iu ch tn hiu

iu ch tn hiu
Bi:
Nguyn Trung Lp

iu ch
Bin iu hay iu ch l qu trnh chuyn i ph tn ca tn hiu cn truyn n mt
vng ph tn khc bng cch dng mt sng mang chuyn ch tn hiu cn truyn i;
mc ch ca vic lm ny l chn mt ph tn thch hp cho vic truyn thng tin, vi
cc tn s sng mang khc nhau ngi ta c th truyn nhiu tn hiu c cng ph tn
trn cc knh truyn khc nhau ca cng mt ng truyn.
Mt cch tng qut, phng php iu ch l dng tn hiu cn truyn lm thay i mt
thng s no ca sng mang (bin , tn s, pha....). Ty theo thng s c la
chn m ta c cc phng php iu ch khc nhau: iu ch bin (AM), iu ch
tn s (FM), iu ch pha M, iu ch xung PM . . . ..
iu ch bin ( Amplitude Modulation, AM )
Xt tn hiu cao tn
e(t) = Ac cos(ct + ) (1)
Tn hiu AM c c bng cch dng tn hiu g(t) lm bin i bin ca e(t).
Biu thc ca tn hiu AM l:
eAM(t) = [(Ac +g(t)]cosct (2)
n gin, ta b qua l lng khng i trong AM.
Nhng tnh cht c bn ca AM d dng c xc nh nu ta bit tn hiu g(t).
Xt g(t) l tn hiu h tn:
g(t) = Em cosmt (3)
Nh vy:
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eAM(t) = (Ac +Em cosmt)cosct = Ac[ 1 + (Em/Ac) cosmt]cosct

= Ac[ 1 + ma cosmt] cosct (4)
Trong ma = Em/Ac gi l ch s bin iu
(H 2.8) v dng sng v ph tn ca tn hiu AM.

Dng sng v ph tn ca tn hiu AM.

(a) (H 2.8) (b)

thy c ph tn ta trin khai h thc (4)
eAM(t) = Ac cosct + (maAc/2)cos(c + m)t + (maAc/2)cos(c - m)t (5)
T (H 2.8b) ta thy bng thng ca tn hiu iu ch bng hai ln tn s ca tn hiu
h tn v c chia ra lm hai bng cnh. iu ch bin l mt qu trnh tuyn tnh
nn mi tn s ca tn hiu h tn to ra mt bng thng v trong trng hp tn hiu h
tn gm nhiu tn s khc nhau th bng thng ca tn hiu bin iu l:
BW = 2fm(max)
fm (max) l tn s h tn cao nht.
D liu s c th c truyn bng phng php iu ch AM, trong trng hp ny
gi l k thut di bin (ASK, Amplitude- Shift Keying). Bit 1 c truyn i bi sng
mang c bin E1 v bit 0 bi sng mang bin E2. (H 2.9) minh ha tn hiu ASK

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iu ch tn hiu

(H 2.9)
iu ch gc (Angle modulation)
Ta cng bt u vi sng mang cha iu ch:
e(t) = Ac cos(ct + ) = Ac cos (t) (6)
Nu c thay i tng ng vi ngun thng tin, ta c tn hiu iu ch tn s (FM) v
nu (t) thay i ta c tn hiu iu ch pha ( M).
Hai k thut iu ch ny c bn ging nhau v c gi chung l iu ch gc.
iu ch tn s (FM)
Tn s (t) l gi tr bin i theo thi gian ca (t), ngha l:
(t) =

d(t)
dt

(7)

Vy tn s ca tn hiu cha iu ch l:
(t) =

d(ct + )
dt

= c (8)

Gi s tn hiu iu ch l g(t), theo nh ngha ca php iu ch tn s, tn s tc thi

ca sng mang l:
(t) = c [1 + g(t) ] (9)
Thay (9) vo (7):
(t) = c[1 + g(t)].dt = ct + g(t).dt (10)

