Chapter § Roacior Analysis For the nth order reactions’ forac-— [kat (nz0,n21) PROBLEM 6-2 Problem Statement - See text, page 433. Solution 1. Determine the rate constant k ‘a. Obtain the solution for a 2" order reaction from Table 6-3. 14 aatskt cc, b. Solve for k when the reaction is 60 percent complete, which occurs at =(1-0.8)C, =0.4, _ 1) L 4 ). 3 kale a} 20 04, C,) 40C, 2, Determine the time required to reach the same degree of completion under scenario a and b. a. Determine the time required if C, was doubled. c=0.4(26,) = 8C, 6-2Chapter 6 Reactor Analysis: PROBLEM 6-3 Problem Statement - See text, page 433 Solution 4. Obtain the concentration of A remaining for $0 percent conversion. C= (190%) Co=O.1Co 2. Calculate the residence time, x, using Eq. 8-37. C,-6 KC PROBLEM 6-4 Problem Statement - See text, page 433 Solution 4. Obtain the concentration of A remaining for 90 percent decomposition of reactant. C= (1 ~ 90%) x (1 mole/L) = 0.1 molest 2, Calculate the reactor volume, V, required using Eq. 6-38. C,~ (0.1 m*/s)(1 mote/L-0.1 mole/t (6-6) _ (04 mPa) mole-0.4 mole) _ 39 6 mp (0.43 Limole+s)(0.1 mole/L)‘Chapter 6 Reactor Analysis: QZ -0.056,) 5 @ «(0 fsc,) KC, 2. Calculate the volume requirement for a PER using Eq. 6-66. Cyt? cnet] see 3. Compare the volume requirement \, Q) ffag9-2).1 Neen. [19 380-=- |= se (ieee The volume efficiency is improved by a factor of 20 by using a PFR instead of a CMFR PROBLEM 6-10 Problem Statement - See text, page 434. Solution 1. Develop an equation to compare the volume required fora CMFR and a PFR at 99 percent completion of the reaction. a. Calculate the volume of a CMER and a PFR for a 2" order reaction, Calculate the volume for the CMFR using Eq, 6-38. = (C=C) Vewrr z kC Calculate the volume for the PFR using Eq. 6-66. alo co ]_a(1 4 241-241 “ale C, k eee Bhd = Vor. yee b. Calculate the volume of a CMFR and a PR for a 1* order réaction. ae PRR Calculate the volume for the CMFR using Eq, 6-38. a 610chapter 6 Reactor Analysis ¢. Calculate the volume of a CMFR and a PFR for a zero order reaction. Calculate the volume for the CMFR using Eq. 6-36. Q -C vy, -2tGo=2) lowes = Calculate the volume for the PFR using Eq, 6-66. afc" _c™]_@ ms 55 FI-20.-0 Q(c,-C)] /[a(c,-¢) eee }09 4. Calculate the volume of a CMFR and a PFR for a 1/3 order reaction. Calculate the volume for the CMFR using Eq, 6-36. a(c,-C) Vewea =— ers on kc! Calculate the volume for the PFR using Eq, 6-66, (34) M-V3eH) J “ay ic 230/68 ‘ k| (-¥3+1) Ca] 2k? c*) Mower [ 2(Co-C) s_ cw 2(C./C~1) Wiss (° KC 2 lemece i Ten 2. Compare the volume required for the CMFR and PFR at 99 percent completion of the reaction. a Calculate Co/C. = (1 - 99%) Co = 0.01 Co entCchapter§ Reactor Analysis b. Compare the required volumes for a 2 order reaction. Mewes _ © Vern © =100>1.25 c. Compare the required volumes for 1* order reaction. Mews _ (Co/S 100-1) 94.51.28 Veen In{CQ/C) — In(100) d. See step 1c for a volume comparison of a zero order reaction. 3. Compare the volume required for the CMFR and PFR at 10 percent completion of the reaction, a Calculate Co/C. C= (1 - 10%) Co =0.9 Co CoC =4.11 b. Compare the required volumes for a 2" order reaction News . Co -4,1164.25 Vern c. Compare the required volumes for a 1* order reaction: \, 4.11-1) ue, (1) 4.05 «1.25 Vora in(a1) d. See step 1c for a volume comparison of a zero order reaction 4, Compare the volume required for the CMFR and PER at 40 percent completion of the reaction. a. Calculate CoC. C= (140%) Co= 0.6 Co Cf C= 1.67 b. Compare the required volumes for a 2"? order reaction. eure, _ So Vor © 67> 1.28 c. Compare the required volumes for a 1* order reaction. Veurn _(CofC-1) _ (1.671) Vek IN{C,/C) — In(t.67) 3>1.25 12chapter 6 Reactor Analysis: d. Compare the required volumes for a 1/3 order reaction. Vow __2(C,/C-1)___2(1.67-1) 2087) 441.28 Vern 3f(c./ey"-1] a[(.67)"-1] ¢. See step 1c for a volume comparison of a zero order reaction. Complete the table given in the problem statement A.CMER is preferred if Vowen/Verr $1.25 and 2 PFR is preferred if Vourr/Verr 71.25. Reaction Degree of completion der oftne reaction, percent FR CMFR. ov 99 y ° 99 y ° 10 q 1 10 y a 10 v 0 40 ¥ 1 40 v 2 40 v 48 40 v PROBLEM 6-11 Problem Statement - See text, page 436. Solution 1 Compare the volume requirement for the CMFR and the PFR. The hydraulic detention time for the CMFR can be expressed using Eq. 6- 34. G.-C 14 (©.-¢) The hydraulic detention time for the PFR can be expressed using Eq. 6-64. 613(chapter § Reactor Analysis PROBLEM 6-12 Problem Statement - See text, page 435 Solution 1. Determine the order of the reaction, a. Construct a computation table for the values to be plotted, Time, min © nO) 1G v 7.00 389 O08 1 31.50 3.45 0.03 a 21.50 3.07 0.05 3 1785 2.88 0.06 4 12.16 2.50 0.08 5 10.08 231 0.10 6 6.84 1.92, 0.18, 7 5.25 188 0.19 8 430 1.46 0.23 9 2.95 1.08 034 10 242 oss oat b, For a zero order reaction, a plot of the concentration, C, as a function of time, t, will result in a linear relationship. 48.00 % anu om 18.00 ang De ae Cee eee AT Tire, min ©. Fora first order reaction, a plot of the natural log of the concentration, In(C), as 2 function of time, t, will result in a linear relationship. 6-15Chapter 6 Reactor Analysis gece alg eg) Time, min d. Fora second order reaction, a plot of the inverse concentration, 1/C, as @ function of time, t, will result in a linear relationship. eas O48. peo. Time, min Summary There is a linear relationship when the natural log of the concentration, In(C), is plotted as a function of time, t. therefore, the reaction follows first order kinetics. 2. Determine the reaction rate constant. The reaction rate constant is determined by finding the slope of the best fit line for the data as shown on the following plot. 6-16Chapter 6 Reactor Analysis yo -Q295% + 28990 ine) avo erage a ee aR ‘Tinie, ri The first order reaction rate constant is 0.285 min” PROBLEM 6-13 Problem Statement - See text, page 435 Solution Part a 1. Calculate the effluent concentration of A (see Eq, 5-27) and B Ca = Cao (1 - Xa) = 2 mole/L (1-0.8) = 0.4 mole/L Co = Coo * Xa Cao = 0.05 molelL + 0.8 x 2 mole/L = 1.65 mole/L 2. Calculate the residence time required in a CMFR using Eq, 6-34. Gy-C _Cy-C, =r CAC, (2 moleft -0.4 mole/L) 48 cat ~ (005 Umole-min)(0.4 mole/L)(1.65 molelL) Solution Part b 1, Calculate the residence time required in a PFR using Eq. 6-64.Prob. 14 Solution: Reactor 3 4. Plot the tracer curve: Tracer concentration, mg/L. 8 i / 4 2 0 8 8 pt 1 2 0 o 80 100 «160 «© -200250 Time, min 2. Construct a plot of the normalized RTD curve. a Set up a computation table to determine the mean. detention time (used for normalizing time data) using Eq. 6-76. fetat yCtat [reat Cat The summation is shown in the following table. hoc f! | ce Se min mot ( amin git oO 7018 10 0 0 ° 120 12 2 0 0 ° 130 08 3% 01 «08 18 140 06 4 02 18 55 180 03 5 05 «| 35 185 160 02 6 63 4 2,018 470 02 2 330 7 182 1075 7.210 100 01 15 260 a 181 1685 12860 | 199 0 05 90 so 85 133 14,088 | 200 0 ° ° 100 32 585 5.425 Total 573 46700 Homework Solon Manual Page ao 120 MWVHTs Water Treatment Panciplas and Design, 2rd ed Version 1 Chapter 6 - Principles of Reactor Analysis and MixingTeel 48.700 _ 64.5 min yCat 673 b. Determine the value to be used for normalization of the tracer concentration, Cy, using Eq 6-85 and the data from step 2a JoCst Cat _ 573 oat 573 7.03 mg/L tT a15 mg Cu= Jp cat c. Use T and Cy to normalize the original tracer study data. Calculate normalized time using Eq. 6-77 t 815 Calculate the exit age distribution using Eq. 6-81. © 8 LOST d. Set up a computation table to determine @ and E(@) to be used for plotting the RTD curve, t C, 4 iC, min 6 mg (0) min 6 mg _—(@) 0 000 «OO 000.101.381.828 10 012 0 0020712? 