khng ng b (asynchronous balanced mode: ABM).
NRM: l chun v quan h s cp-th cp. Trong ch ny, thit b th cp phi cho
php t thit b s cp th mi c th gi tin. Khi c php ri th thit b th cp c c th
khi to mt p ng truyn mt hay nhiu frame d liu.
ARM: thit b th cp c th khi to vic truyn khng cn s cho php ca thit b
s cp khi no knh trng. Cc trng hp khc th quan h master/slave vn c duy tr.
Mi thng tin truyn t thit b th cp (hay t mt thit b th cp khc trong ng truyn)
vn phi dng thit b s cp lm relay i n ch.
ABM: mi thit b u ng quyn nn cn c cc trm hn hp im ni im. Cc
trm hn hp c th gi tin n cc trm hn hp khc m khng cn c php.
Normal response mode (NRM)
Asynchronous response mode (ARM)
Asynchronous balanced mode (ABM)
Cc ch HDLC:
NRM
ARM
ABM
Station type
Primary &
secondary
Primary &
secondary
Combined
Initiator
Primary
Either
Any
Bng 11.2 Cc ch HDLC

FRAMES
Nhm cung cp h tr mm do cho tt c cc trng hp v ch v cu hnh ni
trn, HDLC nh ngha 3 dng frame: frame thng tin (I-frame: information frame), frame
gim st (S-frame: supervisory frame) v frame khng nh s (unnumbered frame U-frame).
Mi dng frame hot ng nh lp v truyn thng tin n nhiu dng bn tin.

Trang 237

I-frame: c dng vn chuyn d liu ca ngi dng (user) v thng tin iu khin
lin quan n ngi dng.
S-frame: ch dng vn chuyn cc thng tin iu khin, lu lng ca lp kt ni d
liu v kim tra li.
U-frame: c dng d phng cho qun l h thng. Thng tin do U-frame thng
c dng cho vic t qun l mng.
Hnh 11.15 Cc frame trong HDLC

Mi frame trong HDLC c th cha n 6 trng: trng bt u flag, trng a ch,
trng iu khin, trng thng tin, trng kim tra sequence ca frame (FCS: frame check
sequence) v trng cui flag. Khi truyn nhiu frame, flag cui c th l mt frame i v
lm flag bt u cho frame k tip.
Flag field
Trng flag ca HDLC l chui 8 bit c mu 01111110 nhm nhn dng c phn u,
phn cui ca frame v mu ng b cho my thu. Hnh di y v sp xp ca hai trng
flag trong mt I-frame
Hnh 11.16 Trng flag trong HDLC

Trng flag l trng gn nht m HDLC n mt k t iu khin d b my thu c sai
nht. Nh th, trng flag c th l nguyn nhn cho vn transparency. Khi mt trm nhn
ra flag, xc nh trng ny c nh a ch n mnh, th bt u c qu trnh truyn, v
ch flag k tip nhm cho bit phn kt thc ca frame. Cn c kh nng l chui bit, d l
thng tin iu khin hay d liu, u c th cha mu 01111110. Nu iu ny xut hin
trong d liu th my thu s tm v gi s l sp t ti phn cui ca frame (vi kt qu l
sai).

Trang 238

bo m l flag khng xut hin mt cch khng bo trc (inadvertently) trong

frame, HDLC tr tnh mt qu trnh c gi l bit nhi (bit stuffing). Mi ln my pht
mun gi mt chui bit c hn 5 bit 1 lin tip, th n s chn (nhi) thm mt bit tha 0 sau
5 s 1. Th d, chui 011111111000 s tr thnh 0111110111000. S 0 thm vo bit 1 th 6
cho bit l c bit nhi, v my thu khi nhn c s loi b i
Data send
0001111111001111101000
Frame send
Flag Address Control
Frame received
Flag Address Control
000111110110011111001000
FCS Flag
Stuffed and
unstuffed
bits
000111110110011111001000
FCS Flag
0001111111001111101000
Data received
Hnh 11.17 Qu trnh chn thm bit nhi

Qu trnh ny c ba ngoi l: khi chui bit thc s l flag, khi vic truyn b hy b v
khi knh truyn khng cn c s dng. Lu di y cc bc m my thu dng
nhn dng v loi bit nhi. Khi my thu c cc bit thu c, th bt u m s bit 1, Sau khi
tm ra 5 bit 1 tip n l bit 0, th tip tc kim tra 7 bit tip. Nu bit th by l 0, my thu
xc nhn l bit nhi , v reset li b m. Nu bit th 7 l bit 1, th my thu kim tra bit th
8. Nu bit th 8 tip tc l bit 1, th my thu tip tc m. Gi tr tng l 7 hay 14 bit 1 lin
tip, cho ch th loi b. Khi tng ny l 15, tc l knh trng.
Address field
Trng th hai ca frame HDLC cha a ch ca trm th cp, c th l originator hay
destination ca frame (hay trm ng vai tr trm th cp trong trng hp trm hn hp.
Nu trm th cp to ra mt frame, th frame ny cha from address. Trng a ch c th
di mt byte hay nhiu byte, ty theo nhu cu ca mng. Mng cng ln th i hi trng a
ch vi nhiu byte hn.

Trang 239

Hnh 11.18 Qu trnh nhn dng v loi b bit nhi

Hnh v tip theo y cho thy quan h ca trng a ch vi cc phn khc ca frame.
Hnh 11.19 Mi quan h trng a ch v cc phn cn li ca frame

Nu trng a ch ch gm mt byte, th bit cui cng thng l bit 1. Nu trng ny
di hn mt byte, tt c cc byte u c bit cui c gi tr 0, tr byte cui tn cng bng bit 1.
Cc byte trung gian c tn cng l bit 0, nhm bo cho my thu bit l cn nhiu byte a
ch khc n.
Control field
Trng iu khin l on gm mt hay nhiu byte ca frame c dng qun l.
u tin, kho st trng hp mt byte, ri s pht trin thnh trng hp 2 byte, c gi l
ch m rng.
Ty theo dng frame m trng iu khin c th khc nhau.
Nu bit u tin ca trng iu khin l 0, th l I-frame.
Nu bit u l 1 v bit k l 0 th l S-frame.
Nu c hai bit u v k u l 1, th l U-frame.
Trng iu khin ca c ba dng frame u cha mt bit c gi l poll/final (P/F)-bit
th 5.

Trang 240

Mt I-frame cha 2 chui 3 bit iu khin lu lng v kim tra li, c gi l N(S)
v N(R), nm gia bit (P/F). N(S) cho bit s frame mong mun gi tr v trong trng hp
trao i hai chiu; cn N(R) cho bit s frame k tip trong chui. Nu frame cui khng
c nhn chnh xc, th s N(R) s l s cc frame b hng, cho thy nhu cu cn truyn li.
Trng iu khin trong S-frame c cha trng N(R) nhng khng cha trng N(S).
S-frame c dng gi v N(R) khi my thu khng c d liu ring gi i. Mt khc,
tn hiu xc nhn cha trong trng iu khin ca mt I-frame (ni trn).
S-frame khng truyn d liu nn khng cn trng N(S) nhn dng chng. Hai bit
nm trc bit P/F trong S-frame c dng mang m lu lng (code flow) v thng tin kim
tra li, s c tho lun phn sau
Hnh 11.20 Cu trc I-frame, S-frame v U-frame

U-frame th khng c cc trng N(S) v N(R), v khng c thit k trao i d
liu ca ngi dng hay tn hiu xc nhn. Thay vo , U-frame c hai trng code, mt
gm hai bit, v mt l ba bit, chen gia bi bit P/F. Cc m ny c nhn ra dng ca Uframe cng cc chc nng (th d thit lp cc ch ca trao i).
Hnh di y m t trng iu khin trong ch m rng. Ch l trong ch m
rng, trng iu khin ca I-frame v S-frame c chiu di hai byte cho php dng 7 bit
dng cho trng hp pht v s chui thu ( s ny c th nm gia 0 v 127). Tuy nhin, Uframe vn l mt byte.
I-frame
P/F
N(S)
S-frame
Code
U-frame
P/F
N(R)
P/F
Code
Code
Hnh 11.21 Trng iu khin trong ch m rng

Trng P/F l mt bit n c hai mc ch. N ch c ngha khi thit lp vi (bit=1) v
c th cho bit l poll hay final. N l poll khi frame c trm s cp gi i (tc l khi
trng a ch cha a ch my thu) v l final khi frame c th cp gi v s cp nh
trng hp hnh bn di.
Hnh 11.22 Trng P/F (Poll/Final)

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Information field
Hnh 11.23 Trng thng tin

Trng thng tin cha d liu ngi dng trong I-frame, v mng qun l thng tin
trong U-frame. Chiu di ca fame thay i ty thuc vo tng dng mng nhng gi c nh
trong cng mt mng. S-frame khng c trng thng tin.
Nh thy trong cc trng hp trn th thng c kh nng t cc thng tin v lu
lng, li v cc thng tin khc trong mt I-frame tc l frame c cha d liu. Th d, trong
phng thc trao i hai chiu (half hay full duplex), trm 2 c th xc nhn d liu nhn
c t trm 1 trong trng iu khin ca chnh frame d liu ca mnh thay v gi cc
frame xc nhn ring. Kt hp d liu gi vo thng tin iu khin theo cch ny c gi l
piggybacking (cng, ci trn lng ngi khc).
Piggybacking (cng) l phng thc kt hp d liu truyn v xc nhn vo trong mt
frame n.
FCS Field
Hnh 11.24 Trng kim tra li (FCS)

Frame Check Sequence (FCS) nm trong trng kim tra li ca HDLC, trong cha
t 2 n 4 byte CRC.
NI THM V FRAME
Trong ba frame ca HDLC th I-frame l n gin nht, do c thit k vn chuyn
cc thng tin ca ngi dng (user) v piggybacking xc nhn. Do , tm bin ng ca Iframe cc khc bit lin quan n d liu (ni dung v CRC), nhm nhn dng s frame
hay xc nhn cc frame nhn c.
Tri li, S-frame v U-frame th cha cc trng con trong frame iu khin. Nh
tho lun phn trng iu khin, th cc trng con ny cha m nhm thay i ngha
ca frame. Th d, m ca S-frame dng cho selective-reject (SREJ) khng th c dng
thay cho m ca S-frame dng cho receive ready (RR).
S-FRAME

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Hnh 11.25 S-frame

Frame gim st c dng xc nhn, iu khin lu lng, v kim tra li khi vic
piggybacking vo I-frame l khng th c hoc khng thch hp (khi trm khng c d liu
gi hay khi cn gi cc tn hiu iu khin, hay p ng thay cho cc tn hiu xc nhn).
S-frame khng c trng thng tin, m nm trong cc bn tin c gi n trm thu.
Cc bn tin ny ty theo dng ca S-frame v context ca tin truyn, dng ca mi S-frame
c xc nh t mt m gm hai bit thit lp trong trng iu khin, ngay trc bit P/F. C
4 dng S-frame:
Thu, sn sng thu (RR).
Cha sn sng thu (RNR).
Loi (REJ)
Chn-lc (SREJ)
Receive Ready
S-frame cha cc m cho RR (00) c th c dng trong 4 trng hp khc nhau:
ACK: Tn hiu RR c trm thu dng gi tr v mt xc nhn khi nhn c Iframe khi my thu khng c d liu ring gi (khng c I-frame
piggybacking tn hiu xc nhn). Trong trng hp ny, trng N(R) ca frame
iu khin cha cc s ca chui ca frame k cn nhn. Trong trng iu
khin mt byte, trng N(R) c 3 bit, cho php xc nhn n 8 frame. Trong ch
m rng, trng N(R) c 7 bit cho php xc nhn n 128 frame.
Poll: Khi trm s cp truyn (hay trng hp trm hn hp ng vai tr s cp),
vi bit P/F c thit lp chc nng poll hay bit P, RR s hi trm th cp c
g gi khng ?
Negative response to poll: Khi gi bng trm th cp dng bit P/F c thit lp
final hay bit F, RR s bo cho trm pht bit l trm thu khng c g gi.
Nu trm th cp c d liu cn truyn, th s p ng vi poll thng qua Iframe, ch khng dng S-frame.
Positive response to poll: Khi trm th cp c kh nng thng tin truyn t s
cp, th n gi v mt frame RR trong bit P/F c thit lp 1 (bit F).
Receive not ready: Frame RNR c th c dng theo 3 cch:

