 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


E F

113

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 ‫א‬  113  
    

 

   ،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬
 W،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬      
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬

?  ?  ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬-‫א‬-F

 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 J W

‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬(1-8)‫א‬


‫א‬(1-8)



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬ J 

{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬(2-8)


 J W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬( 3-8 )   


-2-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



 ( 4-8 )

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬-‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 1000=100=1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1000=1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-3-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–
{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 12=1{3=1
‫א‬1760=1‫א‬‫א‬{36=1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   25.4 = 1

 ″‫א‬Einch F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
1
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
10
 mm 0.1= mm
1
10
1
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
20

 mm 0.05= mm
1
20
1
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
50
1
mm 0.02= mm
50
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬


 

-4-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
 J W1

 0.05 mm = 1
20

 =‫א‬
 9mmE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (3 × 0.05 ) = 0.15 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 9.15 mm=‫א‬‫א‬

J W2
1
 0.02 mm =  =‫א‬
50
9 mmZE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (13 × 0.02 ) = 0.26 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 9.26 mm =‫א‬‫א‬

-5-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 W3‫א‬‫א‬

1
 0.05 mm = =‫א‬
20
 73 mm =E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (13 × 0.05 ) = 0.65 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 73.65 mm =‫א‬‫א‬


 4
1
 0.02 mm = =‫א‬
50
 68 mm =E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (16 × 0.02 ) = 0.32 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 68.32 mm =‫א‬‫א‬


-6-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬–


 J 1



-2


-7-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

 K‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬-‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬



 
  1 ″‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
64

  1 ″ = 1 / 8 ‫א‬
64 8

  1 ″‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
128
1 / 16
  1 ″ = ‫א‬
128 8


 1 ″‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
1000
1 / 40
 1 ″ = ‫א‬
1000 25
 

 





-8-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W1



  1
1000
″=‫א‬
 2 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.1 4
40
″ 401 ″

 2.1=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  15
1000
″=E15 ×  1000
1
″F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.015
2.115″ = 0.015 + 2.1=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-9-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 2
  1
128
″=‫א‬
1=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  1
16
″‫א‬
 1 1 ″=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
16

 4 ″=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
128

 
1 3 ″= 1 12 ″= 4 ″+ 1 1 ″=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
16
32 128 128

- 10 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

J W3

















  1
128
″=‫א‬
- 11 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 2″ =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2″ =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  6
128
″=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2
3
64
″= 2
6
128
″= 2″ +
6
128
″=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 K‫א‬ J 


- 12 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.001 mm  0.01 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫( ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬5 -8) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

‫وﻳﻼﺣﻆ اﻟﻘﻼووظ‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
 K
{0.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬ -‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1‫א‬



- 13 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 W‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬ F‫א‬

 E‫א‬

EF

 ( 6 -8 )
‫ א‬‫ א‬


 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻜﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬

‫ﺟﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬

‫ﻓﻜﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬

‫א‬ ( 7-8 )




- 14 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬J 3
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬
F
E‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬


‫א‬( 8-8) 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- 15 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫ﻟﻘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﺘﺰاوﺟﺔ‬

 ‫א‬( 9-8)

 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


( 10 -8 )
(11-8) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ 
 

 


- 16 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 =‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ J 3
{25‫א‬‫א‬
W25‫א‬‫א‬


 0:25
 25:50
 50:75
 75:100
 100:125
 125:150

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬500
 ‫א‬25‫א‬
 K1950

- 17 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W1

‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 0.5 =‫א‬
 50 =‫א‬
 0.01 =‫א‬
 5.50 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬28‫א‬ -‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫א‬
 0.28 = 0.01 × 28
 K5.78 = 0.28 + 5.50 =‫א‬‫א‬


- 18 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 W2



  0.5 =‫א‬
  50 =‫א‬



 0.01 = ‫א‬
 13.50 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬41‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 0.41 = 0.01 × 41
 K13.91 = 0.41 + 13.50 =‫א‬‫א‬



- 19 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 3



 1 =‫א‬
 100 =‫א‬
 0.01 =‫א‬
 13.00 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬87‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 0.87 = 0.01 × 87 =
 K13.87 = 0.87 + 13.00 =‫א‬‫א‬





- 20 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ″0.001 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 0.1″ = ‫א‬‫א‬
10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
0.025 ″ = ‫א‬‫א‬
40
 0.001″‫א‬
 1


 0.3 ″ = 0.1″ × 3 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z (‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.05″ = 0.025″ × 2
 0.009 ″ =9 × 0.001″ = ‫א‬‫א‬
 0.359 ″ =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- 21 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


 2



 0.1″ = 0.1″ × 1 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Z (‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.075″ = 0.025″ × 3
 0.003 ″ = 3 × 0.001″ =‫א‬‫א‬
 0.178 ″Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
0.001 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.01‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬0.001
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
{‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬

- 22 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J 1
K J 2
K‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
 K‫א‬ J 6

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


) ‫ﺷ ﻜﻞ‬
( 13-8
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘ ﺮ‬
‫ﺎس‬ ‫ﻗﻴ‬
‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎق‬ ( 12-8) ‫ﺷ ﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﻣﺴ ﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘ ﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺨ ﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬
‫ﻗﻴ ﺎس ﻗﻄﻌ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮة‬


 

- 23 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬

b
d
f
h

a
g

e
c




h g f e d c b a ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

          ‫א‬
         ‫א‬


- 24 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

2
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 20°C‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 K
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 KECNC


- 25 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
{E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W1
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
9 1.001 : 1.009  0.001
49  1.01 : 1.49  0.01
4  1.6 : 1. 9  0. 1
19 0.5 : 9.5  0.5
10  10 : 100  10
91  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1  1.005  J
19  1.01 : 1.19  0.01
8  1.2 : 1. 9  0. 1
9  1 : 9  1
10  10 : 100  10
47  ‫א‬





- 26 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬5.615 mm‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7.525 mm

 7.525 5.615
 − 1.005  − 1.005
6.52  4.61 
 − 1.02   − 1.01 
 5.5   3.6 
  − 1.5   − 1.6
 4   2 
 − 4   − 2
 0  0
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- 27 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 K
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫{א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3



‫ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬‫א‬(14-8 ) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
90°‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K
K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J 3

‫א‬‫א‬(15 -8 )
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

- 28 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K (Error)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K J 1
 K‫א‬ J 2
K J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  




  ‫א‬


- 29 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
mm
           90.531

           105.045

           45.342


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    

- 30 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

3
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
{‫א‬‫א‬E 360F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{EF360º ‫א‬‫א‬
( 1º = 60′ )60 ‫א‬{( ∟= 90° )90 E∟‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W( 1′ =60″)60‫א‬

  1º =  60′ = 3600″


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬( 17-8 )

‫א‬‫א‬( 16 -8)
 ‫א‬‫א‬





- 31 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1º ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(17-8)


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬12‫א‬ ‫א‬{
 K
60' 1º
 5′  =   =   = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
12 12

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﻮرﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ )ﻳﺮﺑﻂ‬

( ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬

‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(18-8)




- 32 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(19 -8)
 ‫א‬

 K90º‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 K12
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (90º - 0º )‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
KE19-8‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
K5′‫א‬‫א‬


- 33 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬
 J 1
‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﻮرﻧﻲ‬


 50º=‫א‬‫א‬
 ( 4 × 5′ = 20′ )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬
 50º 20′ =‫א‬‫א‬

 J 2


 35º =‫א‬‫א‬
 ( 2 × 5′ = 10′ )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= ‫א‬
 35º10′=‫א‬‫א‬



- 34 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 1J 



 =‫א‬‫א‬
 = ‫א‬
 =‫א‬‫א‬

 2J 




 =‫א‬‫א‬
 =‫א‬
 =‫א‬‫א‬

- 35 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
K‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬ J 3

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5

 
 E90ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E90ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬− 180 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







- 36 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬



h a

i
g j

‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
f
b

e d





 ‫א‬‫א‬
 j i h g f e d c b a
         


- 37 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

4
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬


‫א‬

L‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
E
E

‫א‬ α
‫א‬

‫א‬E20J 8F

E

sin α =
L



 
- 38 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬ J 2
K J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF J 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
K‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- 39 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(21-8)


W‫א‬‫א‬

- 40 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

5
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﺷﺎﺷﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺷﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺁة‬
‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺿﻮﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ إﺳﻘﺎط‬

‫א‬‫א‬(5-8)


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- 41 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 K‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
 K J 4

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Nikon‫א‬‫א‬

(22-8 ) 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J 
 KEONF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
KEONF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
EYXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
K‫א‬

- 42 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J 

 W‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{(X)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FK(Y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬{ (X)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K(Y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2
 Y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{( X  Y)‫א‬‫א‬
.(X
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 1

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬



- 43 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J 



D R M ‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬J 



a b e  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬

- 44 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

6
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Mass-Production)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬


 ‫א‬E23J 8F

- 45 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 24 -8 )

 ‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬(25-8 )
 ‫א‬
 
- 46 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(26 -8 )

‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬



- 47 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 






 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(27-8 )


‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{(27-8)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 29-8)


- 48 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(30-8)

‫א‬{U‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KEGoF‫א‬‫א‬
 KENot GoF‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KENot GoF2‫א‬‫א‬{EGoF1‫א‬‫א‬
 KENot GoF2‫א‬EGoF1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- 49 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EGOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 KENOT GOF‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(31-8) 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- 50 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 ‫א‬ 
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
        
        
        
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 ‫א‬ 
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
        
