Swerve Editions NewYork 2000 eees, mR cic td nce ond igs Ct nein nin 2008 seus since mecha porearba fttsng tring ctr (nce staencntospomicun bore aie ues i Contonts (ectois Mstory L000-700 48, ogee Hit 370-2000 4, Speces and Eeyore Biotpeal Wistry. 1700-2000 29 iis Nees ano ons nga istry: 000-700 Ke inguin? 1700-2060 Conceson ae SpecatoneIntroduction Despite its title, this is not a book of history but a book of philosophy. It is, however, a deeply historical philoso- phy, which holds as its cen- tral thesis that all structures that surround us and form our reality (mountains, ani- mals and plants, human lan- guages, social institutions) are the products of specific historical processes. To beconsistent, this type of philosophy must of necessity take real history as its starting point. The problem is, of course, that those who write history, however scholarly, do so from a given philosophical point of view, ‘and this would seem to trap us in a vicious circle. But just as history and philosophy may interact in such a way as to make an objective assessment of reality impossible— when entrenched worldviews and routine procedures for gathering historical evidence constrain each other negatively—they can also interact positively and turn this mutual dependence into a virtuous circle, Moreover, it may be argued that this positive interac. tion has already begun. Many historians have abandoned their Eurocentrism and ow question the very rise of the West Why ot China or Islam? is now a common ques tion), and some have even left behind their anthropocentrism andi include a host of nonhuman histories in their accounts. A num ber of philosophers, for their part, have bene: fited from the nev historical evidence that scholars such as Fernand Braudel and William McNeill have unearthed, and have used it as @ point of departure for a new, revived form of materialism, liberated from the dogrnas of the past. Philosophy is not, however, the only disci pline that has been influenced by a new awareness of the role of historical processes. Science, too, has acquired a historical con: sciousness. It is not an exaggeration to say that in the last two or three decades history has infiltrated physics, chemistry, and biol ogy. Its true that nineteenth-century thermo: dynamics had already introduced time's arrow into physics, and hence the idea of irreversible historical processes. And the theory of evolution had already shown that animals and plants were not embodiments of eternal essences but piecemeal historical constructions, slow accumulations of adap tive traits cemented together via reproduc tive isolation. However, the classical versions of these two theories incorporated a rather weak notion of history into their conceptual machinery: both classical thermodynamics and Darwinism admitted only one possible historical outcome, the reaching of thermal equilibrium or of the fittest design. In both Gases, once this point was reached, historical Processes ceased to count. In a sense, opli£31230) 0 optima cent of eer oprosened end ts {hrs for these thesis Iho csi. Priore elton trrmecynames ike 1505 y song tha! the neest ete wsre Vl ony or cone ye Sows a ite fw of ereraytn anasto syton ehh ene Dieter eqn the ron ari oe 9 pst ete Seily wen nave mite coating ers o aryrcengrey Isa prod, ere ehote ateacro) Noteowr, wnen som eachos or ow tcl Sato aoier ers aiten part casa ceca) fino cations sy py werd rie dering the eter, es, whan we aud sien psa stom, werees tabetha, one incor wane nooo bnow say to understand ie Ata ws itr of pace tems a the more ue ot Beneea| crea Actors and bitarairs ae eatras ct ay spte neh > ‘rac steno ony ter om aqcrum but soe sontccs tet ‘ie thorn aa eng rl een rts) ote corpo ont ee the ssa ngneston peed of eleuen er ling etre, tl eit encogrcuty spree sable totes ‘ols sarpUerationsLetnen stats at ong thr cach arc ‘Sie fy 0 ewe ciring tenga ony be ‘nd fr ll sloce the etaran st siece” Eel ehagea wth be doen Thus, te nove avay Yom aoigete squirm ad ln casey Ia eect he naturel azencs mth scr! concern, Thebes & ‘r sxlereion othe osstates tat ign oo open to pbmesnel Felon by 3 smite roo nthe sacl sconces tn gerer ana heey ‘artousr. Thos pages sir re posites ef rovlnoaeend oe auibin istry ty wacrg the sorepmant ofthe Vest ies My {oa saath one str rupiy nthe yr 1000 ne curntng estar sunt ihetrty tea? Hy ener is anions ‘ten of isery tas ansoLtey mating tae ei sre of poses {en 5 fone cus truly cpture the ranula arama or: muon ae tory has iad NSCS ne thew aon gros Earle stp inthis rection roa aay tn Ue panne wok of {he physicist thr era afers uml sono the saree feratetr (auras, a For aprautiste toes doco {ant 95 nar advance up the ler 9 grogtcn tt ass tenet ‘odinon ial teaklds (atureatens) Neve spacey, chs {Eve erica compound (at, or exeype) ray ein Sera ‘het sts God, Kui eg) end ray sae orm stab te sale tte atc! potent tatiy ot tomer ea ose {tans 50a fran esi'y ey besos x tea apes et ‘of densy of satlement. amount of vnoigy consumed or ener intensity "oor ines us fo ow cory hustar gathers bends apres, in {to Sese matey fed apart rom eather ac ear terse orcs imicly vee stcex savonty mice apert end assuming tha mamans can wa abet twoni-ve res any, he satel Pet ay fob tas ere eperated uy ore tran acy etancs fom one ert) Wren ‘aumans ns nagan etiatecarels ihe lranion Setar ‘Mougy sees rogulted. Fray ata afew ot hese ements ha‘vestoa, storey ard reditrbated (forthe frat tne atowing a vsion ‘tte xtcen pada a esis eh. hamanty aee ‘tial gntot tie and eegastons 9 be itn Ppastone ewer I ire rb, Reonta icant ce son woe ings rough abot ty preetrancins,re hpaewenn Milers 238 que, sre gos phar ay soose, psy ec! ant te ter ene, coxa Pah bo wat ent thr nthe pat. ar Pita ay slaty aterathe nye nr or jor eo) so runagate oa seed ha remade a te tovos thurs, Mange, fot iro inet la dice eal ong Roan for into th reubng srctare was rere he Fes tl re onerous and fre caren! In other wort yan ora ot cow a sree ne seit vera ported Gulaee soites es naan’ Utne fol Orth cory, a [RON fren alerrotve ste sates ware omabie, and once ah I tiny cated oc irate ith oo nator ‘ask ite vrais chapters tas anak seem mae thal rat oral sort Mrcevr svn as metaphase eet sue Atsrstnes ‘or he gener fsuctare ana hare snp pee ‘orator, one whats es forsee "st mvs bel he mee Sven tha hornet fr of tor an ney have the pen er {eflergniator beyond he reatvay sro ge eave Bon ot cyst thers ae, ornare, toon eahere woee {eltoe seh ar nay cee acs of waitin ane rn ‘ea naa nee ey are aie ena ase Ta here se the atoramentone tani stata: Gr tastes), ich ean autor co. heer seco deer ons mae or chao Fiat, at the ne prveus examples sounaaeetorgnixton heres ‘cries which explores the diferent cominatns into wn ante, ane re prove bet as "rs nerve ret ease ob ly incorporated no ou now Wht the concat of storeantation ae appt ry tari rc smige srs ae ten shaped coerce Ue es tras dosins tel noose toleined ete wecon spy tt ts ctor ct han scons Soneteny. no ned sone seu tat ey sapliaton of human coho rus rl erence © Pedanle iforteral erties verh ela ave “oore sito pecaons ‘tuapetvences ant gids human even angi awe roe fel estes auch apis até sonmnes nspre case the Salons matey mesa ran bang ar Hy ence oy ther poston nahin nerarchen nga an at ter eared oar ean stort, ota cs, Down nat matere nat the anne rest of econ moray ba the eto clots annua hranGessnne, Thaiest Aston of asa tn tat meres epntarecuty fom he bteracon of many human ceson motes fo reapeent ‘rors «colori cy asin tom re decent moraine by per attractors men fee art to euro beer andost ‘gees ot arg diate, om theeyeur bushes Oust yen ‘ean rete hme agency, hac new cones deen sho ‘reedelons ants hs menesongea rang ety ove be of Friosonealsgntcanc, Haro what fs hone resents os Sdvad by tna, but somsed th aso computer Mar etna a iho cor euaens Ge type mest peel scnsrnontner ont {2 volo sve ayy, aa soma fu fae ‘renal svlosne cares wth he hop ote mains THE nate fee re ayo mm ann cae Sai, ean combination wi ipeyemarer segs et rp ‘rie ofthe canbe a wre wach remove an ert Esinauatipars Tver oer rams ote Pars easton sees, «won tain be > ‘ie ecey hse prpertes Inciner eercx,aahalngsvese in fausara hen aerpirg te meso etgw be orciMates op Son enc ae sey et crex tvs aarp aan snpoe thers Shs ince Boson indisoensable ait. For exernose,, abil ora “at atd atmo 6 en ehalowr astra plperioe we arn 6 Gh fe eae abt, andthe: sao ot oan. sure, ht every oe esac ntiscrecten fata cag Athongh he mess mayen tt ter Satie etn mr tn ttamet to ean dota te oc oral process tive ch Fortunately, be nt few decodes ave wesc he ith an awh cra symrans of exo sndsseclog es (undr the one (Gr 2st of eons) rete te stem of recta eer es we asthe orsmetstuctalsunetonststsocenests “reser at ‘eiogea! evr opprepnsta ony stor up perspec) be "ets he db hat adels rate celine aly ecard oat Irterosies ranean cassons, at intans cen dsb ce ris oloner subpoed te frert pee of nore end naar ors tat ei ealasia Netnsttonsar race eee ‘egal at” of ccoogy but secesas what wa ay ela “ake legal hola” that tena ta ven cue colectve stone ‘ete ou 9 oe nierastans amg inaweu,ene hy hae fn fhoytaee ants te of for ow (any oy arent ted oes) safest novel acon ety deen ways ‘Maisttnonsin ecerorats hun se ined ecg con cis ino economics by roping the non of exchange of eos wt te move camping cre af rareacion” xen ergs lay etoert ‘eng of colucve sities, aah ce nttons sass carta snd nercerent recedes aden. fcr a are my Be 22 ‘te vu eve ous imperecions nares ef red noma, Inport rmatlon days ana atleast, opposer Pgh a! ‘erat of eotaea ane 29 om Aedingtansecon cons he leeds nyo chrcwindng the conto presence ran bot Ito ctempte syrtiess etwen tse re ees ond made sh cores and be ceresponing concep inthe elanae oa in Chapter One apcoac ns syns eu an worst a ‘ne near or ursanecororce vst lac ge ake se my ot of dparture even shwred by several mele Haaren ition ‘tau! and Not ne soci namis af rope oars ware ane Impetantroscon by China ary eile ther sary seencme ed ‘evel ec, wee tent subjasea wo Westen carter. Sher tate portent arm of nebo eto sprasch Mkry na fan {alebpea wey te eventual eangust othe mtu by te Wea. . i HS PPE rerecserssrantt eons easel si ripe: se anna throat turing rene lng te tate pleco ue ot Eweg, bl nthe roust cf cotarontnte {such orn spurs price ced ns) at ‘ava surat of aledge sn cologsn on afer ‘titra raw sndcrgonectare Sa eereh eof ruta Strona ete rac seh acter) al os Sen aching tar sl naan ones od tclergindretaractCucpan ten ance ruhcmer {nite mand ot ees tncion en sede oF Tedpeeaslnbventenslages ctor evo Ue Snes moved muagcaomrnacene tap eset ebe ‘Sismaae name ntsstaring reo the Seance ‘eset bin cones tsa exten ayaa ttn ener tom rennin tal we hve nonce nh too amour sn ter elnag hier seeks hope Tow estes ater pete rent then Gore ptt ane sma annoy ae dese teen doe Senet opting cen Tha cheat ese of an ‘rate eres Yo toca he fone agenesis he inemed urn tise Made gs. auc aces he for fond nha nat ee onan shonghgertans tote mac fon ot famenanrer se thse btn test pla woes tw Po ranted ‘suo a8 woods end mlcrooigerisms, Celanal enterprises apoaar in Ts eet foto Smee areas ta on thereon but ato. he ners yuo tn pre ot won ntrrmen ses tere aed ond congue la arson Tra Chepe ee ak th cer pet pate at ote te nena mare togunc eros Ue mrt itoninte ene oo an ines fe sence ar omc ‘Snare ten up rege cordless? ‘eaten nade) tra bo tateres ty an arnt Some of thee ngs nate owed wen cat fr meee zaresotgsandunctngng aie say acute 92 Se Srodae tut eher orn abaigge Nut spams aoe nes Amie artes pit gegen to nev abucare, seh oS EA, Spt anand Pts Tas chaporvseas heey ar thee omargnce, met f to tan enone. ab oe ‘renal etn ough a eto) oe Sener {ever mai (ne ring rae mss re compute eter hee ator the edn, acm cri bmgrs Kscatraiein the ee 000 no, and conte qnscr user toe yor 2000, oa sad ave dee thet ‘Giectorerentaen ene hes nerves oo ot sonst ea tug of her sues bat rather a uted phesopicl wediion sone et haoncal resets that Rove sees eea ree Des {inate overatieeeete are tng The vor fs tha seh Shaper coneunatr ona sla rater” ening Puan HBO 23 {Tater tpi of vt trl mater) it ate hese vate orl recogni Neier. ron of the rcraecvon to eurcnere nav beet made 2 Nenana ene rena spree soo see works etal Ho toga, ae ngastwilrebe vor ant pegreesve mare soph {ted cget anon ht cannaes in Raman % ng ‘incconcre ies thas sna utente gelogen stra cr for. hgercgen cuyeen wd ine ther eleert)rmad tha substrate ‘eit neuron th rel proved the subaru or ar free. Bu orton ante msegset zest perfect, he {aie cteiteront tre ot mele, acumasntens wich esc se ‘ree ljr cen nt frm new ort csed non te bl on te SSrvar outa ncounsonn ne noracton fren tis. B= ‘Sn soch acre ayer sank om lab al errs Evrrater 9 ide ae coon a ee. Ira ory real eens ray rasa rier erre udersing obs rater tis nds nh each noe Wye ef eeu" mpirenichng the recevor caries mania ad nna com theeyrore meters, or met wre ey a reroset te Teer wae each thi ingle etorsneay spores a Tus a Tew: robe ocvonee tat” ae sorelechieeretsTeeH Cre erence oan men : Bice cr vmantatccae se anne nesirsnl angen es rine ta poeecln eis ie Oath es ceeGeological History 1000-1700 a.p. We live in a world populated by structures—a complex mixture of geological, biologi- cal, social, and linguistic con structions that are nothing but accumulations of materials shaped and hardened by his- tory. Immersed as we are in this mixture, we cannot help but interact in a variety of ways with the other historical constructions that surroundus, and in these interactions we generate novel combinations, some of which possess emergent properties. In turn, these syner gistic combinations, whether of human origin or not, become the raw material for further mixtures. This is how the population of struc: tures inhabiting our planet has acquired its rich variety, as the entry of novel materials into the mix triggers wild proliferations of new forms, In the organic world, for instance, soft tis sue (gels and aerosols, muscle and nerve) reigned supreme until 500 million years ago. At that point, some of the congiomerations of fleshy matter-energy that made up life under- went-a sudden mineralization, and a new mate- rial for constructing living creatures emerged: bone. It is almost as if the mineral world that had served as a substratum for the emergence of biological creatures was reasserting itself, confirming that geology, far from having been left behind as a primitive stage of the earth’s evolution, fully coexisted with the soft, gelati nous newcomers. Primitive bone, a stiff, cal: ified central rod that would later become the vertebral column, mace new forms of move- ment control possible emong animals, freeing them from many constraints and literally set. ting them into motion to conquer every avail able niche in the air, in water, and on land. ‘And yet, while bone allowed the complexifi cation of the animal phylum to which we, as vertebrates, belong, it never forgot its mineral origins: it is the living material that mast eas- lly petrifies, that most readily crosses the threshold back into the world of rocks. For that reason, much of the geological record is written with fossil bone, The human endoskeleton was one of the many products of that ancient mineralization. Yet that is not the only geological infiltration that the human species has undergone. About eight thousand years ago, human pop- Ulations began mineralizing again when they developed an urban exoskeleton: bricks of sundried clay became the building materials for their homes, which in turn surrounded and were surrounded by stone monuments and defensive walls. This exoskeleton served {a purpose similar to its internal counterpart: to control the movement of human flesh in and out of a town’s walls, The urban exoskele- ton also regulated the motion of many other things: luxuiry objects, news, and food, forEe terete rt ‘scot pare th okt mata hat Hae acyl teally concent ting peorie anc goods trom near ann faraway razons hitters etrctre ny be sae ere ota dg nines the mo eleg ne forts areateral sp orc arealy nresng Ue vrety of einl end eater Jovi We IMertbe saat ner aun theme atgen,fouever Inport IRes cit ear of conparng ist erga aepecaly nen Ihe eagor rea to lla asin the pas tht Doth et sd ving roatres must be Sern ca dtferent dynamical ayetoms operat avery equi, at averted fy mere or tr ea Indeed rt maphegerests as depeaded, roan ancert be Tonuran ereay The rts Reerd ews cers, abo ‘real exkiton sas anterfrm hatteeearantnton st Inetahivetot orcas? sine nls. fa phoesyaess sie at "vs erasy in signe, elation neraee th amount 9 xabe rg at eyed hana sates, Won eo produstan nes Tarver menses, aman cosse he orrcaton tat Ee 580 {eben etuctiros Thaker theses ces tun made Sitar esters pssle™by develoong ae gation asters, ‘civartot erp, howsyes tat rel eaten vas any a8 ‘Saoratrossbe ways of enstng erry Sw. A sealant” neg tre poles ou the emrgana of esne may neve les $b the rat trent lw of wetter energy hough ele we cratng no set costs to iter ina or nbs bad cuete cnelai ee alee dela if Srorted an tha um eure teyen a. OW" Nslr| seperti Ghartan dynos nun therfore ude on ana ofthe nett fate that animate Pham. Although tase nstiutens are the product of ‘losis human cecison mang onze in lao thy ase eset Beck 29 teary teat thom ncn or acre tar tan {Hones ei foncinater esis) eaublety erat grr tons tater A Lymn We to ‘Seco antenna, a ses of novi occurred whe conse Tnnwraton ie haar pl naw ways emsasin he noses us Taree tis een ser, se ei i olstor) ware ei bly ertarong ae ol se teraupondon, stot ony wns ty tly Inesned were lento fg efoto. The age neeme in Ue ow tener erste ths nebo eenaoges seed fe ama Tate spustere a sled towre an oritins easter appeares ints ‘pent cea fe Sol org the Meira oun cos, and ine For are me coaslands ira between te Wace wats 9 :ne erty Ses and to Bae, cote phasomencr- ures fond erat amt yong er ‘Sst aleertcn The wor of eile ey baling tht oecarad Many of to grat tonne te north sic azGrnels nd ter snere bare ths peso, and he ar ber ces 9 lan the ne ‘nt hows would ot be matched for ansher ve hoard yor fs epltaton of esl fe procllod enter great sur of ‘ih andart int 18003. lrenty ror then the potferationLavette Peta mt ‘Thar are to base woctses oy whe is con omens and erm ‘tn ey dovtpsponerecuty occu estreausr shape ya [Bains tecorapnen fstrec the ancence or ny inher is sepa trate tation of wage shat have salad er Denring a veges sre! ft ray bergen on eee tre to actat reer sattemert. Durr ne aecaation Mt #3 [bac te year 130, ho lle fo now lis that wer born wore af stipe ten, Yreale, wth te gis ef bese arene conor he tor f gow i prs tutta Hoven he dilferens btvee Steoranized so planned ese net prea onstrate ne Aseoon melingprontes behind ne genena a subsequent Soe St cecortilacesscsen maken utah domegrman. Taree ‘rls epertanoniny sto se pocatety ote anonman ie wee san sore nck oy ars lan een te are ‘tho “orgnne! oton enst side iy ade. in Europe, now nts fot FPronedttos ore spntonsau capers vary soled ont Ses inconagnis estonen Thay metmsrhena. Theoret Per geome oer tine nee ween alias wee aon oie “rhe misaratatancfrumaniy tac es hat wre ha cambnes reel ot sonscunrnanplaton of aon agoce by sme sonra a7 na yt he tn prostzer,sndtna forme thy pny sees ‘emai ste espe ter ceestence on mal warts, Cntr ore rare he gate the Bet an chet ay fo orgwne & nomagencouspeputn ith a sgl sci purse"? On he sker end wherever «nirageneus soup of Pepi coos tee 00 ‘recs thy tao orgie thanseves nan ence urban patra that ntrconasts ters ato! horogening {ren towsh fom atic phat woot cclerats 0 Sy botdeg ate teresa iteracabone ne foo nergy te acl ‘rm ela gv tom toss termined by Namen cooaen rare Irgmastbe race nth aspect the cal nteons ht detarine ew net ows thcugh ai —tha swith renect othe os “th Dion stereo fare hand thee bureustcen, Marach ‘alebuctrs with capone pan ane ovat contra mectonions, On di, aos tet ont zany averan (hare nnd fare ce the masem sere aupeeescolect ans of conuiers sev any sienen rey surplnes tne ue, ent, ford abc), and Wey exon [propane to ei ttt orl ant pecans energy fe hela in contact are som wnerevere eglreconnbly ep tho agin, port inde ase with ar opportu ebay snd burton The dstncten btween tone bo Oona of eneay detention systems exacty pales ech sobie, onan smal sae. One tom sot out humen beings int re itarnaly noagersous ranks of buteouracr. The ate ons a eterecenetssotecten of Pane ‘oguterina mara wre her coplanar econo ete ones. Markets and batoauctdes ero, have mer hort cle peers exchanges goede ins mela mar not on teats ‘largess bul ao neh oun, het te house & fren rane spt any te ana that ey Da doe Horm R= ones, mare! warcactons vod he peiree 9 atetve nate ‘onal es sch acc ans an entreaba Sota) ty coral borcteraes ware no ony aguas tht eons ‘vette of mctnly ablang rattan norm,» neato contre tra routines cnttaig an apourat or elev acter The esert le cna bi tin no inte a set of hetorogencousbltetel contacts he thezeiwaed it ‘pwn, mecnvrt cna tereronen nolo cows and tera ‘Slane ries tone anaes Fr istanc, es matte wow ce true ofthe grea fas, such as the Champegte far of te Uartosth ene Unit afi emizaged ar apron, te sn conto ho any imrer ransactons nec oc Ulygeishatle etch oan ‘re mea ip ote acy ge. pa id ener om ft tty AL ary pat the praid cae tae tive money maka il sere rons erent er fp ng et hyn fens Harare of meter, The apo tyora& meshvor Meter ten nab tstanedy the pte ponent Mee Ae ton accede Male Ages Repel et, lanes ater ae tne eters "suporalte” paseo ely “xu the mi eee Eaten hit alls rcs eel Gebel) ners sorgsioe Terma peezeuas generate ssn Ing 368 he fal tat the alte od ti eure nthe Wes roe fom helergataous ns {olde crnace stm wher st fees nerves! sractres ae eared ‘thine nomegerccuscutura tacten) theater of power in er ‘Vesna and hurried tate vowed matey cepts of Stearate res borescrasba had arsed he Me somo ‘regu crn acco of mort fe (or intance, ferro apts Sates ets wen toy catzeret areas oveTapped) oo route seep ar How at gine ate mar “aul benonrader ht pastes. vee. and cites weal ‘rain soi wre fr to oe oor het gobs but sed el ‘oteae retaliation, and tr nel oro As one Hsin hes but the erorcemont of ecaname arms ne Med Aes es en ton otconratzed ceaton long ana 48 regi resharim capounded ty alee of oor ana ey snes of rua! aan {age erty a memcersctthe torsional communi “To erg populitins of tone an as tha syrged Eero ar brea eemeorante 37 fr tha mjnty of stamens nore ‘Sal wna ity nce maa en command Warederts i the Came ntaraaiestd ons ener than en hvsane na beam ‘teh agen sings! ar eons trinket turfs va ery Signer orvorton of ccna compenerts Cotta ad and sie are esy races hove, A wider ver of ational forms nko "ten irger setteren courts, jas, hota raat rahe Aone outa surety erase soca: no re were so 3000 ame owns in orem Ewe, tae were eh 2209 erate [ee wtn mare tan 10.000 ascent eae ut Maden eps, ‘eet in rte arlneswere h 9e3eltoreaucton cate and sowie ncn. Nay fe a bane Bare rein eraiqausnatains The aroiea were erated a [1350 ond th sete the mip of tne The ame The maby of usa centre ntrnay darted by i and comely canbe cmpared to eter eculations of os terete ‘haste Urmston apisons na acute in nam ang Chins alest to cers eer thse m Europe, BL Mose Mo ragmNE Stes Stones had compat wh larger enone en tst marge Shy tein the Wes ie ceria state We nena esa prt he menu a sore tv (Crsar. cara) snr ese he Met hugo on ssh se Gagndad or Caro, hatha royal Neraree ines tou thre. Gana, om stoned a rete percentage ef owns intestacy tha autonomeus lous cers 9 t= Iwotement of pcre ane goede aught ras: Wilem Vell 0 Theft tha chins omen uni pai fom Sng to mort ne “Ther shy ware aly rey os he omens sant ie Iricreriee set dorian For Ue rapa a cutest ther {he stvnth ante nintonth cot eve pt Sard n Ones Inston, news ryetneis at tes, settling et tai’) ten 3ynamio canna ergs ner nerveiea eoreererts {ha toretmne mann sare he same nce 9esnarne patra fhe rast me wor unsinelere. saan and nore ne oss ‘a:>! One enarpe a the nna runewey nature st ues Cnancs in any mode estar ows ee secuance of sco Soe ot ney tow tat propaied urs grt Fr ome an 97a ‘wel nealeation causing metsive ronson population a {thn the afer oars rer tioned egy onrerpton. ne ol hesenteicaters van ative by harem the ere ‘Pann sera poner gram i ae! tapharnnare in rape el ona Galen energy.” he on a mene. Howard Geum, a ystume asvanist Ras developed teary et mare at. thush erp inp, ters = uel mage hee Nona oni sa, sta anergy onl rs nth apace ce ‘tn sory Hone Fam agrutial oes tote ome ees wh "ona flews from oun farsi, a7 the ova "Tho few et tray ravasess teraction strane inci tho eveny sent “on asparnors, sang, losing dels} andthe manbaceen ser ar contra th ow of ergy.” To ply Courve ahem media "He we nee carng ourmicuree af warat ond commare needs to bear Contrary fe uhot may be sucpeamd. monstry sets ae at ret carpet bal poses ag Species ty were devel by ‘evil rr t foctate the ain of aleutul cesses snd the aig of aes holy pt ete, eel eh ‘ame tos mart own tae thet gaan nat buy oer fot ut 0 uh monetary ow repute Cmhot oie) ey fos, paral when eH money scan tll eel by ety bet dene aaa sda too fay meticent inte people mat wat fret complerestary res ‘e mest. The aeasgnthen ore Desc rs exacy he goad ha ne itera ing oe But any sad hts ety cesta an coil bea bck cca an hy te Inmesem pisons ry one cfs rarbas a nds dested wos con ‘pontenecalybucome moneys by blag bln ow tate et ‘Tore eis Arc oon sh attarganaod money cama oaeanee empeentay devands canbe seted lagi a serena inceasig the tons of market esetangee Fuori cece i ‘hs sportanaois mont ro moastry nts, win ost heroes hemegoreoua metal etm filet Gerortos, 3 ysom tat tet setterganans nut panned ans pera nue oy erate Pree ‘ovo bees inepon in erent yo en sao 5 \Whnovethaze wo yom af money pln and th pertangnus ciluton of theater, nerves nits eserves, an aan nee {arty when Europe began colnizng the wore, However, inte fet fewheaet ope eee} ureter he tain na oer ny Eurana ‘6 shocks) fs Braudel says I! Europe tally Dertosted its money, it ‘sir oun copper, sven and god weney, and the Youre ot EurepEaN {Fede Legon tebe From thom cn he pw do xan #0 contr ery The dow of were could Ra be mtooaed, exh Dy eves Ineo espn of wine, and hee the ese orto 97 ‘tuto one, alerted eah thoy, nee" roseve meta Socame ‘rare nt cine passed mare uleky tom har ean" "hese nance fw of onray aps ment eta to the reat pon iteration n mada one and hot te nr thet made up lp gn ran a rien dni so Aone ae ‘Roem th otenomy at cha The tansty oe tw theses iy say evapo ti, unset to roti cf mae ond omrand compensa nthe right proportions to rer ules ‘imamts = Ono mers leer ube added ots extention, how ‘tor but thew msl gang bya a anc of mara (ane ‘teased es woceten ech fr azar razors The pit me beste ty app3ing ca es 2h eve opty ie naonsbtaonatoovnormst Doge Newth As we Fed ‘ove, maton) wanures clang hands in the maraeace but eo oper eg hane he raten teeters xenon 25 wl 3S nenly carder arseclon, Th ter mess hese rian” Eos ranging eth nary ans sl necce to asceran te uly {ra prac the crag of suce and erleymont conte he ‘iets taal ean, otras, cades ef orcuct, anchor {lingo emer Qut ata clue and ced at rads inertiod or Sete charecr onan nthe case fv peace ede) Stim er Fite os tcomcrargr won ent Sorerimeatetsrciteism he taneashomerme oe ad Eeinsel eum gran icon suoratoy scones Coe neurnans mig vtou ia ouape er etm eyes pi seomihar ine iinure cise cn nanan sce “S.Stune se orene tae ep Oen ha pone Boome eterecu sans tence Cocca moms taco nn prtentiy enact ee ener mnnaan etme crate eeceea eeanseer ctor colar iutirteesu amr Wrachavuceeneacee hee errs at Posy ert seues ovr Gee culated eves bbe memetones brane eo Sete Slr nenpaestanesee ‘we ttoerce tee inertial agproncn ann cre ict ny eat ei eo pa? deh eae bee oman Sroinm ene tc wagatg tatters rn Tisyrauntctaren iperctreged power oe ‘antes nave avon tree By as heer Since (rater mungp nbecsencpintie seas renin ariany iecraoes pelos ime sansa ‘Some aaretry tr pes este ce Sio)evr bolts crema rd corm ‘lorena sos sth tapes era trontene eet iemarmatniemnciere ceeanaceenncarcetralized and decentralized decision making behind a cty’s birth and {growth we can expect diferent degrees of uniformity anc lvarsity in its infrastructural layout. To this it must be addod that, depending on the role that a city plays in the larger urban context in which it functions, ‘the “cultural materials” that accurnulate within it will exhibit different ‘degrees of homogeneity and heterogeneity. Specifically, a city may play ‘the role of politcal capital for a given region and encourage a certain degree of uniformity in its own culture and in that ofthe smaller towns under its command. On the contrary, a city may act as a gateway to for ‘ign cultures, promoting the entry and ctfusion of heterogeneous ma fal that increase its diversity and that of the cities in close contact with it In either case, viewing cities as individuals allows us to study the inter factions between them and the emergent wholes that may result from those interactions, ‘That groups of cits may form hisrarchical structures is a wellknown ‘act atleast since the 1930s, when the term “Central Place” system was introduced to refer to pyramids of urban centers. More racenty, urban historians Paul Hohenberg and Lynn Hollen Lees have suggested that in edition to hierarchical structures, cites in Europe alse formed ‘a meshwork-lke assemblage, which they refer toas the "Network Sys tem.” Let's examine some of the defining traits of these two types of city ‘assemblages, beginning withthe Central Place system, exompltioc in the Middle Ages by the hlerarchies of towns that formed under strong regional capitals such as Pars, Prague, and Milan. AS we saw before, the population of towns in medieval Europe was divided by the size and com plexity ofits individual units. This distribution of sizes was not accidental but arectly related to tho links and connections between settlements. ‘Much as small towns offered the surrounding countryside a variety of commercial, administrative, and religious sorvces, the towns themselves looked to the mare diversified lager cities for services that were unavail able locally, This created pyramids of towns organized around hierarchical levels of complexity. The distribution in space of these hierarchical sys- tems was directly tied to geographical distance, since the residents of a town would only travel so far in search of a desired sorvice. A number of such pyramial structures arose in the Middle Ages, each organizing 2 broad, more or less clearly defined region. Generally, the flows of traded gods that circulated up and down these hierarchies consisted of basic necessities, such as food and manufactured products In contradistineton, the circulation of uxury items originated some- where ole. Long-distance trade, which has since Antiquity deat with pres tige goods, isthe province of cles outside the Central Pace system, cities that act as gatoways to faraway trading eicuits, as well as nodes Ina network not directly constrained by distance. For example, many European gateway cities were maritime ports, connected (more than sep- arated) by the Mediterranean and the Baltic and North Seas.» These turban conters formed, according to Hohenberg and Lees, a Network system: ‘The Network Systm, with quite ciferent properties, complements the Cen tral Place System. Instead of a hierarchical nesting of similar centers, di tinguished mainly by the numbar and ray of services offered, it presents an ordering of functionally complomentary cities and urban settements ‘The key system property ofa ety is nodality rather than centrality Since network cits easly exercise contral ata distance, the influence of @ town has lite to-do with propinguity and even less with formal command cover terior. The spatial features ofthe Network System ae largely ini ble ona conventional map: trade routes, junctions, gateways, outposts. Instead of a hierarchy of towns, long-distance trading centers formed a ‘meshwork, an interlocking system of complementary economic functions. This is not ta imply, however, that al the nodes inthe meshwork were of ‘equal importance. Certain economic functions (especially those giving rise to innovations) formed a privileged core within a given network, while ‘others (@-., routine production tasks) characterized its peripheral zones. Yet, the core of the Network system differed from the acme of the Central Place pyrami. In particular, the influence of a network's main city was more precarious than that of the Central Pace, whose dominance tended to bo stable. Core ctios tended to replace one another in this role, as the Intensity of exchange in a given trade route varied over time, or as erst while luxury goods (pepper, sugar) became everyday necessities: “Since [these] cities are links in network, often neither the source nor the ult- mate destination of goods, they are in some measure interchangeable as ‘are the routes themselves." Roughly, the sequence of cares was (from the fourteenth tothe twentieth centuries) Venice, Antwerp, Genoa, Ams- terdam, London, New York. The two systems coexisted, with Central Place towns usually Belonging tothe middle zone (or semipariphery) of the Network system. ‘One very important feature of Central Place and Network systems is the type of cultural structures they give rise to. As with many other struc- tures, the raw materials (in this ease, cultural habits and norms) need to ‘accumulate slowly and then consolidate, as more or less permanent links {are established among them. Hierarchical constructions tend to undergo2 homogenization before their materials harden into a pyramid, while reshworks articulate heterogeneous elements, interlocking them without Imposing uniformity: (on one level, the Central Place System serves @ homogeneous people well sted in its historical lands, The national capital cists and formalizes the common folk culture and reinjects the eviized product back ito focal life... [This contrast] with the rootless cosmopotanism ofthe Network ‘System, wth its sharp cutuel discontinuities between city and country anc between core and periphery... ore values and techniques are superin posed om a tradtional periphery with no attempt at integration or gradual synthesis. 2° Even before the advent of national capitals, the dominant cities of Cen tral Place hierarchies performed their homogenizations atthe regional level, transforming local cultures into “great traditions,” as they engeged in book printing and publishing as well as schooling. Gateway cities, on ‘the other hand, helped diffuse heterogeneous elements from alien cul tures, as when medieval Venice introduced inte Europe products, technol ‘ogy, and architecture from the East. Later on, the cities ofthe Network system would propagate the ideas of humanism, enlightanment, and radi cal thought, while giving efuge to persecuted thinkers and publishing {orbidden books.” The circulation and processing of “cultural materials” through these two differant systems of eties are as important inthe long run as the mind-sets of the inhabitants ofthe towns themselves. The lat- {er are, ofcourse, an active element in the mix, to the extent that psycho- logical structures, onee thay have come into bain, affect the dynamics of decision making and hence the flows of energy and money, knowledge land ideas. But what is crucial to emphasize here is thatthe entire process ‘dows not emanate from some essence housed within people's heads, particularly not ay reiled essence such as “rationality.” Inthe orignal version of Central Place theory, created by Walter CChistaler in the early 1930s, the human capacity for making maximally efficient decisions (whet is now called “optimizing rationality”) was taken for granted. The model of Christaler also assumed a frictionless world, where geography lacked irregularities, wealth and power were distributed evenly, and the levels of demand for city services, as well asthe distances, people would be wing to travel to get them, remained fixed. n this linear World, particular spatial distributions of cities of different rank resulted, as the differant centers arranged themselves to minimize travel time for ' given service, thus optimizing their colective benefit, or utility” In non- linear dynamical models of cty development, such as those created by Peter Allen and Dimitrios Dendrinos, urban pattorns do not result from ‘Some global optimizer (such as superratanal human decision makers ‘minimizing transportation costs) but rom a dynamies of cooperation and contlict among etes, involving growth and decay of centers, In these ‘models, urban settioments grow by attracting population from surround: Ing rural areas, with job availabilty ane income acting as incentives ta Immigration while congestion and pollution act as disincentives. Although In principle several itis could share these human resources mare ar less eveniy, the models show a strong tendency for some urban centers to grow atthe expense of others and for large centers to inhibit the _growth of similarly scaled towns in their vcinty. Moreover, the emergence of stable patterns of coexisting centers seems related to a decrease in the strength and number of direct interactions among towns: tao much connectivity (as when every city in the model interacts with every other fone) leads to unstable patterns, while decreased connectivity within @ hierarchy of towns (that is, fewer interactions between ranks than waitin ‘a given rank) leads to stability. Contemporary studies in nonlinear urban dynamics teach us that, in many cases, friction (delays, bottlenecks, conflet, uneven distribution of resources) plays a crucial role in generating sltorganiaation. Hence, eliminating it from our models (oy postulating an optimizing rationality, for instance) automatically liminates the possibilty of capturing any reall {dynamical effect. This insight Is even more important when we consider the eynamies ofthe institutions that channe! the flow of energy through cities: markets and bureaucracias. The classical picture of the market, [Adam Smith's “invisible hand” made, is just like Christaller’s model of urban patiorns. It operates in a world completely devoid of friction, where ‘monopolies do not exist and agents are endowed with perfect foresight land have access to costess and unlimited information. Smith’s model (or ‘more exactly, its implementation in neoclassical economics) also ganer- ates patterns that maximize the benefits to society as a whole, that is, patterns in which supply and demand interact so as ta reach optimal ‘equlibsium, precluding wasteful excesses or devils, This type of market dynamics is, of course, a fiction. And yet this picture ofa “rational” tree- ‘market dynamics emanating from the interaction of selfish agents reach. ing optimal conclusions about alternative uses of scarce resources is still atthe core of modern near ecenemics. Nonlinear approaches to market dynamics, in contrast, emphasize the role of uncertainty in decision making and the inherent costs of informa: tion gathering. 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ATE. WE DAB ‘Pionstan supply agen fer nk by th sort entry # ech ‘oor foe bevoring ts soo ave, but ns te ie ges “Thishind ela tags among ema aan soul! o aes te 20° tnt thor nen, gover te aieran yp of trie yr, owed on acy eds ates of every ar) ivoirg bg fre (oetactet tat recurs. non states he yO the ew aces rete estan: m‘ospedatators, ae chartered {Do baton ayers che ras hey lg oneness, ict appeate deco “Eran 2 Stopeepor uno mace Ms tu Recenes merce minehfely moved of spcateten ato 708 ectalziton cheng ter ace sls per ees. 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De apse cre Sead! sugpetod“onimaricts” and to vee eseturny tofete toa certs sagert ote puter of ene aed nau Thal fe nonwpots; he weet ovens frm af maiputien 3 supply ence, See sine asseera ihe ech hive totter or acumadstene and teres thor corseton, Fo! ‘ante, gods boas ety Yom a producer at aw price mrs fen ‘eran age nrenoat unt tha avers rose este va Moret wis caretmes nerssee cf tot own sear 23 heppened fags rasa sould aay nto rian, parape Dy bung rae tinea cfs gwen sedi a a tipi for. ors, ets ee Dyamepi lvcrpreed gone) urattince tase wax enotrer ‘ear te onoel of th lw re tiaten of toteesl markt. a int ace ore forn of ens it me ui TRIES ASSEN ea Terre terra ET ESTES se a ‘Srecttie met har ae See ety tamara edeprcnt Sgt esata pase ttn omar ern dna ‘reecer mace porsine 5) etansie east eh priv or tale hoes was aa! or aralselecrmmersel canes edt wes the Turbulence hat posted pense Eurcexen cos 0 far Easton nal vont analog Eurpe ta Serena te rat tthe woud, mece ent comound inant exe Gleopinle, sttineeng sews enw bogeting money 2 teal Ine het ode many ciation fore dou Eurpean mera Sreinty arson o eng etane pyar arts fom ela £6 [Saeco fa tat Rs ate of rte ace unuriuny (Ti do [piece ermot uur we irate bch retarsies ee ey Fa the sult ila schange veloc) The fw 9 ei Sane tte insti ol gro atoutd Ts How such es bus ar stock Secnangas war ruc for states economic oan st hee, sien tha towed tn gate 100 ed a vary of eel, Th binhae ne owns ceeaases a Teay, aca corruous growth aos tha it sper arty sen the subsequent sour centres wary {he ange ad hones neon the proparton ef command semante ints, Srutangoush the fst atlnstotes beam fo create In rgurs previous ergarinad ty Cantal Pac ararenes, the orntart sten, se of nich Gece atin capt, gant vale bans Ghngtne the wns in ter rc Tnw gaevny ce thal ade Ubthe Network oyna some of tow slonamy yee corte te_yow coming meine notin Heron nl tne on towns frre Lornn hs pert eats poplin ce charge sg int The capt rte ewopae anno huge sonora | opie they booed, brave merase wae ears he Cups ‘hana dunrion ha cerned ta chericierte pat these we ‘ype of ergs tna whl mvt a a in eaiy pats ca Amotopele, 2 cay, ska "= membrane which alts communication between wo er are mln whle the caDta stv ao 8 auc ru ‘hich these mies re ngocusy argued Netopia cote Inch bound a Ur rela Cop od poe rectns ‘rom there rautejcomverieymebgeten cis tend tates these es ye be nav tun atrat tern clpoeey nanan nacre ‘ersut altter mos. jn te prod ef matonstate fermion Pals war, fagha9. ana Petng were ric exenpi ofnon! ple, la enien Cano, Cro, Canton pad the martin ‘ruspol Chin auc as Landon wore micas oh pe “ne snergunce fpouerta atone, the oct dere Inautoramyef tn eas hay aboroed end erent Ue i-ite Feared toepercer, cuit nave croup ne ern ers of at timing dynomes wo Fave deverbea 9 2 nat Tht the oat hp ‘entrund ames. The stan Pcl Kennedy hae spe that ie ‘ypact al atnuiniondapendad in tarn onthe fst tat he nao ck Cope, ue ie Im, nae resto tor ae eres resus emp sna rot amare today a meznri of hari Ineo rhetoric tennegy. eng team orerarourg sr restore and armor Hale he ery teenth century mone Sree xnrertn gnu miei ony See nee oe ecreres hs Ronee erie cub Heuer tes ee trecteralergntagsly aor etre a bronse dt sey ‘These arms ces ad 2 vet of Sonseaubnees. They atte ne oben wats that surounces et tours vhwbie. Frtforbon changed uty ts mir! membrane he nal eu be oan ees ahd tected rier eva Bu the ew staenaped tere ot (tena tat ha ead inept apanave ove tot the fom 0 fried wera refer ordered fo grow verteay™O8 ‘sand harm ne octane, bogon canary ers Share of atoms woth Tie favre nations ve stats, ah the new teconoee donned, "ened os sedis ce ete ohare a eran. ‘ajc Eutecortiom, crn reals tat von ets 1399 Chine Ilames uc baler ponloned to dartnate te llevan rs (sn the fe tat Evepe menegec ao ha agnat the os womans cxlnetn,) Many af theives ti! Eurapeans used 26> ‘hee te world Ce ges, gunpowiey paper mens ts peng Frost nero Choo org whe Sirapessexrurtngtechrqucy end Instron of ret wich ae often eed as exes ait Uone ratonaiy ers tam eam Tru, rig nto Euro te pas the otcome, Bt rather adjcrcs bering re inbeer resto: SHptosry ons cate ints, Renney ares ih ral an etn eeecetan eon ting wet pt rb "We nest sever pater hr Fry Europ tld have bose 8 Ld narra and thie woul hve gourd Ghee Spine to ha “hisrapveres ie sven cone wn he Hapsburg Emre ere stern ih teri of Hapleon ans Her: Yaa tov fer prod storie, ad Ere non ranoed a esi. Pernaos be mots camaging est snlaaton ns that # maeROM OnEMON IS os hairnntscune ret Semetine terest were tort app) 36 he ean Erie ‘for 105 wen Rvs rule by ttn neomptt outan sea {yn et eukan se sara te aman Erprein 3m at {poe rH Romo epee cout mover da foal of xrpe Ina pein ry, on th scr own ceraton fh ona nt he accna batho th rot of tredaance Uae ond the ws ‘tanogy an materi ht exertion ras pessba Chine tad or een tho naolrce tarry sect eee eepetors othe inden Goan bl 8 4050 ach er Marga eee prosbly copes ana £00 tone arpa the Ererjng tout hse smpostare actors he ee ter Port ees enonor, Mare snp, more grt mre menpowe mere cre pac. Honor Chr ree eb 3 ow a Ingots ard ros the sunny mar se nna ompestone red, “Chrese naira mah cl hee uraee Alea ere b= {ster Eten store Pinca Hom he Nester Er been ces might hove fund emesis aloes and sup rgers f traleaon tot abd, Sra ers Europe (oan, An berber, becerig ran unproauiv coir f snaumpbo rs titedin ior cn-aet thecal onton of nao! capa mar ‘and tha Unted Prosneen Like olor sara ot the Network (Voie, Sena eters London ar brn mor mrt ies née ‘on conta te as (re tan any soc ealy Engl Oven tual et ries ond susaes the ae" ours onenabn. ‘wr in 121 om Mingus of Chr chare he apie teat Nantng, na ang Patog the ace sricorey Ons sarge fr ones tring stk sme ecoane acy Shans) aoee ta eastern tate Anon ortecins reps ae ‘etslates dep nthe tar a Lagan ren vere toward area Caner tes kN aE rea eee it rai ao aay merenauscestn m 2202 Athe eel a's ery server ere ae oes There or urn Maas te anciles heart Caste rihogh met Eurepeen and nen Guraoan ator wor ey nar fe trgetance ofa paver od of he gro of redatance ede only ‘the eclosa benefits beeen the onrgy tapped in wid ard, turrets nw oor an theatres er om ponea ya mica ‘tem tht conan ion moe mre clr energy than pats entre ‘rough phetoess and enya ny Facto ate ects ney 1 pln fe panera rat of ization’ fast nensesions TM not ‘nous revere of crue and ameepheve ory ful ast arity ‘more moran for him Neto wr seat, ‘Sermo hese cei, the the monet in which es powered [neers ta ine merece, trowaeg ots esr teevor ac ‘Sinloriowcge ana ss orale me ots ad retooata a torso the eckeranesn. However thet silo wet racers to ‘aver the eat mt aeldchege the course theron re gate "utter bal Tore oy te ade wre ana te est tie, bewind cc tot Wrought Earepsne fo the New Wel a tek agar Hares the cota IDs coor ba sh awed ‘aconvordon ofan ort Svinte are ep soreto fs treronhofEropecr ates, rage spec hil on hee Ned sn lance a emseeale rstin che douse compar bt nes. He{ep em Eurcp ts te las eo rater but he et a8 rd ana sure bas, wat cevuped ty the ssor ol Lisbon ane este ‘ota deiner. 