Trang 243

ACK: Tn hiu RNR t my thu gi v my pht nhm xc nhn v tt c cc

frame nhn, nhng khng bao gm frame c ch trong trng N(R) nhng
yu cu l khng gi thm frame no na cho n khi c frame RR c gi i.
Select: Khi trm s cp mun truyn d liu ti mt trm th cp c th, n cnh
bo cho th cp bng cch gi frame RNR vi bit P/F c thit lp bit P. M
RNR bo cho my th cp ng gi d liu ring ca mnh na, do frame
c thit lp ch select ch khng phi l poll.
Negative response to select. Khi trm th cp c chn khng c kh nng
nhn d liu, th n gi tr v frame RNR vi bit P/F c thit lp bit F.
Reject. Dng th 3 ca S-frame l reject (REJ). REJ l tn hiu khng xc nhn c
my thu gi tr v trong h thng sa li go-back-n ARQ, vi trng hp my thu khng c
d liu piggybacking p ng. Trong frame REJ, trng N(R) cha s ca frame b hng
cho bit l frame ny v tt c cc frame tip sau u phi c truyn li.
Selective-Reject: Frame selective-reject (SREJ) l tn hiu khng xc nhn trong h
thng selective-reject ARQ. N c my thu gi v my pht cho bit mt frame nhn c
b hng (s nm trong trng N(R)) v yu cu gi li frame ny.
Hnh 11.26 Cc dng S-frame RR v RNR

U-FRAME
Cc frame khng nh s c dng trao i cc thng tin v qun l v iu khin
gia cc thit b ang kt ni. Khc vi S-frame, U-frame c cha trng thng tin, nhng l
cc thng tin qun l h thng ch khng phi l d liu ca user. Tng t nh S-frame,
nhiu thng tin do U-frame mang c cha trong m t trng iu khin. M ca Uframe c chia thnh hai phn: mt prefix gm hai bit t trc bit P/F v mt suffix 3 bit
sau bit P/F. Hai phn on ny (5 bit) cng c dng to ra 32 dng U-frame. Mt s t
hp c minh ha trong hnh di y

Trang 244

Hnh 11.27a Cu trc U-frame
Bng 11.27b Mt s t hp trong U-frame

Cc lnh trong U-frame c ghi trong bng c th chia thnh 5 phm tr chc nng
c bn: thit lp ch , trao i khng nh s, ngng kt ni, khi to, v cc chc nng
khc(hn hp):
-
Mode setting
Cc lnh thit lp ch c trm s cp , hay do trm hn hp ng vai tr s cp

gi i nhm iu khin qu trnh trao i, nhm thit lp kim sot kt ni. Frame thit lp
ch ca U-frame thng bo cho trm thu bit v format ca qu trnh sp truyn. Th
d, mt trm hn hp mun thit lp mt quan h s cp -th cp tm thi vi mt trm khc,
th n gi i mt U-frame cha m 00 001 (nhm thit lp p ng thng thng). Trm c
a ch nhn hiu c l mnh c chn nhn tin (t s cp) nn t chnh nh cho thch
hp.
-
Unnumbered-Exchange
Cc m v trao i khng nh s c dng truyn hay cng c phn c th

v thng tin kt ni d liu gia hai thit b. M poll khng nh s (UP: unnumbered poll)
00 100 c trm s cp (hay trm hn hp ng vai tr s cp) truyn i trn mng nhm
thit lp trng thi ca trm c a ch trong qu trnh trao i khng nh s ny. M thng
tin khng nh s (UI: unnumbered information) 00 000 c dng truyn i phn c th
ca thng tin nh time/date dng cho ng b. Frame UI c th c truyn i nh cc lnh
(list cc tham s cho qu trnh truyn) hay p ng (m t v kh nng ca trm c a ch
nhn tin). M ca xc nhn khng nh s (UA: unnumbered acknowledgment) 00 110 c
my thu gi tr v nhm tr li cho mt unnumbered poll, xc nhn cho mt unnumbered
Trang 245

request frame (th d RD: request disconnect) hay l chp nhn lnh thit lp ch (xem
li bng).
Disconnection
C ba m ngng kt ni, mt l lnh t trm ng vai tr s cp hay trm hn
hp, cn li l hai p ng t trm thu. Lnh u tin, disconnect (DISC, 00 010) c
trm th nht gi n trm th hai thng bo ngng kt ni. Lnh th hai: do my th hai
gi yu cu ngng kt ni request disconnect (RD, 00 010) v my th nht sau khi nhn
c DISC. Lnh th ba ch ngng kt ni (DM: disconnect mode 11 000) c my c
a ch nhn gi n my pht nh mt negative response cho lnh thit lp ch (xem
bng).
Initialization Mode
M 10 000, c dng lm lnh (do trm th nht gi n trm th hai) nhm thit lp
ch khi to (SIM: set initialization mode) nhm chun b cho trm thu chun b khi to
cc chc nng iu khin kt ni d liu. Lnh SIM v tip theo l trng UI cha cc
chng trnh hay cc tham s c thit lp. Cng m ny 10 000, c dng lm p ng
(do my th hai gi v my th nht) , cho bit ch yu cu khi to (RIM: request
initialization mode) v cng c lnh SIM do trm th nht gi n. Lnh ny c dng
p ng lnh thit lp ch khi trm th hai khng th hot ng c theo lnh without
first receiving a SIM (xem bng).
Miscellaneous
Trong ba lnh trn th hai lnh u: reset (RSET, 11 001) v trao i ID (XID, 11 101)
l lnh c gi t my pht n my thu theo a ch. Lnh th ba, frame reject (FRMR, 10
001) l p ng t trm nhn gi v trm pht:
RSET: cho trm th hai bit l trm th nht reset send sequence numbering v
thng bo cho trm th hai lm cc bc tng t. Lnh ny thng c gi i khi nhn
c FRMR.
XID: yu cu trao i d liu nhn dng t my th hai (a ch ca bn l g?)
FRMR: bo cho h thng th nht l U-frame do trm th hai nhn c c syntax b
sai (iu ny khng ging nh frame HDLC). Th d, tn hiu ny c gi v khi mt frame
c nhn dng l S-frame nhng li c cha trng thng tin.
CC TH D: Sau y l mt s th d v phng php thng tin dng HDLC.
Th d 1: Poll/Response
Trong hnh bn di th thit b s cp (mainframe) trong h nhiu im gi poll n
thit b th cp (A) bng S-frame cha m ca poll. u tin l trng flag, tip n l a ch
ca th cp cn c poll, trng hp ny l A. Trng th ba, iu khin cha m nhn
dng frame l S-frame, theo sau l cc m RR (receive ready), trng thi my pht, bit P/F
c thit lp poll, v trng N(R) = 0 . Sau khi trng iu khin l FCS error detection
code v trng ending flag.
Trm A c d liu cn gi, nn tr li bng mt I-frame nh s 0 v 1. Frame th hai
c bit P/F thit lp v final cho bit chm dt d liu. Trm s cp xc nhn v c hai frame
cng mt lc dng S-frame cha s 2 trong trng N(R) cho trm A bit l frame 0 v 1

Trang 246

c nhn v nu A cn gi thm frame no, th trm s cp mong nhn c fram s 2 k

tip
Hnh 11.28 Poll/Response

Th d 2: Select/Response
Hnh 11.29 Select/Response

Th d ny cng dng cu hnh nhiu im cho thy cch s cp chn la trm th cp,
trm B nhn tn hiu truyn.
u tin, s cp gi S-frame n trm a ch B c cha m select. Frame select ny
tng t nh frame poll, nhng trng thi RR trong trng iu khin c thay bng
RNR, cho th cp bit sn sng nhng cha gi. Trm B tr li dng mt S-frame khc,
nh a ch t B, cha m RR cng vi bit final, cho bit l my sn sng nhn v y l
frame cui.
S cp gi I-frame c cha d liu. Frame ny c gi cho a ch B, trng N(S)
nhn dng l frame s 0, bit P cha c thit lp cho thy frame khng phi l poll, v
trng N(R) cho thy l nu I-frame b tr v, th cng mong c nh s l 0. Trm B tr

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li dng frame RR vi hai mc tiu: bit final c thit lp cho s cp bit l B khng c g
gi v N(R)=1 cho thy l B mong nhn c frame 1.
Th d 3: Peer Devices
Hnh 11.30 Peer devices

Th d nhm minh ha qu trnh truyn dn trao i trong ch cn bng khng ng
b (ABM) dng phng php xc nhn piggybacking. Hai trm l ng quyn v kt ni
im-im.
Trm A gi U-frame cha m ca SABM thit lp kt ni ch cn bng khng
ng b. Bit P c thit lp cho bit trm A mun iu khin kt ni v c pht u tin.
Trm B ng yu cu bng cch gi v U-frame cha m UA, thit lp bit F. Chp nhn
truyn ch cn bng khng i xng, c hai trm u ang ch trm hn hp, thay
v s cp-th cp, nn bit P/F khng cn gi tr v c b qua trong frame k tip.
Trm A bt u trao i thng tin vi I-frame nh s 0 tip theo l I-frame nh s 1.
Tram B gi xc nhn piggybacking ca c hai frame ny vo trong I-frame ca mnh. I-frame
u tin ca B cng c nh s 0 (trng N(S)) v cha 2 trong trng N(R), xc nhn
nhn frame s 1 v s 0 ca A v cho bit mong mun nhn c frame 2. Trm B gi tip
fram th hai v ba (nh s 1 v 2) trc khi chp nhn thm cc frame n t A. Cc thng
tin N(R), nh th th cha thay i. Cc fram 1 v 2 ca B cho bit l trm B cn mong nhn
c frame 2 t A.
Trm A gi ht d liu. Nh th, khng c th piggybacking xc nhn vo trong Iframe nn phi gi S-frame thay vo. M RR cho thy l A vn cn sn sng nhn. S 3 trong
trng N(R) cho B bit l cc frame 0, 1, v 2 c chp nhn v hin ang ch s 3.
Th d 4: Peer Communication with Error

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Trong th d va qua, hy gi s l frame 1 gi t B n A l c li. Trm A, cn bo

cho B gi li frame 1 v 2 (h thng dng giao thc go-back-n). Trm A gi mt frame
reject supervisory nhm thng bo li frame 1.
Station A
Station B
`
Data
F
l
a
g
Data
F
C
S
F
l
a
g
Data
F
C
S
F
l
a
g
Data
F
C
S
F
l
a
g
I-Frame
A
0
2
Data
Error
F
l
a
g
I-Frame
A
1
2
Data
F
l
a
g
I-Frame
A
2
2
Reject
F
l
a
g
F
C
S
S-Frame
B
1
REJ
F
l
a
g
Data
F
l
a
g
Data
F
C
S
F
l
a
g
Data
F
C
S
F
l
a
g
I-Frame
A
1
2
Data
F
l
a
g
I-Frame
A
2
2
Acknowledgement
F
l
a
g
F
C
S
S-Frame
B
3
RR
F
l
a
g
Hnh 11.31 Peer communication with Error
11.2
TH TC TRUY CP KT NI MNG
Nhiu giao thc da trn phm tr link access procedure (LAP) c pht trin.
Cc giao thc c th ny l cc tp con ca HDLC trong cc ng dng c th, trong
LAPB, LAPD v LAPM l thng dng nht.
LAPB
Link access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB), n gin l tp con ca HDLC v ch c
dng kt ni mt trm vi mng. Chun ny ch cung cp nhng chc nng c bn cn
thit thng tin gia DTE v DCE (tc l khng c cc k t poll v select)
LAPB ch c dng trong cc cu hnh i xng gia hai thit b. Thng tin thng
ch khng i xng cn bng. LAPB hin c dng trong ISDN, knh B
LAPD
Link access procedure for D channel (LAPD) l mt tp con n gin ca HDLC
dng trong ISDN v dng vi ch khng ng b cn bng (ABM)
LAPM
Link access procedure for modems (LAPM) l tp con n gin ca HDLC dng cho
modem. c thit k cho chuyn i khng ng b-ng b, pht hin li, v chuyn li.
c pht trin cho cc ng dng ca HDLC trn modem.
Trang 249

BI TP CHNG 11
I. CU HI N TP
1. Trong BSC, tnh minh bch ca d liu l g?
2. Khi no mu DLE DLE xut hin trong BSC?
3. Cho bit khc bit gia cc trng thng tin trong I-frame v U-frame trong HDLC.
4. nh ngha giao thc trong truyn d liu.
5. Cc giao thc trong kt ni d liu c chia ra thnh nhng lp no? C s ca phng
php chia?
6. Cc giao thc khng ng b ban u c dng ch yu nh th no?
7. Ti sao cc giao thc khng ng b ngy cng t c dng?
8. Cc giao thc ng b c phn loi ra sao? Trn c s no?
9. Cc giao thc theo hng k t chuyn thng tin iu khin nh th no?
10. M t cu hnh ng dy, ch truyn dn, phng php iu khin lu lng v kim
tra li trong BSC.
11. M t cc dng frame ca BSC.
12. Ti sao mt bn tin BSC di th nn chia thnh nhiu block?
13. Trong BSC (truyn nhiu frame), cho bit cch my thu phn bit gia phn kt thc mt
frame v kt thc mt bn tin.
14. Cc frame iu khin trong BSC c dng lm g?
15. M t ba dng trm trong HDLC?
16. Cho bit cc lnh v p ng trong cc cu hnh HDLC?
17. S khc bit gia ba dng frame trong cc frame HDLC?
18. Trong HDLC, bit nhi l g? Cng dng?
19. Lit k v m t vn tt cc bit trong trong trng iu khin HDLC?
20. Piggybacking l g?
21. Cho bit bn loi S-frame?
22. Cho bit nm phm tr ca U-frame?
23. Cho bit khc bit gia cc loi LAPB, LAPD v LAPM?

