Chng 2

NHNG KHI NIM C BN V QUANG PHI

TUYN-HIN TNG PHT SNG HI BC HAI

Dch ting anh:

http://www.mientayvn.com/dich_tieng_anh_chuyen_nghanh.html

Ni dung
1.Phng trnh sng in t trong
mi trng phi tuyn
2.M hnh ha tng tc ca nh
sng v mi trng phi tuyn-Dao
ng t phi tuyn
3.Pht sng hi bc hai
4.Hp pha (K ng b khng gian

1.Phng trnh sng in t trong

mi trng phi tuyn

H phng trnh Maxwell

Phng trnh sng in t

1.Phng trnh sng in t trong mi

trng phi tuyn

(1)
2
( 3) 3
P 0 E 2dE 4 E ...

1.Phng trnh sng in t trong mi trng phi tuyn

H lphng
trnh Maxwell

t
t bnh thng
Mi
trng
Mi trng phi tuyn
h m
Mi
trng
phi
l
j l
hn
thng
l
mtuyn
m
i
gs
t

in miij=0,
=0
d
ng
n
l
m
tc
h k t
h
i
i
n

Phng trnh sng in t

H phng trnh
Maxwell trong mi
trng
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Ly rota
v phng
Hai hai
phng
trnhtrnh (1), ta c:
sng

Phng trnh sng in t

Nu xt mi trng phi t
tnh = 0

Ta li c

Phng trnh sng in t trong

mi trng phi tuyn

(1)
2
( 3) 3
P 0 E 2dE 4 E ...

2.M hnh ha tng tc ca nh sng v mi trng

phi tuyn-Dao ng t phi tuyn

Phn ny nhm tr li cu hi: ti sao nh sng cng

cao c th i mu khi qua mi trng vt liu?

Xt in trng tc ng vo mi trng vt cht

in trng s tc dng lc in ln cc electron

Ht nhn (mu ) cng tc dng lc ln cc electron

Cc lc tc dng ln electron gm: lc in trng,
lc ht nhn
Cc lc ny gy ra gia tc cho electron

Fht nhn ty thuc vo in trng mnh hoc yu

(1)

Gi s

Khi in trng yu

Khi in trng mnh

Electron lch khi v tr cn bng

t

Electron lch khi v tr cn bng

nhiu

lch x t l tuyn tnh vi lc

ht nhn

lch x khng t l tuyn tnh

vi lc ht nhn

y l mt phng trnh vi phn

tuyn tnh theo x

y l mt phng trnh vi phn

phi tuyn i vi x

Gi s

(1)
Khi in trng yu

Khi in trng mnh

Nghim x ca phng trnh ny

c dng:

Nghim x ca phng trnh ny

c dng:

Tc l electron dao ng iu ha
vi tn s .

Chiu vo in trng tn s
nhng electron li dao ng vi
tn s 2 .
2

e/m 2
e/m
a e/m 2 a
1

2
E0 cos 2t
x (t ) 2
E 0 cos t 2 2
E0
2
2
2
2
2
2 0 4 0
0
2 0 0
2

(1)
Nghim x ca phng trnh ny c dng:
2

e/m 2
e/m
a e/m 2 a
1

2
E0 cos 2t
x (t ) 2
E 0 cos t 2 2
E0
2
2
2
2
2
2 0 4 0
0
2 0 0
2

Nu vit biu thc cng in trng di dng s phc:

Nghim x ca phng trnh ny c dng:

2

e/m
e/m
a e/m
a
1
it
2
2 2 it

x (t ) 2
E
e

E
e

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
20 0
2 0 4 0
2

Nu vit biu thc cng in trng di dng s phc:

Nghim x ca phng trnh ny c dng:

2

e / m 2 2it 2ik z
e/m
a e/m 2 a
1
it 2ik z
2 2 E e e
x (t ) 2 2 E e e 2 2 2 E
2
2
0
20 0
2 0 4 0
2

3.Pht sng hi bc hai

Bi ton: Xt s tng tc gia nh sng n sc v mi trng tinh
th. Gi s tinh th c chiu di L. Sng u vo ny c dng:
Dng phng trnh sng trong mi trng phi tuyn tm sng Eout
thot ra khi tinh th. Bit sng ny c tn s 2, s sng k2

3.Pht sng hi bc hai

Bi ton: Xt s tng tc gia nh sng n sc v mi trng tinh
th. Gi s tinh th c chiu di L. Sng u vo ny c dng:
Dng phng trnh sng trong phng trnh phi tuyn tm sng
Eout thot ra khi tinh th. Bit sng ny c tn s 2.
Hng gii: Dng phng trnh sng

1.Vit li phng trnh sng trn cho Eout .

