Japanese Verbs at A Glance

@ Japanese Verbs at a Glance TAP. M258 CBS Soy KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL ‘Tokyo + New York * LondonDistributed in the United States by Kodansha America, Inc., 575, Lexington Avenug, New York, N.Y. 10022, and in the United Kingdom and continental Europe by Kodansha Europe Lud., 95, Aldwych, London WC2B 4IF. Published by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa l-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8652, and Kodansha America, Inc. Copyright © 2001 by Naoko Chino All rights reserved, Printed in Japan. ISBN 4-7700-2765-6 First edition, 2001 01 02.03 04 05 06 0708 09 10 10987654321 www thejapanpage.com CONTENTS About This Book AME About Japanese Verbs Abbreviations Chapter 1 An Outline of Japanese Verb Forms Conjugation Groups 12 Verb Conjugations 14 Tense 18 Chapter 2 How Verbs Are Used Formal Forms 24 Continuing Actions 25 ‘Asking Favors and Making Requests 27 Commands and Prohibitions 29 Polite Forms 36 Giving and Receiving 46 Asking for Permission 52 Making an Invitation $5 _ Expressing Intention $7 Expressing Wishes 61 Conditionals 64 Expressing Requirements and Obligations 66 Describing a Past Experience 68 Describing a Habitual Action 69 Expressing Ability 71 Cer 28 ul 24Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 74 States of Being 79 Passive Voice 80 Causative 83 Causative-Passive 85 Giving Advice and Making Suggestions 86 Expressing Time Relationships 88 Giving aReason 96 Expressing Regret 97 Expressing Conjecture 98 Reporting Something Heard or Experienced 101 Chapter 3 Verb Endings 103 Start of Action 103 Half-Completed Action 104 Continuation of Action 105 End of Action 105 ‘Thoroughness of Action 106 Incomplete or Failed Action 109 Entering and Inserting 112 Getting Used to an Action 112 Redoing or Rechecking an Action 113, Matual Action 113 Excessive Action 114 Attaching Actions 114 Going or Coming for a Purpose 115 Going, Coming, or Returning after Doing Something 116 Gradual Change 117 Chapter Useful Expressions 119 -Ba... hodo 119 dake atte 120 dake demo / dake wa 120 -gachi 121 gurai nara... hO gaii 122 ikura-te mo ... nai 123 to ieba 123 to itte mo ii hodo da 124 wa iu made mo naku 125 to iu yori wa mushiro 126 (to iu) wake de wa nai 126A kara B ni kakete 127 tokuraberu to 128 okagiri ni 128 kagiri wa 129 ka to omou to / ka to omottara 129 kanarazu shi mo ... to wa kagiranai / to wa ienai 130 kaneru 131 ni kakawarazu 132 koto wa nai 133 koto ni wa 133 koto mo nai 134 koto wa... ga 135 -nai uchi wa 136 ni wa oyobanai 136 -ppanashi 137 shiyd ga nai 138 sae... -ba 138 shika nai 139 ni shitagatte / ni tsurete 139 ni suginai 140 tabi ni 141 -ta ka to omou to /-ta totan 141 -tara kaette 141 -te wa irarenai 143 -te tamaranai 143 -te hajimete 144 -te bakari wa irarenai 144 te mo ... -te mo 145 otsijite 146 yOni 146 -yO to mo -nai 147 -Oto... mai to 147 yaina ya 148 “zara oenai 148 -2u ni 149 Appendix: Verb Conjugations 150 Index 174About This Book This book provides useful information about verbs for beginning and intermediate students of Japanese. It's a handy reference to turn to when you have questions about Japanese verbs and how to use them. Charts and tables make the key points understandable at a glance, and the many example sentences show how to use verbs correctly in context. This book does not attempt a complete exposition of Japanese grammar. Instead, it provides a wealth of practical information in one specific area for people who need to speak or write Japanese, The book is organized according to how verbs are used. If you want to know how to ask a person to do something, for example, just check the Index for “asking favors and making requests” and go to that page. Special sections are devoted to areas of Japanese verbs that often cause difficulty for students, including polite forms, causatives, passives, and transitive/intransitive pairs. Each of these areas is covered clearly and in detail with charts, explanations, and example sentences. Finally, the appendix lists the conjugations of verbs that are most often encountered by beginning and intermediate students. If you are unsure how to conjugate a verb correctly, a quick trip to the back of the book will provide the answer, AGA HAMOMME LTOTAS< HO—DI2, HAREIBOH Db SATE MAO MICA ESELS MATES D ET, CORAM 5 ARO RBH AMPS UTHER E BBR, RAS 5 ONLI OME BIEL TORT, HoT Atlee BRD V AILSA TO BBE MYL MMWR FETA P YL LUTHOR. LPL OARRERO ES EMME LOH BOTH DY ERADT, MHIETR SAUMS L. EORDDF vo htc CRT CHMTE, GHCESEITALTHDE FH. TU TRRAALAO THD ETOT, ELM e PSBATA SEL BI, LOM BUS ET, COAOWMIE, SHAEMMILOTHRCETH, HAIL, REMAL EOEMOE 55 MAES OM AUHIZ, BX D5 (SSRIS) MFSE ROBO] EWCORES EPS ESTHET, MMO bCHLUERASATHS, BUS, He, HE, oe BA, (AMDB EG. MAMIS, Fy — bh ORE CHAE CHD PIC MAL THOT. MMOBAUCBYL TieHME IK has been removed; removal of -nai is often indicated thus: Pree / te /; the result ight be called the "/-nai/ stem’; to be distinguished from the -nai form itself, which has -nai appended (€g,, tabenai 221») Stem of the plain form of verbs after the final - =3 has been removed: removal of /-w/is often indicated thus: /®/ (which can be done only in romanization) Form of verbs after the final -ru —% has been removed; removal of -neis often indicated thus: AY // Negative form Intransitive verb Transitive verb nomalreey/ Be ee tabe/re/ fee / see, nom/ay (its) taberra/ RNS An Outline of Japanese Verb Forms This chapter summarizes the basic information about Japanese verbs, including the conjugation groups and the plain, -masu, -te, past tense, and negative forms. Conjugation Groups HHO 7)L—FH (+ eee ee Japanese verbs fall into three main conjugation groups according to their plain form (dictionary form). In this book, the groups are called Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3. Group 1: -U Ending The plain form suffix of Group 1 verbs is the vowel -u. The conjugation pattem depends on the vowel or consonant that precedes the -u. In the following examples, the verbs are grouped by final syllable (left-hand column in Japanese order). In all but the first category (the -w category, where - is preceded by a vowel), the preceding sound is a consonant (& 8,5, 5,0, by m, or 7). arau $3 to wash monoiu #785 | to speak up kun 25 to eat (nonpolite) hirou 485 to pick up12 JAPANESE VERB FORMS sku —< | aruku BK to walk ugoku 85< to move kik BAS to hear, to listen ‘migaku #8< | to polish oyogu tk< to swim nugu 1S to take off (clothing) ssu —F | orosu FSF | to lower kasu RF tolend kesu WF to extinguish hanasu %$ | to speak stsu 2 | tatsu 1D to stand matsu f%2 to wait motsu $2 tohold =nu —32 | shinu FER to die “bu —& | asobu HER to play tobu Fe to fly yobu WP.5 to-call =mu —& | susumu iBts | to advance sumu tet tolive nomu fits to drink yomu wets toread mu —3 oriru BES to get down owaru #8 toend kakaru #*% | to be suspended kaburu DEB noru RS haru 18% wakaru b>S to put on (a hat, etc.) to get on (a train, etc.) to affix to understand CONJUGATION GROUPS Some Group 1 verbs end in -iru or -eru, which are the standard endings of Group 2 verbs. The following are some common -iru and -eru verbs that belong to Group 1. iru BS to be required kaeru #8 toretum kira DS tocut shiru $0 to know, to find out hairu KB toenter hashira #4 torun Group 2: -Eru and -Iru Endings These verbs end in either -eru or -iru. All Group 2 verbs have the same conjugation pattern. seru | akeru HIS to open kakeru 13% to suspend, to cover taberu RAS toeat deru 8% to go out, neru 8 to sleep norikaeru 0&2 % | to change (trains) iru | okiru BBS to get up (from bed) oriru 1 to get down kira BB to put on (clothing) | miru 5% to see Group 3: Irregular Verbs This group consists of only two verbs: kuru XB to come suru $4 todo Copula —$$ —<—@$ —____ Though not strictly a verb, the copula da # has several forms that correspond to verb conjugations. These forms are ‘mentioned in the appropriate sections of this chapter. 1314 JAPANESE VERB FORMS Terminology Japanese textbooks and dictionaries use a variety of names for the three conjugation categories. Here are some of the more common terms. =Group 1 verbs godan doshi HELGA shiin gokan doshi $ah Opa kydhenka doshi E(t godan verbs consonant-stem verbs strong verbs ~u verbs =Group 2 verbs ichidan doshi_ —Eahi ichidan verbs boin gokan doshi ##364878)31 vowel-stem verbs jakuhenka déshi #3E(tBb#d — weak verbs — -ru verbs Group 3 verbs Jfukisoku doshi AEE irregular verbs ‘ka-gy6 henkaku katsuy6 doshi —_ka-row irregular verb ATER (ka-hen (The only example is déshi 7 S8y%) kuru KB.) sa-gy6 henkaku katsuyd déshi _ sa-tow irregular verb PSRTERMEA (sa-hen (The only example is doshi PBS) suru $B.) Verb Conjugations O48 Japanese verbs conjugate according to the suffixes that attach to the verb stem. These suffixes express a wide range of meanings, including tense, negation, passive moud, and sation, Two or more suffixes may be appended to a single stem. The following sections describe the conjugation patterns for the -masu, -te, past tense, and negative forms. The rules for attaching other suffixes are introduced later in the book. VERB consucations | 15 Plain Form or Dictionary Form iii, ##7 —— Ow nomu Bits @/ru/ taberu f% @ kuru KS suru oS ‘The plain form is used in informal situations. It is also the form listed in dictionaries. The -Masu Form & 37% OO /8/ + imasu nom/#/ + imasu— nomimasu kis + KART @ /78/ + masu [S14 EF tabe/PA/ + masu— tabemasu StS /%/ + EF RSET ® kuru kimasu RS REF suru —> shimasu SSO UEE The -masu form is commonly used in formal situations, It is added to the plain form of the verb as follows: © Drop the final -u and add -imasu: nomu—* nomimasu ts > RAK tatsu ~* tachimasu LO BET Note: Final -tsu —> becomes -chi ~% and final -su —¥ becomes “shi —U. ® Drop the final -ru and add -masu: taberu-+ tabemasu XS > AEF ® kuru -> kimasu REA RES suru —* shimasu FS LET Copula: The formal form of da # is desu C+.16 | saPavese vena Fons Formal examples © WEKAdt, @F=2ELET. Sake 0 nomimasu. Tenisu o shimasu. 1 (will) drink saké, I (will) play tennis. @QELAEHNEF. — Copula THIEFAOMBITH. Sashimi o tabemas Kore wa ky6 no shimbun desu. T (will) eat sashimi. This is today’s newspaper. = Informal examples © wee, @FaAETS, Sake 0 nomu. Tenisu o suru. T (will) drink saké. 1 (will) play tennis. @ ELAERNS, Copula CHEF HOBIE. Sashimi o taberu, Kore wa ky6 no shimbun da. I (will) eat sashimi. This is today’s newspaper. The/-Masul /—&¢/ Stem ‘Many verb suffixes are attached to the -masu form of verbs after the masu %F has been removed, leaving what might be called the /-masw/ stem. In this book the removal of masu is indicated by placing it within slashes and striking through it (RaW). Examples follow for the three verb groups, the plain form followed by the -masu form with the -masu struck through, leaving the /-masu/ stem. © nomu —* nomipmresn/ Kt ha / oR / tatsu — tachi/AReR/ Ob AR @ taberu — tabermeeR/ = RNS fh /aR/ © kuru — ki/ree/ RB R/S SE/ | suru —* Shi/ RR, t3- lA The -Te Form Ci ® (See chart below.) @ /FR/+ te [S14 T vere consucanions | 17 tabefPR/ + te tabete RS /B/ + T > RAT @ kuru > kite RE > RT suru — shite FELT The -fe form is used to link clauses together and to show the order of actions, in addition to many other functions. It is formed as shown below. The -te form of Group 1 verbs varies depending on the sound that precedes the final -u in the plain form. Rule Example Example arau — arate HS + HoT monoiu — monoitte | E35 + WoT kuu — kutte 5+ oT hirou — hirotte BI BOT kiku — kiite BAS — Bee Note (irregular form):| ##< + fot iku — itte oyogu—oyoide | HC = KT hanasu — hanashite | #&$ —#&UT ‘matsu —* matte #2 fot shinu — shinde Fa + HAT asobu — asonde HES + HAT -mu = ARR/ + nde | yomu —* yonde Re — RAT ru = /PR/ + tte kaeru — kaette TAB = ttoT hashiru — hashitte #3 > HoT "| noru~* notte RS Rot18 | JAPANESE VERB FORMS taberu — tabete mmiru—> mite RO> RT @ kuru kite RO + HT suru — shite FS LT Coputa: The -te form of da 7 is de T. Tense TYA Present and Future RH ¢ RRA The present and future tenses are expressed by the -masu form in formal use and by the plain form in informal use, = Fornial present-tense examples KOS MRT HO. IEW: TARE ET. Hara: Itsumo nanji ni okimasu ka. Hirose: Shichiji ni okimasu. Hara: What time do you get up every day? Hirose: I get up at seven o'clock. a Informal present-tense examples Bs OS ARIES S 7 EM: TPES Hara: Itsumo nanji ni okiru? Hirose: Shichiji ni okiru, Hara: When do you get out of bed every day? Hirose: I'm up at seven. Tense | 19 Formal future-tense examples ED 2 ARR SPF RE ME TO WEL: SRS ETS Tanaka: Ashita wa nanji ni ie 0 demasu ka? Yamaguchi: Hachi-ji ni demasu. Tanaka: What time will you leave home tomorrow? Yamaguchi: I'll leave at 8 o'clock. = Informal future-tense examples Beh: OAH SIRE HS 7 WED: BRFSS eo Tanaka: Ashita wa nanji ni ie o deru? Yamaguchi: Hachi-ji ni deru yo. ‘Tanaka: When are you going to leave home tomorrow? Yamaguchi: At 8 o'clock. Past OA Formal -masu —* -mashita RP ELA nomisRER/ — nomimashita Ske /BR/ + BARLE Informal O@ -te +-ta Tok tabe/-#8/ — tabeta RO/S/ > RSE -de + -da tHe non/-#2/ —* nonda BA/BS RAE ® kuru kita RS > RH suru — shita FBLA Copula: da # has the formal past tense deshita CL # and the informal past tense datta #2 #2.20 | JAPANESE VERB FORMS The formal past tense of Groups 1 and 2 verbs is formed from the -masu form by replacing the final -masu ~¥> with -mashita —% Liz. nomimasu > nomimashita tk + KARL [8ke nomu} The informal past tense verbs are formed by replacing the final -¢ of the -te or -de form with -a: nonde --nonda BRAT > BRAT mite ~ mita SAT + FAR [FAS miru} ‘The irregular Group 3 verbs have the following formal past tense forms: kuru -* kimashita RBA HELE suru + shimashita FSA ULELE The informal past forms for Group 3 are: kuru — kita RS suru shita FB LE = Formal examples Bb AUS ARLE. (29 aul WO WHA. MCL AM, [7 da] Tanaka: Kin wa Yamada-san ni aimashita yo. Yamaguchi: Yamada-san ni? Genki deshita ka? Tanaka (male): I met Ms. Yamada yesterday. ‘Yamaguchi (male): Ms. Yamada? How was she? "Informal examples Hb PRESS ACR ok ee WO: WHE AI, TE a, Tanaka: Kind wa Yamada-san ni atta yo. Yamaguchi: Yamada-san ni? Genki datta ka? Tanaka (male): I saw Ms. Yamada yesterday. ‘Yamaguchi (male): Ms. Yamada? How is she doing? Negatives ew The negative form is often called the “-nai form” because the informal present tense ends in -nai — 7%» ‘TeNsE | 21 =Present Negative RESEY Formal -masu — -masen ED Rt nomimasu —* nomimasen KAXF + KAECA Informal ® // + -anai ik/efanai RK +e @ /R/+-nai [6/4 EV tabe/*#/nai BA/BS ® kuru ~ konai HS HAV suru — shinai FB> La ‘The formal present negative of all verbs is formed from the -masu form by replacing the final -masu —%F with -masen ath, ikimasu ~ ikimasen (7BEF—GTRRVA (TS ‘The informal present negative of Group 1, 2, and 3 verbs is formed as follows: @ If the final -u in the plain form is preceded by a consonant, change the -1 to -anai: iku + ikanai f< + fae tatsu ~*tatanai wo hen ‘Note: Final -tsu ~> becomes -tanai — fot. If the final -w is preceded by a vowel, change the -u to -wanai. Note that -w- is inserted to separate the vowels. au awanai 25+ Bde ® Drop the final -ru ~@ and add -nai — 71, taberu — tabenai RAS > CED ® kuru konai HS > kt suru shinai FS LED ‘The negative form of the copula da # is de wa nai Cl % 1. In conversation, this form is often contracted to ja nai RIE,12 | JAPANESE VERB FORMS Formal examples Hep: FaAeLEDH, [43] WE: IETF =RAL EA, Tanaka: Tenisu o shimasu ka? Yamaguchi: Watashi wa tenisu wa shimasen, Tanaka: Do you play tennis? ‘Yamaguchi: No, I don’t play tennis. Informal examples Hep: FARTS? We: Lae, Tanaka: Tenisu 0 suru? Yamaguchi: Shinai. Tanaka: You play tennis? ‘Yamaguchi: No, I don’t. The /Nai/ /—%13/ Stem Some verb suffixes are attached to the informal present negative form of verbs after the -nai — 71 suffix has been removed. This form is called the /-nai/ stem and is abbrevi- ated /-aH/ /—23/ in charts. Here are examples of /-nai/ stems: ® nomu — noma- Shits — hE — tatsu —* tata- D> rk @® taberu ~ tabe- RAB > RA ® kuru ~ ko- KS suru — shi- To-L— mPast Negative s@ii% Formal -masen —*-masen deshita Rtth + RRA TL ikimasen — ikimasen deshita ##® &tA > FRERATLE Tense | 23 mimasen — mimasen deshita Wk tA + REPATLE | Informal nai ~* -nakatta LBA bot ikanai —* ikanakatta fre fipkmot minai — minakatta RE — Wikok ‘The formal past negative of all verts is formed by adding deshita C U7: after the formal present negative (-masen —& 3A) form: ikimasen + ikimasen deshita (FRA FER EAT UTS thu] The informal past negative is formed by changing the final -nai —21 of the informal negative to -nakatta — ti ok. Formal examples WH: PAAR, SHIR LAM, [19 iru] RE OA, EEA TLRS Yamada: Tanaka-san wa gogo, kaisha ni imashita ka? Sato: fe, imasen deshita, Yamada: Was Mr. Tanaka at the company during the af: temoon? Satd: No, he wasn't, ‘Informal examples WUE : HHS ALAA, BALIN? fel 9, who k. Yamada: Tanaka-san wa gogo, kaisha ni ita? Saté: Iya, inakatta, ‘Yamada: Was Tanaka in the office this afternoon? Sat: No, he wasn't,\ 2 How Verbs Are Used Formal Forms (tar In situations requiring politeness or a degree of formality, the -masu form (see Chapter 1) is used. Forms expressing more pronounced formality are discussed below under the heading “Polite Forms #38.” FARMERS. Ky6 wa Ginza e ikimasu. Twill go to Ginza today. In informal settings among friends and family, the plain form is used. 4 HISSUE\F < E. [spoken by man} Ky6 wa Ginza e iku yo. P'm going to Ginza today. 4 HISAR Fi < tb. [spoken by woman] Ky6 wa Ginza e iku wa. Pil be off to Ginza today. roRMAL Forms |25 Continuing Actions HFORAERT EOD Formal | tet ima THIRD © kiku ~ kiite imasia BAS = Be TE ® taberu-* tabete imasu BSB > KRNSTHET ® kuru kite imasu KE SKED suru shite imasu For UTES Informal stetim —THOS © kiku —* kiite iru ® taberu —* tabete iru ® kuru — kite iru suru —* shite iru BK > Be TOS RAB ARATE RE AKT FELT Continuing actions are expressed by the -te form followed by imasu 4&4 (formal) or iru 14 (informal). Present Progressive Bi(SAGREU TU SBS The -te form followed by imasu 1% or iru 4B can be used to describe actions that are taking place in the present. This form is often translated with the -ing form of English verbs. Hh: AEA, DETAL EH EL, CES, BBELTIEG. [FS suru] Tanaka: Suzuki-san, imasu ka? Satd: Hai, demo ima, denwa o shite imasu, Tanaka: Is Ms. Suzuki here? Sato: Yes, but she’s making a telephone call now. In speech, the verb ending may be contracted to -te ‘masu — TT or, as in the following example, -te 'ru —TS. AB EFIZEZ?26 HOW VERBS ARE USED =i: MCT L ERTS, RS miru] : Hanako wa doko? Jird: Heya de terebi mite ’ru. Tard: Where’s Hanako? Jird: She's watching TV in her room. Habitual Actions Sifea°B AMIDA Y BLT AEDNESA The -te form plus imasu .»F or iru» can also describe constant states or repeated actions, EM SAIL PRMRISEA TIERS. [HEC sumu] Saté-san wa Chiyoda-ku ni sunde imasu, Mr. Sat6 lives in Chiyoda Ward. PE ARACHIS, [8S hataraku) Ité-san wa boeki-gaisha de hataraite iru. Ms. It works at a trading company. Conditions RRERT HA ‘This form can also describe a condition or situation. 3a FROM PREV BRA TORT. [AP komu] [AM TT A. fue Tékyé no chikatetsu wa itsumo konde imasu ne. Mori: Hont6 desu ne. Tada: Tokyo subways are always crowded. Mori: That's really true, EAI, AMA AU CORT, Satd-san wa, toki-doki megane o kakete imasu. Mr. Satd sometimes wears glasses, BM WHE AOMBOMRMAON CHET, [I< tsuku] WO: S53 CHa, BRIS HS LARA, Gotd: Yamada-san no heya no denki ga tsuite imasu ne. Yamaguchi: Sd desu ne. Heya ni iru kamo shiremasen ne. Gotd: The light’s on in Mrs. Yamada’s room. Yamaguchi: So it is. Maybe she’s in the room. [= BCS mite iru, from ASKING FAVORS AND MAKING REQUESTS [27 Asking Favors and Making Requests #4 != DERG EWA There are many ways to ask favors and make requests in Japanese depending on the relationship between the speaker and hearer. The following sections describe some of the ‘most common patterns, Polite Requests ——$> _$=—$—______ THRE EDAD RCRD ERA, we (SLB miru) THK ER EAD LCC Ba ERA m>. [F4 suru] H+ TORE E tA REVTRAT ER Am, [SLB mini] Tee CBRE Am Laci keke Ai, [F% suru] (1) -te + itadakemasen ka ‘mite itadakemasen ka? (2) -te + kudasaimasen ka shite kudasaimasen ka? (3) -nai + de itadakemasen ka ‘minai de itadakemasen ka? (4) -nai + de kudasaimasen ka shinai de kudasaimasen ka? As in English, polite requests in Japanese often take the form of a question. The first two of the patterns shown here use the -te form, while the second pair use the plain negative (-nai) form. The latter has a softening effect, (1) -te + itadakemasen ka —T + Wizteit Rt Ady BRI TRERAM, TES CRMEMO TREAT RtAm. [ARS kaku] BETTE.28 | now vers aRé UseD Ten'in: Sumimasen ga, kochira ni go-jiasho o kaite itadake- ‘masen ka? O-kyaku: li desu yo. Store clerk: Excuse me, but would you please write your address here? Customer: Okay. (2) -te + kudasaimasen ka —T + (HEWEEAD WA RBL LTS Ra ktAwD, ‘Myonichi denwa o shite kudasaimasen ka? Could you please call tomorrow? (3)-nai +de itadakemasen ka 130. + GU RAD PARRA, CICA NAEMBDEO CORE EEA Ae (RI su] Sumimasen, koko de tabako o suwanai de itadakemasen ka? Excuse me, would you please not smoke here? (4)-nai + de kudasaimasen ka —t5\ + C6 EWE AD CLICHE THEO TK BEVEEAM, [HTS suteru] Koko ni gomi o sutenai de kudasaimasen ka? ‘Would you please refrain from throwing away trash here? Placing Orders, Requesting Delivery and Repairs, etc. EXPRE CHG LEMCBORVD (1) -te + hoshii n' desu (ga) —T+IELOATH (H) naoshite hoshii n’ HUTELOA TTA, desu ga. (iF naosu} (2) -te + moraitai n’ —THESRADATH desu (ga) @) todokete moraitain’ = BUTE SVRDATH desu ga. a, (HITS todokeru] ‘These two largely interchangable forms can be used when COMMANDS AND PROHIBITIONS | 29 making purchases or asking to have something delivered or repaired, (1) -te + hoshii n’ desu (ga) —T +1ELUA TH (A) bE: ASML TELOA THA, BAB LOLRETC EE, O-kyaku: Tokei 0 naoshite hoshii n’ desu ga. Ten’in: Chotto misete kudasai. Customer: I'd like to have a watch repaired. Store clerk: Let me take a look at it (2) -te + moraitai n’ desu (ga) —T + SEWKWATH (A) The verb moraitai & 51419 is the -tai form of morau 855 BELT LERAMMI TE SOADA TTA, TUB MLCEDELA, BHME CERES Z, O-kyaku: Sushi o gonin-mae todokete moraitai n’ desu ga, Sushi-ya: Kashikomarimashita. O-namae to go-jisho 0 dazo. Customer: I'd like to have five servings of sushi delivered. Sushi seller: Very well. Your name and address, please, Commands and Prohibitions #4 ¢ it & RIB Commands #4 Polite -te + kudasaimasen ka = —T+ tatsu —* tate wos at ® Replace the final -ru with -ro: taberu —* tabero FERS + HANG @ kuru koi HB = ED FBLA rte suru — shiro or seyo Examples FORM, [KS kuru] Sugu koi Come quick. BCLS. (F% suru] Hayaku shiro. Do it fast. As shown by the following examples, this blunt imperative is sometimes used thetorically. ROL, Met. [lS furu) Ame yo, fure. Fall, O rain! WARM. [eS naru] Ashita tenki ni nare. O, let it be a fine day tomorrow. Prohibitions #€1b Formal —THREDTT -te + wa dame desu ‘COMMANDS AND PROHIBITIONS | 35 sutte wa dame desu -te + wa ikemasen sutte wa ikemasen Ro Teeoey KTH REA, Tho Tlbit Rta, | Informal -te + wa dame da —T+REDE sutte wa dame da Tho Tihs ste + wa ikenai sutte wa ikenai THRE Who TlEU tT ZV plain form + bekarazu BB+ Kr oF su bekarazu BINDS FT plain form + na HUE + suu na RS te ‘The following are several strategies for forbidding somebody from doing something, «Formal The word dame % means that something is no good, wrong, or objectionable, so the -fe form followed by wa dame desu i2#$%)C$ means that one cannot or should not do something, BARDS, HOTA TH. [IRC oyogu Nami ga takai kara, oyoide wa dame desu. ‘The waves are high, so you shouldn’t go swimming. Another way to say the same thing is with ikemasen 121} EA, the negative potential form of iku f7< : BHEMA TOUERA, [fits nomu] O-sake o nonde wa ikemasen. ‘You shouldn't drink alcohol. Informal In informal situations, desu C4 becomes da 72:36 HOW VERBS ARE USED BABETTE HS, WATS TIRADE. (FS thu) Taifii ga kite iru kara, umi e itte wa dame da. A typhoon is coming, so you can’t go to the beach. Similarly, ikemasen W31} ALA, becomes ikenai VF %1>: WEMATROWTE. Sake o nonde wa ikenai. Don't drink alcohol. The next pattern is used more in writing than in conversation. It often appears on warning signs. The plain form of the verb is followed by bekarazu “#5 ¥: ZCEBABRDOT Koko ni wa hairu bekarazu, Do not enter. Bemonrosy. Sake 0 nomu bekarazu. Alcohol! not permitted. Another way to make a strong negative imperative in informal situations is to follow the plain form with the particle nat: SONI te Ano hito ni wa au na. Don’t meet that person. Be careful not to confuse this pattern with the affirmative imperative formed with the -masu form followed by na & (see page 33). Polite Forms #3 There are two types of polite forms in Japanese: honorific and humble. The honorific form is used to show the speaker’s respect toward an older person or a person in a higher social position. The humble form is used when the speaker talks about himself or herself to a superior. POLITE FORMS Honorifics S55 Most polite forms are derived from the plain form in a regu- Jar manner. Honorifics can be expressed in two ways, as 0 + /-RREBR/ + ni naru ot by using the passive form of the verb. 80+... ninara B— ~ 12S 0+ -ARER/ + ni nary o-kaki/RER/ ni naru B+ (PR + IS BRE /PE/IES (BS aku) In this form, the honorific prefix o- 35— is added before the /-masu/ stem, which is then followed by the particle ni (= and the verb naru %. Since the -masu form of kaku #< “to write” is kakimasu # % &¥, the /-masw/ stem is kaki # ® and the honorific polite form is okaki ni naru B22 (=% 3. Examples In the following example, the student uses the honorific when speaking to her teacher. PERE, SHOMMERALEORLAD, [fit yomu] Sele EW, BAR LAM... Gakusei: Sensei, kesa no shimbun 0 0-yomi ni nari- ‘mashita ka? Sensei: Hai, yomimashita ga... Student: Teacher, did you read this morning’s newspaper? Teacher: Yes, I did. In the next example, Yamamoto uses the honorific because he is talking about the company president and his family. WARS AL SEBI— ROMPRES, TRY AN BEB IE BLF CHA. [%2 tatsu] Bh SACHS, KIN ZEAL, Yamamoto: Shacho go-ikka ga gogo ichiji ni, Amerika e o-tachi ni naru s6 desu ne. Tanaka: Ky@ desu ka? Shirimasen deshita. 