Thay vo pt (6):
eFM(t) = Accos{ct + cg(t).dt} (11)
Biu thc (11) cho thy tn hiu g(t) c ly tch phn trc khi c iu ch.
Xt trng hp g(t) l tn hiu h tn c dng hnh sin:
g(t) =

cosm(t) (12) l di tn v m l tn s ca tn hiu h tn

(t) = ct + c cosmt.dt
c

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= ct + mf sinmt
vi mf = / m l ch s iu ch. l t s ca di tn v tn s ca tn hiu iu
ch (h tn).
eFM (t) = Ac cos{ ct + mf sinmt} (13)
thy ph tn ca sng FM ta trin khai biu thc (13):
eFM (t) = AcJ0(mf) cosct + AcJ2n(mf) [ cos(ct + 2ncosmt) + cos(ct - 2ncosmt)]
AcJ2n+1(mf) { cos[c t + (2n+1)cosmt] - cos[ct - (2n+1)cosmt]} (14)
J l hm Bessel theo mf v n c mi tr nguyn t 0 n .
T (14) ta thy sng FM gm thnh phn c bn c tn s ca sng mang v bin
cho bi s hng th I , J0(mf) , v cc bng cnh cho bi cc s hng cn li.
V n ly mi gi tr t 0 n nn ph tn ca sng FM rng v hn, tuy nhin do nng
lng tn hiu gim rt nhanh vi tn s cao nn ngi ta xem bng thng trong FM xp
x bng:
BW = 2(mf .m + m ) = 2( + m ) rad/s
(H 2.10) cho dng sng v ph tn ca sng FM

(H 2.10)
Cng nh trong trng hp AM, tn hiu d liu s cng c truyn bng phng php
FM. K thut ny c gi l k thut di tn (FSK: Frequency- Shift Keying).
FSK c dng rng ri trong truyn s liu. Trong FSK bit 1 c truyn i bi tn s
fm v bit 0 bi tn s fs v d, trong h thng truyn s dng tiu chun ca hng Bell
bit 1 c truyn bi tn s 1070 Hz (fm) v bit 0 bi tn s 1270 Hz (fs).
(H 2.11) minh ha tn hiu iu ch FSK
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(H 2.11)
iu ch pha ( size 12{} {}M )
T phng trnh (6) nu gc pha (t) thay i theo tn hiu thng tin ta c iu ch pha.
Vy:
ePM (t) = Ac cos[ ct + mp g(t)] (15)
Trong mp l di pha cc i
Tn s tc thi cho bi:
i(t) = d (t)/dt
= c + mp dg(t)
dt
Nu g(t) c dng cosmt th:
i(t) = c - mpmsinmt (16)
ePM (t) = Ac cos[ ct - mpmsinmt ] (17)
So snh (17) v (13), xem mp l ch s iu ch pha, tng ng vi mf trong FM, ta
c th xc nh c bng thng ca tn hiu M
BW = 2(m + mpm) rad/s (18)
mpm = ep l di tn tng ng ca M
So snh (11) v (15) ta thy k thut ca FM v M c cng c s. im khc bit l
trong FM ta ly tch phn ca tn hiu h tn trc khi iu ch cn trong M th khng.
iu ch pha l k thut rt tt truyn s liu. Trong k thut di pha, PSK (PhaseShift Keying), cc bit 1 v 0 c biu din bi cc tn hiu c cng tn s nhng c
pha tri ngc nhau.

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(H 2.12) m t mt tn hiu PSK.

(H 2.12)
iu ch xung ( Pulse modulation)
y l phng php dng tn hiu h tn iu ch sng mang l tn hiu xung (c tn
s cao hn), cn gi l phng php ly mu tn hiu h tn. Mc d cc tn hiu tng
t c ly mu bi cc gi tr ri rc, nhng cc mu ny c th c bt c gi tr no
trong khong bin i ca tn hiu h tn nn h thng truyn tn hiu ny l h thng
truyn tng t ch khng phi h thng truyn s.
Ty theo thng s no ca xung thay i theo tn hiu h tn, ta c : iu ch bin
xung (pulse amplitude modulation, PAM), iu ch v tr xung (pulse position
modulation, PPM), iu ch rng xung (pulse width modulation, PWM)
iu ch bin xung ( PAM)
Khi mt chui xung hp vi tn s lp li cao p(t) c iu ch bin bi tn hiu sin
tn s thp m(t), ta c s iu ch bin xung. Tn hiu sau khi iu ch l tch ca hai
tn hiu m(t).p(t) c dng sng l cc xung vi bin thay i theo dng sng h tn
m(t) (H 2.13).