Trang 250

II.
CU HI TRC NGHIM
24. BSC c ngha l:

a. Binary synchronous control
b. Binary synchronous
communication
c. Bit-oriented synchronous
comunication
d. Byte-oriented communication
25. Mt p ng m cho poll trong BSC l:
a. NAK
c. thng tin
d. gim st
30. Trong giao thc BSC, th sau ETB,
ETX hay ITB, th dng trng no sau
y?
a. DLE
b. EOT
c. BCC
d. SYN
b. EOT
31. Trong giao thc BSC, th kt thc

truyn dn hay p ng m cho poll th
dng:
c. WACK
d. b v c
a. DLE
26. Mt p ng m cho select trong BSC

l
b. ETX
c. EOT
a. NAK
d. ETB
b. EOT
32. Trng no sau y l trng c di

thay i trong BSC?
c. WACK
d. b v c
a. d liu
27. Trong BSC, khi nhn c mt frame

khng li v nh s chn th my thu
s tr li bng:
a. ACK
b. BCC
c. Tiu (header)
d. tt c cc cu trn
b. ACK0
33. HDLC l vit tt ca:
c. ACK1
a. high-duplex line communication
d. a hay b
b. high-level data link control
28. Ch truyn dn s liu dng trong

giao thc BSC l:
a. simplex
c. half-duplex
combination
digital
link
d. host double level circuit
b. half-duplex
c. full-duplex
d. half -simplex
29. Cc frame trong BSC c chia thnh
frame d liu v frame cn li l:
a. truyn dn
34. Trong giao thc HDLC, trng a ch

ca frame cha a ch ca:
a. s cp
b. th cp
c. my th ba
d. a v b
b. iu khin

Trang 251

35. HDLC l giao thc:
a. theo hng k t
b. theo hng bit
c. theo hng byte
d. theo hng m
36. BSC l giao thc:
a. theo hng k t
b. theo hng bit

41. Trng ngn nht trong giao thc
HDLC thng l trng:
a. thng tin
b. gim st
c. qun l
d. tt c u sai
42. Khi gi cng lc d liu v xc nhn
trong cng mt frame, phng php
c gi l:
c. theo hng byte
a. piggybacking
d. theo hng m
b. backpacking
37. Trong HDLC, phn bt u v kt thc

frame c nh ngha bi trng sau:
c. piggypacking
d. a good idea
a. c
b. a ch
c. iu khin
d. FSC
38. Trong mi trng iu khin ca
HDLC u tn ti:
a. bit (P/F)
b. N(R)
c. N(S)
d. Cc bit m
39. Poll v select l chc nng ca frame
trong HDLC:
a. I-frame
b. S-frame
c. U-frame
d. a v b
40. Trong HDLC, ngha ca bit poll/final
ph thuc vo:
a. Cu hnh h thng
b. Ty thuc frame ang l iu khin
hay p ng
c. ch ca h thng
d. tt c u sai

Trang 252

III. BI TP
43. Cho bit d liu thc trong frame hnh sau:
Hnh 11.32
44. Cho bit d liu hin c trong frame hnh sau:
Hnh 11.33
45. Minh ha phng thc m frame p ng gim st trong HDLC c th kch khi frame
BSC no:
a. ACK 0
b. ACK 1
c. NAK
d. WACK
46. Dng phng php bit nhi cho chui d liu sau
000111111011111001111001111101
47. Dng phng php bit nhi cho chui d liu sau
00011111111111111111111111111111001111101
48. Frame HDLC trong hnh 11.35 c gi t trm s cp gi n th cp. Tr li cc cu
hi sau:
Hnh 11.34
a. a ch th cp
b. dng frame
c. s ca chui pht (nu tn ti)
e. frame c cha d liu khng? nu

c, cho bit gi tr ca d liu
f. frame c mang d liu qun l
khng? nu c cho bit gi tr
d. s ca xc nhn (nu tn ti)
g. Mc ch ca frame l g?
49. Lm li bi tp 48, khi frame c gi t th cp n s cp
50. Frame HDLC trong hnh 11.35 c gi t s cp n th cp. Tr li cc cu hi sau:

Trang 253

Hnh 11.35
a. a ch ca th cp
e. frame c mang d liu user khng?

nu c, cho bit gi tr
b. dng frame

khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr
c. s ca chui c gi (nu c)
d. s ca xc nhn (nu c)
g. mc ch ca frame
51. Lm li bi tp 50 khi frame c gi t th cp n s cp
52. Frame trong hnh 11.36 c gi t s cp n th cp. Tr li cc cu hi sau
Hnh 11.36
a. a ch th cp
e. frame c mang d liu user khng?

nu c, cho bit gi tr
b. dng ca frame

khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr
Hnh 11.37
a. a ch th cp
b. dng ca frame
g. s ca xc nhn (nu c)
d. frame c mang d liu user khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr
e. frame c mang d liu qun l khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr
Hnh 11.38

Trang 254

a. a ch th cp
b. dng ca frame
e. frame c mang d liu user khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr.
f. frame c mang d liu qun l khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr.
55. Dng BSC, chng minh rng chui frame trong trng hp sau c cu hnh im-im
gia hai my tnh:
a. My tnh A xin php my tnh gi d liu
b. My tnh B p ng dng
c. My tnh A gi ba frame, mi frame gm 4 block 100 byte
d. My tnh B xc nhn d liu nhn
56. Dng BSC, chng minh l chui frame trong trng hp sau l (my A l s cp v my
B l th cp)
a. My tnh A kim tra xem my tnh B c d liu gi khng.
b. My tnh B gi frame 50 byte
c. My tnh A xc nhn d liu nhn
57. Dng hnh 11.39, m t phng thc trao i frame nu my A khng c d liu cn
truyn
Hnh 11.39
58. Dng hnh 11.39, m t phng thc trao i frame nu frame 1 b tht lc
59. Dng hnh 11.40, m t phng thc trao i cc frame nu trm B cha sn sng nhn
d liu

Trang 255

Hnh 11.40
60. Dng hnh 11.40, m t phng thc trao i cc frame nu xc nhn b tht lc.

Trang 256

Bi ging: Truyn S Liu
Chng 12: Mng Cc B

CHNG 12
MNG CC B (LAN: LOCAL AREA NETWORKS)

Mng LAN l h thng thng tin d liu cho php nhiu thit b c lp thng tin trc
tip ln nhau trong mt vng a l gii hn.
Kin trc mng LAN gm 4 dng chnh:
Ethernet chun IEEE.
Token Bus chun IEEE.
Token Ring chun IEEE.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) chun ANSI.
LAN dng giao thc (protocol) trn nn HDLC. Tuy nhin, ty cng ngh m c cc
yu cu chuyn bit (th d cng ngh mng vng th khng ging nh trng hp mng sao,
vv...) nn nht thit c cc giao thc khc nhau cho tng ng dng c th.
12.1
N 802 (PROJECT 802)
Nm 1985, Ban Computer ca IEEE bt u mt n - PROJECT 802 - nhm thit lp

cc chun cho php thng tin qua li gia cc thit b t nhiu ngun gc sn xut khc nhau.
Chun ny khng nhm mc ch thay th bt k phn no ca m hnh OSI m ch nhm
cung cp phng tin chuyn bit ha cc chc nng ca lp vt l, lp kt ni d liu, v
tin dn n lp mng nhm cho php kt ni lin mng vi cc giao thc mng LAN khc
nhau.
Nm 1985, y ban Computer ca IEEE pht trin Project 802. Bc u nhm vo hai
lp ca m hnh OSI v mt phn ca lp th ba.
Quan h gia Project 802 v m hnh mng OSI: chia lp kt ni d liu thnh hai lp
con: iu khin kt ni lun l (LLC: logical link control) v iu khin mi trng truy xut
(MAC: medium access control).
Lp con LLC khng c kin trc c th; iu ny tng t nh hu ht cc mng LAN
dng chun IEEE. Lp con cha mt s cc modun phn bit, mi modun mang cc thng tin
chuyn bit ring cho tng ng dng LAN.
Hnh 12.1
Project 802 chia lp kt ni d liu thnh hai lp con khc nhau: LLC iu khin kt
ni lun l v MAC kim sot mi trng truy xut.
Ngoi hai lp con ny, Project cn cha mt phn nhm qun l kt ni Internet, cho
php tng thch cc dng LAN v MAN khc nhau v giao thc v trao i d liu.

Trang 257

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
im u vit ca Project 802 l tnh modun. Khi chia cc chc nng qun l ca mng
LAN, ngi thit k c th chun ha cc chc nng tng qut v chuyn bit ha cc chc
nng cn li. Mi phn lp c xc nh bi cc s: 802.1 (kt ni lin mng), 802.2 (LLC)
v 802.3 (MAC: CSMA/CD); 802.4 (Token Bus); 802.5 (Token Ring) v cc phn lp khc.
Hnh 12.2
IEEE 802.1
Phn ca Project 802.1 nhm kt ni lin mng LAN v MAN, tuy cha hon chnh
nhng chun ny nhm gii quyt s tng thch gia cc kin trc mng m khng cn phi
thay i cc yu t hin hu nh cc a ch, truy cp v c ch khc phc li.
IEEE 802.1 l chun kt ni lin mng dng cho LAN.
LLC
Thng thng, m hnh Project 802 dng kin trc khung HDLC ri chia thnh hai tp
hm. Tp mt cha ng phn ngi dng sau cng (end-user) ca khung nh a ch lun l,
thng tin v iu khin, v d liu. Cc hm ny thuc IEEE 802.2 logic link control protocol
(LLC). LLC c xem l phn trn ca lp lin kt d liu IEEE 802 v dng cho cc
protocol ca mng LAN.
IEEE 802.2 logic link control protocol (LLC) l phn mng con pha trn ca lp kt
ni d liu.
MAC
Tp hm th hai, l lp con iu khin mi trng truy xut (MAC: medium access
control), gii quyt v yu t tranh chp ca mi trng c chia s. Cha cc c tnh v
ng b, c, lu lng v kim sot li cn cho vic di chuyn thng tin t ni ny n ni
khc, cng nh a ch vt l ca trm nhn k tip v chuyn ng (route) cho gi (packet).
Cc giao thc MAC c chuyn bit cho tng dng mng LAN (Ethernet, Token ring, v
Token bus, v.v,...)
Lp con MAC l lp con pha di ca lp kt ni d liu.
Protocol Data Unit (PDU): n v giao thc d liu.
n v d liu ca mc LLC c gi l PDU, cha 4 trng quen thuc ca HDLC l:
im truy cp dch v ch (DSAP: destination service access point).
im truy cp dch v ngun (SSAP: source service access point).
Trng iu khin.
Trng thng tin.