738 HOW VERBS ARE USED Yamamoto: They say that the president and his family are leaving for America at 1:00 p.m. ‘Tanaka: Today? I didn’t know that. Using the Same Form as the Passive 84 £15) UH O/H + reru S/he ika/rat/reru FP JLRS @ /-wea/ + rareru [BY + SNS tsutome/R@Y/rareru Bh) / B/S © kuru korareru RSA KGNS suru ~* sareru FS ENS This honorific polite form is the same as the passive form, 50 it is created as shown by the chart above. (As mentioned on page 22, the abbreviation /-#aY/ indicates that -nai is dropped; in other words, that the /-nai/ stem is used in forming the passive.) Examples In the first example, Yamamoto uses the honorific when talking about the company president. BR: ABOHRO PE, DHS? WAL SUIT ANSPECH. (FS ku] Buché: Nichiyo no shacho no yotei, wakaru? Yamamoto: Goruf ni ikareru yotei desu. Division chief: Do you know the president's schedule for Sunday? ‘Yamamoto: She's scheduled to go play golf. In the next example, Yamamoto uses the honorific because he is talking to his boss. WAS PECRRAGEL, LSSOTN—b CHA ETD, [HS kau] BR E50R, AVADMBOF bea, Yamamoto: O-taku de wa kagu nado wa, dockira no depato de kawaremasu ka? POLITE FORMS Kacho: $6 né, daitai Shinjuku no depato da ne. ‘Yamamoto: In your family, at which department store do you buy furniture and things like that? Section chief: Usually a department store in Shinjuku, I guess. The following example has Yamamoto using the honorific when talking about an older person. WAS HPSAOERLEAIL, MATROMASHT. FIVANMMDORSETITH, [MORALS norikaeru, 75 mukaul] BRA, 79Y ART... Yamamoto: Tanaka-san no otdsan wa, Narita de norikae- rarete, Furansu e mukawareru so desu. Kachd: Hé, Furansu made... ‘Yamamoto: I heard that Mr. Tanaka’s father will change planes at Narita and head for France, Section chief: Really, all the way to France! ‘The honorific is used in the next example because Yama- moto is talking to (and about) his boss. WAR: COICO Lema, ECA b HELEM, [195 9L-¥ 4 irassharu, EDS tomeru) MAR SMES I REMBA S oTh, STILE, Yamamoto: Kono mae kaisuiyoku ni irashita toki wa, doko ni kuruma o tomeraremashita ka? Kachd: Chikaku ni yasui chashajo ga atte ne, soko ni tometa. Yamamoto: Where did you park your car when you went swimming at the ocean recently? Section chief: There's a cheap parking lot nearby. I parked it there, The honorifics in the next dialogue are used to talk about an older person, HA: BEADBBREN-F 4 IKOHETA, [KS kuru) BH LAR, KONSASZIEMORTE, HRB, BH VBI, kK FY AREMATT THE, [FS sun) 3940 HOW VERBS ARE USED ‘Aoki: Tani-san no okdsama mo pati ni koraremasu ka? Yasuda: E, korareru dara to omoimasu yo. Okdsama, o- wakai toki ni wa, yoku dansu o sareta 36 desu yo. Aoki: Will Ms. Tani’s mother come to the party, too? Yasuda: Yes, I think she will. I hear that she used to dance a lot when she was young. Humble Forms #2838 0+ -ARBR/ + suru 0-yomi/WR/ shimasu Bt /-BR/ + FS BRA/PR/ LEFT [itt you) 0 + -WRER/ + itashimasu 5 + /—SB/ + OELEF o-yomifmaER/ itashimasu 258i /AR/ OLED Ln In the humble polite form, the honorific prefix o- #- is added before the /-masu/ stem, which is then followed by the verb suru $F (formal: shimasu U). For even greater humility, suru +4 can be replaced by its humble version itasu V%F (formal: itashimasu Vt: URF). =Examples In the following example, the student uses a humble form when talking to the teacher. The humble form—not the honorific—is appropriate here because the verb refers to the student’s own action. PERMA LED, [FiR5 tetsudau] BA: THIS OAK, Gakusei: Watashi ga o-tetsudai shimasu. Kyoshi: Sore wa arigatai na, Student: I'll help you. Teacher: I'm grateful for that. ‘Yamamoto uses the humble form to his boss: WAL EOAYKs-FCURG, MMBOAE BBA DELEF. (KAS oshiert] AR RIE THS DR, POLITE FORMS Yamamoto: Sono kompyiita deshitara, watashi ga tsukai- kata 0 o-oshie itashimasu, Kaché: Boku ni mo dekiru ka na, Yamamoto: If you need to use that computer, I can teach you how to operate it. Section chief: I wonder if I can do it, In the next two examples, service workers use the humble form when speaking to their customers, WRTORRA > GROBGMEBENLELAIM [E 3 toru) HTH BMOULET. [AS negau) Ryoké no tenjé-in: Mina-sama no o-shashin 0 o-tori shi- ‘masho ka? Ryokésha: Onegai shimasu. Tour conductor: Shall I take a picture of you all? Tourists: Please do. HEB: WHORES, CACOAC BES BMT OAL EF. [MHS todokeru] BE ACES HS, SHEMOULROARVE, Hanaya: Myonichi no hiru goro, go-jitaku no hd ni o- hana o o-todoke itashimasu. O-kyaku: Rusu ni naru kara, yigata onegai shitai n’ da kedo. Florist: We'll deliver the flowers to your home around noon tomorrow. Customer: I'll be out, so please deliver them in the early evening instead. Note that the tourists and the customer at the florist’s use onegai suru #§§(tF%. Although in derivation this phrase is the humble form of the verb negau fii, it has become a set expression for making polite requests. While these people would not usc other humble forms when speaking to service workers, onegai suru 25161 % and its variants onegai shitai 354EUL 70> and onegai shimasu 2HLEF are used in nearly all situations to mean “please do this for me.” 4142 | now verns ane use Irregular Honorific and Humble Forms aii ¢ ROR ‘The following table shows the verbs that have irregular honorific or humble forms. The honorific and humble forms are given in both the plain form and the /-masu / form. Plain Honorific Humble to go kw irassharu, irasshaimasu — mairu, mairimasu f¢ Oboe, £6, £00 EF ReoLapEy oide ni naru, oide ni narimasu BUTERS, BOTEED RT to come. kuru irassharu, irasshaimasu — mairu, mairimasu HS D5 oLeS, ES, FOD EF D5oL EDRF oide ni naru, oide ni narimasu BOTERS, BOTS RT tobe iru irassharu, irasshaimasu —oru, orimasu ne D5oLe5, 88, EDRF DboLeDRT oide ni naru, oide ni narimasu BOTERDRT to cat taberu ——_-meshiagaru, itadaku, itadakimasu BSB ‘meshiagarimasu ALE, DRES, AL LAD RT DAEERT Note: The previously nonstandard otabe ni naru #&I2% has now become frequently used. POLITE FORMS | 43 Plain Honorific Humble to drink. nomu meshiagaru, itadaku, itadaki- ker meshiagarimasu ‘masu ALES, RES, ALE ET DREEET Note: The previously nonstandard onomi ni nant tikat=t & has now become frequently used, to say iu ossharu, osshaimasu su, mdshimasu BS Boles, Let Bolevet to see miru goran ni naru, haiken suru, haiken RS goran ni narimasu shimasu THIES, FRTS, cheb ey HRUET to know. shitte iru gozonji da, zonjite oru, zonjite MoTHS — gozonji desu orimasu SHUR, CHE TT HUTBS, AUTEDET todo suru nasaru, nasaimasu itasu, itashimasu ts BES, REVED DEF, DELET Sareru, saremasu ens, FHT to put on kiru o-meshi ni naru, kiru, kimasu RS o-meshi ni narimasu BBLS, 83, Ha BOLERDET to meet, au o-ai ninaru, o-me ni kakaru, o-me 2 o-ai ni narimasu ni kakarimasu BEAVIS, BEADS, paeey at BEKMDD Et to hear or ask kiku o-kiki ni naru, ukagau, mS, o-kiki ni narimasu ukagaimasu44 | HOW VERBS ARE USED Plain Honorific Humble BME CRS, 3, Aa BM ECD RT to visit tazuneru —o-tazune ni naru, ukagau, thins o-tazune ni narimasu —_ukagaimasu Beaks, 5, foe BUACED RT to die shinw o-nakunari ni naru, shinu, shinimasu em o-nakunari ni narimasu BEC EDIRS, Feds, FEAT BEC ADDED nakunaru, nakunarimasu ues, U, [E5 tsukau] WA: 25, wi < ear, Hori: Kono denwa o tsukawasete itadaite mo yoroshii deshd ka. Yamaguchi: Dozo, o-tsukai kudasai. Hori: May I have your permission to use this telephone? Yamaguchi: Please go ahead and use it. MELTVLOT MADRAS TREO T SEE LOMABOTL ESM, [FS suru] Kaze 0 hiita no de, mydnichi no kai ni kesseki sasete itadaite mo sashitsukae nai deshd ka. T've caught a cold, so I wonder if it would not be a bother if you were to allow me to be absent from tomorrow's meeting. Formal ‘The next three patterns for asking permission are slightly less polite than those given above, though they are still suit- able for most formal situations. They all use the -te form of the verb (in these examples it is UC shite, the -te form of 3354 | How verBs ari USED % suru). The first pattern could be translated literally as, “Would you mind if I ..2: «+. shite mo kamaimasen ka? ~UT&PEDEGAD, The next pattern literally means “Would it be all right if 1? .. shite mo ii desu ka? ~UTEOO THD, The direct meaning of the third pattern is “Would it be wrong to ~?”: w+ Shite wa ikemasen ka? = ~UTIEIMI KALA DS = Examples WH COMED TEP EVECAMD, [LILDS tomeru] BWA, HELEGALATHE, Yamada: Koko ni kuruma o tomete mo kamaimasen ka? Ten’in: Ie, asoko nara daijobu desu yo. Yamada: Would you mind if I parked my car here? Shop employee: No, right there is fine. ‘Yamada could also have used the second or third patterns: CCCMELDT EO THD, Koko ni kuruma 0 tomete mo ii desu ka? CCM TAT EAD, Koko ni kuruma o tomete wa ikemasen ka? Informal ———$—$___________ ‘The next two patterns are used between close acquaintances in informal situations. The first is the same as the second formal pattern above without the formal desu ka CF#, To mark it as a question, the phrase is pronounced with a rising intonation. sw shite mo it? ~UtERH? The second pattem is also pronounced with a rising intonation. The literal meaning is “Is it wrong if 1 ...2” -shite wa dame? ~UTED? MAKING AN INVITATION "Example KEG AFR CEU? FS tka] 4eF AISE, Tard: Ashita itte mo ii? Hanako: Ashita wa dame. Taro: Okay if I come over tomorrow? Hanako: Tomorrow's no good. Making an Invitation #F2H85 S04 Polite 0+ AREER + ni narimasen ka oyomi ni nari- BRAID ELAM ‘masen ka [itt you} BARR +N ELAD Formal JER + masho S-RB/ + ELED ikifmRRVmashd BE/PR/ ELE (F< iku] RRR) + mashd ka /— AR / EL ESD iki/wesa/masho ka FR /PR/ ELT (REL + masen ka / ~BB/ + RAID ikifwersn/masen ka 1 8 AR / BALA Informal O/w/ +0 ikiels LF RK iu @/FH + yo SrB/ HES mito R/S/15 (BS mina) ® kuru —* koyo HS HES suru —* shiyd FEO UES 3556 HOW VERBS ARE USED Polite ‘To make a polite invitation, use the honorific polite form 0 + |/-RR/ + ni naru, changing the final naru % % to the formal negative question narimasen ka %1) EAD», O-yomi ni narimasenka, HAIN RAD. [atte yoru] Would you like to read (this)? Example MILD WoL EE E-LEBRAILED RAM, [KE nomu] BOTTA, MALES. Ogawa: Issho ni biru 0 o-nomi ni narimasen ka. Kyéshi: Ii desu ne. Nomimashé. Ogawa: Would you like to go and have a beer together? Teacher: That'd be nice. Let's do that. Formal One way to make an invitation in a formal conversation is change the -masu —£7 suffix to -mashd —% L & 5, This is called the formal volitional form of the verb. Thus #78 & ‘J becomes: Ikimashd. PERLE. [FS thu) Let's go. ‘The question marker ka * can be added to make the invitation a bit less direct. Ikimashd ka. Shall we go? FEELEID. ‘You can also use the formal negative (-masen) followed by ka. Ikimasen ka. FeRAM, Wouldn't you like to go? = Examples VoL cIRBeRELED. Issho ni eiga 0 mimashd. EXPRESSING INTENTION | 57 Let's see a movie together. Vol scPRme REL ESD. Issho ni eiga 0 mimasho ka. Shall we see a movie together? VoL ke READ, Issho ni eiga 0 mimasen ka? Wouldn't you like to see a movie together? Informal Between friends, the informal volitional form can be used. This is formed as follows: @ Change the final -u of the plain form to 6: iku — iko 7K + FFT5 tatsu —* tat WO wes ‘Note: Final tsu changes to 1 ® Change the final -ru of the plain form to yo: miru —* miyé RS BES @ kuru — koyo RS KED suru —* shiyé FEES Examples VoL RBM E ES. Issho ni eiga o miyé. Let's see a movie together. It's also possible to use the plain negative (-nai) form with a rising tone, so you could also say: Do LIBRE REE? Issho ni eiga 0 minai? Do you wanna see a movie? Expressing Intention BRERTEUA The following describes two techniques for expressing one’s intention to do something. The first uses the word ssumori58 HOW VERBS ARE USED 24D, while the second uses the volitional form plus the verbs mou §8.5 or kangaeru #2.