(H 2.13)
a-/ Mu PAM t nhin (Natural PAM sampling)

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Khi bin xung iu ch c nh theo dng ca tn hiu m(t), ta c mu PAM t

nhin (H 2.13).
Kt qu ca phn 2.1.1 cho thy tn hiu p(t) c th phn tch thnh cc thnh phn:
Vo + Vn.cos(nst)
vi Vo = V/Ts l thnh phn DC v s = 2/Ts l tn s ca p(t).
Nh vy, m(t).p(t) bao gm:
m(t).Vo = m(t).V/Ts v m(t).Vn.cos(nst)
Tm li, tch m(t).p(t) c cha dng sng ca tn hiu iu ch (tn hiu cn truyn)
trong thnh phn tn s thp m(t).Vo v c th phc hi bng cch cho sng mang
iu ch qua mt mch lc h thng.
Thnh phn ha tn c dng Vnm(t)cos(nst) tng t nh tn hiu iu ch 2 bng cnh
trit sng mang (Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier, DSBSC).
Ph tn ca tn hiu PAM vi h tn l m(t) = sinmt c dng nh (H 2.14)

(H 2.14)
Trong (H 2.14) M(f) l ph tn ca tn hiu di nn v fm l tn s cao nht ca tn hiu
ny. T (H 2.14) ta cng thy ti sao tn s xung ly mu fs phi t nht hai ln ln hn
fm . Nu M(f) c phc hi t mch lc h thng, phn cch t M(f) ti di tn k
cn phi ln hn 0, ngha l W > 0
W = fs - fm - fm > 0 hay fs > 2 fm
b-/ Mu PAM nh phng (Flat-top PAM)
y l mu PAM c dng rng ri do d to ra sng iu ch. Dng sng cho (H
2.15) cc xung sau khi iu ch c nh phng ch khng theo dng ca h tn.

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(H 2.15)
Mc d khi phc hi tn hiu t mch lc h thng s c bin dng do on nh phng
nhng v b rng xung thng rt nh so vi chu k Ts nn bin dng khng ng k.
Nu s bin dng l ng k th cng c th loi b bng cch cho tn hiu i qua mt
mch b tr.
Tn hiu PAM t c dng pht trc tip do lng thng tin cn truyn cha trong
bin ca xung nn d b nh hng ca nhiu. PAM thng c dng nh l mt
bc trung gian trong mt phng php iu ch khc, gi l iu m xung (pulse code
modulation, PCM) v c dng trong a hp thi gian truyn (TDM).
iu ch thi gian xung (Pulse -time Modulation, PTM)
iu ch thi gian xung bao gm bn phng php (H 2.16). Ba phng php u tp
trung trong mt nhm gi l iu ch rng xung (Pulse-width modulation, PWM)
(H 2.16d, e, f), phng php th t l iu ch v tr xung (Pulse-position modulation,
PPM) (H 2.16g).
Ba phng php iu ch rng xung khc nhau im cnh ln, cnh xung hay
im gia xung c gi c nh trong khi rng xung thay i theo tn hiu iu ch.
Phng php th t, PPM l thay i v tr xung theo tn hiu iu ch trong khi b rng
xung khng i. (H 2.16) minh ha cho cc cch iu ch ny.
Lu l k thut PTM tng t vi iu ch FM v M, tn hiu c bin khng i
nn t b nh hng bi nhiu.
Ph tn ca tn hiu iu ch bng phng php PWM, PPM ging nh ph tn ca
tn hiu iu ch FM (H 2.16h), ngha l c nhiu ha tn nn khi s dng PWM v
PPM ngi ta phi gia tng tn s xung ly mu hoc gim di tn ( gii hn bng
thng ca tn hiu v tng s knh truyn).

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(H 2.16)

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