Trang 258

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
DSPA v SSPA.
DSAP v SSAP l cc a ch c LLC dng nhn dng giao thc c dng trong
phn pht v phn thu to v nhn d liu. Bit u ca DSAP cho bit khung l n hay
nhm. Bit u ca SSAP ch cho bit thng tin l lnh hay p ng ca PDU.
DSAP
SSAP
Control
Information
DSAP: Destination service access point

SSAP: Source service access point
Used for upper lever addressing
DSAP
0 individual
1 group
SSAP
0 command
1 response
Used by IEEE
Hnh 12.3
iu khin.
Trng iu khin ca PDU ging cc trng iu khin trong HDLC, nh vy cc
khung ca PDU c th l khung I, khung S hay khung U v hot ng vi cc code v thng
tin tng ng vi cc khung ca HDLC.
Hnh 12.4
PDU khng c trng flags, khng CRC, v cng khng c a ch trm, cc trng ny
c thm vo phn cui ca lp con th 2 (lp MAC).
12.2
ETHERNET
IEEE 802.3 h tr chun LAN do Xerox ra u tin v sau c m rng nh

mt lin doanh gia Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel Corporation v Xerox. Chun ny
c gi l Ethernet.
IEEE 802.3 nh ngha hai hng mc: baseband v broadband. T base ch rng tn
hiu s (trng hp ny l phng php m ha Manschester). T broad ch tn hiu analog
(trng hp ny l phng php iu ch PSK). IEEE chia cc hng mc baseband thnh 5
chun khc nhau: 10Base5, 10Base2, 10Base-T, 1Base5 v 100Base-T. Cc s u (10, 1, v
100) cho bit tc d liu theo Mbps. Cc s cui (5, 2, 1 hay T) cho bit chiu di cp ti
a hay dng cp. IEEE ch nh ngha mt c trng cho broadband: 10Broad36. S 10 cho
bit tc d liu, s cui nh ngha chiu di ti a ca cp. Tuy nhin c ly ny c th
thay i nh cc thit b h tr kt ni nh router hay repeater.

Trang 259

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Hnh 12.5
Phng thc truy cp: CSMA/CD (pht hin xung t).
Khi c nhiu ngi dng truy cp vo trong mt ng dy, xut hin kh nng trng
lp v ph hy thng tin. Cc va chm ny, lm cho tn hiu tr thnh nhiu v c gi l
xung t, cng nhiu truy cp th kh nng va chm ny cng ln. Nh th, cn c mt c ch
trong mng LAN nhm iu ha lu thng, gim thiu xung t v ti a ha s khung c th
truyn thnh cng. C ch truy cp ny gi l carrrier sense multiple access with collision
detection (CSMA/CD, chun trong IEEE 802.3).
CSMA/CD l kt qu ca s pht trin t chun a truy cp (multiple access: MA)
thnh carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) v cui cng thnh CSMA/CD. Thit k u tin
l phng php a truy cp theo mi worstation c ng quyn truy xut kt ni. Trong
MA th cha tr tnh n trng hp iu ha lu thng, nn c kh nng xut hin xung t
trn ng truyn.
Trong CSMA, cc thit b mun chuyn thng tin phi xem tn ti ca vic lu thng
trn ng dy, bng cch kim tra in p trn ng dy. Nu khng pht hin ra in p,
th ng dy c xem l trng v c th khi u truyn tin. CSMA ch gim thiu nhng
khng th loi b c xung t. Xung t vn tip tc xut hin.
Hnh 12.6
Bc cui cng l pht hin xung t (CD). Trong h CSMA/CD, trm mun truyn tin
phi lng nghe trc v chc chn kt ni l trng, ri mi truyn tin, ri li tip tc nghe.
Trong qu trnh truyn tin, trm kim tra ng dy pht hin xung t thng qua cc in
p rt cao do xung t to ra. Nu pht hin c xung t, trm ngng bn tin ang truyn
v ch i tip trong mt thi gian nht nh ng dy c trng, ri li gi i tip.
nh a ch.
Mi trm trn mng Ethernet (nh my tnh, trm hay my in, ...) u c ring mt card
giao tip mng (NIC: network interface card). Cc card ny thng c t bn trong trm
dng a ch vt l gm su byte. S trong NIC l duy nht.
12.2.1 CC C TNH V IN.
Sinaling.

Trang 260

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
H baseband dng phng php m ha Manchester, h broadband 10Broad36 dng

phng php chuyn i s/tng t (PSK).
Tc d liu.
Cc mng LAN Ethernet c th h tr tc d liu gia 1 v 100 Mbps.
12.2.2 FORMAT KHUNG.
IEEE 802.3 c trng mt dng khung cha 7 trng: phn u, SFD, DA, SA,
di/dng ca PDU, khung 802.2 v CRC. Ethernet khng cung cp c ch v frame xc nhn.
Phn xc nhn phi c thm vo trong cc lp cao hn.
Hnh 12.7
Phn m u:
Phn ny cha 7 byte (56 bit) gm cc bit 1 v 0 lin tip nhm cnh bo vi my thu l
c khung n v cho php ng b vi khung ny. Mu 1010101 ch cung cp cnh bo v
xung nh thi. HDLC kt hp tn hiu cnh bo, nh thi, v tn hiu bt u ng b trong
mt trng duy nht: trng flag. IEEE 802.3 chia ba chc nng ny vo trong phn m u
v trng th hai SDF.
Start frame delimiter (SFD): gii hn khung start; trng th hai (mt byte:
10101011) ca khung tn hiu 802.3 cho my thu bit l phn pha tip sau l d liu, bt u
bng cc a ch.
a ch n (DA: Destination Address) gm 6 byte v cha cc a ch vt l ch k
tip ca gi. a ch vt l ca h thng l nhm cc bit c m ha trong card giao din
mng NIC. Nu gi phi i xuyn qua mng LAN n ch, th trng DA cha a ch vt
l ca router ang kt ni vi mng chuyn sang mng khc. Khi gi i n mng ch,
th trng DA cha a ch vt l ca thit b cn n.
a ch ngun (SA: Source Address) l trng gm 6 byte v cha a ch vt l ca
thit b m gi va i qua. Thit b ny c th l trm pht hay l router gn nht nhn v
chuyn tip gi i.
Chiu di/dng ca PDU. Hai byte k ny cho bit s byte trong PDU sp ti. Nu
chiu di ca PDU l khng i th trng ny c th dng ch dng ca PDU, hay l c s
ca protocol khc. Th d Novell v Internet dng trng ny nhn dng protocol ca lp
mng c dng PDU.
Khung 802.2 (PDU). Trng ny cha ton b cc khung ca 802.2 nh l n v
modun, di chuyn c. PDU c th nm trong khong t 46 n 1500 byte, ty theo dng
khung v chiu di ca trng mng thng tin. PDU c to ra bi lp con LLC, ri kt ni
vi khung 802.3.
CRC: Trng cui cng cha cc thng tin v pht hin li, trng hp ny l CRC-32.
12.2.3 THIT LP MNG
Trng tm ca IEEE 802 l lp kt ni d liu ca m hnh OSI, nhng m hnh 802
cng cn nh ngha mt s c tnh vt l ca mi protocol nh ngha trong lp con MAC.
Trong chun 802.3 th IEEE nh ngha dng cp, phng thc ni, v tn hiu dng trong 5

Trang 261

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
dng thit lp mng Ethernet khc nhau. Tt c cc mng LAN Ethernet u c cu hnh
theo dng bus lun l, cho d chng c th c thit lp theo cu hnh bus hay sao. Mi
frame c chuyn n mi trm trong mng nhng ch c trm ng a ch l c c.
10BASE5: Ethernet dy (thick ethernet)
Chun vt l u tin ca m hnh IEEE 802.3 c gi l 10BASE5: Thick Ethernet
hay Thicknet (mng dy). Tn ny xut pht t kch c ca cp. 10BASE5 c cu trc dng
bus dng baseband v c c ly ti a l 500 mt.
C th ni rng c ly dng cc thit b kt ni nh router hay cu (bridge). Trong mng
thicknet th mng cc b c th chia thnh cc phn on dng cc thit b kt ni.
Trng hp ny th chiu di cho php mi phn on l 500 mt. Tuy nhin nhm trnh
xung t c th xy ra th chiu di bus thng khng qu 2500 mt (5 phn on). ng
thi, chun cng yu cu mi trm phi cch trm k t nht l 2,5 mt (200 trm cho mi
phn on v tng s 1000 trm).
Cc u ni cp v cp dng trong 10BASE5 l cp ng trc, NIC, b thu/pht, v cp
AUI (attachment unit interface).
Hnh 12.8
Cp RG-8 l chun cp c dng lm backbone trong chun IEEE 802.3.
B thu/pht thc hin chc nng CSMA/CD thng qua vic kim tra cc in p v
xung t trn mng.
Cp AUI: attachment unit interface, cn gi l cp truyn. Dng cp 15 dy thc
hin chc nng giao din vi lp vt l gia trm v my pht.
Hnh 12.9

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Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Transceiver tap
Hnh 12.10
10BASE2: Thin Ethernet (Ethernet mng) cn gi l Thinnet, cheapnet, cheapernet v
thinwire Ethernet) cung cp dng mng r hn vi cng tc truyn d liu. Mng dng cu
trc bus, u im ln nht l gim chi ph thit lp do dng cp nh hn v mm do hn so
vi Thicknet. Yu im l c ly ngn hn (185 mt so vi 500 mt) v dung lng thp hn.
Khi c t ngi dng th phng n 10BASE2 l mt la chn tt.
Kin trc vt l ca mng ny gm: u ni v cp, cp mng ng trc, cc u ni
BNC-T. Trong h thng ny khng dng mch thu pht, v transceiver tap c thay bng
cc u ni chia trc tip cc trm bng cp, gim nhu cu v cp AUI.
NIC: trong mng ny th ngoi chc nng thng thng , NIC cn m nhn transceiver
(tc l cn c chc nng kim tra in p trong mng).
Cp ng trc nh: dng RG- 58.
BNC-T: B kt ni dng dng T vi ba port: mt cho NIC, v cn li cho cc ng vo
v ng ra.
Hnh 12.11
10BASE-T: Twisted Pair Ethernet:
y l chun thng dng nht trong IEEE 802.3, l mng LAN dng cu hnh sao v
cc dy dn (UTP unshielded twisted pair) thay v cp ng trc. Mng h tr tc d liu
ln n 10Mbps vi chiu di ti a l 100 mt.

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Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Hnh 12.12
Thay v dng cc trm thu pht ring, mng gom tt c vo trong mt hub thng minh
vi cc port cho tng trm, dng cp ni RJ-45 (dng eight-wire unshielded twisted pair
cable). B NIC cho php cc trm ng a ch c cc khung gi n cho mnh.
1BASE5: Star-LAN l sn phm ca AT&T v ngy cng t c dng do mng c
tc chm ch t 1Mbps, tc l 10 ln b hn cc dng mng ni trn. Dng dng kt
ni daisy chaining ni ui nhau (10 thit b).
Hnh 12.13
12.3
CC MNG ETHERNET KHC.
Trong thp nin va qua, c nhiu bc pht trin quan trng trong mng Ethernet.
Nhiu s c thc hin nhm ci thin tnh nng v tc ca mng Ethernet, trong
: Switched Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, v Gigabit Ethernet.
Switched Ethernet nhm ci thin tnh nng ca 10Base-T v l mng chia s mi
trng (shared media), tc l ton mi trng u hot ng trong mi ln truyn dn. iu
ny l do tuy mng c kin trc dng sao nhng li l bus v mt vt l. Khi mt trm gi mt
frame n hub th frame ny c gi mi port v tt c cc trm u nhn c, ch c mt
trm l c php gi m thi, nu hai trm cng gi th s c xung t.
Only station E is the actual destination, but
all the stations receive the frame sent from A
Hub
`
A
`
B
`
C
`
D
`
E
Hnh 12.14
Trang 264

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Trm A gi frame n trm E, hub nhn c v gi n tt c cc trm khc, trm gi

s dng ht kh nng truyn 10Mbps; nhng c mt trm c php gi i m thi.
Tuy nhin, khi thay hub bng mt chuyn mch l thit b c th nhn ra a ch ni
nhn chuyn thng tin n , khng i hi mi trm phi cng hot ng, nh th trm
chuyn mch c th nhn thm thng tin khc chuyn n a ch mi v v mt l thuyt
th khng th xut hin xung t.
Khi dng trm chuyn mch thay v hub th v mt l thuyt, ta c th tng dung lng
mng vi N thit b ln n Nx10Mbps do mng 10Base-T dng dy i UTP cho thng tin
full-duplex.
Only station E receives the frame,
so the rest of the media is free for another transmission
`
A
`
B
`
C
`
D
`
E
Hnh 12.15
12.3.1 FAST ETHERNET
Cc ng dng mi nh CAD, x l nh, v audio, video trong thi gian thc c
thit lp trn cc mng LAN, t c yu cu mng LAN phi hot ng vi tc cao hn
10Mbps. Fast Ethernet hot ng vi tc ln n 100Mbps.
tng tc hot ng ca Ethernet d nht l gim vng xung t. Min xung t
ca Ethernet c gii hn 2500m. y l gii hn cn thit tc truyn d liu
10Mbps vi phng php CSMA/CD. CSMA/CD hot ng th trm phi c kh nng d
c xung t trc khi ton frame c gi i trong mng. Nu ton frame c gi i m
khng pht hin ra xung t th trm gi s l mi th u tt v hy bn sao ca frame i v
gi frame mi i.
Kch thc ti thiu ca mt frame Ethernet l 72 byte hay 576 bit. gi 576 bit vi
tc truyn l 10Mbps th cn 57,6 micro giy (576 bit/10Mbps=57,6). Trc khi gi i bit
cui cng th bit u tin phi n c phn cui ca min xung t v nu c xung t th
b d phi pht hin ra c. iu ny tc l trong thi gian truyn 576 bit i th b d phi
pht hin c xung t, hay xung t phi c pht hin trong thi gian 57,5 micr giy.
Thi gian ny tn hiu i c 5000 mt trong mi trng truyn thng thng (th d
nh dy xon i).
c th tng tc truyn m khng phi thay i kch thc ti thiu ca frame th
phi gim thi gian i mt ht vng. Vi tc 100Mbps, th thi gian ny cn 5,76 micr
giy (576/100Mbps). Tc l vng xung t phi gim i 10 ln, t 2500 mt xung cn 250
mt. iu ny khng c vn g do hin nay vic kt ni cc my tnh bn (desktop)
thng khng qu 50 hay 100 mt quanh hub trung tm. Nh th vng xung t ch cn trong
khong t 100 n 200 mt.
Fast Ethernet l phin bn ca Ethernet vi tc truyn 100 Mbps v khng thay i
format ca frame. Ch c thay i trong lp MAC l tc truyn d liu v vng xung t.
Tc truyn tng 10 ln v vng xung t gim i 10 ln.
Trang 265

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Trong lp vt l, cc c trng ca Fast Ethernet l cu hnh mng hnh sao tng t

10Base-T, tuy nhin, tng thch c lp vt l vi nhiu ngun ti nguyn th IEEE
thit k hai hng mc cho Fast Ethernet l: 100Base-X v 100Base-T4. Hng mc u tin
dng hai cp gia trm v hub, v hng mc th hai dng bn cp. 100Base-X t chia ra
thnh hai dng: 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX.
Hnh 12.16
100Base-TX: Thit k dng hai chun cp: 2 i cp xon khng bc gip (UTP:
unshielded twisted pair ) hay 2 i cp xon c bc (STP: two shielded twisted pair). Mt cp
c dng mng cc frame t trm n hub v cp cn li th mng frame t hub n trm.
M ha dng 4B/5B hot ng c 100Mbps; signaling dng NRZ-I. C ly hot ng
nh hn 100 mt.
Hnh 12.17
100Base-FX: thit k dng hai si cp quang, mt mng frame t trm n hub v
si cn li th t hub n trm. Encoding dng 4B/5B v signaling dng NRZ-I. C ly t trm
n hub khng ln hn 2000 mt.
Hnh 12.18
100Base-T4: Thit k nhm trnh ni dy li (rewiring). Cn 3-5 cp dy theo chun 3
(voice grade) UTP loi 4, thng dng cho cp in thoi thng thng. Hai trong bn cp
vn hnh theo hai chiu, hai cn li ch dng mt chiu. Tc l, trong mi chiu, ba cp dy
c dng mng d liu trong cng mt lc. Do cp thoi thng thng khng truyn ti tc
100Mbps, nn tiu chun ny chia d liu thnh 3 dng 33,66 Mbps. Nhm gim tc
baud, ta dng mt phng php gi l 8B/6T (eight binary/six ternary) nhm truyn mi
block 8 bit trong 6 baud vi 3 mc in p (dng, zero v m).

Trang 266

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Transmit
00001010
Receive
c. Example of 8B/6T encoding
b. Use of four UTP pairs
Hnh 12.19
12.3.2 GIGABIT ETHERNET
Yu cu thay i tc t 10 Mbps ln 100Mbps lm y ban IEEE 802.3 thit k
Gigabit Ethernet vi tc truyn ln n 1000 Mbps hay 1Gbps. Cng ging nh trc, lp
MAC v phng thc truy cp khng i, nhng vng xung t th gim i. Lp vt l mi
trng truyn v h thng m ha u thay i. Gigabit Ethernet c thit k ch yu cho
cp quang, tuy nhin protocol th khng hn ch cp xon i. Giagabit Ethernet thng c
dng lm backbone cho mng Fast Ethernet.
Hnh 12.20
C 4 thit k dng cho Giga Ethernet l: 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-CX v
1000Base-T. M ha dng 8B/10, tc l tng nhm 8 bit c nhm thnh nhm 10 bit.
Feature
1000Base-SX
1000Base-LX
Medium
fiber Optical fiber (multi or

Optical
(multimode)
single mode)
Signal
Short-wave laser
Long-wave laser
Max distance
550 m
550 m (multimode)
5000 m (single mode)
1000Base-CX
1000Base-T
STP
UTP
Electrical
Electrical
25 m
25
12.3.3 TOKEN BUS

Mng cc b c cc ng dng trc tip trong x nghip sn xut t ng v iu khin
qu trnh, trong cc nt l cc my tnh iu khin qu trnh sn xut. Trong dng ng
dng ny, yu cu quan trng l qu trnh x l trong thi gian thc v thi gian tr l b
Trang 267

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
nht. Qu trnh x l cn c cng tc trong khi cc i tng li di chuyn trong dy

chuyn sn xut. Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) khng phi l mt giao thc thch hp cho mc ch
ny do xut hin nhiu xung t khng tin nh v thi gian tr ca bn tin gi t trung tm
iu khin n cc my tnh dc theo dy chuyn cng khng c cng thi gian tr. Token
Ring (IEEE 802.5) cng cha phi l mt giao thc thch hp do cu trc ca dy chuyn sn
xut thng c dng bus ch khng phi l dng vng. Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) phi hp
cc tnh nng ca Ethernet v vng Token. Chun ny dng cu hnh vt l ca Ethernet (cu
trc bus) vi kh nng khng b xung t ca vng Token (dng thi gian tr nh trc
c). Token Bus l dng bus vt l vn hnh nh mt vng lun l dng Token.
Cc trm c t chc v mt lun l nh mt vng. Mt Token c truyn qua cc
trm. Nu mt trm cn truyn d liu, th cn phi i cho n khi bt gi c Token, tuy
nhin, cc trm li thng tin vi nhau qua mt bus chung nh trong trng hp ca Ethernet.
Token bus c gii hn trong t ng ha x nghip v iu khin qu trnh v cha
c ng dng thng mi vo thng tin s. ng thi, chi tit v hot ng ca h thng
ny rt phc tp.
12.3.4 TOKEN RING
Mng ny dng c ch tng t nh Ethernet l CSMA/CD nn c th b li v xung
t. Cc trm c th phi c gi d liu i nhiu ln trc khi c th a c thng tin vo
mng. iu ny to nn cc thi gian tr hon vi thi gian cha xc nh trc c v lm
cho lu thng tr nn nng n. Cha c phng php no d bo c xung t xut hin khi
no hay thi gian tr to nn do nhiu trm u c gi tin i cng mt lc.
Vng Token gii quyt bi ton ny bng cch yu cu cc trm ln lt gi d liu.
Mi trm ch c th gi tin khi n lt ca mnh v ch c th gi i mt frame. C ch iu
phi hot ng ny gi l Token passing. Token l mt frame c lun chuyn vng qua
cc trm. Mi trm ch c th gi tin khi s hu c Token.
Token Vng cho php mi trm ln lt c gi cc bn tin.
Phng php truy cp: Token passing
Hnh 12.21

Trang 268

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Thng thng, khi Token c th ra th trm k trong vng cng d liu ng vai
tr chu trch nhim v vng. Tuy nhin, theo m hnh IEEE 802.5 th cn c kh nng khc.
Token ang gi c th c dnh cho mt trm ang ch gi tin bt chp v tr ca trm trong
vng. Mi trm c m u tin ring, khi Token i qua, trm ang ch gi tin c th dnh
quyn gi Token bng cch nhp m s u tin ca mnh vo trng iu khin truy xut
(AC: access control field) ca Token hay vo frame d liu. Trm c mc u tin cao c th
loi quyn ca mc u tin thp hn v thay th mnh vo. Trong mng vi cc trm ng
quyn, c ch phc v l n trc th phc v trc. Nh c ch ny, trm ng k c c
hi gi tin ngay khi Token trng.
Gii hn v thi gian
cho l trnh chuyn ng c th Token Ring qui nh gii hn thi gian s dng
quyn ca cc trm. Mt starting delimiter (trng u tin ca Token hay ca data frame)
phi n mi trm trong mt khong thi gian qui nh (thng l 10ms). Ni cch khc, th
mi trm nhn c bn tin trong mt thi khong nht nh.
Gim st cc trm
Nhiu kh khn c th gy nh hng n hot ng ca mng vng Token. Th d mt
trm c th qun khng chuyn Token cho trm k, hay Token b nhiu hy hoi. Nhm gii
quyt vn ny, mt trm trong mng c phn cng lm gim st trm. Gim st s thit
lp thi gian cho mi bc chuyn Token, nu Token khng xut hin theo ng thi gian qui
nh, th gim st xem l Token b ph hy v to ra Token mi ri a vo mng vng.
Gim st bo v chng li hin tng chy vng lin tc (perpetually recirculating) ca frame
d liu bng cch thit lp mt bit trong trng AC ca mi frame. Khi mt frame i qua, b
gim st kim tra trng trng thi (status). Nu thy bit trng thi c thit lp, th gim
st bit l gi ang chy vng quanh mng v cn c loi b. Gim st s hy frame ny v
a Token mi vo trong mng, nu gim st khng m nhn c vai tr ny, th mt trm
khc, ng vai tr d phng, s tip tc cng vic gim st.
nh a ch (addressing)
Token Ring dng 6 byte a ch, c in vo card NIC tng t nh a ch Ethernet.
CC C TNH IN
Signaling
Token Ring dng phng php m ha Manchester vi sai.
Tc d liu
Token Ring h tr tc d liu ln n 16 Mbps (tc nguyn thy l 4 Mbps)
Format khung (frame format)
Giao thc Token Ring c trng 3 dng frame: d liu/iu khin, token, v abort.
Token v frame abort u l dng khung d liu/ iu khin rt gn.