        
        


- 51 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

7
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬J ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 K(33-8)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
KΦ 40 h6 J 3
K‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬ J 5


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(32-8) 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1
 K
 


(33 -8 )  
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 K( 3 -2 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬
HX ‫א‬‫א‬T = 50µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬1 µm60 28C
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 CX 28C  AY 10M
1 µm40 1 µm 30
 HX 28C  DY 10M
1 µm60 1 µm90
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬H
K35 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 9
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 10
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 11
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

- 54 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FΦ 40 h6J 2

0
  . h6 = ‫א‬‫א‬{E‫א‬‫א‬
− 16
K( 3 -2 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬
K1 µm30AY 10M‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬A
K40 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 6

-‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
K‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.15 mm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
K


- 55 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ J 10
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 11
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J 13
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J 
      ‫א‬
 
   
   
   
   
   


 Φ 40 h6J 

 µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬

- 56 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

8
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Surface Finish)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W
–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fatigue )E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K(Strength
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
KE‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F J 5

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WRoughness ‫ א‬J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WWaviness‫ א‬J 2
‫א‬ Roughness ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WForm ‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-1

-2

-3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ( 34 - 8 )




- 58 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



( 35-8 ) 

W‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Stylus Method )‫א‬ J 3

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫اﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط‬

‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺣﺮآﺔ وﺣﺪة‬

‫اﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬

 ( 36 – 8 )



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




- 60 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Ra ‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( x-x)‫א‬  J
 K(37-8)‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( x-x)
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
KEF J
‫א‬‫א‬( x-x)‫א‬‫א‬ Ra J
Kµm‫א‬





(37-8)‫א‬

 Ra ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




y1 + y2 + ..... yn
 Ra =
n


- 61 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 Rt‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




(38-8)‫א‬ 


 E‫א‬DIN‫א‬FRz‫א‬‫א‬J 3
EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E
 ‫א‬F ‫א‬
 K(39-8)‫א‬‫א‬{Rz‫א‬




(39-8) ‫א‬

 Rz ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R z1 + Rz 2 + Rz3 + Rz 4 + Rz 5
 Rz =
5


- 62 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J 1
K J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 K‫א‬ J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4


- 63 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Surftest SV-600‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Surf test SV-600
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ J 1
 K‫א‬–K‫א‬J K‫א‬‫א‬J KE‫א‬F‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬Surftest SV-600(40-8)‫א‬‫א‬




Surftest SV-600  (40-8)  

- 64 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Surfpak ‫ א‬J 3

 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
Measurement ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Detector Calibration Measurement


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 Master Work : Roughness Specimen 
Nominal Value: 2.970 µm
OK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
x  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100- 0‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬15 mm‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
EY ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- 65 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬ 10 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬start‫א‬J 6



W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬Nominal Value : 2.97 µm
 ‫א‬‫א‬Measurement Value:


 ‫א‬OK
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
EY‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬4‫א‬J 2
setup‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 K‫א‬


‫א‬start‫א‬
 {‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


- 67 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬J 5


EY ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 7
 K‫א‬J 8
 K‫א‬J 9




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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

- 69 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬( Tolerances )‫א‬
K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
KE‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ -3
Form )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
. ( Tolerances

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬   113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ( Form Tolerances )‫א‬

{‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








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  ‫א‬‫א‬   113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 (Roundness Tolerance )‫א‬‫א‬


  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F




 W

0.025
0.025

‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
. ‫ ﻣﻠﻢ‬0.025 ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎوت‬



 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 EStraightnessToleranceF‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

 EFlatness ToleranceF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.03 mm

 ECylindricity ToleranceF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





‫א‬Φ 40mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . 0.01 mm ‫א‬{‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 .( µm )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 KJ 2
 K‫א‬TalyrondJ 3



 Talyrond




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  ‫א‬‫א‬   113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 J WTalyrond
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 1
 K‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 3

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Talyrond ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Talyrond ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
KROUNDNESSOPTIONS J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
K10‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(move Axes) ‫א‬DO WHAT? J 5
 (Contact)‫א‬(Arm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Measure )‫א‬ J 6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
KF7‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
K‫א‬(End )‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 9
KF10 ‫א‬ J 10

 Talyround ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬21‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K10‫א‬‫א‬
K(Straightness)OPTIONES J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (move Axes) ‫א‬DO WHAT? J 4
 (Contact) ‫א‬(Arm)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Measure)DO WHAT? J 5
W‫א‬‫א‬
 KTraverse Length ‫א‬J
 KDirection ‫א‬‫א‬J
 KTraverseSpeed‫א‬J
‫א‬(Measure)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬FY‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10987‫א‬‫א‬J 7

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  ‫א‬  113  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

          
  
  
 129 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 153 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 159 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 166 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 169 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 173 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 180 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 185 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 198 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS