Wind loading and structural response - Lecture 10

Dr. J.D. Holmes

Basic structural dynamics I

Basic structural dynamics I

Topics :
Revision of single degree-of freedom vibration theory

Response to sinusoidal excitation

Response to random excitation

Multi-degree of freedom structures Lect. 11

Refs. : R.W. Clough and J. Penzien Dynamics of Structures 1975

R.R. Craig Structural Dynamics 1981
J.D. Holmes Wind Loading of Structures 2001

Basic structural dynamics I

Single degree of freedom system :
Example : mass-spring-damper system :
- c(dx/dt)

- kx

Equation of free vibration :

mass acceleration = spring force + damper force

mx

- kx

cx

mx cx kx 0
equation of motion

Basic structural dynamics I

Single degree of freedom system :
Example : mass-spring-damper system :
c

Equation of free vibration :

Ratio of damping to critical c/cc :

mx cx kx 0

c
2 mk

often expressed as a percentage

Basic structural dynamics I

Single degree of freedom system :
Damper removed :

x(t)

mx kx 0

Equation of motion :
Undamped natural frequency :
Period of vibration, T :

n1
T

1
2

k 1

m 2

2 1

1 n1

kx mx

mx

is an equivalent static force (inertial force)

Basic structural dynamics I

Single degree of freedom system :
Free vibration following an initial displacement :
c

Initial displacement = Xo

x(t ) C.e 1t cos(1t 1 2 )

k
1
m
2

X0
C
1- 2

2
tan
1- 2

Basic structural dynamics I

Single degree of freedom system :
Free vibration following an initial displacement :

Basic structural dynamics I

Single degree of freedom system :
Free vibration following an initial displacement :

C.e 1t

Basic structural dynamics I

Single degree of freedom system :
Response to sinusoidal excitation :
c

F(t)

Frequency of
excitation

Equation of motion :
Steady state solution :

mx cx kx F(t) Fo sint
x(t) Fo /k H(n) sin t
= 2n

1
H(n) =

n
1

n1

n1

4 2

Basic structural dynamics I

Single degree of freedom system :
Dynamic amplification factor, H(n)
=0.01

Critical damping ratio

damping controls amplitude at
resonance

100.0

=0.05
10.0

=0.1

H(n)

=0.2

1.0
0

=0.5
0.1

n/n1

At n/n1 =1.0,

H(n1) = 1/2

F0
x

Then, max 2k

Basic structural dynamics II

Response to random excitation :

c

F(t)

Consider an applied force with spectral density SF(n) :

Spectral density of displacement :
2

S x (n) (1/k) 2 . H(n) .S F (n)

see Lecture 5

|H(n)|2 is the square of the dynamic amplification factor (mechanical admittance)

Variance of displacement :
x2

S x (n) dn (1/k) 2 .

H(n) .S F (n) dn

Basic structural dynamics II

Response to random excitation :

Special case - constant force spectral density S F(n) = So for all n (white
noise):
1

x2

.S o

1
.S 0
k

H(n) dn

1

k

n 1S o
.
4

n
n1

1
2

4 2

The above white noise approximation is used widely in wind

engineering to calculate resonant response - with So taken as SF(n1)

n
n1

dn

End of Lecture
John Holmes
225-405-3789 JHolmes@lsu.edu