Trang 269

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Hnh 12.22
Frame d liu/iu khin (Data/Command Frame)
Trong Token Ring, cc frame data/command ch l mt trong ba dng frame c th
mng PDU v l frame duy nht c nh a ch n cc ch. Frame ny c th mng d
liu ca ngi dng hay cc lnh qun l. Chn trng ca frame ny l start delimiter (SD),
u khin truy cp (AC: Access Control), iu khin khung (FC Frame Control), a ch ch
(DA: Destination Address), a ch ngun (SA: Source Address), khung PDU 802.2, CRC, v
end delimiter (ED: End Delimiter), v frame trng thi (FS: Frame Status).
Hnh 12.23
Start Delimiter (SD)
Trng u tin ca frame data/command, SD, di 1 byte v c dng cnh bo

trm thu l c frame n cng nh to ng b. Trng ny tng t nh trng flag ca
HDLC. Hnh v trn format ca SD. Cc vi phm J v K c to ra ti lp vt l v nm
trong mi start delimiter bo m tnh transparency ca trng data. Theo cch ny nhm
bit SD xut hin trong trng d liu khng c xem l phn start ca frame mi. Cc vi
phm ny c to ra bng cch thay i cc mu m ha trong thi khong bit. Xin nh l
trong m Manchester vi sai, mi bit c hai transition, mt ti lc bt u v mt ti phn gia.
Trong phn vi phm J, hai transition ny u b loi b. Trong vi phm K, cc transition
gia b loi b.
iu khin truy cp (AC:Access Control )
Trng AC gm 1 byte v nm trong 4 trng con, 3 bit u l trng u tin (priority),

4 bit k l token bit v c thit lp nhm cho bit frame l frame data/command ch khng
phi l token hay frame abort (b ngang). Bit token c tip theo l bit monitor (gim st).
Ba bit cui cng l trng d tr cc th c thit lp khi mt trm mun tham gia vo
vng.
Frame iu khin (FC:Frame Control )

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Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Trng FC di 1 byte v gm hai trng. Trng u l trng 1 bit nhm cho bit
dng ca thng tin cha trong PDU ( l thng tin v iu khin hay l d liu). Trng th
hai dng 7 bit cn li v cha thng tin dng trong vng Token lun l (e.g phng thc s
dng thng tin trong trng AC).
a ch ch (DA: Destination Address)
Trng DA di t hai n 6 byte cha a ch vt l ca a ch bn tin cho trm ch k

tip. Nu a ch cui cng nm trong mt mng khc, th DA l a ch ca router ca ng
n mng LAN cn. Nu a ch ny nm trong mng hin hu th DA l a ch vt l ca
trm ch n.
a ch ngun (SA:Source Address)
Trng SA gm t hai n 6 byte v cha a ch vt l ca trm gi tin. Nu a ch

n ca gi nm trong cng mt trm, th SA l a ch trm gc. Nu gi phi di chuyn ra
khi mng, th SA l a ch vt l ca router gn nht.
D liu
Dng trng th su, c th di n 4500 byte v cha ng PDU. Frame Token Ring
khng cha PDU hay trng type.
CRC
Trng CRC di 4 byte v cha chui pht hin li CRC-32.
End Delimiter (ED)
Trng ED l trng flag th hai dng mt byte v cho bit on cui ca data gi i
v thng tin v iu khin. Tng t nh trong SD, trng ny thay i trong lp vt l bao
gm cc vi phm J v K. Cc vi phm ny l cn thit nhm bo m l chui bit trong trng
d liu khng b b thu hiu lm l ED.
Frame trng thi (FS: Frame Status)
Byte cui ca frame l trng FS. My thu c th thit lp trng ny nhm cho bit l
trng c c, hay b gim st lp nhm cho bit l frame sn sng trn mng vng.
Trng ny khng phi l trng xc nhn nhng c mc ch cho b pht bit l b thu
sao chp xong frame, nn c th hy c ri. Trng ny cha hai phn thng tin 1 bit: a
ch nhn ra c (address recognized) v frame copied. Cc bit ny n t phn u ca
trng v c lp li ti bit th 5 v th 6. Vic lp li ny nhm mc ch ngn nga li v
cn thit do trng cha cc thng tin c chn vo sau khi frame ri khi trm pht.
Nh th th khng th c trong CRC v khng c kim tra li.
Token Frame
Do Token thc s l frame gi ch (placeholder) v frame d tr (reservation), nn gm
ba trng: SD, AC, v ED. Trng SD cho bit l frame ang ti, trng AC cho bit l2
frame l Token v bao gm cc trng u tin (priority) v trng d tr (reservation).
Trng ED thng bo phn cui ca frame.
Abort Frame
Frame abort khng cha thng tin g ht, m ch nhm bt u v chm dt delimiter.
Frame ny c th c b pht to nn nhm chm dt qu trnh truyn ca mnh (v bt c l
do g) hay do b gim st nhm lc b thng tin c ra khi mng.

Trang 271

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
THIT LP (IMPLEMENTATION)
Ring
Token vng gm nhiu on dy 150 Ohm, dy xon i mc ni ui nhau, to vng

vi dng lu thng mt chiu. Trong mi trm t ti to frame.
Hnh 12.24
Switch
Hnh 12.25
Nhm gii quyt qu trnh lu thng trong ton mng, cn b chuyn mch t ng.
Mi trm NIC trong mng c kt ni dng cp 9 dy ti cc cng vo v cng ra. Dng cp
9 dy kt ni NIC vi chuyn mch (switch), trong 4 si dng cho d liu v 5 c dng
iu khin chuyn mch (nhm a vo hay loi ra mt trm).
Multistation Access Unit (MAU: n v truy cp nhiu trm)
Trong ng dng thc t, cc chuyn mch t ng n c kt ni vi hub c gi

l MAU. Mt MAU c th h tr ti a 9 trm. Nhn t ngoi th h thng trong ging nh
mng sao vi MAU gia, tuy thc t li l mng vng.
Hnh 12.26

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Chng 12: Mng Cc B
12.3.5 FDDI
Fiber Distributed data interface (FDDI) l giao thc mng LAN do ANSI chun ha v
ITU-T (ITU-T X.3). Giao thc h tr tc d liu n 100 Mbps v cung cp mng tc
cao thay cho Ethernet v Token Ring. Ban u giao thc FDDI c dng cho cp quang, sau
ny c th dng truyn cho cp ng, chun ny gi l CDDI (C: Copper).
Phng php truy cp: Token Passing
Trong FDDI, truy cp b gii hn bi thi gian. Mt trm c th gi bao nhiu frame
cng c trong thi gian cho php, vi yu cu l cc thng tin trong thi gian thc phi
c chuyn i trc.
thc hin c ch ny, FDDI chia thnh hai dng frame d liu: ng b (S-Frame)
cho cc thng tin lin quan thi gian thc v khng ng b (A-Frame) cho cc thng tin
khc.
Mi trm khi gi token th phi gi S-Frame i trc, tip n mi gi A-Frame.
Time Register
FDDI c ba thanh ghi thi gian iu khin lu chuyn ca token v phn phi c hi
kt ni mng cho cc nt. Gi tr c thit lp khi vng c khi to v khng thay i
trong qu trnh vn hnh. Cc thanh ghi ny c gi l SA (Synchronous Allocation), TTRT
(Target Token Rotation Time), v AMT (Absolute Maximum Time).
+ Synchronuos Allocation (SA)
Xc nh thi gian cho php mi trm gi d liu ng b. Cc gi tr ny khc nhau
cho tng trm.
+ Target Token Rotation Time (TTRT)
Cho bit thi gian trung bnh token di chuyn 1 ln trong vng. Gi tr thc c th
ln hn hay b hn tr trung bnh ny.
+ Absolute Maximum Time (AMT)
C gi tr hai ln gi tr ca TTRT.
Timer
Token rotation timer (TRT) v token holding timer (THT).
Station Procedure:
Khi token n, mi trm thc hin cc th tc sau:
+ THT c thit lp bng tr sai bit gia TTRT v TRT (THT=TTRT-TRT).
+ TRT c reset v khng (TRT=0).
+ Trm gi i cc d liu ng b.
+ Trm gi i cc d liu khng ng b trong thi gian m THT cn gi tr dng.
Th d
Hnh 12.27
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Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Hnh v trn v bng bn di cho thy phng thc FDDI truy cp mng. n gin,
ch minh ha vi 4 trm v dng gi nh sau: TTRT l 30 n v thi gian; thi gian cn thit
token i t trm ny sng trm khc l 1 n v thi gian; mi trm c php mi ln gi
hai n v d liu ng b; v mi trm c nhiu d liu khng ng b cn gi i (ch b
m).
Trong vng 0, token i t trm ny sang trm khc; mi trm thit lp TRT l 0; khng
c d liu c truyn trong vng ny.
Trong vng 1, trm 1 nhn token ti thi gian 4 (ti vng 1, TRT l 0; cn 4 n v
thi gian token c th tr v li). THT c set 26 (THT = TTRT - TRT = 30 4). TRT
c reset v 0. By gi, trm 1 gi 2 n v d liu tng ng ca d liu ng b. THT
gim xung cn 24 ( = 26 2), nn trm 1 c th gi 24 n v d liu tng ng ca d
liu khng ng b.
Trong cng mt vng, trm 2 thc hin cng th tc nh trn. Thi gian m token n
by gi l 31 v token n trm 1 thi gian 4, cn 26 n v thi gian (2 cho d liu ng b
v 24 cho d liu khng ng b), v cn c 1 n v thi gian i vng gia cc trm
(4+26+1 = 31).
Ch l thi gian cho php khng ng b hu nh bng thi gian phn b gia cc
trm. Trong vng 1, trm 1 c c hi gi 24 n v thi gian tng ng ca d liu khng
ng b, nhng cc trm khc th khng c c c hi ny. Tuy nhin, ti vng 2, 3 v 4, th
trm 1 khng cn c quyn ny na, v cc trm khc (mi vng mt trm) c c hi gi.
Trong vng 2, trm 2 gi 16; trong vng 3, trm 3 gi 16; v trong vng 4, trm 5 gi 16.
Round
0
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Arriving Time : 0
Arriving Time : 1
Arriving Time : 2
Arriving Time : 3
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
Arriving Time : 4
Arriving Time : 31
Arriving Time : 34
Arriving Time : 37
TRT is now 4
TRT is now 30
TRT is now 32
TRT is now 34
THT = 30 4 = 26
THT = 30 30 = 0
THT = 30 32 = 2 THT = 30 34 = 4
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
Syn Data : 2
Syn Data : 2
Syn Data : 2
Syn Data : 2
THT is now 24
THT is now 2
THT is now 4
THT is now 6
Asyn Data : 24
Asyn Data : 0
Asyn Data : 0
Asyn Data : 0
Arriving Time : 40
Arriving Time : 43
Arriving Time : 62
Arriving Time : 65
TRT is now 36
TRT is now 12
TRT is now 28
TRT is now 28
THT = 30 36 = 6
THT = 30 12 = THT = 30 28 = 2
18
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
Syn Data : 2
THT = 30 28 = 2
Syn Data : 2
THT is now 0
TRT = 0
Syn Data : 2
THT is now 8
THT is now 0
TRT = 0
Syn Data : 2

Trang 274

Asyn Data : 0
Chng 12: Mng Cc B

THT is now 16
Asyn Data : 0
Asyn Data : 0
Asyn Data : 16
3
Arriving Time : 68
Arriving Time : 71
Arriving Time : 74
Arriving Time : 93
TRT is now 28
TRT is now 28
TRT is now 12
TRT is now 28
THT = 30 28 = 2
THT = 30 28 = 2
THT = 30 12 = 18
THT = 30 28 = 2
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
Syn Data : 2
Syn Data : 2
Syn Data : 2
Syn Data : 2
THT is now 0
THT is now 0
THT is now 16
THT is now 0
Asyn Data : 0
Asyn Data : 0
Asyn Data : 16
Asyn Data : 0
Arriving Time : 96
Arriving Time : 99
Arriving Time : 102
Arriving Time : 105
TRT is now 28
TRT is now 28
TRT is now 28
TRT is now 12
THT = 30 28 = 2
THT = 30 28 = 2
THT = 30 28 = 2
THT = 30 12 = 18
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
TRT = 0
Syn Data : 2
Syn Data : 2
Syn Data : 2
Syn Data : 2
THT is now 0
THT is now 0
THT is now 0
THT is now 16
Asyn Data : 0
Asyn Data : 0
Asyn Data : 0
Asyn Data : 16
Hnh 12.28
nh a ch (Addressing)
FDDI dng 6 byte a ch, c in vo card NIC tng t nh trng hp a ch trn
Ethernet.
Cc c tnh v in
+ Signaling (Lp vt l)
FDDI dng phng php m ha c bit gi 4B/5B. Trong h ny th mi on 4 bit
c thay bng m 5 bit trc khi m ha NRZ-I.
Hnh 12.29
L do cn phi m ha c bit ny l cho d NRZ-I cung cp kh nng ng b
trong cc trng hp thng thng, my pht v my thu c th b mt ng b khi chui bit
l chui bit 0 qu di. M ha 4B/5B chuyn cc on 4 bit thnh cc n v 5 bit cha khng
qu 2 bit 0 trong mi n v. 16 t hp 4 bit c t tn theo cc mu 5 bit nhm biu din
chng. Cc mu 5 bit ny c chn la k khng c kh nng xut hin qu 3 bit 0
trong mu.
M ha 4B/5B