2% 025 0 0.09 130 «160 «08M wo 037 01 ot 40 172 «08 «= 009 40 048 02 003 160 184 G3 004 s 0s1 05 007 160 19 02 003 60 074 63 09 170 209 2 003 7 086 152 216 18 221 o1 00 gs 098 181 287 190 233 «0 0.00 o 10 65 (12 200 245 4200.00 100 423° «3208 e. Plot the normalized RTD curve Homework Solution Manual Page 41 of 120 MWH's Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 2rd ed, Version 1 (Chapter 6 - Principles of Reactor Analysis and Mixing3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 Exit age distribution, E(@) 0.50 0.00 0.00 1.00 Normalized time, @ 2.00 3. Construct a plot of the cumulative RTD curve. 3.00 a. Set up a computation table to compute the cumulative exit age distribution, F(@) by rearranging Eq. 6-80 as follows: oF e@)- 20) F(@) = [7 E(6)a8 ~ 2 E()A8 @ EG) FE) FO) 60) 260) FO) 0.00 000 000 00000 125 02 767 09407 012 0.00 000 0.0000 147«Ot7 7.84 .gst6 025 000 0.00 00000 160 011 7.95 0.9756 037 001 001 00017 172 «009 «804 ©—0.9860 049 0.03 0.04 0.0082 «1.84 «0048.08 .get3 061 oc7 011 00140 ©6198 008,11 0.9948 074 090 101 0.1209 © 209003 814.9083 os 216 347 09802 2.21 «0.018.151.0000 0e8 287 575 07051 233 000 818 1.0000 140 121 696 08534 © 245« 0.00815 1.0000 123 086 7.41 0.9082 b. Plot the cumulative RTD curve. Fomowork Solon Manval Page a2 01120 MWH's Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. (Chapter 6 - Principles of Reactor Analysis and Mixing Version 11.00 arnt 0.80 040 0.20 / 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 Normalized time, 6 Cumulative exit distribution, F@) Solution: Reactor 4 1. Plot the tracer curve: 18 16 14 12 10 8 Tracer concentration, mg/L onsea Q 506 100,160, 200,280 Time, min 2. Construct a plot of the normalized RTD curve. a. Set up a computation table to determine the mean detention time (used for normalizing time data) using Eq. 6-76. ie feta yctat float Leet The summation is shown in the following table. Homework Solution Manual Page 43 of 120 MIWHs Water Treatment Principles and Design, 3cd od Version 1 (Chapter 6 - Principles of Reactor Analysis and MixingProt. 2/ 2. Calculate the equivalent tanks in series using Eq. 6-109. (The detailed calculations are in the solution for Problem 6-20, Reactor 2, steps 1b, 1c, te and 4) +1 ma 0.2084 n +1=5.8%6 3. Calculate the effluent concentration using Eq. 6-119. ce Co (1ekein)" [4+(0.2min)(69.1min)/6] c = 0.00146 00146Co Solution: Reactor 3 1. Calculate the mean hydraulic detention time using Eq. 6-76. (The detailed calculations are in the solution for Problem 6-19, Reactor 3, step 12.) [Loto yStat_ 46,700 [reat “YEat 573 =81.5 min 2. Calculate the equivalent tanks in series using Eq. 6-109. (The detailed calculations are in the solution for Problem 6-20, Reactor 3, steps 1b, 1c, te and 4) 1 0.0529 +1=19.9~20 3. Calculate the effluent concentration using Eq. 6-119. o 1 1 [1+-(0.2min*)(81.5min)/20] 6.64107 Cy (1+ke/n)) C= 6.64x10°Co Solution: Reactor 4 1. Calculate the mean hydraulic detention time using Eq. 6-76. (The detailed calculations are in the solution for Problem 6-19, Reactor 4, step 1a.) f[Ctat STtat 78,310 103.6 min Homework Solution Manual Page 65 of #20 MWH's Welter Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1 Chapter 6 - Principles of Reactor Analysis and Mixing