% “to think.” Tsumori D%Y Formal plain form + tsumoridesu + DBO CH kiku tsumori desu BOBO TH Informal plain form + tsumori RB +280 yomu tsumori HOBO plain form+tsumorida = M+ 2808 kuru tsumori da HOVE OE In formal situations, use the plain form of the verb followed by tsumori desu 2% 0 CT: M to the -masu form: tabemeaai BS /BR/ 1 In formal situations, the -tai form is followed by desu T F, by to omoimasu_& EAE F, or by to omotte imasu & athEet. Tabetai desu. RAETH, Lwant to eat. Tabetai to omoimasu. RAEOEBVEF, T'd like to eat. Tabetai to omotte imasu, ftSRDEBS TET. Tam thinking of eating (I hope to eat). To say that you want to try something, use the -fe form of the verb followed by mitai A7:\>, This pattern is often used when trying something for the first time. Sore o tabete mitai desu. ENERNTAROTH, T'd like to try that. Sore o tabete mitai to ERERNTARDER omoimasu. DET. think I'd like to try that. Sore 0 tabete mitai to omotte EHERN TARVER imasu. othEet, Tam thinking of trying that In informal situations, the -tai form is followed by nothing, by to omou & 8.9, or by to omotte iru LEB COS: Tabetai. RAED, I want to eat, Tabetai to omou. RASKVERS. I think I'd like to eat. Tabetai to omotte iru. AAKVEMS TOS, EXPRESSING WISHES | 63 I'm thinking of eating. Formal examples WIE: SAKAI Ae LETH, HEB YY ARMA oTARU THA Sonoda: Natsu yasumi ni nani o shimasu ka. Sase: Shingapdru e itte mitai desu ne. Sonoda: What are you going to do during summer vacation? Sase: I'd like to go to Singapore. Ms. Sase could also say: YY AR-LAF o TARVER D THET., Shingapéru e itte mitai to omotte imasu. I’m thinking that I'd like to go and see Singapore. m Informal examples A: RAN AF SO 2 i: YY AR-NAGoTAR, Sonoda: Yasumi ni nani suru no? Sase: Shingaporu e itte mitai. Sonoda: What’ll you be doing during the vacation? Sase: I want to go to Singapore. Or: YY ARAN 2 TARE Bo TS. Shingapore e itte mitai to omotte "ru. I’m thinking I'd like to go and see Singapore. -Tagaru —t:88% The -tai form is used primarily when speaking in the first or second person. When talking about a third party's desires or wishes, replace -tai —71> with -tagaru — 72S, tabetai ~ tabetagaru PSV RES [ ‘3% taberu| The -tagaru form is a Group 1 verb, so the -masu form of tabetagaru RNAS is tabetagarimasu HEA) EF and the -te form is tabetagatte #22480.| ow vena ane use = Examples FRIEHVEDERAAMD ET, Kodomo wa amai mono 0 tabetagarimasu. Children are always wanting to eat sweet things. PIRLOMERV7AAS TET. Otéto wa atarashii kuruma o kaitagatte imasu, My younger brother wants to buy anew car. Toii EvU Formal plain form + to ii desu (ne) IB + EvweCF (4a) hareru to ii desu ne MSL THR Informal plain form + to ii (ne, nd) EB + Ev (ta, &B) hareru to tine MAS Evia To express a general wish or desire, use the plain form followed by to ii desu (ne) &4%1CF (2a) in formal situations or to ii (ne, na) &4913(#a, 2 4) in informal situations: Ame gaharerutoiidesune. MatHRS Eve HAA, Ame ga hareru to ii ne. RUAHAMS Etta, It'd be nice if it stopped raining. Conditionals KEERTS SA ‘There are two main strategies for expressing the idea of “if” in Japanese: the -ba form and the tara form. -Ba (£0% O/8/ + eba nom/- +ebanomeba — kts — abit conpmionats | 65 Note: tatsu —* tateba mo ete @/8/ + eba taber/-8/ + eba —tabereba RNS > RNHUL ® kuru ~kureba HS Uy suru —*sureba Feo she To make the -ba conditional form, drop the final -1 of the plain form and add -eba, = Examples ManenigieL (formal: nakereba narimasen %\FUL7% ) FA) or nakereba ikenai %1FAULWAF ZW (Formal: nakereba ikemasen % 13H iZU91F BEA). Here are the forms for suru $3: Lit Latut ebm — shinakereba narimasen + Lisittudicd th, > shinakerebaikenai = > Lettie — shinakereba ikemasen + Listhtuxiiy kth, shinai -* shinakereba naranai or68 | HOW VERBS ARE USED It’s also possible to replace -nakereba with -nakute wa: shinakute wa naranai LES THES In colloquial speech, the ending may become nakucha % < Be ornakerya %IF) %. Examples ——_—_—_—_—_—_$—_————_____. BH: AIS 8 ORM MICRS HID eA, [RS noru) EB: Ue SIRES AAA THA, BH: AA, TEFRACSHOSMOME EBD < TRE SEACH ER. [BX kaku] WB. HIATT A. Ishida: Ashita wa hachiji no Shinkansen ni noranakereba narimasen. Watanabe: Ja komban wa hayaku neta hé ga ii desu ne. Ishida: E, demo komban-jii ni ky6 no kaigi no hokoku o kakanakute wa naranai n’ desu yo. Watanabe: Sore wa taihen desu ne. Ishida: I have to take the Shinkansen tomorrow at eight. ‘Watanabe: Then you should get to bed early tonight. Ishida: I know, but sometime tonight I have to write up a report on today’s meeting. Watanabe: That's really tough. BSAMET HORS be. [FFX thu Mo kui da. Sugu ikanakucha. It's already nine, We have to get going. Describing a Past Experience GERI SUA + EMSS RoKRIEMHS ta + koto ga aru atta koto ga aru To say that one has done something in the past, use the informal past tense (-ta) form followed by koto ga aru < & #4 % (formal: koto ga arimasu Z & AN ¥4). DESCRIBING A HABITUAL ACTION | 69 Examples ———_——______ IRL: SAAB ORIEMAD STD, [FF¢ thu AR RERORTEMEDA THE, Hts THE VATE Eta. Hirose: Tai e itta koto ga arimasu ka. Kubo: Mada itta koto ga nai n’ desu yo. Ichido itte mitai n’ desu kedo ne. Hirose: Have you ever been to Thailand? Kubo: Not yet, but I'd like to go sometime, BAY EAMERAK CE MED ETH, [MRS taberu) phi: ETRE LI, Broek TH Ee Ishii: Indo ryari o tabeta koto ga arimasu ka. Yamazaki: Ichido dake tabemashita. Karakatta desu yo. Ishii: Have you ever eaten Indian food? ‘Yamazaki: Just once. It was really spicy. Describing a Habitual Action BiRERT SUA (1) plain form + koto moaru B+ CEGHS ‘miru koto mo aru RETELBS (2) plain form + koto ni shite iru BIB + TEI LTOS yomu koto ni shite iru MYTLIZLTHS (3)... -tari ... -tari suru ~-kO~-KDFS tabetari nondari suru RAEORAED FS Here are the three ways to describe a habitual or repeated action. (1) Koto mo aru TE%HS To say that you do something occasionally, use the plain form followed by koto mo aru < & & %% (formal: koto mo arimasu 7 £85) EF).70 | How VERBS ARE USED = Formal examples EARICMERNT ISHS CLEAN ET. Tokidoki asagohan 0 tabezu ni kaisha e iku koto mo arimasu. Sometimes I go to work without eating breakfast. a Informal examples HMB ISF=Z2LFSCERSS, Nichiyobi wa tenisu o suru koto mo aru. Toccasionally play tennis on Sundays. (2) Koto ni shite iru =EIZLTHS To say that you consciously make a habit of doing something, use the plain form followed by koto ni shite iru % & (= LCi (formal: koto ni shite imasu ZEIZLUTHEF). This can often be translated as “make a point of doing”: hashiru koto ni shite iru HSTEELTOS to make a point of running = Formal example FWA CHO TH TEIEL TET, Mai-asa eki made aruite iku koto ni shite imasu. Tmake a point of walking to the station every morning. Informal example AWE EMIL, 24 7 CIRES FOHK CELTS, Kojin-teki na tegami wa, taipu de wa naku te de kaku koto ni shite iru. I make a point of writing personal letters by hand, not typing them. 3)... Tari... -tari suru ~—f2Y~- YTS —— To say that there are several things you do habitually, add — to the informal past tense (-fa) forms of the verbs, with the last verb followed by suru $4 (formal: shimasu U3): tabeta, nonda PEST, BATE EXPRESSING ABILITY | 71 tabetari nondari suru ENED KAKO TS to eat, drink, etc. Example WAS RADE, EARLERES OTR BAT th, BRITS CHR, FLEERADAEMARD UTI TA, Yamamoto: Yasumi no hi ni wa, donna koto o nasatte iru n’ desu ka, Kachd: So desu ne, terebi 0 mitari hon 0 yondari shite imasu ne, ‘Yamamoto: What sorts of things do you do on your days off? Section chief: Well, I watch TV, read books—things like that. Expressing Ability F/#EG2R There are two main strategies for saying that one is able to do something, the pattern koto ga dekiru TEAC#S and the potential form. Koto ga dekiru TEWKTES plain form +koto gadekiru + LEMTRS iku koto ga dekiru TS CEMCRS to be able to go The plain form of the verb is followed by koto ga dekiru TEMCHS (formal: koto ga dekimasu = £4 CREF): Formal example RACTHT SCIENCE RTD, Denwa de yoyaku suru koto ga dekimasu ka. Can you make reservations by telephone?72. | HOW VERBS ARE USED «Informal example RECHT SLENTHS, Denwa de yoyaku suru koto ga dekiru, ‘You can make reservations by telephone. Note that in reference to sports and language the form noun ga dekiru is often used. For example, RBRTEETH, Eigo ga dekimasu ka. Can you (do you) speak English? Potential Form O/#/ + eru ik/a/ + eru — ikeru FS ATS @/-7R/ + rareru /-B/ + bHS tabel#R/rareru RN/S/ ENS @ kuru — korareru KS + KONG suru — dekiru TECHS Another way to express ability is with the verb's potential form, which is derived as follows: © Drop the final -1 of the plain form and add -eru: iku —* ikeru F< +08 tatsu — tateru WO UTS [Note that final -su becomes -te ® Drop the final -ru —% of the plain form and add -rareru bn: taberu~ taberareru RNB => RSENS ® kuru korareru HB + HONS suru — dekiru Thr TES =Example A ISEC RETA. RS kuru] BEI ECKEHSVE, rb SO? Suzuki: Ashita wa hayaku koraremasu ka. EXPRESSING ABILITY | 73, Buché: Hayaku korareru kedo, nani ka aru no? Suzuki: Can you come early tomorrow? Division chief: Yes, I can. What's up? Note 1: The Changing Potential Form Recently many people omit the ra 5 from the potential suffix for Group 1 verbs and the irregular verb kuru 3%, producing: tabereru 24% (instead of taberareru <5S) koreru #A% (instead of korareru #5%S) Although this shorter form is frowned upon by some grammarians, it has become common in speech, especially among young people, and is even seen in informal writing such as advertising copy. The following are some typical examples from casual conversations: RIF: COMBRRVARE, $5 daz, KMS KLA, FHSTEWNSK, [BS miru] Tomoko: Kono eiga mitai n’ da kedo, mo osoi wa ne. Jiré: Daijobu, ima kara de mo mireru yo. ‘Tomoko: I want to see this movie, but it’s already too late. Jird: It’s okay. There is still time to see it. WAL EN, ETRANSD? [8B taberu] WE RNS E, Matsumoto: Sore, nama de tabereru no? Ochi: Tabereru yo. Matsumoto: Can you eat that raw? Ochi: Sure you can, mNote 2: The Praising Potential In colloquial speech, some potential verbs such as ikeru i % and hanaseru &% may indicate that something is good or worthwhile. LOW, SHRMUUTS UI, [1A¢ sku] Kono sake, nakanaka ikeru ja nai. This saké is pretty good, huh? GEOR, BREOL., [RF hanasu) Kondo no kachd, hanaseru no yo.74 | HOW VERBS ARE USED ‘The new section chief is someone you can talk to, ERED S MAHAL S Eta, [85 tsukau] Tanaka to iu shinjin wa tsukaeso da ne. It looks like that new employee Tanaka will work out well, ZOR-NAY, BYETH, [BS kaku] Sono borupen, kakemasu ka. Does that ballpoint pen write well? Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Many Japanese verbs can be grouped into transitive/intransi tive pairs, Most verbs ending in -su are transitive, but otherwise there are no hard-and-fast rules for forming transitive verbs from intransitive verbs or vice versa. The following table shows several common patterns, Pattern Intransitive Transitive -u-+-eru aku toopen, —akeru B17 to open to be opened tsuku2< to be stuck to tsukeru 217 to stick to mukau t4< to tun mukeru i} % to turn toward toward -u-+-asu —ugoku $< tomove —_ugokasu Bh to move tobu Re to fly tobasu Riz to set flying naku if to cry nakasu iti to make (someone) cry -wasu au 3 to match awasu 4b to match mau %85 todance —- mawasu bt to cause to dance iru —+-osu okiru #2 % to get up okosu #2 to rouse ochiru %%% to fall otosu EF to drop oriru FD % to orosu 4+ to lower get down ‘TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS | 75 Pattern Intransitive Transitive -eru > -asu akeru FATS to akasu ®j¥ to reveal become light nigeru 817% to flee nigasu 848+ to let go seru~ -yasu hier #2. to hiyasu th® to make become cool cool Sfueru 4% to Suyasu °F to increase increase moeru #2 to burn moyasu iP t0 set fire to -reru-rasu areru$2KS to arasu #5 to be devastated devastate okureru #h% to okurasu 5 to delay be late -aru—>-eru agaru LAS torise ager EI¥% to raise atsumaru #%% atsumeru %% % to to collect collect sagaru F%% to drop sageru Ft to lower -waru+-eru kawaru 8b kaeru £4 8 to change to change suwari ib % to sueru #82. to set be set down down tsutawaru fib tsutaeru (24% 10 to be conveyed convey -eru-u—oreru 3 to oru #% to break be broken ureru #622 to be sold uru 368 to sell nugeru BATS to nugu Bi< to take off come off Using Transitive and Intransitive Verbs in Sentences (HD ¢ BO The basic structure of a sentence with an intransitive verb is: subject + ga + verb16| now venss ane usED Transitive verbs (with the subject often omitted) take direct objects. The basic sentence pattern is: (subject +) direct object +0 + verb The subjects of intransitive verbs are often inanimate objects, while the subjects of transitive verbs are almost always people, organizations, animals, or other animate objects. ‘These patterns are summarized in the following table: Intransitive Transitive Particle gait ot Direct object No Yes Subject Often things Usually people or groups Verb suffix Almost all verbs ending in -su —¥ are transitive. Basic sentence Subject + ga Subject + direct object + pattern + verb o+ verb In the following