2.Gi nh Eout c dng no :
3.i lng cn tm l bin ca sng E2
4. tnh hai s hng bn v tri, chng ta ch cn ly o hm.
5. tnh phn cc, dng cng thc P2 =N.e.x(2) (2)

Cui cng chng ta tm c:

E 2 ( z ) i

0
2

Trong

k 2k k 2

sin kz
2

d E2 (0) ze ikz / 2
1

kz

Vn quan trng nht: Hiu sut pht sng hi bc hai=kh nng

chuyn nh sng tn s sang nh sng tn s 2
Hiu sut=cng nh sng u ra/cng nh sng u vo
Cng nh sng t l vi bnh phng cng in trng
1

E ( z )
0

I 2

1
2

2
E 2 ( z )
0

Cui cng ta tnh c hiu sut:

eSHG

I ( L) 0

2
2
I ( 0)
0

3/ 2

eSHG

2d 2
2
I ( 0) L
2
n ( )n(2 )

t

I ( L)
2
2 0
I (0)
0

sin kL
2

1
kL
2

, cng thc tnh hiu sut eSHG c vit li l:

3/ 2

2d 2
2 sin x
I
(
0
)
L

x
n 2 ( )n(2 )

Hiu sut ph thuc vo s hng

Trong ton hc, ta c:
Tc l, hm sin 2 x
x2

lim x0

sin 2 x
x2

sin 2 x
1
2
x

t gi tr cc i bng 1 khi x0

Khi eSHG cng t gi tr cc i bng:

eSHG

2
0

3/ 2

d
2
I
(
0
)
L

v
3

ba
g
n
n
n p ph
2

n h
i
k
iiuukig gian
hn
k

 t c iu kin hp pha c nhiu cch, mt trong nhng cch

l dng tinh th.
Do , chng ta s n li mt s kin thc v tinh th.

Cu trc:
Khi ni n cu trc chng ta phi xt n 2 yu
t:
C
b c th
n
tro nh
ng ph
c n
u
tr c
c

c
p
n
x
p

b
s
t

u
n
l

y ph
u
Q nh

h
t


C
b ctnh
n
vn
t
ro h
Qu
ng ph
lcp y

c
n

l
c
u
u
c
b thi t
t
r
n

l
s
v nph sp
c
lphi p xx
cn pp:
cc

Tm li, v mt cu trc, tinh th l mt mi

trng tun hon, trong c mt nhm nguyn
t lp i lp li.
Nhm nguyn t ny l thnh phn c bn, c
trng cho tng tinh th. Ta thng gi chng l
n v.

Mt s tnh cht c trng

Tinh bt
Tnh
th ng
l mthng:
mi trng bt ng hng, tc
l cc tnh cht vt l theo nhng hng khc
nhau th khc nhau.

Mt s tnh cht c trng

Hin tng lng chit
chit l hin tng tia sng b
tch lm hai khi i vo mi trng tinh th. (nh
ng)

Trong tinh th c mt phng m khi truyn

theo , nh sng khng b tch lm hai, phng
gi l trc quang hc ca tinh th.

Nhng tinh th c mt phng nh vy gi l

tinh th n trc.

Nhng tinh th c hai phng nh vy gi l

tinh th lng trc.

Xt k hn hin tng lng chit

Trong hai tia b tch, tia tun theo nh lut khc
x gi l tia thng, chit sut tia thng c gi
tr khng i, k hiu l no.

Xt k hn hin tng lng chit

Tia khng tun theo nh lut khc x gi l tia bt thng,
chit sut tia bt thng thay i, gi tr chit sut ca n ph
thuc vo s nh hng ca n so vi trc quang hc, k hiu
l nH.

Xt k hn hin tng lng chit

V d: Gi s tinh th trong hnh l tinh th n trc. Trc
quang hc ca n to vi tia bt thng mt gc .

Trc quang hc

Xt k hn hin tng lng chit

Phng phn cc l phng ca vector cng in trng.