1 nas es apie by «nae Geos ns ah tose “te aarti a. ea (oho astute nro oth sone ft arte ee trecombin fame dre angen at verre ‘Strat thong fhe oka in any art of ral yin reasons eontingrter of hose gor up tne peter cf revaling et gonuatew re lle atin combination ith the prot oven fen ep eae gloray cle owed te tery ot Ivan sou routes Avene tnomecge scree ater mebuasiee ths ers th wou! sventlyererge ore darrnte te ne ea wero encoded boca vz thee vise fad ans Petar othe try of taney a its cosaquant oes ures Pterra The sry was the exact apt for petonay cs Aaah crear ada sd attr aie he Ig ofthis efekn ante oe atparsacualy ected ie eamnson (a “raster dnaape tie toconee etna ator aa tah rah ch i rer een ar i Se ee © Despite to fst athe ana atursn namie ach fa ret ore rary wih, org 3 any eer mparart ni ftacerain mensiy re system, wate nlra or ctr ean 0 ‘sces tte snfergaaten tneuons conatuted Ey endogenous eoeated sabe sates attacrs and asters bateen hove sats teneated by watever Hows rea nla rect back on ths Tous eter roa nem frrer versity tare have eee ha rranydterant types fracture can pay tessa oe ho mn fr dnconalins tat newt tha marr val ae Yass 2 ter mtr tat vein and out fetes a acourulte he Sus ns wwe toes mea, ome remand neuter remo Furthormera vars nd antimatitraFeebeber oe ee, Ine on, nation tates) aio Has catechol ene fos. ‘ae praca rae atte etrg on ech oer atest oe ‘roses rsaton) no conan of on tenses ene om tat preeotes europe agadot pater! as er wad earvnatin “he owert that ota ings as corel numa els an sect (oraiered as Jac! sors ate no lero on te sel rpantes prone at nant he siroeghare so dapat oh thei, hureane) ofr tat ate no torent hom'wves ond Fs nich setnsemtie comptes ae cones aman bony From he pt of view of eraser ett ns, aman sats sr wry ch te vs Wave ane murmannase se ‘aren (nora! cis endinetitane) or ey much kero shacks: sccomten | stra hardened sre anaes y str [rocees. Three cure, nvr way ich noo a ie craters) osaia ts“gcope” approach to haran history tl nap see sors nse fo usas ne espe the ast toe handed eas fe ‘terri. Dring those entire, te peptone tre ie he ‘relied Eutone Hs hr penton of morris suprerecy ened toa tigger the area auton fy bldg einer he yoursSandstone and Granite The concepts of “meshwork” and “hierarchy” have figured so prominently in our discus- sion up to this point that it is necessary to pause for a moment and reflect on some of the philosophical questions they raise. Specifically, | have applied these terms in such a wide variety of contexts that we may very well ask our- selves whether some (or most)of these applications have been purely metaphorical. There is, no doubt, some element of metaphor in my use of the terms, but there are, | believe, common physical processes behind the formation of mesh. ‘works and hierarchies which make each dif- ferent usage of the terms quite literal. These ‘common processes cannot be fully captured through linguistic representations alone; we need to employ something along the lines of engineering diagrems to specity them. A concrete example may help clarity this crucial point. When we say (as marxists used to say) that “class struggie is the motor of history” we are using the word “motor” in a purely metaphorical sense. However, when we say that “a hurricane is a steam motor” we are not simply making a linguistic analogy; rather, we ate saying that hurricanes embody the same diagram used by engineers to build steam motors—that is, we are saying that a hurricane, like a steam engine, contains reservoir of heat, operates via thermal differ ences, and circulates energy and materials through a (so-called) Carnot cyclo.” (Of course, we may be wrong in ascribing this dia. gram to a hurricane, and further empirical research may reveal that hurricanes in fact operate in a different way, according to a dit ferent diagram.) I wish to argue here that there are also abstract machines (as Deleuze and Guattari call these engineering diagrams) behind the structure-generating processes that yield as historical products specific meshworks and hierarchies. Particularly instructive among hierarchical structures are social strata (classes, castes). The term “social stratum” is itself clearly a metaphor, involving the idea that, just as geological strata are layers of rocky materials stacked on top of each other, so classes and castes are layers— some higher, some lower—of human materi. als. Is it possible to go beyond metaphor and show that the genesis of both geological and social strata involves the same engineer: ing diagram? Geological strata are created by moans of (at least) two distinct operations, When one looks closely at the layers of rock. in an exposed mountainside, one is struck by the observation that each layer contains fur- ther layers, each composed of pebbles that ate nearly homogeneous with respect to size, shape, and chemical composition. Sinceenon nee a A ea derek cops ener este lenses earner rd bly of cece 9! regen quar ae dstinge te > ‘esas heve dncoored ove ssh esha ree ating 0 tess stoic sapien at oe, carne maehinon, Ror tanspert ‘ody mati rr thor get of rg (a erasing mount) te totam ote coun, where these motrss accurate. le cour of Ahi prosee,pebbo ot anaus ae, weer. and ope fest ero te the note tonparng tam Same ar 0 mal ey aoa the ‘htm tomard thoy cesraton, The nari the te fo oe seed one ster enatien an ae tpertre a oy station ce determi te ocr, sce ee pebbe et cel ony be ale 2p (She re is fedback Seton pebble preteen fom ropes Snes stunen svar tect tne anring erm” lea thigh nonmar dail yet Upnanasayauprgsdoporta ta bok at tho aa tations they ave become seraios)o se:0ndcperatin frrecessery transfer ‘hee eon sales of paler argeracla sly secinentry "oes Ths ooeaion conatain saver ne srtedeoranats ath trtn3 now enh nh emergent probes baw hls pooe es uch ax ver tang and perms which cart be sted the um ofthe indelpebes Ths second operant eared by Cartan suotences dane watt Such a se Pema of saneanet) whch pancrla tn eer Woh tha pores Dante pebbles As ths pe cag Slutoncysttzes, x Snstceas ‘he pote’ lmporry eet lation int are ae parnanent ‘oneness to sicchens on another sel nou mad preposee 7 tar and su an sxpet teint nomarane pacers fat ht Somme “estat metine of saticoon" not ony the wor of GY seo Darra pee form through hasan acest of genetic SUM en shale ees yield hen combined wah ering rerio prose ‘Goer atts inerctan of ets dur ie dveepret of n eby Sonos af esse, dart mort dapat atravs fu ar sete at ty ‘Norely felconprsnureninclucing ono, eter of rote Thun avery el sa gon tone ecient” jc 3c Febhoe {even te renner dynenet ater tat eros the artes Span ict eran nda. Frtherer, noe asec Ices! pyencan ii acura set bs tne unde racealy thonge cancion (uch ve he ovat of abe ae) wes hey ens Chis, The secre geraton x ertormodty“reprocactvo nan" sit anven aust fe populeorbosaes mechaielys genctealy ton inidulwials ard ana core oor olrgeson ene Ue az nd these te aeration and hana, ast gran) nthe ometano sols san Weak of socal sate” wiewe! a {hen vay ravens vray of ears vle tomer neste (Ee ceried seal eccsy and whe obs thse oles whieh ‘ring ee sone Fes secensy navn carro key eer an ate alveoue Whig daretaton may a0 2 pontneous fect of ‘nintensteaion nthe Mow ot ent cue sly Coa ne aig Manin poset comets sete nbn een of gral padut- {art te sore face alos tanks an a ane af ores mele Sbente gun sremics in rw move. r Wt, aes of acu the Nov sonia preter acess eae roe Dain fe a5 ‘itera tor coring tr este seiey to surgroinsbepn cna ‘on feagh mes cltuee devel ams rnkngs of pret > Grasnaator. Inmary seis aifrestn ftha eter tenes (Gey do etre a cart hte thereat othe oulton forms ne Siudedperphary) surplus 9 ot sunray ay or rata be dasreain rua fasta), nd priv race ot anol aces tendto reel Het, er seca liars cates to bear @ ers ony sven partion esesary Beer he ere Ith ace ranks te formal org eter pend tbe gre #99 legal torrets ara egn aereton, and te eter nee To Scare‘ielegtnzers cate a delves of Ue kms of rove I tert terrors ese rated enum of asonat les Ca entre of sues thee rola) ints aan as, th er ross ect cnsased wa hele ee eg cnet cones somenba senpfe,sven wesc sie we mare cash {Gxoa man ns. Forename, trey gem non tMeUgh semantston uta throug ewston ana aneeasht, Sass and sovel eset ‘ay so ol thse actors) Bu |i en Fre the smphes aster fond ter nttonaled Hoeven) oe nrc consi thoi varing pen a elropensuscollan efron raids (00m, eran rn) ooneriee tom toush ase opraton 49d ta [Senet hv rzlong uorm soupings nt s mara prmanas at, “Te hivrtna tow | fev eer! raughod tne chap rea ‘lor nt ony hun bueeuceces and bela pets telong out ‘be soarontry eh. Sd a as wb reaper) ‘ase aut mecrte? Diem and Gestaseflr a ype! dager fort bp of stir, too butt laments ra nto aight forward a hos rab ine omarion este. Preps the mest Padee bpe of marble tn "autossey lop omsed soar of Gees rorsee, which hus be dts fc he sip se ‘Sensi aynaracs town I eferest mary bone ny dseipton turbulerturson groth Unie smpe atosteli aclsedoop pls Foto seltaeulan bt avo seumsnenare: ae. nie ‘of totystiruntng pene asucar tht raprociee ae 06 rays thai comin sane cape of recgring = morse let poate atl and tring at sta’ mec tts that now reacts wit cla substances wrth woul nt erat roast This att eegriton nok eure, 4 carts but one ‘fected Erase eledeandhey mecha a ttn of etait Iroc rex arrears prone he nent mans, cheng ‘eternal ruc ethan bucarnns nove orate cee fe ot Fostarns, tatltrg (er nib or reecton an tarts, the ‘Simulator Gr decrnaaton othe pode hat eae. Une Snctacarenons, sat are precast See ep, howe the oro! ht aeeumstis cus te th azleraton of 98 rae {on sores he att tor yot nator react, whe fur ee ste sprout tet eta he store. Rete, e ep ecomes ‘eit outing freer ue amronrrt contains onoagh or mak urrzere Natrana ane anc \aras, ponte inthe ed of banc lope, doting wo gerera okra of Wen sea cts te) ae men systems tt wnomermaisy cena thor own soir eal stratare’ a "agar, snd toy ‘on and ensne by ent) Th eat characerate may bs barry araineromes!ranonelnveling avec oe hee cee iy) hk fone seta "Snomicn alse" thet, he ase dots: coy rod od ue) tor comtaraen ould et ren In purpis ques wel apace oe mine ac er Snag at rndom) butin aye reactor mi slater inh mole tive rons soca ohowed states in which rose ae (nie are produnoa. Ie rythm baa rot impos 9h 36 tam forte outce but eerste sparaneasy ram wo Wk en stracen® The second raradtr te mentors by turns sn Vor ent) {ore areal tuo ostons each prada aextayat orth thar ules ths buss wenede newark stabs tet, nr nodes 8) Insert ensees ip ne men sang a5 ey do et esate Infra! saitorey Thus on share! aston may appa eng rorkusiynozeced ran tas 9 evn waste pecs For theo a eop tat estayaae oreo te erga vsetare andi aay ty {he tes that hep now become hreeode near. Fe Posen, “unpannea” A non nods (ulsh wat appa tet come Interol conaktereyreuermnt) sed an the op combats nrc sacsue tne ely concn ware erate crletia "on dows ntate lace ode fr th op oe salto moot ae cert comand anno sean 2 apne ntenon ne rene Ie emdrremen ar soe ftw ros nti condrake the tpowth of the ahwork, bu are is ive way Uhanin preverptve one tats coy Th gemeton news netor ocean risa el stud of vesunth bane setvegenernting sane ht atti es daliasie abit i raugh to oparate the nora gino log and human sect 1th ace oped by Deuce sd Gano. te re es le {Saather ian ocala af aupipeos, at, am itr of ‘reac bit oretnoaeg oernnt Ont coe of maestayt bs the odes te srsit amped aca tary hee neha ep Iovtartas) Second, 3 pacel dans fares oiteruy surety, (Gree eins these miernnacios, vou as, Us the Oe layed by etyte, nck inert thoes batwoe vo oer care Substances to oats itracton) Fnestakelocked tere feretine mitt ds cepacia ercegerul gonarang stan patarne = chew (er expla pater arpa omporao spat tora. Tei poestie te ftinetnces oon tive sersots ease, i Tersons oct (uth co rere ere fonned ina soces diay dt vesousfucorposed of derstyofroten mana Each these Teuldcomonets ts a ifeor treet of esti: hat bolt nterperaue As the agri os Sow fs fveat eens Enrarit thay eyeace a nemesis ot sy earn Ise comets set rergerecs esis tht neck wn one ane ra the what gos grantee spore eng ‘nzcionmeetayte sunsereas. eying het brings aout oa =r Tngctbns, stoners. he So may nrc ees The eats ete ul nga sre alle fn ety enya cers. ton, ane mn cean crane” rsd ts erin alee "teoeaone) thin rents grew orn uth, esl ocplee onary eo ‘ont aly, sore eherealrecians with re magna may aso go> trite snsngerase rie tater Ian nfmcton Ihe he one resee F ‘henion seeks nt erro. he trp etal geerood econ att nen rang banal spar sid earertiocdspaierme “hus, rn fe nuch ax fly formed alent al a naar of moc atta fre wed by Olen and Gusta duitarastn opps Ue tarne a Yate, wh hold Wt te ‘at sa certceny es ony te nepal and ingaste we Iocornpen fe Sony tly gertars evento tho mon! cemttry stars re aren Metre we ay Sy tot nach os Neri (ah races are spl coe ot amare acts ate ta = elo Tin ops ae apeeal cates cfanlsconsatert ppregeen And sh at Stata aredetneg = an arcuate of Homogeneous semen, wie Falher excludes nar rcs the pon etree eerste eae 9 oo a chain of emnand), se secre egeegaes ae defined byte rear ot neleregeneaus camer, web rate excades rorreauites the spoof eras a eulortclyoep (seh 20 ort ty ator tena autonomy. Les row gue sone bolges ad ca {Waters hu nay wih th Sern aye aon och 1 pases (rms genoa te gure pan ot epaie 2 pre vermin erga ses evastur,Slary an eeejzem repre ets the tibet raleston ofa satconssert nearest, Wil > peace ey ba avenyhemageneaurercture (espe e007 psnues have en ny genes te foten an eeesytem ks tgeiner sss rt of Reterge anos mers ona 84 NS thalferont apes), ic re rdeuted row ilo ety cayeemte ts ereultin ot energy a malo tho 9 te, Uhecraorirtaies in cues or eimertary: prey rede er pate ulna tod webs can ceteus exp tho cater Ot stn fb etanysriml fc su thee arms >! he fond) = Size ood webs sso areuuce nsogoousy gentle stole tes, rye ceroanans ort eset ogra noe Soom oe elit We rave aready observed seal eames 0! cura meses nlite fe aurdsenphan of saeconement agrestis. The sirlest le ht feat marae In ny cur esky makes ‘ave bern tn ration min pace or ase with Pereeres ‘ee Mein. intarechng, pple wth comtermatay ease a6 ‘emmdsinan apron ala aertrrec aston byte rie ‘octunam, Press nara rain abo here Meneaty alu ot eteretpaducts ond eens meatvos buyer ol) Ao {uldm prince be prkrmed by a Herr, but martes “oid ‘lacng ons cena lensing mectaar «burden fell hetsuoh.2 mean rowever wa putes oy te rest como. foun sui [Market] caneare msareaton ana elauster 2) Ivehingi paseo cen Goon Um avers who ee os ey ‘ranputs pee oy cmping late amcunt of ger predust nto toa Iran oy hearings Ine absence of pie reroute ney [serpin torre trnaney, rc at a eae, erate) tins ‘an eer slenent wth pute bart th sak ol ve sual ‘rate seman rete by rare = yt wh rote hase {hanes sneuntrstocare umocetan/=ngcmpenenary dome ray Jintnsil e crergab rovers urge honda in amerkc prope figs chem rghs tose ese escran) do os Renew Wael “S>rot hve ornate eetenge utero compe oresmone agreement, tse Uaacton coe fe oe gh he gos Wo Use trey verte, nsmoltonn eck inernal orate such es cos Stonarorenoes gh ba! resure Fr densest