examples, the pronoun watashi #8 is as- sumed to be the subject of the sentence when no subject is stated in Japanese. In context, of course, the actual subject may be different. Intransitive ‘Transitive To ga aku. Too akeru. Fa FEHB. The door opens. Topen the door, To ga shimaru. Too shimeru. FOES. FERS. The door closes. I shut the door. Kaze ga hairu. Kiki o ireru. BAS, BMEANS. The wind gets in. Tet the air in. ‘TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS | 77 Intransitive Mizu ga deru. AS. Water comes out (of the faucet). (Watashi ga) densha ni noru, at) ERS, I get on the train. Te ga tatsu, KOO. The houses are built, Mizu ga nagareru, Rath. The water flows. Mise ga narabu. as, The stores are in a row. Denki ga tsuku. MHI, ‘The (electric) light turns on. Akari ga kieru. wD AHAB The light goes out. (Watashi ga) asa okiru, (is) BEES, I get up in the morning. Gakko ga hajimaru. HENNE S. School begins. Eiga ga owart Pate 5, The film ends. Kuruma ga tomaru, HALAS. The car stops. Transitive Mizu o dasu, AEM. let the water out (of the faucet). Nimotsu o noseru. HED, put luggage (onto the train). Teo tateru, REWTS, Tbuild houses. Mizu 0 nagasu, KET, I drain the water. Sara o naraberu, meses, T line up the plates. Denki o tsukeru. BRED, turn on the (electric) light, Akari o kesu, WD eT. T put out the light. Kodomo 0 okosu. Fike +. I wake up the children, Shigoto o hajimeru. {i E4805 3, T begin work. Shukudai 0 oeru. LEAS, I finish the homework. Kuruma o tomeru. WEDS, stop the car.B HOW VERBS ARE USED Intransitive Keshiki ga utsuru. RGMES. ‘The scenery appears (in the photo). Hi ga moeru. KPA SG. The fire burns. Transitive Jio utsusu. Fest. Tcopy the characters. Kami o moyasu. BERET. Tburn the paper. Some further examples with longer sentences. Kaze de to ga akimashita. BOP aE RL (98< aku] ‘The door blew open because of the wind. Ano heya no denki ga tsukimashita SOBBORAIE ELE, [2< tsuku] The lights turned on in that room. Teno mae de kuruma ga tomatta. KOM CHALE ot, [Ee 3 tomaru] A car stopped in front of the house. Asoko ni atarashii mise ga narande iru. DET LUBE ABA THB [3.8 narabul There’s a row of new shops there, Atsui kara to 0 akete kudasai. BoP SPeMTHa, (G87 akeru} It’s hot, so please open the door. Yamada-san ga kira 0 tsukemashita. WIRE AA 9-2 OU Lk. [2173 tsukeru Mr. Yamada turned on the air conditioner. Sono kado de kuruma 0 tomete kudasai. LOMTHE LMT FEO. (E% % tomeru} Please stop the car at that comer. Teburu no ue ni, naific 10 foku 0 narabeta. F-THOLIE, FAFE TH-PEWRR [865% naraberu] arranged the knives and forks on the table. STATES OF BEING | 79 Intrarsitive Transitive Mado kara kaze ga haitte Kono koppu ni jitsu 0 ire- kuru, mashd. BPSMAATTL 5. EO3y TP a-AzEAK BLES. [AS hairu) [An8 ireru} Wind blows in through the Let's put some juice into window. these glasses. States of Being KRERT EWA Intransitive Verb ES) | ste + iru —T+3 suite iru DWTS [9< tsuku] Transitive Verb (hiya te + aru —T+HS tsukete aru PUTHS [20% toukeral | The -fe form can be used to describe an action whose re- sults continue into the present. It is followed by iru 143 (formal: imasu 15) if the verb is intransitive and shows nothing more than a continuous state of being, and by aru & % (formal: arimasu 0 #7) if the verb is transitive and shows purposeful action that has led to the present state of being. Intransitive Verb Examples Hh WS AOBBORK, DTT, [DK tsk) EMS BESO TASTES, SRBRICOVSATLE 3. (BAS aku) Tanaka: Yamada-san no heya no denki, tsuite imasu ne. Saté: Mado mo aite imasu kara, komban wa ie ni iru n’ desha. Tanaka: The lights are on in Mr. Yamada's room.80 | How VERBS ARE USED Saté: The window is open, too. He must be at home this evening. POM AES THEFT, ULES tomaru] Mon no mae ni kuruma ga-tomatte imasu. A car is parked in front of the gate. Transitive Verb Examples SITSHEAMRET YS, BBOI-F—-8, BM BOWTEDEF, F-PLOLIAT-VEDARVE MABNTHO SS. [1% tsukeru, 1S naraberu] (M6 sugu okyaku-sama ga kimasu kara, heya no kiira mo, denki mo tsukete arimasu. Téburu no we ni wa supiin to foku to sara ga narabete arimasu. Since guests will be coming soon, the air conditioner and the lights in the room have been switched on. And spoons, forks, and plates have been arranged on the table. BOP SBMA THO ET. Atsui kara mado ga akete arimasu. The window is open (has been left open) since it’s so hot. The Passive Voice SItH ORR @ eH + reru S/S +s ikafret/reru TO/RR/NS @ (rey + rarer [R/$ BRS mifev/rareru R/ta/ ONS ® kuru — korareru RSE + KONG suru — sareru TEENS The passive is formed as follows: @Add-reru —2& to the /-nai/ stem: ikalrereru fA] [FS iu) @ Add -rareru — 5% to the /nai/ stem: tabeRBrareru BS /A/ GS [KZ taberu] ‘THE PASSIVE VOICE | 81 @ kuru—-korareru KB + ROHS suru sareru SHEN} Passive forms are conjugated as Group 2 verbs. For example, the -masu form of ikareru F424. is ikaremasu 4° PREF. Sentence Structure There are two types of passive sentences, direct and indirect. The direct type is very similar to the English passive, but the indirect passive has no direct English correlate. a Direct Passive Subject wa agent ni transitive verb in passive form ‘The basic structure of the direct passive is shown in the box above. (The “agent” is the one that carries out the action of the verb. In the English sentence “The man was bitten by the dog,” the agent is “the dog.”) Examples WILE BELA, [GDS homeru] Watashi wa shaché ni homeraremashita. ‘was praised by the company president. COIR KS MENTHS. [BEL yomu] Kono hon wa wakai josei ni yoku yomarete iru. This book is read a lot by young women. The direct passive is often used in expressions meaning “tis thought” or “itis said.” The particle to & is used: RHMRETILL ADAH, Sens6 ga okis6 da to iwarete iru. Itis said that war is likely to break out. Indirect Passive The indirect passive conveys the notion that the subject of the sentence has suffered as a result of the action described by the verb. This use of the passive is very common in Japanese.82 | How VERBS ARE USED If the verb is transitive, the basic sentence structure is: to transitive verb in Subject wa agent ni direct obj passive form In English, passive verbs cannot take direct objects. In Japanese they can, as shown by the following examples. Ha: (BAIS) RAR EMO HCH AEM ENT LEST. (ier nusumu Bill : 2uUsABe oh MRA Hot? Fukuda: (Watashi wa) konda densha no naka de saifu 0 nusumarete shimatte. Okayama: Sore wa taihen datta ne. Ekiin ni ita? Fukuda: I had my wallet stolen on a crowded train. ‘Okayama: That must have been terrible. Did you tell a station attendant? (Hid) REREMRNA, [Mtr kamu] (Watashi wa) inu ni te 0 kamareta. My hand was bitten by a dog. (AMIS) FRIAR AIMS ee, BRT kowasul (Tomodachi wa) kodomo ni tokei o kowasareta. A friend of mine had her watch broken by her child. ‘When the verb is intransitive, the basic sentence pattern for the indirect passive is: Subject + wa + agent + ni + intransitive verb in passive form In English, intransitive verbs such as “to fall” or “to die” cannot be used in the passive. In Japanese they can: i AMO IN IES KOK? Wh thom < FORO, MICMSMS ORK. [Be 3 fru Inui: Nichiyobi no gorufia dé datta? Shimazaki: Sekkaku itta no ni, ame ni furarechatta yo. Inui: How was golf on Sunday? ‘THE CAUSATIVE Shimazaki: We made a special effort to go, but we got rained on. In the above example, furarechatta B55 # 9 is a.con- traction of furarete shimatta 5 A L & 0%: (see page 94) SOFMMICKENT, —Alceo%. GEM shinu] ‘Ano ko wa ryéshin ni shinarete, hitori ni natta, That child had his parents die on him, and now he’s all alone. The Causative RORR © (RBH + seru SHR tS ikapre/seru FFD /RAA/ RS © /ARH/ + saseru SP) + ERB mifraW/saseru L/P / ERS ® kuru — kosaseru RE > KERS TS ERS suru — saseru The causative expresses the idea of making or causing somebody to do something. This form is derived as follows: @Add -seru —#% to the /-nai/ stem: noma(wat)seru SRE (BAAS [Ate nom] @ Add -saseru — 84% to the /-nai/stem: tabe(Ra)saseru EN (B)ELS [f*LEGEFS (2) plain form + tokoro RUE + 22H EXPRESSING TIME RELATIONSHIPS ‘you tokoro BEETS (3) plain form + bakari FUE + ik taberu bakari BRBILED There are several strategies for saying that one is about to do something. (1) fo suru EFB ‘The informal volitional form is followed by to suru E+. This pattern often describes an action that is halted just before it can begin. ik6 to suru to be about to go HISEFS (KS thu] tabey6 to suru BSKIEFS [KNS taberu] to be about to eat Examples BRBIASIEDSL, BAMA. [AS haird] O-furo ni hairé to suru to, denwa ga natta, Just when I was about to get in the bath, the phone rang DSHERT-LERMOBSSELTHST, TROY tobikomu) Ima senshu wa pitru ni tobikomd to shite imasu. The swimmers are just about to dive into the pool. FUEEREIELAG, BMICBot. [LS mira] Terebi o miy6 to shitara, teiden ni natta, We were about to watch television when the electricity went out. (2) tokoro E=% This pattern expresses the sense of being on the verge of doing something. The plain form of the verb is followed by tokoro da & 24 (informal) or tokoro desu &ZS TH (formal). It differs from the to suru pattern in that the former shows intention while this pattern doesn’t. 9192 HOW VERBS ARE USED ‘kuru tokoro da REET to be about to come Examples REVEMHSELS CH. Chichi wa ima dekakeru tokoro desu. My dad is just about to leave. PME SL IA THA. Eiga ga hajimaru tokoro desu yo. ‘The movie is going to begin any minute, (3) bakari da idan In this case, the plain form of the verb is followed by bakari da (£70 % (informal) or bakari desu i) CF (formal). This pattern says only that all preparations for the action of the verb have been completed. It does not necessarily mean that the action will take place soon. dekakeru bakarida = HUE BIEMY to have nothing left to do but to leave Examples BIMMSEHY CTE, M@ dekakeru bakari desu yo. We're ready to leave now. PHOMBET OPN THE LE, SLEAKSMD TH, Shokuji no yoi mo sukkari dekimashita. Ato wa taberu bakari desu. I've wrapped up all the preparations for the meal. All we have to do is eat. Continuing Actions SifFA‘xetTF —THRBELBZE BATRSECLSE [ker nomu} -te + iru tokoro da nonde iru tokoro da to be drinking EXPRESSING TIME RELATIONSHIPS | 93 As described on page 25, one technique for describing continuing actions is to use the present progressive (-te + iru). The immediacy of the action can be emphasized by following -te iru with tokoro da & £4 7 (informal) or tokoro desu & BC (formal). Examples HAR TBLIBZEATH. [IRS nemuru] Akambé wa nemutte iru tokoro nan desu. The baby is sleeping at the moment, MILE T-—FERMOTOSET ATH, [WS yakul ‘Ane wa ima kéki o yaite iru tokoro desu. My older sister is baking a cake right now. Completed Actions EhfFOT ERT EV ——— (1) -ta + tokoro da +bLS owatta todoro da Pbokk LSE to have just finished (2) -te + shimatta -THLRK nete shimatta BCLEok to have just fallen asleep (3)-ta + bakari da TR HEEDE kaetta bakari da Mo tiki ye to have just returned (1) tokoro da £2 When the informal past tense (-ta) form is used before tokoro da & = 4# or tokoro desu & 2 ATH, it means that the action has just been completed, yomiowatta tokoro da #tA#&tbokk AK [tz % yomiowaru) to have just finished readingHOW VERBS ARE USED Examples WHEAISREEHAL ISTH. [MS deru) Yamada-san wa ima kaisha o deta tokoro desu. Ms, Yamada has just left the office. Pla oRSMORELB, [AS kaerul Otdto wa tattaima kaetta tokoro da. My younger brother returned home just a moment ago. = (2) shimatta U3 t: The Group 1 verb shimau U5 is used as an auxiliary after the -te form to indicate primarily that an action is completely finished; secondarily, it can indicate regret for the action specified by the preceding verb. tabete shimatta HATLE SH [MNS taberu] to have eaten completely; to have regrettably eaten ‘© Examples RAEBMLAARIATETLEVELK, [FS suru] Hitsuyé na shorui wa minna taipu shite shimaimashita. ’ve finished typing all the necessary documents. HLOWMEBOTLE oH. [BS haku) Sakubun no shukudai 0 kaite shimatta. finished writing the homework composition, EDF REMAME TLE DE, Kind mata nomisugite shimatta, Twent and drank too much again yesterday. = Note The -fe shimau form is often contracted in colloquial speech to -chau —5 © 5 (present tense) or -chatta —5 #7 (past tense). shite shimau ~* shichau = UTL3 + LB®S (4% suru] shite shimatia ~ shichata UCLE 2k + LB eo EXPRESSING TIME RELATIONSHIPS | 95, Examples TAADI Hb, BABES eo. [BIS tokeru] Aisukurimu, minna tokechatta, All the ice cream melted. EOULHLEBP ob eK. [M4 yaru] Sono shigoto wa zembu yatchatta yo. [finished off all that work. (3) bakari at.) Another way to say that an action has just been completed is to use the informal past tense (-ta) followed by bakari da tz #1) 4 or bakari desu it) TH. kaita bakari da BOAILHY AE [HS kak) to have just finished writing Examples BR EALACMERAE OD BACT. [LNB taberu} Tanaka-san