Trang 275

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Data Sequence
Encoded Sequence
Data Sequence
Encoded Sequence
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
11110
01001
10100
10101
01010
01011
01110
01111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
10010
10011
10110
10111
11010
11011
11100
11101
4B/5B control symbols: Cc mu 5 bit khng c dng biu din cc on 4 bit l:

trng SD cha cc m J v K, v trng ED cha k t TT. bo m l cc m iu
khin ny khng gy tn hi n tnh ng b ca transparency, nh thit k c trng cc
mu bit trong th xut hin trong trng d liu, Ngoi ra, th bc ca chng cng c iu
khin nhm gii hn s mu bit tun t c th xut hin. K t K lun c k t J tip theo,
cn k t H th khng bao gi c k t R i theo.
Control Symbol
Encoded Sequence
Q (Quiet)
I (Idle)
H (Halt)
J (Used in start delimiter)
K (Used in start delimiter)
T (Used in end delimiter)
S (Set)
R (Reset)
+ Tc d liu: ln n 100 Mbps.
+ Format cc frame
00000
11111
00100
11000
10001
01101
11001
00111
Chun FDDI chia chc nng truyn dn thnh 4 giao thc: physical medium
dependence (PMD), physical (PHY), media access control (MAC) v logical link control
(LLC) tng thch vi cc lp vt l v kt ni d liu ca m hnh OSI. Ngoi ra, trong
chun ny cn c giao thc th 5 (dng qun l trm).
+ Logical Link Control:
Lp LLC th tng t nh trong giao thc IEEE 802.2
Hnh 12.30

Trang 276

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
+ Media Access Control:

Lp MAC ca FDDI th hu nh tng t nh nh ngha trong Token Ring. Hn
na, d c cc chc nng tng t, th lp MAC ca FDDI t thn khc bo m
tnh c lp trong mi trng.
Mi frame c dn trc bng 16 k t ri, tng cng l 64 bit, khi to ng b
cho xung ng h my thu.
+ Cc trng frame: c 8 trng frame trong trng FDDI
- SD: (Start delimiter). Byte th nht ca trng l frame ca starting flag.
Tng t nh trong Token Ring, cc bit c thay bng cc m iu khin
trong lp vt l (vi phm: violations) J v K (chui 5 bit c dng biu
din J v K ).
- FC: (Frame control). Byte th hai ca frame nhn dng loi frame.
- a ch: Hai trng tip theo l a ch ch v a ch ngun. Mi a ch di
t 2 n 6 byte.
- D liu: Mi frame d liu c th mang n 4.500 byte d liu
- CRC: FDDI dng CRC chun IEEE gm 4 bit.
- ED: (End delimiter). Trng gm 1/2 byte nm trong frame d liu hay 1 byte
khi nm trong frame token. Gi tr ny thay i trong lp vt l dng 1 k hiu
vi phm T trong frame data/command hay 2 k hiu T trong frame token.
- FS: (Frame status). Trng FS trong FDDI th tng t nh trong Token Ring,
ch nm trong frame data/command v di 1,5 byte
Hnh 12.31
Thit lp: Lp Physical Medium Dependent PMD
PMD nh ngha cc kt ni cn thit v cc thit b in t. c tnh ca lp ny ph
thuc vo mi trng truyn l cp quang hay dy ng.
+ Dual Ring (vng i ngu)
Trong hu ht trng hp th d liu truyn c ni vi mng chnh, mng ph ch
cung cp khi mng b hng hc.
Primary ring
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Secondary ring
Hnh 12.32

Trang 277

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Khi c hng hc, th mng ph mi tc ng truyn d liu v duy tr dch v.
Hnh 12.33
+ Node: FDDI nh ngha 3 dng nt: dual attachment station (DAS), single attachment
station (SAS), v dual attachment concentrator (DAC)
- DAS: (Dual attachment station) c hai MIC (gi l MIC A v MIC B) v c kt
ni vng. iu ny i hi phi c mt NIC t tin c 2 ng vo v 2 ng ra. C
hai c mc thnh vng cho php ci thin tin cy v truyn dn, tuy nhin
iu ny ch thc hin c khi trm ch on. Cc li c thot khi trm thc
hin kt ni ngn mch t s cp n th cp bng cch chuyn tn hiu t mt
ng vo n ng ra khc. Tuy nhin, cc trm DAS ch c th to c cc chuyn
mch ny khi ch on.
- SAS: (single attachment station) hu ht cc trm, server v my vi tnh c ni
vi vng ch n. Trong SAS ch c mt MIC (gi l MIC S) v nh th ch
c th ni vi mt vng. Tnh bn vng c thc hin nh ni SAS vi nt trung
gian, c gi l dual attachment concentrators (DAC), thay v ni trc tip vo
mng FDDI. Cu hnh ny cho php mi trm c vn hnh t mt NIC n gin
ch dng mt ng vo v mt ng ra. DAC cung cp kt ni cho dual ring. Cc
trm hng c th c tt (off) v bypassing cho mng hot ng tt.
- DAC: (Dual attachment concentrator) ni mt SAS vi dual ring. DAC cung cp
wrapping (chuyn lu thng t mt vng sang vng khc nhm ngn mch trm
hng hc). Dng mt MIC M ni vi SAS.
Hnh 12.34
12.3.6 SO SNH
Ethernet tt khi truyn vi ti mc nhng khng tt khi tng ti do xut hin xung
t v yu cu truyn li. Token Ring v FDDI hot ng tt vi mi dng ti mc thp hay
mc cao.

Trang 278

Network
Access Method
Chng 12: Mng Cc B
Signaling
Data Rate
Error Control
Ethernet
CSMA/CD
Manchester
1.10 Mbps
No
Fast Ethernet
CSMA/CD
Several
100 Mbps
No
Gigabit Ethernet
CSMA/CD
Several
1 Gbps
No
Token Ring
Token passing
Differential Manchester
4, 16 Mbps
Yes
FDDI
Token passing
4B/5B, NRZ-I
100 Mbps
Yes

Trang 279

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
T KHA
1 Base5
10 Base-T
10 Base2
10 Base5
100Base-FX
100Base-T
100Base-T4
100Base-TX
abort
access control field (AC)
attachment unit interface (AUI)
baseband
broadband
Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD)
Cheapernet, cheapnet
Collision
Contention
Destination address (DA)
Dual attachment concentrator (DAC)
Dual attachment station (DAS)
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI)
IEEE 802.1
IEEE 802.2
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.4
IEEE 802.5
IEEE Project 802
Internetworking
Local area network (LAN)

Trang 280

Logical link control (LLC)
Media interface connector (MIC)
Medium access control (MAC)
Medium attachment unit (MAU)
Monitor station
Multiple access (MA)
Multistation access unit (MAU)
Network interface card (NIC)
Preamble
Project 802
Protocol data unit (PDU)
Singgle attachment station (SAS)
Source address (SA)
Star LAN
Start frame delimiter (SDF)
Swithed Ethernet
Thick Ethernet
Thicknet
Thinnet
Token
Token Bus
Token Passing
Token Ring
Transceiver
Twisted pair Ethernet
Vampire tap
Chng 12: Mng Cc B

Trang 281

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
TM TT
Mc ch ca n IEEE 802 l thit lp chun cho cc thit b mng LAN t nhiu
ngun sn xut khc nhau.
n 802 chia lp kt ni d liu thnh hai lp con:
Logical link control (LLC).
Medium access control (MAC).
LLC l lp con pha trn v ging nhau trong mi mng LAN. Chc nng bao gm
iu khin lu lng v kim tra li. a ch lun l, thng tin iu khin, v d liu
n t lp trn th c ng vo trong gi gi l n v giao thc d liu (PDU).
Lp con MAC iu phi cc nhim v kt ni d liu trong tng mng LAN c th.
Lp con MAC l do nh sn xut qui nh v ty thuc tng dng mng LAN.
C ba dng LAN c phn loi theo Project 802 l:
Ethernet (802.3)
Token Bus (802.4)
Token Ring (802.5)
CSMA/CD hot ng nh sau: Mi trm u phi nghe ngng ng dy nhm xc
nh l ng dy trng. Nu trng, th bt u truyn d liu. Nu xut hin xung
t, ngng truyn v tip tc li qu trnh thm d - gi.
Swithed Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, v GigaEthernet l cc Ethernet c thit lp nhm
ci thin tnh nng v tc truyn.
Trong Swithched Ethernet, mt chuyn mch c th hng ng truyn n a ch
ch, khng dng hub.
Trong Fast Ethernet, tc d liu c gia tng ln 100Mbps, nhng min xung t
th gim xung cn 250 mt.
Bn thit lp ca Fast Ethernet khc nhau trong dng mi trng truyn, s cp, min
xung t v phng php m ha.
Gigabit Ethernet, vi tc truyn 1 Gbps, c dng lm backbone kt ni vi Fast
Ethernet.
Bn thit lp ca Gigabit Ethernet khc nhau v ngun tn hiu, dng mi trng v
min xung t.
Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) c dng trong t ng ha x nghip v iu khin qu
trnh, kt hp kh nng ca Ethernet v Token Ring.
Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) dng token passing lm phng tin tham gia truyn trong
mng.
Chuyn mch trong Token Ring c dng trong n v truy cp nhiu trm (MAU:
multistation access unit).
Nm gi c mt frame gi l token cho php trm c gi mt frame d liu.
Trong Token Ring, mt frame c di chuyn t nt sang nt, c ti to ti mi
nt, cho n khi t n ch.
Trang 282

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
FDDI: (fiber distributed data interface) l giao thc mng LAN dng cho cp quang,
vi tc truyn 100 Mbps
FDDI bao gm vng s cp truyn d liu v vng th cp h tr khi c hng
hc.
MIC (Media interface connector) l thit b kt ni vi mng vng FDDI i ngu vi
nt.
DAS (Dual attachment station) l nt c hai MIC.
SAS (Single attachment station)l nt vi mt MIC. SAS phi ni vi vng FDDI
dng DAC (dual attachment concentrator).
FDDI m t giao thc cho lp vt l v lp kt ni d liu.
Lp kt ni d liu FDDI bao gm lp con LLC (tng t nh IEEE Project 802.2) v
lp con MAC (tng t nh IEEE Project 802.5).
Trong lp vt l, FDDI dng phng php m ha 4B/5B, nhm chuyn i 4 bit
thnh 5 bit.
4B/5B nhm bo m khng th xut hin 3 bit 0 lin tip trong giao thc FDDI nhm
gii quyt bi ton ng b khi c nhiu s bit khng trong phng php truyn NRZI
Trong giao thc FDDI, s hu token c kim sot bi 3 gi tr thi gian v hai
timer.

Trang 283

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
BI TP CHNG 12
I.
CU HI N TP
1. nh ngha v gii thch v lp kt ni d liu trong IEEE Project 802. Ti sao phi chia
lp ny thnh cc lp con?
2. Gii thch v CSMA/CD v cng dng. Cho bit phn no trong n 802 c s dng
CSMA/CD?
3. So snh s khc bit gia SSAP v DSAP trong PDU vi a ch ngun v a ch ch
nm ca frame MAC.
4. Gii thch ti sao trong PUD khng c cc trng vt l, flag hay CRC?
5. n 802 nhm gii quyt vn g trong m hnh OSI?
6. So snh cc frame trong Project 802.3 vi I-frame trong HDLC?
7. So snh frame data/command trong Project 802.5 vi I-frame trong HDLC?
8. S khc bit gia baseband v broadband?
9. Tho lun v v tr ca transceiver trong cc chun Base5, 10Base2 v 10Base-T?
10. Tranh chp l g?
11. Cho bit u im ca FDDI so vi Token Ring?
12. Ti sao khng c trng AC trong frame 802.3?
13. Gii thch v c ch trong SAS c th truy cp c s cp v th cp?
14. Gii thch ti sao phng php m 4B/5B bo m c l khng c chui 4 hay nhiu
hn s bit 0 trong trng d liu?
15. C bao nhiu dng truyn dn c dng trong mng LAN?
16. Gii thch v phng thc hot ng ca Token Ring?
17. Gi s c lng lu thng ln trong c hai dng mng LAN CSMA/CD v Token Ring.
Cho bit dng mng no c thi gian ch gi d liu lu hn?
18. Cho bit ti sao trong mng switched Ethernet t c xung t hn so vi mng Ethernet
thng thng?
19. Min xung t quan h nh th no vi tc bit trong mng Ethernet thng thng?
20. Cho bit ti sao c ly ti a gia chuyn mch hay hub v trm trong 100Base-FX ln
hn so vi 100Base-TX?
21. Cho bit ti sao tc truyn ca mng Ethernet truyn thng, Fast Ethernet, v Gigabit
Ethernet?