Wan) re aeanoeged to rasuostranasban et a alo th lotrel st Carvleerta dears to ke pace rally Marets aso soe fo gereate enegercur isin stn parses when carl one {orm vodiagcrout 25 cn bacon ell boavio f OH es arches areal said sylers (thts, Vey are each the Hsia Drocer ts prose a abi srereter) corgnenu act, any Ing egea and ioting ot elton elements, Ae ss he Alegram digg the “satin sore machine” may uncut > Swe ray ane cay asco" ereireay of Ewotgh Oeorerg aacer puter snl) tat he egrten or he shor pradang area ‘ealty me ail always find mixtures of markets and hieteronies, of stats Se ltcensnent ppouses. As Sr Sys fy Seon ra ace cist cern But that at ores forme eds Be aon ‘Scone unten nptaletesoctar ta mosty sures twa are ‘ela ste ape mara ornate agro aon sipstemen Nera ‘Thar lsc talsaect of etmek muri | nua etn tore etre on emoroven ta "peeaa” sen 0 mse ‘sate, ery noncewhy gan he wal of ecto seer tes soem an Ford Wi bout he sacs tht popu the Sirasuree mice the snaleet arm af causl estar, ample orev tg rorvcase w elec. fecarag Io Naareh Waray,» Pansat Inthe cudy of fndbace, Western sheught har bean dominates by notone ier (srrecaroea aunty fr bent fe handed yar. Hwa ‘rts aa het he srs of Rrra era an engowers, Inelted in evelping reer sates) ger ie loess of mopebve Teecbach ae WA the Begin! noes hing ‘na laa ear o aga foodbak to orrstt A thems ‘he ambient tamperatare, The to clave are sapled msvcho way "use the clear to medy to rursunig temperture he 2955 $e drecon, The coumarcesiec aston, Hower Is rear om tose! to cfecty sos the mare the esr cae a charge the arcu tps tery ae egies area fle bacon ful, forming «cote nan. The orl teal 9! he eu Leececsyis thet amen temperature aieintcned open el Nanuyana copesesnegnv eecoack wh “ost ecb” (em ot none eum thet wo Fave aon enzaurtore nto form of anoeatysn Wate ie fst tye ct acbraca causa was inerbe dsr mainte 85%, endo fe at Dunk dsnemie bold an enlosin are the Genres arog of 9/ ' : ‘ur poeta ons eee INP 95 ec oo att ‘tan cnplosion con detvnune oy Uw blenny tile eoeture {ane oterie ster, eat seca he nesenon Hel everest, the proce esltacestarstig, Ucn te Dormer re he aang rent eps thee lemperatere unde on, hee sont ecbach ‘cron tmperne ppt ot ean Permapsheense poste ee back ic nena a dstubling foes may seers a tr fe ‘dere rel tnegne eek (ne scaled Ga foe fin lor etane, wna sabi gate tosbane ie post bist sswoen rg secure ana tt savonment pele feat it Samties ‘tered lo elon a8"ane-catan 9 arayans sos to question iret tra er Mn tapi ‘horace of rene foes sts nomen ate: any du “head by hn ee. Mogae bedbae s"dovaton eantretng Festive tendach on ta cter na, ters weenvehetoragensy 27 ingen arpiyng we aisons 22 and geyser ct ecrdhion wile a ary Sfetentord stata ap he sal ter racy abered the ray oe tht poe falach he played the {urouent histor atmactes towns, Homer simran atgleh taco emp asian names crix auoetahi aoe which nave olay salfstimaleen bu set esnerarce as Ges i edbaca lovee) ‘rath vey of tage dainty by the the renee in ivtsiy hat natuaty struts lxos trig sect be Sore Inve tn retoregeneave strane are ntrmaventgethe Gat Ube thor rms asters a aravera ion "Thre art wars ‘mortage may pect: Uv aughnsttin sre tore a esig noenzoen ne heresonaty beter heals aries, wile ‘ich cally "ay eft o bear erogenous, errant rogentyin axon focalyinoeses shite diferncs between ans ‘Searenes In olber word, Ue danger ih postive fatbnc a, {errs proasion et heterogenany May esi mn oateni (sek rent ot ama hgues, cach ornly homegereee) Hence the nd lerzaten ona angyana ese srnetaatn fell tenga) Negative feechec, ote of ent) and recudion of Ste, may te apoted to huran mercies. Onan meer ted cel ‘Sita dos net nye proceed vi goa reo ani lang at at ot ay er cence capnde 8! getting Feros) On he ‘or har soil mesh (ean she orb et ot preccrs Festive fendbact loo as orgs mide aa eaporten a ane forthe reautig hetreeray tbo ntewoten Mraore, arose nt {urs wil ee mires of Doin es epoca easel athe rntres wit change over bn, along negate 9 poste leech te fepttsmine nen wr ugg ie rmcsue ea! ave a tess tm as ot usr. tho back Seplye ola es sgaret lrg, crab her ‘orks. The degree ol homegerely nthe nk bas ret terempe, ne eterenty nos ema toe seen atmos atolape Sr Wat ot ‘rove Secenvaios way 9 raanang Funan sess seem 6 er sre ainseauy ert tan tararcves (ry some anscendeal sense) Ist the some lhe charter of mesmerss Gert tee reseed ecaptaaty mate thr dostave, tet Wats exalts tea) Troe cruel eel he eran of oar oa arate a ain Net ony de mechvoi have cya proparer {rato nat noose bene haan Cor wana, ey Bro a ‘sult’ ols but thay my ant otrogerecuseomsorent {eotiee mamas inconsistent wn ony ales Gor ame ee tain mashworse a erarshes) Aeruming ta rurandy cal oe Soy safe on ant ales (or rather an ay of tata heron “slecton ot portal Serge ute fart bye egrets cult “The combinatorial posse the rub ot peal hsb of restora arches ete nae (7 apace tcc sense)” fraen an aparinantl ora oprisa sta arate rela seta Seer to be clo for Rio uray impasse te dettnine ae tore ayia elaie neo hese versa coments. Rater" “een for sb yew ust fr pation ae any omanGeological History: 1700-2000 a.p. Prior to the eighteenth cen- tury all the energetic intensi- fications that humanity had undertaken were relatively short-lived. The intensified exploitations of agricultural resources which had sustained wave after wave of ancient urbanization were typically followed by soil depletion or erosion, bringing human expansion to a halt. Eventhe more recent acceleration of city building in Europe at the turn of the millennium, which added commercial and proto-industrial positive feedback to the process, was fol lowed by a long depression. The first intens fication to escape this cyclical destiny, begin ning roughly in the year 1700, was based on ‘the burning of energy-rich ore. Coal is the product of one of several types of mineraliza tion that organic matter can undergo. When ‘the corpses of plants and animals accumu late under water in the absence of oxygen, ‘the microorganisms that would normally rem- ineralize them and recycle them in the ecosystem cannot operate; hence these deposits do not rot. Instead, they are com pressed, carbon-enriched, and eventually pet- Fified, Although several ancient societies had made use of these racks, England was the first civilization to submit coal deposits to intense exploitation, creating the principal tlow of nonhuman energy with which to fuel its industrial revolution This new intensification had! dramatic con- sequences for the population of towns and cities of Europe, as well as for the institutions that inhabited them. Here we will examine several of these consequences, taking advan tage of the novel insights on the origins and dynamics of the Industrial Revolution prot fered by historians and theorists who have applied to their subject concepts borrowed from nonlinear science, In particular, here the rise of the “industrial age” will not be viewed as the result of human society having reached a new “stage of development” (a new mode of production) or of its having climbed further up the ladder of progress, but, rather, as the crossing ot a bifurcation where previous auto- catalytic dynamics (subject to negative feed back) came to form 2 self-sustaining autocat- alytic loop, Moreover, technology won't be viewed as evolving in 2 straight line, as if the advent of steam power and factory production were the inevitable outcome of the evolution of machines. On the contrary, mass production techniques in all their forms were only one alternative among several, and the fact that they came to dominate the development of new machinery is itself in need of explana tion. Our investigation of the intensifications that fossil fuals made possible begins with steam power and moves on to electricity,Efe ae eee: {ry Beh clan tam, a ltr an lc ron acco the ures dovdanmant Auta town aso veal, 98 the wn ae retard tect here lena eatan, they road tack a9 the ety ov fo cna three inking tem further ‘ough Euops underwent along perso ity om eonere ‘eve ehranetg ery town onthe lower aha of Cente ce He tlemert nthe ma haa mersate (az hd te cxgrs ot herogeacten, ‘ue tote shocplonef eles ae the rogers rt naer sas, 708 ‘est tonne terean cies raters bern bao 200 I6CO ners lonne is (sual par ater state by unl ever nets oer e se Ine real rains ree Fo" bab oatwenn Se retort ofcaercel er miliary gor ciles ret Lore, Rose leovernments poten itary sate for sos poner™™ rises afr grotr numer of ew ringer lay) wns, mos of hic ron sponarecty noo ey chaatioay. Thiswas the abe or ‘an hea reat arin Laveaha th hor of nasil Bi In ‘hese i eons, ad ters, ns, ming cera, and ete [ke relia with one anathr Sore ler ele, unas Leo and anonere pew nernesiy (ae eter ne weve her he ‘Sl ofthe regan) whteaulftuce ctu tonne eprant up atund ther: Galt Bury, Secker, Mest, ctu, Buri Ae ere ‘thoy formas hugh conurebors: extreme danse But weakly eertaed Luba egos poured by aueernea Rausitaon Inte worse 3 Henontog and Lees: (ote tans cosine: Teste eseie cnet sed fess of mcr ecaname fangs ca be seen pare rm Ses oe nsre Ech ig iy as migration trea etre cea (ary ros mane ceatind in anal rane "ese eos wa O90 be anit ty 9 ary tht was ur eubtny more eros tan arte naranty aa sem aoa. Ane Sets as Hoheore and Les rend uit wan net an sccty ab wae ys pect nscilzaton. Hot any ware there regions hatin Ina atoertwoy bat slates andor rascal conausialzatl Indu davon! ie scopes ewan, seh na ony he ary orontessve Greco it doesnt eve te acositer.ive ewer Eamponteston: wie sere speces colo ees sir? Thoth eae, varity of proveses eslinsumultins ccm {Beran pes af aes cmp The ges, Sonererated inate of oak une tyr reposted ay on pevabe doctor the cortlesiieaton ef esa. eas ter ausral 2c rors soy frdinabtare the os fool ea sil ceelogedmethece ‘tpecucten tat wre scattered ah sal in sale but iy sonst {iba win a eompin Scion aaa ane hi egret ar! “chrerart. ee” cw oka et ects one wathes ot tcles In Pscmont sth Yoges. erat etnraen ental Geren the tr sth ery upare rato chang an enduingindseal po "Tus thre ware ae to sel tsjtone forthe aso 9 inka, eoning a ferent apecce and itenstion ero sale, th lore gave Hoe ctonalyRomegenevs towns, mary sat onto ter usta Meters (Ue tetory tr toatl tom fncons and ae conserves cnt antneret nto Atcevranlyere eat ay ta ach ihe eres, Nas et estes ler tte proporton of master ae rash in mins, bcs four sa areg intone ct th ory af tmor pansion Therap lent pronth feel led otes which expended nf he[Eo ern neee ifermestecu tr ra aronsegs.= Aha ora ra [As tmniogeogenter an Smmone Mar nets oan acon sed neal na afoot idon ests tron th oa wan of deriee {Storm tong ater ming had stopped ands surraunig aa rsa bere the bran of hob xia esta ‘Srmers views ene a nuratla Pantene of mater and ener tousten ta ogansn a tor eshte toy enact fom Sek SU foruerctheve ta utenge. Harta Ue, ie any acm capable sl ‘ranaton, cies ar per Cr dasa sits wh rtrereray tow hat oe concur hat ov ue er sea tur Indust! oor. Dedes th on aka aed ta ein tne irazator ase tae ned to outflows Bn ove, Hom str, nur abr and aa ew 4 utp ote one ead vost, sence, sufatred secs), Rural ees absobed sate of he Fetovs cit, wae ths aps font come or arto on otter 03x peel a roe of sal tre colesnd ne conan ‘Theve ines tofarony subay rebon, pis ie eect yea eons tetneencerics ana ts fetter, paced tan oars within the ‘eto sptem tie than win the ental Pace hears rater enerayFewe tat averse d thm, btu ay ah mse ‘os bare selec, feu Saore. me ta 6470 sire nas oot wih neemsngnes'y snes 1703, woe mo Unt th niptoaih century wen the sew sage ad wed ht nga wat he cll fr ho predation of every ne metels oy heres eror sai." nal este seta, ergy wat bp tatare any supers canbe tan us Evm nigh on induct tow ast met more onary than pravaue urban ceo fxr srevter surpluses par ult of rer base, fee eran None ‘shart smaiy ster tov, ‘oymctosn crete arteariet money lowed es ring rors nd Intrsifedcoaexaston ard ton podurdon which lege atom ct ech eeiy (tam. ahen nam eres Hon of eon oe "es, wre cess fo profs that anced fares tela ion with co ron. earn ena Tec peo tear et ‘ne webu the expose ute gowthn Engine tween 1750 ‘a 830. Re chard Newbole Alas ots "eat Eitan ths ate Sea grat panarg dncpstne snare, consuming nerasang Srwunt of sory And precy these eutoatlr i oops ere what Kopi serganznd save gore ‘Atego of ne eeray onsets Howat es ota ae hone resetowaracions tatmay gence, srl 0 Sm ofsepercy recut ster ine sul aetve renee “These masnwors of muta sibooring inovains oabeonstoan ton arava own tetera! They ene one bore the anctoonthcotary few the nel mere by the ‘heer! etonseaten a the fare cf rllenntn od hey Drs allen, a8 te mesorectal Si Neetinesa, = import e ey wee eucalapiclops fecal (es wore a eampn enough tb cene a stsustalad Iasi kee ‘asetons of esouces a dmoie etan Newz ecko ee {vats choad the bust gro generat by peta ease ‘rau anes seers o arly erates between omer Mie) snd come Garman oes (2, Libesk ane Eegre), epee ‘rch occur a5 ear as tne Teer century, The Gera nh Shtheccaton ot moshinay en algae sete forthe tee pane Sinweerem te wines aoe up seen eo the hat In mtraerus a ntrorenay neon ele marta. th Stveralemachaneatposeene snd fon of side a tured ya singe ‘eter Aktougnaerele rstuay tmulaing Inte ha ceve! fois ptt na sommoreaiced aretrs, eth nunibaton ameHE epee: i" rend ternf stersted on nay aki baton 1859 and 1640, Ihausta atu esata up, te Ssh aed 9 een of nA testiete tantra namo and anata niga tte ‘Slant Oven sel esirvor hac ome tore oe Pom, sh ‘neo gure fy armas ieteca acl ll of ach est ‘nent ected nw peaks of sty Sk slsuatred growth ret ‘cut One patie exsaraton tht atest perc taco 2 tosh of carseniy aor tay segue he roatinsn ene vveblay Shur Engrs pac lve wae the famaon omer sample Ste ents tamentein aon to trenovey sna be Buns fatona metiohaeobu bane and eed oye, casnsive angles epaston an, ceuc, ths Fepulion tel, when predos rw bor Sots, "hs neviteraeaton naruto union wat naan pep ‘re fndooc Gotvean cals rng one the ops ther mare loos Tertln fa when eased nso dui to antrore! restr played evra the cute abet Ono one handy cared for atong tr one prnspal corsure’ one tos and hence ayges ara nas cay by, De von nding On tne one and, ne ‘on agutrl gem hen is parnes ne dete ne eet Ghapian fayores erent yes of sas ha these ue by he pens sarstralgis anne ap tt rape rm ior. ager! reps reeanec npLIs er) Yom ah pared input (abe fod) ha tty town, ‘san imoortent ode nto aubzatei Wop. The fo feb that ‘ner. Sled labor nas eso reeced, ar eserves ofthis had aean “ermine the ey 1700s, Pon, to tr stam ere mtr Dam ip sco mina m operate sy 1712, ae oan the peguto auth ted romow. Atiough ts nvr Thomas Newcomen, may are Lees in conteraorary sentifesppretanee,he pt faster he fat ere ‘tr inmeation ef th sihtsntn ante c In orectrg a machine nat ony viual lag.. engnesrirg diagrams) tut inate ond mus toon te trend rsh aby ferns oas niu eat oe ent gre Siotsoalvecagene ear wanes abe gree ponte rover teen soso ge andl one Senses ao ac cots a et ty ties tnsewek tess botengen state are Teh [autem of crt Wry ed hay be ted ne Insta ed ria nny eget ac bcace any any merece mfr ee tenth byowran othe cparan ft wie by 10 indy en Stans aregrng narod or er ther Gorter certo) | [Thess ener of le ner wor earn out tot toto | strtone ip catetsistvermaton” tie inoryatan xpae of brnging together and erpiyng Nor of ones on eto, Tis It ‘Secca wenment sane ate ares of aun fr aon» meri is ‘ashing bet he sononae muse anergy at wnt ine produton Stic soa, Cis noua oan