Xt k hn hin tng lng chit

Tia thng v tia bt thng c phng phn cc vung gc
nhau.

i vi tinh th n trc, tinh th c chit sut tia bt thng

nh hn chit sut tia thng gi l tinh th n trc m. Vd:
KDP.

i vi tinh th n trc, tinh th c chit sut tia bt thng

ln hn chit sut tia thng gi l tinh th n trc dng.
Vd: Bng lan (CaCO3).

Mi quan h gia cc i lng sng:

k: ln ca vector sng (rad/m)

: tn s (Hz) (mt s sch k hiu l f).
: tn s gc (rad/s)
0: bc sng trong chn khng (m)
n:chit sut

Ch : khi truyn trong mi trng c chit sut n, bc sng ca nh

sng thay i nhng tn s nh sng khng thay i, mu sc nh
sng do tn s quyt nh.

4.Hp pha (K ng b khng gian)

Xt li biu thc tnh hiu sut tng qut:
eSHG

0
I 2 ( L )

2
I (0)
0

3/ 2

d
2 sin x
I
(
0
)
L

2
n ( )n(2 )
x
2

2
sin
x c dng:
Trong biu thc ny, hm
x2

4.Hp pha (K ng b khng gian)

Cc v tr cc i ca hm

Cc i th hai ch bng 5% cc i th nht. Ta gi di

tinh th c hiu sut tng tc quang phi tuyn cao l di
kt hp.

4.Hp pha (K ng b khng gian)

trn ta c:

2k k 2 n( ) n(2 )

i vi mi trng bnh thng, chit sut n thay i theo

nn k khng th bng khng hiu sut cc i.
i vi tinh th n trc m, gi s sng ti (hai sng c cng
tn s ) l tia thng v sng hi l tia bt thng.

Hai i lng ny c th bng nhau ng vi mt gc nht

nh.

 l gc hp pha.

Tng tc gia cc sng c bn (sng o) hnh thnh sng

hi (sng bt thng, sng H).

S bin i cng sut theo :

T s gia cng sut v cng sut cc i (khi hp pha) ca
sng hi l:
Pc2 sin 2 x
2
2
Pmax
x

V x ph thuc vo gc nn trong thc nghim chng ta c

th kim tra h thc ny bng cch o t s cng sut theo
hoc hiu - .

S pht sng hi bc hai vi chm

Gauss:
Trong cc th nghim quang phi tuyn, thng thng ngi ta
s dng chm laser c bin dng Gauss (chm Gauss) v chm
ny c cht lng tt nht.
Phn b cng theo phng ngang ca chm Gauss.

S pht sng hi bc hai vi chm

Gauss:
Phn b cng chm Gauss trong khng gian ba chiu.

S pht sng hi bc hai vi chm

Gauss:
Chm Gauss nhn theo phng dc.

S pht sng hi bc hai vi chm

Gauss:
V cu trc sng ca chm Gauss, gn c chm sng l sng
phng
xa c chm sng l sng cu.

S pht sng hi bc hai vi chm

Gauss:
c chm, cng ln nht nn qu trnh tng tc phi
tuyn xy ra hiu qu nht, v th chng ta thng t tinh th
trong c chm.
Tinh th

S pht sng hi bc hai vi chm

Gauss:
Tng tc quang phi tuyn c th xem l tng tc gia
cc sng phng trong mi trng phi tuyn c chng ta
kho st trn.

S pht sng hi bc hai vi chm

Gauss:
Tuy nhin, cht ch hn, chng ta cn iu chnh cc kt
qu trn.
trn, v xt sng phng, chng ta s dng biu thc
cng in trng l:
Tc l bin E l hng s.
Tuy nhin, i vi chm Gauss, bin ca n thay i theo
phng ngang, nn lc ny:

E Eo e

r 2 / w02

S pht sng hi bc hai vi chm

Gauss:
V cng thc tnh cng sut cng khc:
1

P
2 0

dxdy

2 w02

E 0
0 4

Bng phng php tng t nh trn, chng ta tnh c hiu

sut l:

0
P

2
(1 )
P
0
(3 )

3/ 2

32 d 2 L2
n3

P (1 )

w 2
0

kL
sin
2
2
kL

V d v pht sng hi bc hai trong

tinh th KDP (KH2PO4)
Lo
it

B
c

sn
g

g t

B
c
vo

(
a
h
p
p

h
Gc
sn
g

ra