Trang 284

II.
Chng 12: Mng Cc B
CU HI TRC NGHIM
22. Trong CSMA/CD c s ln xung t s

____ so vi MA.
a. ln hn.
b. t hn.
d. tc truyn d liu ti a
28. H ____ c c trng l cu hnh sao
dng hub trung tm v ni daisy
chaining:
c. bng.
a. 10Base5
d. hai ln.
b. 10Base2
23. Trong Ethernet, trng a ch ngun

trong MAC l a ch:
a. vt l gc.
c. 10Base-T
d. 1Base5
29. Sn phm ca lp con LLC
b. vt l trc .
a. frame 802.3
c. vt l ca ch sp n.
b. frame 802.5
d. cng dch v gi gc.
c. PDU
24. Trng tng ng vi frame preamble

ca 802.3 trong frame ___ trong 802.5:
a. SD
b. AC
d. preamble
30. Trm gim st trong chun no nhm
bo m l ch c mt token c lu
thng
a. 802.3
c. FC
b. 802.5
d. FS
25. Cu hnh vt l sao c dng trong:
c. FDDI
d. tt c cc loi trn
a. 10Base5
31. B ____ cha cc chuyn mch trong

Token Ring
b. 10Base2
c. 10Base-T
a. NIC
d. khng c h no.
26. 10Base2 dng cp ____, cn 10 Base5
dng cp ___
a. dy ng trc dy, dy ng trc
mng.
b. i dy xon, dy ng trc mng.
b. MAU
c. b u ni 9 dy
d. transceiver
32. Ti trm ca Token Ring xy ra vn
g?
c. dy ng trc mng, dy ng trc

dy.
a. Xem xt a ch ni n
d. cp quang, dy ng trc mng
c. chuyn cc frame sang trm k
27. 10Base 2 v 10Base 5 c khc bit v:

a. dng di tn tn hiu
b. cc trng trong frame 802.3
c. chiu di segment ti a
b. Ti to cc frame
d. cc cu trn u ng
33. Trong Token Ring, token nm u khi
frame d liu ang lu thng
a. ti trm thu
b. ti trm pht

Trang 285

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
c. lu thng trn vng
c. FDDI
d. tt c cc cu trn u sai
d. Token Bus
34. Trong Token Ring, khi frame n

trm ch, xy ra chuyn g?
a. Bn tin c sao chp li
40. IEEE Project 802 chia lp kt ni d

liu thnh lp con ___ trn, v lp con
___ di
b. Bn bit trong gi c thay i
a. LLC, MAC
c. Bn tin b ly khi vng v c

thay th bng token
b. MAC, LLC
d. Cu a v b
d. HDLC, PDU
35. Cho bit chc nng no khng phi ca

transceiver?
c. PDU, LLC
41. FDDI l vit tt ca:
a. fast data delivery interface
a. truyn v nhn d liu
b. fiber distributed data interface
b. kim tra in p ng dy
c. fiber distributed digital interface
c. thm v bt cc header
d. fast distributed data interface
d. pht hin xung t

36. Cho bit cc frame no thuc chun
802.5
a. token
42. Trong FDDI, d liu thng di chuyn

trong
a. Vng s cp
b. Vng th cp
b. abort
c. Hai vng
c. data/command
d. cc cu trn u ng
37. Cho bit chun no trong D n 802
cung cp cc giao thc khng b tranh
chp
a. 802.2
d. Khng vng no
43. Cho bit mc ch chnh ca vng th
hai trong FDDI
a. Nu vng s cp b hng, vng th
cp hot ng
b. Nu vng s cp b hng, th vng
s cp to ni ngn mch vi vng
s cp hot ng
b. 802.3
c. 802.5
c. Vng th cp ln lt thay i
vng s cp trong truyn d liu
d. 802.6
38. Mng LAN no c tc d liu cao
nht
a. 10Base5
b. 10Base-T
c. twisted pair Token Ring
d. Vng th cp dng chuyn cc

thng tin khn cp khi vng s cp
b bn
44. Cho bit dng nt c 2 MIC v u
c ni vo vng
a. SAS
d. FDDI
39. Mt thut ng khc ca CSMA/CD v
IEEE 802.3 l
a. Ethernet
b. DAS
c. DAC
d. Cu b v c
b. Token Ring
Trang 286

45. Cho bit dng nt no ch c mt MIC
v do ch c th ni vi mt vng
Chng 12: Mng Cc B

51. Min xung t l c ly di chuyn d
liu _____ gia hai trm
a. SAS
a. ti thiu
b. DAS
b. ti a
c. DAC
c. o
d. Cu a v b
d. Cu a v b
46. Giao thc FDDI hot ng trong lp

no ca m hnh OSI
a. Vt l
b. kt ni d liu
52. Min xung t ca Ethernet truyn

thng l ___ mt, cn ca Fast Ethernet
l___ mt
a. 250; 250
c. mng
b. 250; 2.500
d. Cu a v b
c. 2.500; 250
47. Trng no trong frame MAC ca giao

thc FDDI l thay i c
a. preamble
b. trng a ch
c. trng d liu
d. Cu b v c
d. 2.500; 2.500
53. Trong mng Ethernet, nu thi gian di
chuyn qua mng ____, th min xung
t ___
a. tng, gim
b. gim, gim
c. gim, tng
48. Cho bit chui s no khng thuc

nhm chui 4B/5B
a. 11100 01010
b. 10100 01111
c. 11100 01001
d. 11100 00111
49. Cho bit trong mng no ch mt frame
ch c th n mt trm thay v nhiu
trm
a. Mng Ethernet truyn thng
b. Switched Ethernet
c. Token Ring
d. cc cu trn u sai
54. Khc bit gia 100Base-X v 100BaseT l
a. tc truyn d liu
b. topology
c. format cc frame
d. s lng cp ni gia trm v hub
55. Trong mng no th c ly t trm n
hub l 2000 mt
a. 100Base-TX
b. 100Base-FX
c. 100Base-T4
d. Cu a v b
50. Cho bit trong mng no m frame n
tt c cc trm
a. Mng Ethernet truyn thng
b. Switched Ethernet
c. Token Ring
d. 100Base-T1
56. Trong mng no th dng s m ha
8B/6T
a. 100Base-TX
b. 100Base-FX
c. 100Base-T4
d. Cu a v b
d. 100Base-T1
Trang 287

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
57. Gigabit Ethernet c tc bit ___ hn

so vi Fast Ethernet v min xung t
___ hn
a. cao hn, cao hn
b. caohn, thp hn
c. thp hn, thp hn
d. thp hn, cao hn

Trang 288

III.
Chng 12: Mng Cc B
BI TP
58. Cho bit frame c kch thc b nht trong Ethernet l g? Frame c kch thc ln nht
l g?
59. Cho bit frame c kch thc b nht trong Token Ring l g? Frame c kch thc ln
nht l g?
60. Cho bit t s v d liu hu dng trn mt gi trong mt frame Ethernet ngn nht? t s
ny trong frame di nht? t s trung bnh l bao nhiu?
61. Cho bit t s v d liu hu dng trn mt gi trong mt frame ngn nht ca vng
Token? t s ny trong frame di nht? t s trung bnh l bao nhiu?
62. Ti sao bn li cho rng mt frame Ethernet th nn c frame d liu b nht?
63. Gi s chiu di ca cp 10Base5 l 2500 mt. Nu tc truyn trong cp ng trc
bng 60% tc nh sng (300.000.000 mt/giy), cho bit thi gian cn thit mt bit
i t u ny n u cui ca mng? gi s b qua yu t tr trong cc thit b.
64. Dng d liu trong bi tp 63, tm thi gian ti a d pht hin xung t. Trng hp xu
nht xut hin khi d liu c gi t mt u ca cp cn xung t li xut hin phn
cui ca mng. Ch l cn c thi gian tn hu i ht mt vng mng.
65. Tc d liu trong 10Base5 l 10 Mbps. Cho bit thi gian cn thit to ra mt frame
b nht? Minh ha tnh ton.
66. Dng d liu trong bi 64 v 65, tm kch thc ti thiu ca mt frame pht hin xung
t ca Ethernet hot ng c hiu qu.
67. Gi s chiu di ca vng trong Token Ring l 1000 mt. Nu tc truyn trong dy i
xon l 60% ca tc nh sng (300.000.000 mt/giy), cho bit thi gian cn thit
mt bit di chuyn ht vng?
68. Trong mng Token ring 16 Mbps, chiu di ca token l ba byte, cho bit thi gian cn
thit mt trm to token?
69. mng vng Token Ring hot ng tt, th bit d liu u tin khng nn tr li ni
sinh ra cho n khi ton frame c to nn. Do token c chiu di ba byte, cho bit chiu
di ti thiu ca vng mng hot ng uc tt dng phng php token passing?
Dng cc kt qu ca bi 70 v 71.
70. M ha dng bit sau dng phng php m ha 4B/5B
1101011011101111
71. Cho bit t s ca bit redundancy trong 4B/5B?
72. Dng bng sau, so snh cc frame Ethernet v Token Ring
Tnh nng
Ethernet
Token Ring
Preamble
SFD
SD
AC

Trang 289

Chng 12: Mng Cc B
FC
a ch ch
a ch ngun
Kch thc d liu
CRC
ED
FS

Trang 290

Ky Thuat Truyen So Lieu

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E

TP. H CH MINH 9/2011

TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT TP.HCM

TP. H CH MINH 9/2011

Trng H S phm K thut TP. HCM

Mc kt ni thng tin ton cu hin ang gia tng nh v bo.

Yu cu mi trong truyn dn nh: thit k, s dng v qun l thng tin.

Mc tiu c bn ca truyn s liu

Trao i thng tin tt nht gia hai i tc

1.1.3.1 Vin thng

1837 - Samuel Morse ch to h thng in tn.

1843 - Alexander Bain ng k bn quyn my in tn hiu in tn.

1876 - Alexander Graham Bell, ch to ra in thoi u tin.

1880 - Cc in thoi tr tin u tin.

1915 Dch v in thoi lin lc a v kt ni thoi xuyn i Ty dng u

1947 Pht minh ra transistor ti phng th nghim Bell Labs

1951 in thoi ng di xut hin

1962 in thoi quc t dng v tinh u tin.

1968 - Phn quyt ca ta n Carterfone nhm cho php kt ni cc thit b ca

1984 Bi b c quyn ca AT&T

1980s Mng dch v cng cng s

1990s Xut hin in thoi di ng

1.1.3.2 Phn cng: (nh lut Moore)

Xut hin: 1965

Do Gordon Moore, ng sng lp cng ty Intel.

Pht biu: Dung lng cc chip mi tng gp i v gi thnh gim phn na so

Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng

Trng H S phm K thut TP. HCM

So snh: Nu ng dng c hng pht trin ny vo k thut hng khng th

1.1.3.3 Mng: Internet, Intranet v Extranet

Intranet: mng ring ca c quan dng cng ngh Internet

Extranet: Mng intranet c mt s chc nng chia s c thng tin vi t chc

Hng pht trin

Bn cnh cc ng gp to ln ca phng thc truyn s liu v mng, hin nay ang

Yu t tn cng virus my tnh.

Great Global Grid (GGG).

Dch v mng pht trin mnh (Web services).

Th rc (Email Spamming): hng t th rc/ngy, thit hi ln n hng chc t

Ti liu bin dch ny ch yu nhm phc v cho sinh vin khoa in in t

M u, nhm trnh by mt s nim c bn v k thut truyn s

Cc nim c bn; trnh by cc nim c bn v cu hnh ng

M hnh OSI; trnh by v m hnh mng, chc nm cc lp trong

Tn hiu; trnh by cc dng tn hiu analog v s dng trong k

M ha v iu ch; trnh by cc nim c bn v cc k thut

Truyn dn d liu s: Giao din v modem; trnh by cc ch

Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng

Trng H S phm K thut TP. HCM

Mi trng truyn dn; trnh by cc dng mi trng truyn dn

Ghp knh; trnh by cc ch ghp knh, v phn knh theo tn

Pht hin v sa li; trnh by v cc dng li trong truyn dn.

iu khin kt ni d liu; trnh by v cc chun ng truyn,

Giao thc kt ni d liu; trnh by v cc giao thc khng ng

Mng cc b LAN; trnh by v n 802, Ethernet v cc dng

c im quan trng trong ti liu ny l trong tng chng u c phn cc nim c

Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng

Trng H S phm K thut TP. HCM

Chng 2: Cc khi nim c bn

CHNG 2: CC KHI NIM C BN

Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng

Trng H S phm K thut TP. HCM

Chng 2: Cc khi nim c bn

Khng cn gii quyt bi ton lu thng

Cn gii quyt bi ton lu thng