tare no dere between a= hr that note an ane Pat coat ret ors seemed a) Khe Shove cule wi Oba rt oly se dngra ncszery rough ie fe proms oy av ange) but aso oe shied rata KnoNecge oul to rpmast tne searactcagrem Inchon te nage Mu ‘waiicitoraton ines ore Inara Reo aso 3 ‘tenuren,nditon o ase ese of ae nows, the 09 egurednaces spabe «aborting seta ouput in ho ners {he ha utter toons Ur contours 0 ale Souoeb hems Teese arte wir a he pode stds towne bat reno cstes tat nants had absorb 95 ete captas ana [voyatotn no lotslzed mows of eenang. Units os 0 fecal macs air mbes mere note prot fs presaa cfHaren ii setotgartanson to brat plaming bys cunt’ les aan felovs pate now sacri.” Kimeled oko th eo! ‘wor ose sana, ms) saw crane (ad Ueded gr) Fry the ep ofonn the wl cut neon te nation rel (tony ar al ter the gata ware lo naseeary neers Lorde part plea cxptl ane pat ar tine mena Wa este ‘don alo pled akey rein the formation ol tanec ost, iB ‘lone tepping vs cede he vet waren rotons of Atos ‘ovr mraaceor nan engene, har stat ond ten) ners Hopon te staat oo aetere setsustnes, {Fontinvoladmore than indie eles Franc! and commer at Srtmaretswte aso ey neon os wane netonstat fs ie fics separate et ed aversin caren so on 8 vs pec (Gre logics tonne the ration I healer), Ue ttruduree gon ee mary rotary by Can we rey be satin ith mage sony eon tit deetegic eastnbn cr omars casts betves hens! Uheinestintrersuter ay acracciouaunc objrive a Hae Sus and ecoary hd copra tome pots te ew seine ‘Ags BuO tern rel ho he Engh vl devon save 3: geopeal synamies Grate em tne preps ry 8 Orta the prcean tidus tae ey be ewed axe sn, frome sstef wc setting ayaries ner ot cempes Smog ‘te oceme dentesting reurs toa selec the sr ef nodes, orhietecirscontn aa Cabs acl nth macho at semen dnt acer secering to = dint ay try ten cna a oh howe bad tvetng tots) Ae the “ose fon” the hearth crs tom {ined fe fle technologies thal pte eur eerie over ‘steam wel a aely now oes) spy meres tersayes ae ‘arte ness inthe growing eect The atoad arte ie ‘apn, or exanate, reso we Petry wh one anate ama Sion eareerangte and cerpancing far carsinesknszer) ey ee new st-rvaind nition mae eae poe ry erent of bath ho Canal Pace andthe Hear selma armistice ters and ate pots led etry aunt nthe areal culo wnat ture aoreh of ees, One of te revatio tena om ‘he han act fo, tigeted the beginning of hee ator of ie Ursen esstatan a the neusel rage of Ej bagn ous Yor Iron sare we wectadin Dotty 1702 town 17a. ecto ‘nih ram ars and cu wn ui in Sows, y 130, he nt |aed the eed worse a secre nav of wretches (he aot nate tigron), nck ha prefect on te Eur Satpeta tn test and exe commuestons ster thet, ‘Wie erottl trees serve to seule bnsoched ure ete ‘unt, he open ta sored ecret gta ies Sut avert Stetsumpoaredtrenapertaonromore thove satis gine ferns ns many of he eartaespreveush @ehec by Mat “Th cel recs ol Een were eit fhe fat altos x6 tom, apn the "tose eco iene By George sepnensor 11025. This alewee the Lira er archer Bey 0 o509 ‘asiess 15802 cer atnoys began operation the Corte fava ieat ta oer Ye sh oderopin tenmvn Wane woe soon separa cyt Unitas Stat nt shone eae Tend bean on gin seg rein, These for ecrins Pa ok ‘Sanamalin fe seo nao oe eter century mersEee NPE tthe rae mtienaautaite prone that haan Burp “soci trae the sete eve ae a age he procere wer ston ens Pisdebha, oe « ntanreccurce dept ft Trver end fn te tte succg Ena wih gta Whe New ok remaned aeptve nrc ston an Phltsiha ner copying Ears “tre eal and vglomorev, ond hoa car be onmperidthe nes tha eran torn eins Rovio what mated was the reser ot neronung clear proce onarta hy bettuten nonin" Ater the War of Incependence, Men Yor red losin a tacos nsnvecging sgrestevamry omar, ‘hla Sor Franese would flere gels rush, becors = Sona othe tera acta Network ster, oles bet wou by 1050 cow te U.S. ralreds te auras he Bitch fewey system tens milage oweughtron rae ones ae Syston tne re natonstae as snug an ean re tse Imetaiaion ar Enger er importante eel caw Repu acometves ond raiy corte tchaurs) wesley rac coud not as be part but had elo en nM ‘asses th npertanc ef te reser of sal fs tat had ‘sveapd slang tis Avance ences tessard hance tela! ng teosngerasnrprensura tent reece te dots the on ruches Totes soter tid tothe succes ot Aretcen ales (ore the future etter of ndustilantor) whe ned tot meshotts bit erenana erranes Whe te tees eeant he set hed tees doeopodty sien agrees rom Hon York and Pade thos Betnempreiton erties cerned magn: eae (eccordnat anseerilertetf fons diae wo apely Serer trtene ss ea nttt He rae sory aeons tere im ee el gece ont Sere anon art esr wen eles et ee Te ‘heosiatebeon bor Btsecbehed lomal idles to gears DSicomminenon asthe rntonearumec ee arate. ey (roanna pant at that eptie igs Hem te US. AMY coms Of eines pred bey raksin bm bldg of nba of fran ‘recs ana inso dong aces Weegee ef szle ad ce ety unncanthe ezleuinosecommurty Thay mace set conta and breoscac Hetero iota elererts 6 mene ‘ont seta nate santa eweugh tetera He (ane cthornausren). Mouth Bs arom urasloonedged mig (Sermo etna intone strove noah rt be Anetra aon anager Se erie et SSveryolsane yt eer corey eres he deve Ssh “Sed ovedures so pr of he operon ef a sraenl te lngetnd tin comin cure ate re The areca ss bal the renal anos 1218 aera eee oy Vancbon smarts rat ey 9 com ua ther berate lngedstance rede withthe tnt but 1 maby fin by rary soca her merely of hat tae Int eg eer > tne nrtosnh sonar, renee weld epi play hoang oa he he fuutedertprnt ofeuatalantenrbte a partevar mit, Heir Bower, eter hein, asknoweage he role of ure aii ore ria Hears worn rotation a aber: range ha slong ston ot semphag ta amen tay rk sutra nh aus XW mnie: Glersinuaing sary angers ihe ‘ura an eluer ag espanaly Cour. ahcse psec sues tfevrtn in igor re fomeves'™ Inde ne basi ruts thal net Tier vv a mess prec techiane were Dorn in French rary travraei he wghtenth sour. ere ovtree wor ltr Wanseren {oAmmrcan arsnas whore they Sos netatneicn ever hepertectyntercnargenb. pre When eraunymonfacard be te ‘nt ports of weep by herd the reung Heoroenets rset Std o be eat repeced. Sut evcing hs Hanan, tere eer use lo mln ore Inearaes net camps xe tec tas. ssh, the Rnereanxstem Yanlonrse manwectarh hom {1 opon press besos on tse sino a Gee roses nse cr ‘ne routes consrceane trash dacplne a constant inspect resin grr ne rr ion hen ‘nts sipped cist te wets cass cane oe busty ot al eae of he attain ot ene na any ‘ran tatary stone ayes a yr, bol ndul Spine aang dovsepee (mers or ss nds Inca et ‘est vtinatn of posnien neh en we vite mpegs ge mvease nee coma set the seo ‘rniemin But once ear, dese he orn ceca dene a M6 sere ranean rac ont rth corm iment eto eckce tor otra toa sag fr nga Po tingatn nee tbe esr lh the ample ern prosre ofinrevetion.° Reunion lr ed and corsaoualy lane) tor creo tary nes ate tthe surapean an knee) ‘stotalator yay Horta national and reel exe wih bacarne eaters eFfmozation, Whe he ate eat grows niersty ena th EAP MEIER anneeeT rem heteragtoty ding th tent etry he ow ch ‘Atma igh enter espa ot eupstenal mega ot he Sreeiedity anh emgery” tine Olen azonated wh Sua ery pe Ben aden naa ty Laie ener crt (Ge enters dead sa fen reese n Eng array (yn Garman Se ‘Soohaur wage Farce, re tape, nverowirs wa neta christ enonment Nor soe ampere was et nese tronun the puerateexplyerGhceureed compete ats” ese ana ee competing inst, mare matte ny sortie {eedbeck operating in thay un anes ne the seus ecnores Orem omen thar artmartet renntons ha ane iy tana Ing produsin, ta cull be spread serve brge rue of ental ‘rotten this way the awe aarti urs aut bee he tet tare re ther poeta put costs lense rie fndcene,atherconrecton belncen etfonoy ard axa the sce ra homogerzee mcepnse andes rorcgeneus ase sroCtees Pros ‘ide bul he cs of 2 hap hateegenee urtancaar wich pr es sa ins ihre of muta suet nes Tes ae ose cnn) cam wa te tat te en can enh age Si at miner of cers, rrvcos suppers aod ermptaans no ra ae String hovers enone nxomsraton comurge te tthe td lenses ttt al can share cen ars hat tne ul oper mena Alay eit abort soreneeosagarersn cht "trates testa ecrnesty proven he on eresLAND NNAAea term enoweege,miormason ute, en neasing raga he ‘mam routs fama ooe incu And lea iad ito nes con sie shor cconomin of agganeratn ld nace eve aes ponne’e Is any nem ovata rods an processes, which wou at’ be "ha ats fincas ean puto produton tht cesses ‘betportan oma per arocees beames tie, A Ret amt sre ate mrios daetartage Woreceecorores of sale Doar ei sland. fey rg cies sre ot eapecly ‘vores esbon fore lergnt onsen “Tus, ve Ugh uteeainn ay et be conde rama) fovts wal Tse nee fom hector economia eer ‘iiensan ents no telacera cf arts by ett. In Shon, tote to etree anata be ropeveat darn ge anc stustres fornia th sere traucon, Pot nfreton ‘iow ager ta enor gee pportst pera’ re pervert echange difeaton nding ssn contet th fanaa on {as an welancerinowriachers of real mass) eease he cst of vrneavnigins doco A the i, ananton cose mes are the eae rn tage or than Ht ay prove poi to nh lanier argues, fr earn, tat ary ase develo 8 ih eeree of ity cre fr baystachreryseoeseasivey “ous ihe ness et spear try or worn vole se fo paras Doceson arouturaipofcrperdercedevsups beeen the pease "ote whith may leave tor apn fr appar teh he ‘tasan, Guo the mach neem cots Gong coarse cour lorax the ets ot eppartansin, wi a or obecaroany sor the ter hig to apic alton aed en prion by ane Raed on Sermands the cae of workers, ti Canecor cons neted as ‘eucee hee bargarang poset sh to concent cont fr mangers ‘i aclunly i terms offen (eceraring Warcecton [tne marapere thr) ingotrt cena zona reo for ving the cevelapment of ecorerie nttuions eer nthe Ure Seana at niet “orgeizaton ecole ast et more the ace of is cole” as we deel Fouls ie tha Ine oltcney ot ecorers sgonnatone or stael, the cory 97 teres bt rasnurd bath in eso women lly eed vimpertant ob, harerhis nar issmoree inthe economy. on ane Rare, 28 omayse Nerth argues an ecnonioncmplote 0s the enounte of aed ett Irereasea fo xarete. te peperton 91h goss raters {ermal uc ane deconvtned eotorcrart laced yt coarse Intorenion of earl tes, eter agp trenactn cot lately Inkobing cir (and the natn Rrtartance hae ios srimsta) Uderwm crate ctnges. In prtoler anogeizabonal arm tha te perultin now began te potest tha nti corp. The "ype af orasanton hs eharacenzeaty a separation cf ownetsti om oni the onece rma dered grupo ssa, en cnt af Irarager tor river amanagura ners ‘arity, or aml egos ta ahah a st corpraions uncer ebacome ely ceramens pareaiin te wera te Inevarers selec ihe ners Uo bar, Owners i spate ‘rom crt by he ac tat he managers nave amore empire get the dy aration oft fe tesecreumstonae the‘he compet ofthe opeetan a nee fr ion anaes lalinontaaze Interesigy tha matt ntnce preston ot hi rpaiatinal rm Sc not oncurin to more ncutlyasvoncedBrts} shes bt the Unig Saks (re Bish a ne Guten id have eine comps aru ets Compare one whi re Se ate fossorenernous gronnoysestewrg small cpanie. easy ‘eptcrg matte with narronse Indo, ae ecrcrset gee ft 38 Dpto sony tontat snr nae pre Beene he banrpon oh rks by herachies i ret tae plas, Bas probe "was ro tite teapot aciiba’=t Thora ery coopling clans for ny lgeacale ener ans in whch cormands incre etoct ‘eat wah th ene interty a ate thers of he Alc. Oe ‘teresting posi este c the den that onde Gr the ret ot Eg “e's ete, whe al undo ts certo was a he tins te cores he Netw stan nen of snow sobalza were2s0%om) eh ‘hat arse had ne ecuree eft aia wor ste pee "suppy tone. Thi in he nweert cet, Elen noo ey when Venice waste cor fhe Euepaor nor oso "oh 8 0" Behine te poner ses ot Tuscany a ogvds anor to trmeton arg tna test at Bri sgete, afte wholes “ane, whore ene poslaton en mare te the merchant, nee & huge et tsk compan il, ees nnn te cevtpmere ot ‘hs erganasnal tom thin ony couple ozo cis, br 22D there wee arate nouns. sforore typ, tor pproosvo ante! tow the PRKburg e mera and te peor ofthe hutnan population tra hua canters dow Saree er ee sere tht en te cenit te Seer "tye buouat a corner ntti Fn Aen cies ‘Tntnegaton acc one ove lors backenra vores Fearn, {orwuavarSctinegration len raion oe nenporter OS Guede syste, und fey, norkontel igre, whicn ee ‘hong over ater eine sar mail sedate saond Pat nore Chenr ars are pater {rawuactiav at began a pesos fren eral irteeaten By ‘Shalovine ir on alonvae morte oerters, beertng an ‘Soncme wncten pai petted ynetvaxks oenssied ‘Sims an roar lo ho American ssanonymIBS0"was one ot runttng mcsman. 9 100, crternorsyabeeners wee ose Thee nat arom nore «nor ofvortealy mogrates be bens ‘hated rey mapenaasry™ Aweresn incuba Hetero {hse re marets ane mergdams Benoa ith he arvet ‘poring elgopaetecompotton and neresing crazed cnt eth nrheeten Unie Stat teprsie of nematzton wore pay en peron ria t uxt rat every ersicaton sotion fon Whle nespenzentryorre euch as Esser who oat rom eonories of wore aon had develooaa the tte sect prod (tes proces fitrea ton cy rps was bid to fares tree aniston enegy o Magura Fal, anita telat a {i techs aaetione usvea the ave mers af ac orca aleSern seeernen ts rat ier wer eta and he natu ot the sepia tonto aryl selec. The ‘Sonsruston cory in 1888 rey nleraized a stating cr rane rahe ad at fee and ves traremining gover tothe oy of Bute rth cea tty ‘Smzany cov toon tad ane eto sisters” ‘A oreducto west ternal, tees sty bp ponse aw oom absense det inoraizeton af ccm ‘feegomeraton. Ute ds ral (co wo or tuition, sea er Inotrzaten erst wos realy capacart or tar nd or stalnewecge rte dovoopmon: Rrowedge fr ina reef Darcey eiretanie milirtvmaton bs sweat fowtveeh rests anna wl erelrWoireratze tints tek irroaes. "Oe ‘sey a cxporatemcaeny ay rears tnoecge by anane& Fessarnloorstry. Mtough he Garman speichern ebeies ‘storatory dicated ecluively to reccareh (oe opps to mere testi) ‘sera bythe Gawal Clery eal yes the ‘image, moo vonecaz an ntonalzedmesharh of shits, Shien gerraial rnin dial iowoi aor 9m Tenn teeter Te esearch atersery pose ein vt eset nin wc lynne in cen san a ‘tos crarescatetn “generat th rene ngs fail nad ion sige hry ei mar ow sr sy aaa though tn wea fect a an energy Sour oved sons 6 tan o2anbnie at segrerton ac th inersbon ny gore, nee those moshwerts tod teen intnaiced adwoutleeds pet eeure ange aes mer sphisieated machin and pant tho ren ‘ils eulometcely Gene orgs warps, octet nena ay tenn ne ean a nin satires et ito pete = The "ew inenaonten toot lee one sos ons Sic. tempera. ‘Sec tys wet scety te terienton tat ator most ns {att casonpibn aie lowes returaty em elciit's matade tpotental ase mater word, the njetan cf ors a mere erary hers linted Mt somo pot urban cies auld ave reaches 3 pene ‘Srsstran, and metiansteaon woul have ceased ut lett Sinutanenisy route th ew of erergy ara tha planta! vs ot iat ene Hees, co, wana moc the mtenay the ere [Ath lrnef te sonury secisty Red he posrble uos roto renin mule ct pte ures Cachan comets) tht well ‘alec ol afar Thace tice apsastone were commniceeors. 1 ‘iectriety nad boon ennrects wit he low a forma iran ry On, Sirens doves tea roo Inthe 1702, But tue tantarning power wad et opr amen nts rote ncomnanectons or Uurinaton i te ereton oa new permitea ron dae ot corel eo he Sow ot meatanel ener The minstucanion o! Walos alowed te gradual reser of =e tislawe sg by ¢ multe ot acartrtoes ones oven nl els [Seldom ov eoorzed Motors began deppentng from Pon wesng mses ie ye abe 25h ‘fcuree,wesly woe nat th cae sauzo oft le rest intense en undegone ty Hower ces As wt eater nerfietons, twas {ho intra of svat nnaeson oectety ane acca’ reals 8 Llorsbie and taper combustor angre pass andator ote Thales inortant to ep mind hatte non woo of niacin ‘eciotales dé not epace he alae. Allens col st rund to oF Uh ors sity sassurten, pdt euro» wor ss cele that ‘en ota te pater ta pero lescleesocrent een Selo tigers and fe narod it no theo one 0 org Toop cnaeronsteanoton), aids nowy acaared odes alta ‘Rgray connie ta reion in te tant ery. The NekEanes: iH ‘York and Chisago in particular expaienced en wtarse electric and siban form uniqua io the Urite Slate, pric te Wari Mer I, The ion Derserdin Crepe ston such a ere Pre. But ns in Ameria tet ris etl onder svlvd it he sysctoner, [eescrnots intrn swe eestrs ta tanepert peopl verte ‘trough thao huge toners. Cncas poor ean fel ad ic Uri the constrain iat cotayen yt ret ect 71, ‘when seston the oe camara canara tly Suse the oy {er movsive bike echnes tobe apple. Byte 2808, Clea Butt esinry and sol ated a cart batal forces, hing posse tne nese ur ad machine corceneaons rgrenntc oy ne megistes, tha irl combision engin na the ator ha ¢ enbfugl te, people tame eu of ental tes ely traning suburtan aves Attoobies, sy eherberg are ase, "tec “Th year 820 vas UH Gln Ee aeration 9! Arancah tty Buig, the mene nha shen rane engin se Frome wie te stun pr cea ter na ures ty the nth at ‘hair tga tho meron urban ecercrtainbapan fonts fe burbs serie Pai mere hewn poplin he bei Ses, ‘ha ter tecam ar other “teplean agen (they care [steour) ond ae overall fo Ges ost sone of ‘developed spec alzations in yet other functors (rose tha mere informa tercntonsie) The oroees noe unplanned forming enor renore et enccing spacaactare, fe sa auher pte "O08 ret decerte the rurouiten regan a gin tnt ct nel {bat Wao sat aastin 19208 Hort Lendon ts ew ore ‘ey. By tnewentes New Yr area eyed sever! decades of Hows mrarnontistona, as ot bon Eanes em wea ‘rector natn, and another maritime metranais (Now York). not Iechov ceil (chile) al enue esse ao cre of he gal Howaver, NewYork woulé 990 aperence a phenemenan whose rn swe sana centres, tt tne non nabatates rl beg Ie avatow op eban corte th process oy ing a fesa 29 Inconel th eplion ot ben asoetaste anaes he PPececertea sty of eres cyanaurs, wh axing interned te ena ooonomas of eomeraion sue rove roiqinrsr: an Pract fco whretive ese, Unite sol rin, wh oe Ioana mechuar af tardepenasnces wh er smal erties td fence conat say wove te anoter ods anima re ‘Mtr ther deoring ies a an aki vob esura. Nesk ovis tea ev aya be semen amore eet wey Dy Ge ater fete fon rts empl oe har ity ee ‘Shen nav pits crmerea ai sabe > seething th eae nee ee Te ‘nf vores fin te bstnase ete cers St dion ang ae pe an eh Me acter ergarzaions were othe oly Heros stctree ranges ely hing Aovteng lac, gern era buenrones Save fr contre ben destoyig won meshwork in 9 varie of (yess sunny ob tanesenon tacit: (she eats ar a ‘Grain ho oes ct psive fedbach,oratesetin the bs fhe speciype 0! senonies of celomer i renee ie monr-sinaton Fen roe thet outs eh oxpesine space ot opaosnent dynein fy goverment ply at e035 Few any om taf 9 pee lr Taning rss centers in era esti rel esi neato, aie the promoton oftrade betwen lege sd sal cle She eae ly wl aarti rarer a smart nt # sub, ene, (so cbaarnd ceri sell tase ome basa le the cath er optiicely = “return cram argument, cept he ost tay of ty ‘tinge ge suo np of rpers ns ows corte tea Hs oy accuFng new totes eect auto mbies). ne tes ‘Rte ercumuertarel lite t wth uch aes surson the {usa deme er more oné mae tar) The cant aren 50 fey soap energy sates, ad the nun puna 9 fs ety of supply sera We wl ature the queston oro in he next hantor but rew tl ute to note ha vie tw ora cc fr tigers on ows in Briain reg ne inaiznal Reuter, he ‘otearenodonin to expanded vation fhe ne (the seed das {al reel hn been itera esta ce cae FPanly aware er long ceperaerce on underprcee sey ane heir ooendonco on see sob! spi sores thei iss at he 19705) To ato ap became neresingy aoe or, e, on ha fon 3 nro, And ths Hon in re, ban be ales byt craton of new stations: te feseareh Sbrton ee tener Re Patan Sse a (dicen The peal inentar ans eche obese aerente ‘Sormue! Mere] mnt ret, as 2 nie ban raned hn ocho or aera, Dt erintl or tars Tec invertan ane cece (evi Te 10 cera ns ase he i of cherries Ire oFtmemner tonnes tuners ny en, te Ease Payer n Prasat sh cent Duty 16, We Cll iaa fo cnelgy Puce tte tet co ry ry one Peete TT eT tonvntunatcaep! pecs woe borg srs he sa suet “Thich er te ce sug inane ofthe rinweertn cerry te tively grate, ion a ovr nth lanes of oer Doone ‘Horas an art row, Slaton the ran cearputre ‘enon are bastaty aorate formal jens) posted 9 conse eae The nioy ot anata! ver embod towed tthe pork zeae the ecorcng Caran the ange estat eninge apa 5) ss aninoat to position proceaos (swe os tet aes orporat= shy ae as matting haa signet mpoct onthe gomeance “ntence of manager ararrves in escort the Scion smoking (vtvch ho colle the “achncetructure"} Thoeo cemmtios serve : {sa mans bx peng Kiowedie fovea foal ad s mecha. ' lercs simply toll Us deers mece bytes ealbeve beces,par ‘inary stators anes he deo tem ma are 93 rein Ths ieaiaaten of ta few ef brevis si tect he eae ches ad thernduntal hte reset tay of to etal eterlinde-—"sieon Vln in Harner Calern Roe 128 near Bowen both of ch sevseped im ee arts ith ee unrsh tele retailers inca, npr Gory ar ‘rere nw mares, pec and estore Tse pera omeuch by eeoremes of acala byt bara denied ro an mere Ingleylies tect ond Ue ragr's relma eto any bebe, uporton. Ts eortruat migration tgeterweh sn om (rc ports) suture af mornaten suing smare the eal reduces Srsures tat en feral fel Monge wou dose pry ‘nveugh tern. Busine aetoastons ote claberstion ma tal and medium-sized conpanios ish ane ar innvatin ere Deteved cn say 98 eutrenon (Ot nurse. te aes et aan that rere were notre, outa te a ion Vly an she Hy er nae the un et soon Ra 128 ‘i Seon Vey presses fhe 1970 er red ‘ein san tobias by sam merry sale "avait ite tt ut apse er woot etre he recenzeno th 180s bet Sion ly and Rout 128 hed beonconineosl expand ae on canes of agtameraton ara ta ctr on ecanomes af en ate isos dersostod by retype to thar oneal, Py blr lhe abt othe ewan a espana to hat eves, sr re Sean Ve Ignorngtrs aymamies bstre tne rages sues, open peatng red ‘on foward osries of vale, tere te menace at parietal cine roy ard ‘on n Sco vay nes so consti car oF tm ragen (2 tnt en oul 28), uhen srt ta ha ld mochwark rom cul 8 eed ‘Ard hate nor what Nazpone ieor Vales eal etree the rein Maz now urea tet emer dare ik, set te con andnauy Route 128, hie contest starts Ths Shows (hic eeraries af sew and ccovomee of segomerctn, = fare ot ‘ante eecbch, cota porte wow ony re ater dows ras iw rotons ana gratin mans tcp mh aves a. Some cenaions Th ce Seon Vey a Route 128 stows that ee ate severe alla ine dverment er tare prosiction satan rush a hee ‘hy he computed posers manuracirea nase no Mest FRnlerands andthe friar emission in to ow et mow st ‘rons nan, computes ay nase the manos tat sy rae aman beige the tebe orn util preducton, ein uy autora ators. Maturana ros ton characteristic of Subse cope tht tr irtaral tater dotreine ast fair choos ih nema stv pling th le of apes He eamoares th ph utan ace vue Ears at eased bye push Inco baton et ggered by 7 Autres factor a a ‘Sie eve indwa tas the 19605 8 eu r, tona0 {uct ores hel generale commie cf lees nuh 7 T8N# pt, That soealns ats appoath coated enaaton othe ‘Cowan acheweent of ede stan.” Tod ne on tat pled Teepe ct tga ad flows sr onc a rumbor of seme rat [cub emeger prepertin a at portray ganeeted ops ‘aye rare sepve aster tan riety aves ones. ‘tamaten routs in etaudaeng wicca loop of atires vata mies capac or sponarecus govt Thee tops ererg= ene (Gov by corporat anrng ta ney sn be ny ae pce he panes {feisties On tater Neg, need of idg the prow 92 aut ‘incon of sal fr, a hepperecin seme nau narerds tls imolee wl be ght by proenses of zl argerzation eco Sev insttotonal nd rogerat evel 6) schiting te formation ot Inosiwors of compomentery ccaervcuctone th compar eratedrnonbnesr namie ot sacar peauctonrnhec, euch a por ba Ife i ts ere happen these fens wou sen 8 “org in dete somecton th cynic utbon oer, sear and outed oy cis er towns eos sore a ot posrvefaarack tram thar syerrration ot hte and cererneuneeane, Che et ser oy eg naire cetera, more corrrand ta ards. London, Antara Par, Ls Arges, swe So Pay Singapore, and Sect nla Mae Lisbon, Ali, enor Aer, ‘iain trade end the dynamism af sueF-oreducer networks nem TDinnseie nis stysrepone, se anasesa to rare apg me ‘reste dope ™ Siocon 3 outhaatn urther ene te ceca rea ‘nonledenar taking laws ot atoraaton sr mre cars To gle ‘valtan stouldbs Uougn ofan ne mare sero dd ea carpe "ris fy couse wc anpoeen energie ore mater |S amaly aren odo thet hes bee raft ont egarcheeutocat- ‘byt uch far omnarre sought see tes rew sage of Sor ‘mont tenors etags computers Fave singly seated the fom ‘hnonldge few nich, He ay ete aaa, si pes ater S60 ary ieee hors isane Sal tons doin htm ‘ana hae: be Wansmaionn crperstan site event Sn tarp instore eylnd side by 2a wth i bshoes, crmng tue Inesoak of errcien a rece nfersteation ete ay es vay arctan srt mart ae alone ert vanicend atrst Sourdorcs one Rene thtntaroaerg tonal mt he sel Gransiaioa carpuatons are na new phenorere, tit hey wed to ‘ers ena asin ste tl popusten a ure tne) Then ator of oroducon ane rtrtzabon of raat ar nw ci lata geal lee, we ner computers atew te cortraae Co ‘lof geagapholy aera actiiban Rsording fo ome ays ‘telntsnsonatatoncrerimaretnsutuons brat ware ara tation ete paces) wet inet braugh sau Spades ese nc of cent cleat (lr raat eerste esearch, wich vs tobe mene Aavlopod bythe mary rg ora Ne acy nwa tage any gating soul sh deena gs ey Bacay nepances ete, Indeed, nll slteshov cane cbtales fo he expansion ‘avimanet nston. sins tm acinvenert of conamves ca Ssanerntnel lvl demanc he desraion ofthe opus wt ‘eh incepunden oun atlonpt contre ve fows ron, Devote the fon that meshwork sneratng praceaes are atv toy ‘ot nna Beaune "iw 2 capieion” soma detornnad the ‘eosin of asd ppertun tc etalon arent rut of dv reveling ower slvorgarted cre, te tefl be aeantingent Mate {nieeinneee of carat neanzete Rs ars hae wey Sepeios noe ata mula ot nestatone(econome; paia. sre titan wit enter hs expansion. Amore cetaled enasn cl be rovers hegh wer nomegennng teas care vere Nase Promoting hotrogenzcton niin fot rive a wider Yost egarize. Sons rere seta, tests at sr). "nthe nev choptorv il eore ther aepet ofthe secur Eeamiing the ae tat tase nsrtons payee i on vo puso cohen thu bor bones 0 our Some of Maetars atten! urtan|Biological History: 1000-1700 A.D. In the eyes of many human beings, life appears to be a unique and special phenome- non. There is, of course, some truth to this belief, since no other planet is known to bear a rich and complex biosphere. However, this view betrays an “organic chauvinism” that leads us to underestimate the vitality of the processes of self- organization in other spheresof reality. Itcan also make us forget that, despite the many differences between them, living creatures and their inorganic counter- parts share a crucial dependence on intense flows of energy and materials. In many respects the circulation is what matters, not the particular forms that it causes to emerge. As the biogeographer lan G. Simmons puts It, *The flows of energy and mineral nutri ents through an ecosystem manifest them- selves as actual animals and plants of a par- ticular species.” Our organic bodies are, in this sense, nothing but temporary coagula tions in these flows: we capture in our bodies a certain portion of the flow at birth, then release it again when we die and micro. organisms transform us into a new batch of raw materials. ‘The main form of matter energy flow in the biosphere is the circulation of flesh in food chains. Flesh, or “biomass,” circulates continuously from plants to herbivores, and from herbivores to carnivores, giving the ecosystem its stability and resilience. (This basic food chain is in reality only one among several, forming a system of interlocking chains referred to as a “food web.”) The foun- dation of any food web is its plants, which “Bite” into the stream of solar radiation, capturing some of it as sugars by means of photosynthesis. Plants are the only nonpara- silic creatures in an ecosystem, its primary producers, while the animals who eat flesh (piant of animal) are mere consumers. The complex microflora and microfauna that process the ecosystem’s waste are as impor- tant as plants, since these organisms rem: ineralize and reinject dead plant and animal bodies back into the web Compared to plants and microorganisms, “higher” animals are just fancy decorations in an ecosystem, consuming and transforming biomass with decreasing efficiency as their size increases.* For this reason, the emergence of an eco: system is typically described as @ succession of plant assemblages that interact with each other, passing through several stable states until they reach a ‘climax. & temperate for: est, of the type that characterizes the Euro pean continent, for example, begins as an assemblage of lichen and moss, followed by scrubby birch and aspen, then nine forest, and finally 2 mature oak, lime, elm, and beech forest.’ Although it may appear otherwise,| ee SSE ene: ftnieo stabs eae stch coo ant seourbes ete oe cant one tht states the at one aie oF storey cones ere st, ater Synaral determine sarc ptt tree ‘meres. Tiss of couse Jos mother stage «meshwork Fetorogereois serene auateng hy ft A ere acne i of he ‘eshnork woul ave te nels meroreanas the ied nec [Src oier sal animate tat yay te ee Yow 9 aman tonne ae the ecsplen in whch they arent one fret hey levoured as ey palate tse a moter Interact thy Imantree wth Belg onitinn, sapedlymerorganans Here we wi erg even ah latte waren aay sued tote cota ftttonrs meron ree cert ech lrg tos ween aa be ut ap) ANa Tan et coUse. ne must corse nt oer We ag Ine case nurich the seco perros ons pai hve ad th tins era opportunity tenor thomeles auto sante may ‘il inded be ary Pomogeneneset= Of eure in really most ‘Soccer epr heeopsnty Dae the set Pe ere ‘enmant tent heterageenis in tina spate. #2505. aay nome fare wis mare cermang rans tr. ‘thot iy ranogeneous, he zee poo of human species is slvr hn th rg sant of eoestes atures nae = ‘een exw ef tal oo aps needa merino Hew ‘Stor wnatenerPetreenney vemos tun ete ao a5 ony wr ocr oppesrana ar nase scepie se, bh some ep Vie For example. In seriern Euroa ering the Re Age, oe nod ‘eere coding for an ora haath 2c Parans egos ‘nih hone, nthe peplaions Chin and Ino, fr eaten, he {eno na nets ao becstralyprcesie rwerned Ifo chace ar yogur) beer tentd be desea nether gars aieh tts doled to are re lng the Meditoverean but wee muck Vest oang eatd” ty rll preon" in csr for rotons svural gone or mare acne, BE talne,acratva goes fore sere poste na chrmoser Non eportiety mest of he geno: aren Fecran toe ue) Tvs deve Meraly aura wae: shel ha fry, Oy (Seats nghcinen tharos orare othe Releroganeois "ast Sha frou ie oit satis for cultural dfererteten and race! torctyone ray opctvn arabes enjece ret. compar fo thocerttaves of oct that Geis Drwiste and augenaats Fave tSrenim)ot toy eeete mica oe Locy a awe reves aster fetch esi eet raraon anon hs ‘Ss ofa pute ras ecar bun he vvoonbetweon ree Ot eteeat verter, Er bnhnen nie poo. tin aration Shute Top tiscali er ogres caecyam ony ent (tore te hun sett nae hve renee 95 018Ie gone tat etn he outer shel (ema ae hee fe tat avo bsegaty mporiant retry such ay sentietce ala ot ‘he ably tcget ran ik ever nt tres rove ‘athe turn gere soni ‘rr he auto othe Cure eres damaged Celera ‘eaneiies) whic sear hartrcies ners strata in he however ts net ny ones rosponse tna topped te gu, but 8 “hae nara cer ape concaquoncs eft pla eee S046 siveepdaic nave hn posses te gere fy Drveen came reste {ors for cksnang. Verce normaly very dated feigorh, no Illy ioeasee at srrvng oie needs orapentin a ane,‘mous ceragraphic shits wrought bythe plague The venus serene ‘orterze a the ave of he Newer sto was ae Sel estore fersequanen a hee depron onan byaneclgea sto ts our mating alba he eosin tat ‘Stel stg evorety of es peyos by afeen peso te ‘re test he carl Pace Sper tat naooees Meroe Canto dterntazee_cleres har loret fr famang or th ener ‘ei a utes hat the eroerae fra sl cnt. The etenay esl omens of thers (word) ab ful or contruction mati for rateelons of Curepe rete romney expat nee aiorert ‘ernst hia aos age ale some nee erg Spevatzed men who theught of wary ar red of dmoninfestes ‘vst a nacre genet 00d", Natwrissien atone ad a are “Thefe wee of aus, matures ore Genial Pace ies suc 3 Frans foresters sailed nt seer and anveeeonthconures ory by doxree ie reat aolanoect S73 aa he mesures an [yeaa and prt oecoue the raring feet ewe toe porto ‘eli Neverthles, thre wee prt ilerenes beac ae {Sth flow eftrnee, el nid Mery ofthe casprts ere fh nnsteanthantry ane, Ganoe, Anetra} coe) ervey pace, weap of for teraoNes tn Os nse, they nore {0 the dynam markets of ner an ha played hey le ne reanake reciente ear erange nate © luge porsge thr = ‘oven tere as Heh aero tnd upey re oa in eased teen ot stray san anaconda \eniesanire poplin Ind evoke the primary star” sho et ‘mounsinc Barn of ee and even rus Foe elemo ponte ie rds cht tin rrr pts vr npr ‘age tnd wound he Wosterenesn as poston hu bath soon had tng oe rere th ety sal arc poe te reer fs rect leon. rng re tis os nee lon tht ner So medial Europe Teri et he doe th stage Teeeore tar tril of mode ney, see rly eure tention Ts may te gon eye eee ae Gercawere rom the stark coodinned wade oan “ner are ner iterstngaterercs bsbnecr Cat Pls end Noli iss bit respect though the forte wars eta nce ‘iro ta nt the raat ranreis fev nore eb oa He ties becrainet trol ser vaded shor pooped lane, ates Pete patted a rate ather wads fan sone fo! compo face toed cates tok oer rl, ttn ging Srv natn yon og eal and ara ow Sates aet npn se se he en mato a Broa sys“ order te coal te ge pant Tamuinn vat aultoartts tote fon stage pis Corte captced by Ners in 204 Cet, 1983 ras, 489-0" nena Gran eon the Bios ook strran1704, an ata, aon tay etre in1800) and. estab 9 on convanent manning wach then hae From thes attgi plans nel power coud coe te ada anwar the etRats oe Lert ae Pees hs ae lest {he gor. From ni sctegisty aor averglds en ecgn cons tom fveign tev ces European metopres anal coto ot faravey martes Inge, Chia. anesthe Levant. has ty oon ‘hey ett od eects = sant tw ef lanuy os oes for xomstl, wh pertara neta national ake ba apa 0 Be fring entorrnry prota Iie math soe getonaye le aren Into eleiatin of nary nc rr ns na Yencs tke ‘Shiv th tafan ating aroun Grong the owns Packs, ‘rons atl, nt Braga} nthe sary I4BDs But evn hee be Tond was sor ued ole ee the sy bl ose sh ops fe See rat sts ng Pra er Fre and ino an efient atonal marin, reuse wae (rent tana estrnal marca In mony repel tase Metre ‘tea ware no et the and neh the i of mga Icon seeder thatmatevemeroaiaes suchen Seva tence (esas these region captas cosy connected ary nh at Francs r than) were te artplacs cary ontario? ‘ate tows moving a feet spenae Grane tana ne hve the i of ‘he psarant pope, mers er as chsined the an wn crns hang wih th iscsi ov ovr, whe fed Sura. sk. eer fea chin, sre rant that orsea an the ara eocher: Shee ta wel-nara heb nd ose ad «cased ole eradin Tis wna! Sra cate "water ife,” We knowow me rts ‘eae the whortod esos and eustome,wnwhon hun bongs et plato gare he fon a ras ha sane Wages 89 ‘ety sl bf hisery barely flores thug One hai secuets Ie the aostrlage ct frat the veo rat! eyes srr Te- ‘yeh of theron accord more otton Wan at thoy nove torewe rome coordeaton any lta eel demand ae ite: Ther louie cbs a bys nest cone the bre ‘Pelee gs fuss rota Geo opr pete Te ‘har atin pt, belr an ae tnt von 9 That le of mona maby, whoo ene arson of fren ‘anetherdnying Fonts and scl rary Meo process tives phar or ayer the aril pean sper mer ae out { beman on tea el sonny ch at sures int moon by Treane ts fot mens: es the enti. aes manny deed Inans acetate the producti of profs Ts tite Injariny nm perry sled “predsory’ to emphaze te pencmoste® ndrvenopaloe (or oigopatst) naire. Rtimtiets af core, coo ted wr ater aeeatr ose MeN a he, "mstperastes”, sustenance by leppirg int the evergcticfows produced by others, we “here reste ute inthe cas of rose ly Somstines bus lend, secifcing thee mobily in hopes of ecauiting eecess tothe steerage ooportrtyt sarge ene genes 3035 ss ar ‘a ei ards on he sther and, noid soetine a 3n ‘Sheeco seed bie bciness More offen tha not homers fans nla ‘an cotsbrntes nase otserpuees Fer spree reg ‘hs Garon urban eaeyatrms sepansed and mate hen connects tone acti teyBecore rot ony tle sane olferra tuts sarourg super ze of sal lat pat ed Ca Sats eer rake Gea Pace eresha) and muy ge ‘uns eagen draw tar nttetslagly Pom ssinglr vow sore a el, Sean he aoe ris btn ty ‘epleotrg on «hag sete he orn ara aaah the WME {allies had with he coutysiger Inner acess ure the fe rts cenary Europ bagon ceri tet, orton ioe "epost ofthe Hartree {tlt spty sw, Aru a seh ere gene at le ‘onan ic the coe tat apes thr wan eat cea the ov ‘naka ow st naty nosy fe nnowenon eres a aren Drten asecerharsnes The eeu ht une eal anne ne Iie sone when oul ade wit one anor ad santaly shake ‘ter sunwerst estan, thse prgharl sexe naa condemned ts {crt nbor as not uneammon Tor gessert) sna helene nas lstive suppby and comand tyowgh waretousing ae advance purchases vas bepairec devel or poreryrelaonabis ah en eve rer Ske tis tie st n gens eet Spam se Druga none ae at ‘cored rm he nenieaton she Raman Emer epoarhoned Have eos had atmos ft und of ren slain aalaces sting paver Dept the hurcrd of hese of Eure eons nro had ee rabid Snr of re Hay Las, reps szrbe send eaeces, Antec, Trt, rds ha om ume oct. Mash opie sty ws st (rane poplin sewed th urn fried lant and ‘role ere fo, deny wes opted to sustn 2 Eurcpean presence "massive Eansieref people, Euros “lost he oropagaton gerne” In Sickness seth pr mange tartare sc he Erescen mieorgeme na na Cees ara tL hey a ander wt Beh {oy read est ata bl estan he wba oe Tre as sana parects Than hy cul ght te Serene, Thi pored of ee fea care recinea oranea. Unter en pe Canes tat poise onto to ral (he hcl end be thesis gare) eniea nthe southern Eirpeam gore po, Bu they “serrata inthe north, Coneauerty, Casares rm fran, Crmany, faray inde fue muna yrs ater sh carrera ater dif tneopon whan cersons of le (ad] ipl inthe toads {sited peops nach whenever secur ek place baton, ‘Solon the Ivars cossesea “oe” deans the aa ecole Siigetctoadensin hon one nce humane ingot ih athe, ‘Soanby aeombiaton ol were mtnear ara dsar ft th cho ex paen ita teat ah oo pe Stone arte nth en bm rasan at ‘eEurope ban rocking ou note waldo els nau eons, nto nagenaus poolstane. none fhe tet sural tome felonaate (the Car nn), the oa eles ts ues we hyena wine tometer’ ext aySra mnebsiigeconalerterprist- Me ones as hares ean ‘hank ite a ure parler tans fod ho Eugpnen cae an sae ‘ren te Une Sotos, Cad, gonna wes he nls Feplecamertof pu gore aol by arate: Ines rest st heen ttre comuritas ere nted eutraly obser. Ue those nels ‘nat ist reir 9 sup of enses trees than the om stro tom ied rnin ce vin stone Enver atonpt ot ebing he How World hed fated pari becouse (Greerlon)wes"so remote for are hal they tra reve te Sense atemert on hy poplaons wae to sl or he lerance of cow claeasen= Pe non mew of macro Sain. Srpeufactred” tes sepcal weapons hey erste ests conn Though dene popu nought auntan endemic tons with pa Ses lcd ofa consonants ie iabeaty: the Wesonk or oe ‘Stew rurns are weenoged eteazerwin her ‘vat the tek fe etter bnbren cnideobgcallyacared urge ana ren amare ware cessing Th ttl ppulti he Now Wore tere ie Ganoat ne by ums etinoes a fight 2 Far rec miter pease, onethrd et wiow owrge a ie cea Stoter that tne sncesn seston ity yer ser fer it ncouner th Gets, he Weston cosa hee decreed toa ‘mere Since aout onthe tm erga Aner en Ges eseoin 1812, salon rasa south, rein he Ion arr by {52 bre ton ng ean Tn chene Gustretenurer th nae tesa ane reuurs, Te eels fob [Gwe spor soreadigtveuge Vecee aya Pern he yore 1540-1591 Other endemic vere such ox dover tate mumps "nied tarope (ag. phic an uae ray havea taped te tion seonetr tart he be was being forts eee sem en eT ‘Tho ctl akong hate Spariehaneye areas, vary pene lve enn rain wouks hve buon guts nbufeon fore ‘tov arcana der ated teary. ane aa a oud ‘eaoana hd, dubs power pena fe on Me ne Poulet. Butler he at oceans, dar whieh th ingens horseech ane wise the netonney othe Spice! Naser, Sreestnt masts ose clr! ndrntages woud tae dhe Butbecnuee he jan arene nate ntsiarte cna coe, Arshing ne rest oiler nm now ot uate ner autir, inet ence tages. ule cara etyed wae hee, ‘ose not tho most moore Cultural sterile Foes gee th sears or Berns (at al of ure) are the Mle ae Inventive cninane nein sis tersormod te spay rson “ntraret, Sger an tor nospnst foodie er the maxcen woul soon teal how ine eres a elo od lentatos Tome owe ay an atone few of sino ether proseve met) ‘he saw above tht wine some oes took or alan ands cer oes ‘apped mt ora reraurens by manipushngrnarets rie re pe: ‘evo alonang atria, amos iagel fa, pentesing oe ‘tears uch he hog nash or Chinese mane ich ee ‘hese of rapa ul ha egleontconurivsio ge gute Italic money, Ser rte Berets mene) ye th oe “paces ej’ nate anes nt tote stab tow cree tram Karen deposi, th Erepean mone ote" proetod ‘net enorad oo ash Fo ay oe corer it nary 9 ‘ets in sreer cerry. Europe was bREFrin to ceva ost inal lace cals supa Mace, woken metres sucha Aneta ane hyn uch ae Laon uted aroun BOC Calor nortan age feign safeaee, break apa" oa ‘ie weaean the gipet negroes tretions. Nar aig eny ole Toran salt ay. ass trantef pape, pana sre umale ‘nas censary to etblsh a patronentExopean presen. Inaer=27208 of the world, particularly those that had been used as gateways to ‘expat foreign markets, the new colonies would fal much as those estab- lished during the Crusacies had. But in other parts, Westorn colonizers ‘would indeed win the propagation game and, with it, access to the most {ertile and productive lands of the planet Species and Ecosystems We would do well to pause now for a moment to consider some of the philosophical questions raised by the flow of genes and biomass, as well as by the struc- tures that emerge from those flows. As | argued in the previ- ous chapter, there is a sense in which species and ecosystems are the product of structure- generating processes that are basically the same as thosewhich produce the different types of rocks that populate the world of geology. A given species (or, more accurately, the gene pool of a species) can be seen as the historical out: come of a sorting process (2n accumulation of genetic materials under the influence of selection pressures) followed by a process of consolidation (reproductive isolation), which gives a loose accumulation of genes a more or less durable form by acting as a “ratchet device.” The most familiar form of repro ductive isoiation considerad by biologists has an external cause: geographical changes in the habitat where reproductive commu- nities belonging to that species live. For instance, a river may change its course (over many years) and run through the micidle of a previously undivided territory, making contact between members of a reproductive community difficult or impossible. In that situation, the twa halves of the community will start to accumulate changes indepen: dently of each other and hence begin to diverge, until the day when mating between their respective members becomes (mech: anicelly) impossible, or produces only sterile offspring. However, the process of reproductive isola- tion (and thus, of spsciation) may be more ‘complex than that; in particular, it may have internal causes as well as external ones. ‘One well-studied example of an internal cause is the “specific mate recognition sys: tem,’ or SMRS.” This is the system of traits ‘and signals (which can be behavioral or anatomical, or both) that members of a sex- ually reproducing species use to recognize potential mates. Genetic changes that atfect the SMMRS (mating calls, courtship rituals, identifying marks and decorations, smells) may indeed act as a barrier to interbreeding. even if the two divergent daughter species could potentially mix their genes, In this ease, sexual selection (that is, selection pres: sures exercised on an individual by its poten tial mates) can cause a small initial difference to be amplified into @ major barrier to the ‘exchange of genes anc, hence, result in the creation of a new species.” Thus the flow of genes (which one might imagine as potentially continuous) becomes encapsulated via these isolating barriers into separate packets, each defining a different stratified system, However, there is a risk of‘rasta tte veri of thos barns ure eva tc Irae, cto on vetares ma not be a eval eemparneni ‘Ea a ar, Many cana for enreor et obi th Diane eer spate tas he esate ores retin asi ot Dwnmoabiay whe many miseorgsra aay sahange soma it ‘etistance to onboten} n sort, the ow ef genes i the bnzphere as ole may rete ae eatin (sated one ws mae Sevisnnarabiosuse [es etosnsony “eigen account te pure of evaorey process al ‘Mize mee tha a nal eehig ‘rvs lesen ts tne avn re wilt a eee ‘ar unt meg the aSoton apa at ox reg gers Ort casted inthe provous hapa ave peering heraeha, the ae ‘teak alowtnce er acing minus the too pee, However, Drosuten seigeal arene wren ae ne soumerparin tu gel {sles thereto iting apna fom aosrontay veka hie ‘iter abstract ractne,nowerr maybe Tou nether nortan ‘eaten uman eutut,formstre) er tertore dosent cots aren’ base nogh nes haat et lot Species a co lati est ofa prosos of escent with modest Late‘on, however, {eto supe s by coreg dense (nour eelagel acc pee eee ae Secctbaticrs trey rotons neces ame once an gn rae mecone cer cere crane tne ogsame peewee Titi ie orcas sare bee cer ecg voc cone be pana reartee amt Tircirte merry entire eter ce Se Ponte cay wens eee crcacune puto ing coca Reb ‘atataytooss nape oo Coos Teer aree onary asel ee roe wrcar Po clooes tanner tae we ero weer iticerenany acer sone se Coereer Doane nyc ote ose roves er esa F Teta iotonsee te cueirgo! sabi ecu a wero ening te ot necro rp PASS Somers ce tae seu osc ml eee algo nine wenger a Berio eee coinecr ne eae eta a Seemed ce Donen oovtens e ocapea Sette tate cain ott wcwtahcremeone Sebo tine we nee str cm Mica occlu melee mh eee Tne cee nee aeip tears mc cee en rc aapee oer teres go Sitaens eeu vee cy Ootetean ocr SET atsiny che ses coro pron nae that ite inc cetae tio sts Steins angen rte sero ees on ney xe Sahat tgtosunene src maar ae cee ee mes atten rat te besa te am not ertany ame ODMR one re a See rennet ener arte crea “teal ee gh pcton a! not wa ss Thee ts aad yh ow anon eu aapricot enshiigs parte ecoet ar th a {pute nth schong ct enray ed mater hal ake oad Web. 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