to hiru-gohan o tabeta bakari nan desu. I just ate lunch with Mr. Tanaka. FUETED=2-2AHRE NEM D Ee [FS suru] Terebi de sono nyiisu ga héei sareta bakari da. That news was just broadcast on television, Doing Something in Advance #44420 t= & [= MbOTHMET SED ste + oku THES tsukutte oku tho T< [HES tsukuru] to make something (for later use) shite oku LHS [FS suru to do something (in advance) When the -fe form is followed by the verb oku 2 <, the meaning is to do something in advance or as preparation for96 HOW VERBS ARE USED something else; it can also mean to put away or preserve for later use. =Examples BEEAWRETHS, F-TFNOLIA-e-tyT EBNTHOTHEL. [MENS naraberu] O-kyaku-san ga kimasu kara, teburu no we ni Koki kappu o narabete oite kudasai. Customers will be coming, so put out the coffee cups on the tables beforehand. HOWMEMIE LE THEET. [LED shimau] Natsu no yafuku wa hako ni shimatte okimasu. I put my summer clothes away in a box (until next summer). FOC, ARUIMICAN TRUE. [ANS ireru] Keki o tsukutte, reizokd ni irete oita. I made a cake and put it in the refrigerator (to be eaten later on). WA LRRED 5, SRIMMRE LUTHOR abe, (4% suru] Ashita wa shiken da kara, komban wa benkyd o shite okanakutcha, There's a test tomorrow, so I have to study tonight. Giving a Reason #HERTEWA mit AT The -te form often explains the reason for the action in the clause that follows. ROWMMFLEERT, BAWMHK ED ELA. (LS ming] Nagai jikan terebi o mite, me ga itaku narimashita. I watched television for a long time, so my eyes started to hurt. EXPRESSING REGRET | 97 MAM C, SUITE. ES furu] Ame ga futte, gorufu ni ikenakatta, Itwas raining, so I couldn't go golfing. Note that this form cannot be followed by commands, suggestions, or statements of intent, Expressing Regret #ORSGRGERT BWA (1) -te + shimau THURS ochite shimau BSTLES [ESS to fall] (2) /75H/ + nakereba SHAS + BINS yokatta kbok noma/re/nakereba RE / Ree / et tut yokatta Emo (1) -te shimau —TLES The -te form followed by shimau L #3 is used to express regret over something one has done, (This is different from the sense of completed action described on page 94 for the -te shimau form.) Examples ERMRUBELTLE OK. [FS suru] Mata asa nebé o shite shimatta, slept late again, 3 oO MIRD ELT, HikGeS TLE SA. PZ F okosu) Ukkari inemuri o shite, jiko 0 okoshite shimatta. I fell asleep without realizing it and caused an accident,98 HOW VERBS ARE USED (2) -nakereba yokatta —71tHUE ED te ‘A more explicit expression of regret can be made by attaching nakereba yokatta %\} Hux & 2 #: to the /-nai/ stem, Noma/re#/nakereba yokatta, $% /A=/ tL ED atte It would have been better if I hadn’t drunk that, Examples TAwe-F-, RbAIALEM OK. [LS kau] Konna seta, kawanakereba yokatta. wish I hadn’t bought this sweater. DEBRA, CORMEASAUTMELDROMEL HEL, [AS hairu} Ima omoeba, kono kaisha ni hairanakereba yokatta no kamo shirenai. Now that I think about it, maybe it would have been better if Thadn’t joined this company. Expressing Conjecture HEERT SUA (1) Based on Direct Knowledge plain form + ya da WOE + KS ‘fru y6 da (to rain) MBESE (2) Based on Hearsay plain form + rashii B+ BLO ‘fru rashii ob LY (3) Based on Supposition or Guess plain form + dara BE + fru daré MBRBS (4) Based on Reasonable Conviction plain form + hazu da BOE + BE kuru hazu da HBETE EXPRESSING CONJECTURE There are several strategies for expressing conjecture or supposition. The choice depends on the source and certainty of the information, (yoda £5 If you believe that something is probably true based on your own experience or knowledge, you can use the plain form followed by yd da £5 # (informal) or yo desu &3 TF (formal) kuru yo da HOEK to be likely to come [will apparently come] = Examples HRSA AY ANTS EDK Shachd wa raishi Amerika e iku yo da. It seems that the president is going to the U.S. next week. HAM AAT S EE. Raishii naikaku ga kaisan suru yo da. The cabinet is probably going to be dissolved next week. (2) rashii % Ly To mention something that you suppose to be true because you have heard it or read it, use the plain form followed by rashii 5 UV: iku rashii FL SL to be thought to be going = Examples KORRES 35 LD. Tsugi no shiken wa raishi aru rashii: Apparently the next test will be next week. RAPRIE LEE, SRDS BROWS CHARS 5 Li, Tenki yoho ni yoru to, konban kara taifia no eikyo de umi ga areru rashii, According to the weather report, the sea should get choppy 99100 | now vers are useD tonight because of the effect of the typhoon. (3) daré 35 — To say what you think or guess, use the plain form with daré #4 5 (informal) or deshd CL & 5 (formal). These are the volitional forms of the copula da #. After dard #45 you can also use to omou & 85 (formal: to omoimasu & HU°% $) “T think.” Furu daré. MSESS. It will probably rain, Examples PA OA-F 4 ERAS I. PRS kuru] Ashita no pati ni kare wa konai dard. He is not likely to come to tomorrow's party. PRORBILG RLS ABI LMI ATH, Kondo no késho wa umaku iku daré to omou n’ desu ga. I think that the negotiations should go smoothly this time. A) haze da é° ——_—_—_—_____ If you think that what you say must be true, use the plain form followed by hazu da 12°# (informal) or hazu desu (dt FCF (formal), ‘ku hazu Ray to be expected to go Examples AW: BEAMGMBCEVARTE, ES LEOMLS, WEES BEF THL, BDIBEM, BERETS > THoTELAMS, Honda (female): Tani-san kara denwa konai n’ da kedo, dé shita no kashira, Koizumi: Kuru hazu desu yo. Kind atta toki, kanarazu denwa suru ‘tte yutte 'mashita kara. Honda: There's still no telephone call from Mr. Tani, I ‘wonder what’s happened, Koizumi: I expect the call to come, When I saw him yes- REPORTING SOMETHING HEARD OR EXPERIENCED | 101 terday, he said that he would be sure to call. MELENEMTHSLTCH, Kachd wa sore o shitte iru hazu desu, ‘The section chief should know that. Conjecture about the Past If you are expressing a conjecture about something that may have happened in the past, you can replace the plain form with the informal past tense (-ta) form in any of the above four patterns, Here’s an example with y6 £3: BARN THSEYS, SN MAMORKDE, [ES fury) Michi ga nurete iru kara, yitbe wa ame ga futta yo da, The street is wet. I guess it must have rained last night. Reporting Something Heard or Experienced BE PREO EWA (1) Reporting Something Heard plain form + so da RUG + 258 ‘yoru so da METI (2) Reporting Something Experienced (ARR) + $6 da SRR/ HERE furifmrR/s6 da FED /BR/ ESE (1) Reporting Something Heard To report something that you have heard, use the plain form followed by sd da £32 (informal) or sd desu £3 CF (formal): Furu so desu. Sz5Ct. Thear it’s going to rain,102 HOW VERBS ARE USED = Examples In the following examples, the € 5 7% sd da is not translated into English because the “According to ...” expresses the same meaning. FLEMDHa-ZIESL, GRIKSEIZ, Terebi no nyiisu ni yoru to, taifi ga kuru s6 da. According to the TV news, a typhoon is coming. BROBEL, AOSMOBMIETS I< fot HOTS, [F< iku] Buch@ no hanashi da to, ano kaisha no keiei wa chika- goro umaku itte inai so da. According to what the department chief says, that company’s operations haven't been going very well lately. (2) Reporting Something Seen ——_——_— To report something that you have seen or otherwise experienced, use the /-masu/ stem before s6 da £575 (informal) or s6 desu €3°CF (formal), Furi/mesn/s6 da, FED /BR/ 251. (ES furu] Tt Looks like it’s going to rain, Examples Malo CATS CHA. [<5 kuru] Ame ga futte kis desu ne. It looks like it’s going to start raining, SOBF RENE STOT, SEEMNTI UP AOT Fh, [ANS taoreru] Ano senshu wa tsukarekitte ite, ima ni mo taoresé ja nai desu ka. ‘That athlete is worn out. Doesn’t she look as though she's going to collapse at any moment? 3 Verb Endings Many verb compounds can be formed by appending one verb to the end of another. In most cases, the second verb is attached to the /-masu/ stem of the first verb. For example, the -masu form of furu ME% is furimasu Fé #¥, so the /-masu/ stem is furi f!). When this stem is combined with the ending dasw Has in the first pattern shown below, the verb compound firidasu 0 tH is formed. In somg compounds, the first verb takes the -te form instead of the /-masu/ stem. Examples of this type begin on page 116, Start of Action EhfFOee Y SRR +i FED SRST SRP/ + DS ED /SR/ HDS (1) /RBBR/ + dasu furipmrese/dasu (2) /9RBR/ + hajimeru hashiriswpe/hajimeru The endings dasu i$ and hajimeru Hi % indicate the start of an action, with the former generally indicating a greater burst of energy: compare hashirihajimeru i 8% % (to start running) and hashiridasu 2") > (to dash forth). They are attached only to verbs that describe continuous actions. As a suffix, -dasu has additional meanings that have to do with sending something forth or causing something to appear, as in mitsukedasu L(t HF (to find out) and omoidasu $8 »i4% (to recall).104 VERB ENDINGS (DRG T, BARD LAS (MES fru] Yoru ni natte, yuki ga furidashita, When night came, snow began to fall. EOD FAYH— b OWMIE—-AY SHED NEES (94 uru] Sono roku konsdto no kippu wa tsuitachi kara uridasu $6 da, I’ve heard that they're going to start selling the tickets for that rock concert on the first of the month. (2) RiatF D hed ‘Ame ga furihajimeta, Tthas started to rain. BERRDSL, HoTORMHSS 9 TED MDI. (£8 hashiru) Shingo ga kawaru to, matte ita kuruma ga sorotte hashiri- hajimeta, When the signal changed, the waiting cars started moving en masse. Half-Completed Action S)fes'PiR TH SARK — PIRBR/ + kakeru Jomifrekakeru SPE FONTS RA/SRRS PITS ‘The ending kakeru #134 indicates that an action has been started but has not been brought to a finish or end. FREREDRA TTA, ELMOTORTA, [HK aku Tegami o kakikaketa n’ desu ga, mada kaite imasen. I got started on the letter, but Thaven’t finished writing it yet. EDM T, ALMADIE E MRT LE tee [Bitte yomu] 6 wa tsukarete ite, hon o yomikaketa mama nemutte shimatta, I was so tired yesterday, I fell asleep in the middle of reading a book. Kir END OF AN ACTION | 105 Continuation of Action S/F D4 (1) ARR + tsuzuku SRB) +S fri esuzuku HED R/S (2) -RRER/ + tsucukeru — / IR / + HITS uta isuzukeru TOASTS The intransitive ending tsuzuku #£< and its transitive counterpart tsuzukeru #617 indicate that the action is continuing. (DRAMA SHEDS. [MES furu] Ame ga nannichi mo furitsuzuite iru. The rain hasn’t let up for many days now. QTE I SMELT 7 EMER TOS. (HS ik) Kanojo wa m5 gojikan mo piano o hikitsuzukete iru. She has been playing the piano for five hours without a break. End of an Action BAtFORT (1) ARRBRY + owaru SRR + HDS yomismamR/oware Ba /AR/ RDS (2) -FRBR/ + er SRR) HAS Yomi/RaRR/oeru A /SR/ BAS (3) RRR + agaru SBB/ + EBS deki/rrpwWagaru CEPR LMS (4) /FRBR/ + ageru SPS + LS kakisrer/ageru RE /RE/LIS Notes: Transitive and intransitive verbs both appear in this category, s0 attention must be paid to the use of objects and particles. ‘These endings indicate that an action is completed. The first two are primarily confined to that meaning, while the106 ‘VERB ENDINGS latter have other meanings (which are not dealt with here) depending on what verb they are combined with, (CQ) COFREB EROS. Matted. [BX haku) Kono tegami o kakiowattara, dekakemasu, T'll leave after I finish writing this letter. LOLS MASOODS TIM, [FS suru] Sono shigoto o shioeru no wa itsu goro desu ka. ‘When will you finish that work? Q)OKE—y AMGTRoEMAKA Te [1A yomi] Kono hon o ikkagetsu kakete yatto yomioeta. After spending a month on this book, I was finally able to finish reading it. WEAZORVORERORALM, BRD OBI 2THFELA. [KF utau] Kashu ga sono nagai uta o utaioeta toki, choshit wa issei ni tatte hakushu o shita ‘When the singer finished singing the long song, the audi- ence rose in a body and applauded, Thoroughness of Action SHO SEH (1) AARRRY + kiru SRS + ES nomifrrER/kiru KAS RRS ES (2) AARRR/ + tosu SOR / +t Yomi /Ssu A/a / aT (3) ARR + nuku S~RP/ + tas arid 2D RIK ‘These endings indicate that an action has been done thor- oughly and completely. Whereas -kiru indicates solely that an action has been done to completion or to the utmost ex- tent, -tdsu and -nuku include the notion of doing something from beginning to end and imply that this was done in spite of adverse conditions. The latter two are often used inter- changeably, although -tdsu places slightly more emphasis on ‘THOROUGHNESS OF acTION | 107 the process of the action whereas -nuku —#< emphasizes the successful emergence from the process. Here are some common verbs that incorporate these suffixes: (\)dashikira HLS to give all one has (e.g., energy or money) kashikiru RMS to rent out completely (exclusively) karikiru OMS to rent completely (exclusively) kawakikiru mans to dry out completely moekiru ADS to burn up completely noborikiru BOOS to climb completely (to the top) yomikiru mans to read completely (to the end) nomikiru ADS to drink all (2)arukitosu SEBS to walk all the way hikitsu Meat to play (on a stringed instrument or piano) an entire piece iitosu Boas to keeping saying the same thing throughout a process kitosu nt to keep wearing (certain clothing throughout a certain period) hatarakitésu ea to keep working throughout a certain period108 | vers enpivas ‘yaritdsu (largely inter- eat changeable with #0 i%<) to do (carry out) to the very end yomitosu RAE to read all the way through (3) kakinuku eens to finish writing (something particularly difficult) hhashirinuku HEDIS to complete a hard (running) race nebarinuku ED HS to continue from beginning to end without giving up semenuku DRS to carry out a successful attack shirinuku RID HS to know everything about yarinuku POS to carry out to the end Here are the suffixes used in complete sentences: ()—B ati, BNR t. [HENS tsukareru} Ichinichi-ji hataraite, tsukarekitta, worked all day long, and now I'm all worn out. NAGEL AEN W oT. ATI. [DS kariru} Basu o ichidai karikitte, ippaku-ryok6 ni dekaketa, We rented a bus all to ourselves and went off on a one- night trip. QHPEALE SES TOMBE RP OMLA, [PS yaru] Tanaka-san wa 1010 sono shigoto o yaritdshita Ms. Tanaka finally got through with all that work. MECH oT, FORONMEMAMLA, [itt yoru] Asa made kakatte, sono nagai shdsetsu 0 yomitoshita. It took until morning, but I read that long novel through to the end. INCOMPLETE OR FAILED ACTION GEM BREA, EFESHSOUBEPNBOKEIT tia. WEA : ae HUED DS SAT HA, Saté: Tanaka-san, t5td ano shigoto o yarinuita s6 desu ne. Yamada: Nakanaka konj6 no aru hito desu ne. Sat6: I heard that Ms. Tanaka finally finished all that work, ‘Yamada: She's really gutsy, isn’t she? Incomplete or Failed Action HFA ASEH OY FL ERIE (1) /RR/ + wasureru SWE) ERS ii/PRBR/Avasureru BO/R/ ENS (2) /FRBR/ + otosu SES ET kaki/rReR/otosu BE / ee / eT (3) ARRER/ + machigaeru — /—AR/ + MABHAS mifreRY/machigaeru A/E/MBAS /RR/ + chigaeru SRE + BAS miARRRYchigaeru R/PP/ BAS The ending wasureru %4% indicates that an action has been forgotten, ofosu %F shows that the action was unin tentionally omitted, and machigaeru [82% S and chigaeru 22% mean that a mistake was made and are largely interchangeable in that sense. Some common verbs incorporating these suffixes are: (1)(tegami 0) dashiwasureru (FRE) WLS to forget to send (a letter) (denwa 0) kakewasureru (Bi8*) HINENS to forget to place (a telephone call) kaiwasureru HONS to forget to buy 109110 | verB ENDINGS okiwasurera Begs to forget to place something somewhere shimaiwasureru Levene to forget to put away shimewasureru FES to forget to close shiwasurera Lena to forget to do (2)kikiotosu mages to fail to hear kaiotosu ROREF to fail to buy miotosu RELY to fail to see tsukeotosu DHEE to fail to attach yomiotosu RAL S to fail to read @)kakichigaeru BEBis to miswrite kakechigaeru DUMRS to mis-hang kazoechigaeru BAMA to miscount norichigaeru ROMBAS to take the wrong (train etc.) nomichigaeru BRAGA S to drink the wrong (medicine ete.) omoichigaeru BRAS to mistake (one thing for another in one’s mind) torichigaeru DBAS to take the wrong thing; to mis-take INCOMPLETE OR FAILED ACTION | 111 yobichigaeru UIA S to miscall yomichigaeru RAB to misread Following are examples in sentence form. (DANA ORO, BRERA. [RS kau] Sitpd e itta no ni, yasai o kaiwasureta. T went to the supermarket, but I forgot to buy vegetables. SOF LABRIC. HEM LRH. [IS osu) Kiné teishutsu shita shorui ni, han o oshiwasureta. I forgot to put my seal on the documents I submitted yesterday. QSASADEMEMEBLAS [8X kaku)] Tada-san no jiisho 0 kakiotoshita, I left off Mrs. Tada’s address. (I failed to write down Mrs. Tada’s address.) In the next example, the noun & RYE L o-miotoshi is derived from the verb FAY $ miotosu. EIREBO 2H, BRL LOBES TBA SHE. [RS miru) Nenji hdkoku-sho no ni-péfi, o-miotoshi no nai y6 ni yoku goran kudasai, Please take a good look at page two of the annual report without fail, Q)RFSRAMNEA TL Kot [fiber yomu] Kanji o yomimachigaete shimatta. I misread the kanji. EOFRMSAENKE< oT, MBATLROK. Sono kodomo ga ammari okiku nate, michigaete shimatta. ‘The child has gotten so big I almost didn't recognize her.112 ‘VERB ENDINGS Entering and Inserting FIZA 4, PISANS LF) + komu nage RRR Kou SRR +h HY / aR / aD This ending expresses the idea of entering something or putting one thing inside another. MELAMCADET. TOLERMUBAR, URS tobu] Senshu wa aizu ni awasete, piiru ni tobikonda, At the signal, the swimmers dove into the pool. CRMERZME, COMMISH VAY CHEAT DEERLOA THA [BRK haku] Gojiisho to o-namae o, kono shorui ni borupen de kaki- konde itadakitai n' desu ga. I would like you to fill in your name and address on this form with a ballpoint pen. Getting Used to an Action (I= 8HS S-RP/ + ANS R/SE/AANS (/-FRER/ + nareru mifrrRR/nareru The ending nareru #84.% expresses the idea of becom- ing accustomed to an action. ROLTOW, MAN THE RTS ok. [lt haku] Yatto kono kutsu, hakinarete arukiyasuku natta ve finally gotten used to wearing these shoes, so now they're easy to walk in, BARBARO, MRC REM TMR A. OB % miru) Mainichi minareta tori na no ni, asa hayaku da to chi- gatte mieru. I'm used to seeing this street every day, but early in the morning it looks different. ‘MUTUAL ACTION Redoing or Rechecking an Action S5-BTS, BRS (/-FRER/ + naosu Yomi/AREFR/naosu e/a BAAR AUT ‘This ending means to redo or recheck something. TEMES, MAIL TRE. [tte yomul Sakubun 0 kaitara, yominaoshite kudasai. After you write your composition, please read it over again. HALALOEAMETHOT, ROBMBHVELT DEEVREAD, [OS kakeru] Aoki wa tadaima kaigi-chit desu no de, ato de o-denwa kakenaoshite itadakemasen ka, Mr. Aoki is now in a meeting. Could you please call back again later? Mutual Action HU ices} BR) + au Oshie ARERR/au SRE + BS BASEE/ ES This ending means to do something mutually or recipro- cally. EDK EBLR TOR, [KFS aisuru] Sono futari wa kokoro kara aishiatte ita. Those two sincerely loved each other. WASAD RHEE < MBE ALOT, BitoT HUTS. (BTS tasukeru] Yamamoto-san no kyédai wa hayaku rydshin ni shinareta no de, tasukeatte kurashite iru, ‘The Yamamoto brothers lost their parents early on, so now they live by helping each other. 3114 | VERB ENDINGS Excessive Action 383) S—RP/ + BES | RA /SR/ ALS /RRBR/ + sugiru nomifaRR/sugiru ‘This ending indicates that something is done to excess. BASAL NIAEMOG RAGA. [RI sun] Abe-san wa tabako o suisugimasu ne. Mr. Abe smokes too much, doesn’t he. WEROBR KAI YT. SHILA BEY nomu] Sakuban no enkai de nomisugite, kesa wa futsukayoi da. I drank too much at the banquet yesterday, so this morning I have a hangover. 5 [ake Attaching Actions #883, <2 <¢ (1) ARR + tsuku | 7/4 OS tobifrrR/tsuku RU/ BB/D < [10 fly onto, to jump onto} (2) /aRR/ + isukeru / ~8R/ + DIB yobifRem/tsukeru — VEU /#R/ DFS [to sum- mon (someone to oneself)] ‘These endings describe the actions of approaching or attaching onto something. VRELOLOFEMOOVA, RH tobu) Inu wa sono onna no ko ni tobitsuita, The dog jumped up onto the gil. MUTHOTH ORG, BEARFOMNOERLAL, (85 ou) Isoide aruite ittara, Tani-san ni sugu oitsukimashita yo. By walking quickly, T soon caught up with Ms. Tani. GOING oR COMING FoR A PURPOSE | 115 QMRMOFRO LAIR, BAO THO ET, (885 nun} Yachi-en no kodomo no uwagi ni wa, namae ga nui- tsukete arimasu, The children’s names are sewn onto their nursery school jackets. EOFLMMOBEGEMBALOC, RRIF BHTERSHK. [FS yobul Kind wa shorui no kakikata 0 machigaeta no de, kaché ni yobitsukerarete donarareta. Yesterday I made a mistake in writing some documents, so I was called onto the carpet by the section chief. Going or Coming for a Purpose 81/6 B48 (1) RR/ + ni ik SABBS HITS tabe/PRER/ ni iku BN /PR/ ITS (2) ARR + ni kur SARE RS nomifreRy ni kuru BRA) / RS The endings ni iku (<47< and ni kuru (23% express the idea of going or coming in order to do something. (DPA BRE RISES OBO TH. [ES mirul Ashita wa eiga o mi ni iku tsumori desu. Tplan to go see a movie tomorrow. HRI MMABI Ro T, SHIRA BRAK IGT < PEE. [25 au, KS okurul Shacho wa ichiji ni Un'yu Daijin ni ai ni itte, sanji ni wa Narita e kaich6 o okuri ni iku yotei da. ‘The company president is scheduiled to go meet the Min- ister of Transport at one o'clock and then go to Narita, to see off the chairman of the board at three. QIOVARFVRRS THOLEMS, BAKBOKE BRNIEKS« Kono resutoran wa yasukute oishii kara, mainichi dzei no o-kyaku ga tabe ni kuru,116 | vers epics This restaurant has cheap, tasty food, so many customers come to eat here every day. BLHCE, TIT MRE LICKS MREMS can be either the plain form or informal past (-ta). ‘As shown in the following examples, gurai nara <5 3% & has the alternate form kurai nara < 5\.%5, and hd ga if Haw can be replaced by hd ga mashi da FREE, which, however, is more colloquial and blunter. RISBRES SS CGS, HARHMI, DEW shinu} Ani ni o-kane 0 morau kurai nara, shinda hd ga ii. I'd rather die than take money from my older brother. WHI CHM GOES, WIT SHRRLTT, Sensé ni itte shinu gurai nara, nigeru ho ga mashi desu. Toresa | 123, It’s better to make a run for it than go off and die in war. ITkura -te mo kb 4—Cb Hae | _ikura mite mo akinai WC SRT EME ED ‘The first half of this pattern ikura -te mo \x< 5 —T& corresponds to the English “no matter how much I did (or do) something,” The verb in the next clause must be negative. iA, ROPDELK? ESR! SHANK CRU TERIMGEROATH A. F sagasu, L224 mitsukaru} Kishi: Hon, mitsukarimashita? Ueno: Sore ga ikura sagashite mo mitsukaranai n’ desu yo. Kishi: Did you find the book? Ueno: No matter how much I look for it, I can’t find it. 16 GUC BURCH otee URS aruku, HX tsuku] Tkura aruite mo yamagoya ni tsukanakatta, No matter how much we walked, we didn’t reach the mountain cabin, Toieba CHAS plain form/noun +toieba = RR / Hal + ERAS utau (uta) to ieba BS (HW) Eval This pattern is used to introduce a new topic related to something that has already been mentioned. Either a plain form verb or a noun may precede to ieba & AL. OHH: AUR GOL RAI, 25-7 ARMY REA 2a, (FS furul) BH: t5 CH, ARES SKF THA Ikeda; Ame ga furanai to ieba, mé ikkagetsu mo furi- ‘masen ne.[USEFUL EXPRESSIONS Tamura: $5 desu ne. Mizubusoku ni naranakereba ii desu ga. Ikeda: Speaking of the lack of rain, it hasn’t rained for a full month now, has it. ‘Tamura: That's right. T hope we don’t have a water short- age. Aud: O35 HEAL ELA. Bil HOMEF, BHLAALREINVIP TEM kb. Oyama: Kind Takada-san ni aimashita yo. Yoroshiku itte ‘mashita, Iwasaki: Arigato. Takada to ieba mada gorufu yatte ’ru kana. Oyama: I saw Mr. Takada yesterday. He said to say hello. Iwasaki: Thanks. Now that you mention him, I wonder WELAE, KALS BT he still plays golf. Toitte moiihododa ¢#oTSuuigee plain form /-ta/noun+ = BUB,/ kil + 10 itte mo ii hodo da eRe TELE ensd 0 shita to ittemo = - BRA LAL VOCS ii hodo da DOEEE saidai no higai to itte BKOREE D9 TE mo ii hodo da DORE This pattern is similar to the English “you could even go so far as to say that....” The phrase above is preceded by a plain form verb or a noun. Note that ite > is also pronounced yutte in conversation. MT: BOUT AZ ORB TLS Look THA, BAS SHBG LOREAL ELA TEDIE ETH A. [F4 suru] Machida: Ano pianisto no enso, subarashikatta desu ne. Mochizuki: Kotoshi ichiban subarashii ensé o shita to itte ‘mo ii hodo desu yo. WA IU MADE MO NAKU, Machida: The pianist’s performance was wonderful, wasn’t it? Mochizuki: You could even say that he gave the best performance of the year. COMOMR, VEHok THAW PE: RARAORBEL Ho TEOUIEETL ES. Matsuzaki: Kono mae no jishin, hidokatta desu ne. jengo saidai no higai da to yutte mo it hodo ‘Matsuzaki: The recent earthquake was really terrible. Nakajima: Without exaggeration, you could probably say it was the worst since the end of war. Wa iu made mo naku [£55 & C6 ¢ noun + wa iu made mo naku % 34+ iSB5 ECB ES kodomo wa iu made FHIZEI ETERS ‘mo naku This pattern corresponds to the first half of the English expression “not only ... but also.” The Japanese phrase cor- responding to “but also” uses mo & in place of wa iz. WE ABSA CRB, BREALHI ETERS, REALRATT A, KHL TISATHE, SOOMRIEF ROR 5 Hitt RS CHRHITLA, Umecu: Uchida-san go-kyddai wa, onisan wa iu made mo naku, otdto-san mo yiishii desu ne. Nagata: S6 nan desu yo. Ano go-kyddai wa kodomo no toki kara atama ga yokute hydban deshita, ‘Umezu: The Uchida brothers are really exceptional—not only the older brother, of course, but the younger one, too. Nagata: That’s very true, Both of them have had the repu- tation of being bright ever since they were children. COAHK-YRHOABEI ETERS. BEBO RLATRREHET. 125126 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS Kono supdtsu wa wakai hito wa iu made mo naku, o- toshiyori ni mo tanoshinde itadakemasu. This sport can be enjoyed not only by the young but by the elderly as well. To iu yori wa mushiro E54 Y(tGLS noun +10 iu yori wa Hid+ LHS KOOL mushiro gakusei to iu yori wa mushiro PEERBIEDIOLS | This pattern is used to say “not so much this as that.” Usually a noun precedes the to &. REARFHL EI KD ide LABAETT. Mori-san wa gakusha to iu yori wa mushiro seijika desu. ‘Mr. Mori is not so much a scholar as a politician. CORMENBLR I KDRULSBE RHA CLES. Kono sakuhin wa shdsetsu to iu yori wa mushiro shi to itta hd ga ii desho. It would be better to call this work a poem than a novel. (To iu) wake de wa nai (£8 35)bit Tieeuy plain form + (to iu) wake UB + (EBS )bIF Cit de wa nai mO ikanai (to iu) wake few (LB5) dv de wa nai TRE This pattern, used after the plain form, corresponds roughly to “it’s not that....”" ME: KAOHARAL Sole beac, BBL TPOEOEAS DI TRADAEM, SED RMA MEAS Tha. [F< thu] Maeda: Raigetsu no shain ryoko irassharanai n' desu ka, AKARA B NIKAKETE Takahashi: Ikanai to iu wake de wa nai n’ da ga, amari ki ga susumanakute ne. Maeda: Won't you be going on the employee trip next month? ‘Takahashi: I don't mean to say that I won't be going, but I'm not feeling very enthusiastic about it. ARRRLORIRH LTS HUTTE, Jimin-t6 wa sono an ni hantai shite iru wake de wa nai. The Liberal Democratic Party is not necessarily opposed to the proposal. A kara B ni kakete AM SBI=AIt+T noun + kara + noun + Bil + 5 + Bia + ni kakete are ashita kara asatte SLEPB HET ni kakete are ‘This pattern means “from A and into B,” where A and B ate nouns of time or place. BLEPS Ho TCA TC, BRMESESTOT, PURIL AT IAB IE RS LR SAAD DET. Ashita kara asatte ni kakete, taifit ga chikazukimasu no de, Kanté chihd wa tsuyoi kaze to ame ni mimawareru ‘sore ga arimasu. ‘A typhoon is approaching, so there is a danger that the Kanté region will be hit by strong winds and rain to- ‘morrow and into the next day. AID RMIT, ARAB EA aT oP Konshimatsu kara raishit ni kakete, Okura Daijin wa Chiigoku 0 homon suru yotei da, ‘The Minister of Finance is scheduled to visit China this, weekend and early next week. 127128 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS Tokuraberuto E1-~S¢ noun + to/ni kuraberu to mukashi to/ni kuraberu to This pattern means “compared to....” The particle may be either to & or ni I=. WU: BEKNSE, COMET RA EP HIED RLeA. HES E59 THA, LOFMSTOWsMILH TLS On. Katayama: Mukashi to kuraberu to, kono hen mo zuibun nigiyaka ni narimashita ne. Murakami: $6 desu ne, jtinen mae wa kono hen wa hatake bakari deshita mono ne. Katayama: Compared to the old days, this area has really tivened up, hasn’t it? Murakami: It sure has. Ten years ago, there was nothing but farms around here. BNI LCOWRAY TH A, Machinaka ni kuraberu to, kono hen wa shizuka desu ne, Compared to the city, this area certainly is quiet. O kagiri ni 84 Bi + EHD Ic SREIRD IE noun + 0 kagiri ni kotoshi o kagiri ni This pattern specifies the time when something ends or changes fundamentally. AEB: HA SA SEM ERD CARE RHEE ITH MES CERELMETS 5TH E. Okabe: Kawamura-san kongakki o kagiri ni daigaku 0 yameru sO desu ne. Majima: Demo rainen wa ryiigaku suru so desu yo. Okabe: I hear that Ms. Kawamura is going to drop out of school at the end of this semester. KATOOMOUTO/KA TO OMOTTARA | 129 Majima: But then I heard that she’s going abroad to study next year. ZABEOH IRD IZ, Futari wa sono hi o kagir SECBbsmok, ni, nido to awanakatta. ‘The two never met again after that day, Kagiri wa #24 [& WOE + PE DIS SFO AUR IS [HDS to give up] plain form + kagiri wa akiramenai kagiri wa This phrase corresponds to the English “as long as.” It follows the plain form (often negative) of the verb. BEE BAS OR, MEITHM, MAK TLIEBD tAMD, BEES TESA LED LEVMD IL, ALATHL, [4 suru} Asano: Otaku no inu, kowasé desu ga, kamitsuku koto wa arimasen ka, And6: Kochira ga ijimetari shinai kagiri wa, daijobu desu yo. ‘Asano: Your dog looks mean. Does he ever bite? ‘And6: He's okay as long as you don’t treat him bad. GRTERCOMAY, RSMAULLELA. PRS kuru] Taifit de mo konai kagiri wa, shiai wa chiishi shimasen, The game won’t be cancelled as long as a typhoon or something like that doesn’t come along, Ka to omou to/ka to omottara £5 ¢/ DEBS -ta + ka to omou to SE DERGE ame ga futta ka to omou to Miata hee BSL -ta + ka to omottara —h+meBoks ame ga futta ka to omottara Miao tre BokS130 | userut Expressions These patterns mean “as soon as.” In either case, the phrase follows the informal past tense. BAK ORDERS L, AMOMAMKD MLA. [7% % naru} Sora ga kuraku natta ka to omou to, dtsubu no ame ga furidashita, No sooner had the sky turned dark than large raindrops began to fall. Ay RIA sRPEM OES, BIMOTLE OR. [A % hairu} Beddo ni haitta ka to omottara, mé nemutte shimatta. He fell asleep as soon as he got into bed. Kanarazu shi mo ... to wa kagiranai / to wa ienai BS LE~EMMRBCU/ LEARY —— kanarazu shi mo+ plain BLS + BO + Lik form + to wa kagiranai = BRB HEL kanarazu shi mo iku to BELEK LI wa kagiranai HES is kanarazu shimo+ plain BF ULS + HG + Lik form + to wa ienai Baw kanarazu shimo sito BFUSE SERRA wa ienai my This pattern means “it isn’t necessarily so.” The to wa kagiranai EiZARS %1> is preceded by a plain form verb or, when the topic has already been mentioned, the demonstra. tive pronoun so @ 5. RE: LOWDBVAAA BRENT ATL ED. FURL: GPU SHS EISRG ATL a. RUMAH SHEEVETHS, Naitd: Konogoro no wakai hito wa minna daigaku e iku 1’ deshd. Wada: Kanarazu shi mo iku to wa kagiranai deshd. Benky6 ga kirai na wakamono mo imasu kara, KANERU Naito: These days, I suppose all young people go to college. Wada: They don’t necessarily all go. After all, some young people don’t like studying. FEL RLIURANL, FOR BTRAATL £5 a AH UP LETS LRBAGOES THE, Fukayama: Rydshin ga atama ga ii to, kodomo mo atama gain’ desho ne. Yoshida: Kanarazu shi mo sé to wa ienai yo desu yo. Fukayama: If the parents are bright, then the children will be bright, too, won't they. Yoshida: That doesn’t seem to apply in every case. Kaneru —)4a3 /-FRER/ + kaneru SRP + RS dekifwmmm/kaneru CE/RR/ PRE ‘This suffix often translates as “cannot,” but with the nu- ance of “unable to endure” or “unable to accept,” and it often indicates that something cannot be done or is difficult to do even with the best of wills. It attaches to the /-masu/ stem. TRB: COMBMUYLELAMHIL, VPATL EDD, BHRRIMARTCLE ID, BM: Tha, ARE SMMOALELAM, MEET RBFRRUITCRHRSLHLTHDELE. LFF CTKPEW, [CXS dekirul Hirose: Kono aida onegai shimashita ken wa, ikaga desho ka. O-hikiuke negaemasu deshd ka. Fujiwara: Sore ga, shaché to mo sodan itashimashita ga, watakushi-domo de wa o-hikiuke dekikaneru to méshite orimashita. Dézo go-rydsh6 kudasai. Hirose: How about that matter we proposed recently? you be able to undertake it? Fujiwara: The fact is, I consulted with our president about it, but he said that we would be unable to comply. Please understand our situation. AM: SOB MMO OFHRMAS TAWKTL AEF. 131132 | USEFUL EXPRESSIONS MM VRbE. HORT. MERIC FOTOED ED GNERFRATER I TARD, MHEIT Led. HHATIOBSELVTLE KOK, [B & miru) Homma: Ano kuni ni wa monouri no kodomo ga takusan ita desha. Kikuchi: Ita wa yo. Machi no naka de ne, shgakké ni mo ite inai y6 na chiisana kodomo ga hana o utte ita no. Kavwaisé desho. Mikanete tsui o-kane 0 agete shimatta no yo. Homma: There must have been a lot of children trying to sell things in that country. Kikuchi (female): Yes, there were. Kids who looked too small even for elementary school were selling flowers on the street. It’s such a shame, don’t you think. I couldn't bear to look anymore, so I gave them some money. oe Ni kakawarazu affirmative plain form+ PVE RGE + SSE + negative plain form + ni prbot kakawarazu iku ikanai ni kakawarazu FT Pea yd oF This pattern means “regardless of whether or not....” The phrase ni kakawarazu (<*> 5 + is preceded by the same verb twice, first in the plain affirmative form and then in the plain negative, RAT RoR ha DST, HEABMEG IEE Meo TEED, Ryok6 ni iku ikanai ni kakawarazu, mina-san setsumei dake wa o-kiki ni natte kudasai. Please listen to my explanation whether or not you will be going on the trip. RHLTSLEVICMPDSFT, SRZ-HNTH. ‘Shokuji o suru shinai ni kakawarazu, kaihi wa ichiman en desu. KOTONI WA ‘The fee is 10,000 yen regardless of whether you eat or not. Koto wa nai CE (kL SRE TEEN frokT een -ta + koto wa nai itta koto wa nai This pattern is used to emphasize that one has never done something. It is the negative version of the pattern mentioned on page 68 for describing one’s experience. +e bia, HEA. BLPLEGRERAL CH. Kok, SHOATHE THRMEC LEO 5. [WS yaburu) Tsuchiya: Osoi wa ne, Hayashi-san. Moshikashitara konai n’ ja nai. Seki: Kuru wa yo. Ano hito kore made yakusoku yabutta koto wa nai kara. ‘Tsuchiya: Ms. Hayashi is really late. Maybe she’s not going to come. Seki (female): She'll come. She has never once broken a promise, BUREAUCRAT AVR LATE EIAT LAT EME 2. (F% suru] Seiji-ka wa ippan ni senkyo mae ni yakusoku shita koto 0 4jikk6 shita koto wa nai. Politicians generally never keep the promises that they make before elections. Koto niwa © eIcIé es Ceci wT EAS [until (unless) you go] -nai + koto ni wa ikanai kata ni wa ta + koto ni wa ee CEE akireta koto ni wa HENKEL [tomy astonishment} 133134 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS This pattern (koto ni wa) is a nominalizer, that is, it al- ows a verb to be treated as a noun in the sentence, It follows the plain present negative or informal past form of the verb, affirmative or negative. With a negative verb, it contains the meaning that “unless something has been done, or is done, something else will not follow.” With an affirmative verb, it emphasizes a verb expressing emotion. Bi: HOFORL IB, AMITIZG LODE, WH: 520, WEVIERMESRARVITE, (BS miru) ‘Niimura: Ano ko no kaku e, honto ni subarashii no yo. Nishida: S6 na no, minai koto ni wa nan to mo ienai kedo. Niimura: The pictures drawn by that child are truly amazing. Nishida: Is that so? Without seeing them, I really couldn't say. MOTEL, PREAMEOSES RoktITH. [(< odoroku] Odoroita koto ni wa, Matsumoto-san ga kind nakunatta $5 desu, I was surprised to hear that Mr. Matsumoto passed away yesterday. Koto monai 2 £ $41) —_____ B+ Fe ben Bbencesny -nai + koto mo nai kawanai koto mo nai This negative pattern is used after the plain negative form of the verb. The resulting double negative is a weak affirmative that leaves some doubt about whether the action of the verb will actually take place. WAL COMMIS ORE YY ay, BRIER SAT th, BAS EBC ko TBR DEVIL EEDA THA, (5 kau) Aoki: Kono mae mi ni itta manshon, o-kai ni naru n’ desu ka, KoTOWA...Ga | 135 Sugimoto: Nedan ni yotte wa kawanai koto mo nai n’ desu ga... Aoki: Are you going to buy that condominium you went to look at the other day? Sugimoto: Well, we may end up buying it, depending on the price. AUS ERR ALAS A, MLE THD, FE: ERR A ORGS VEC, BALANITES DES ERALETIE, ‘Maruta; Sato-san to Suzuki-san, kekkon shisd desu ka. Sasayama: Sat6-san no kimochi shidai de, kekkon shinai koto mo nai y6 na ki ga shimasu kedo. Maruta: Does it seem likely that Miss Sat and Mr. Suzuki will get married? Sasayama: It all depends on how Miss Sat feels. It wouldn't surprise me if they did get married, Koto wa... ga in the informal negative form of the verb. For example, kaenai 3 71> becomes kaezaru HEX XB. The irregular verbs kuru RS and suru $% become kozaru #¥S and sezaru #E %, respectively. HK, COWMEAXSLAG< &S. PEAS kaeru] Shorai, kono horitsu wa kaezaru o enaku naru, It will become necessary to change this law in the future. SHOMMRAON-F 4 HHS, MAES E REV #5. [FS suru) -zumi} 149 Kaisha no soritsu kinen no pati da kara, shusseki sezaru 0 enai dard. . ‘The party is in honor of the company’s founding, so we have no choice but to attend. Zuni -F I= Ste + FI E/E / TIE yoma/ret/zu ni ‘This form means “without doing ...,” and it has the same meaning as the negative suffix -nai — 71> followed by de T, asin fS%1»C “without eating.” The suffix -zu ~¥ re- places -nai —71 in the informal negative, so tabenai #< WW becomes tabezu #<$". The irregular verbs kuru *% and suru} become kozu #F and sezu #4. HH: PAC MRS TAR? Re PRHLEDS, FHARKTICRE, [NS taberu] Kanda: Asa-gohan tabete kita? Shibuya: Asa-nebé shita kara, kesa wa tabezu ni kita. Kanda: Did you eat breakfast before you came? Shibuya: I slept late, so T came without eating. KAIALADTICRBEM CORA [AI itl] Sensei wa nani mo iwazu ni kydshitsu 0 dete ikareta. The teacher left the classroom without saying a word.Appendix: Verb Conjugations VERB CONIUGATIONS | 151 Group 1 plainform -masu form _teform -naiform ‘a form ba form conditional potential volitional passive __causative agaru —agarimasu —agaite —agaranai gata. —~—agareba ‘agatiora——agareru—agard—agarareru—_agaraseru kes MEF ator kab Eto hatha ‘Eos Eins E39 Entone Enews rise, up alu akimasu ite kanal ita akeba sitara - aks - - me mae moc oat Blot mons = mz) = = open () rau araimasu arate arawanaiaratta’~—araeba arattara ——_araeru ares arawareru—arawaseru 0 weRT ot be Bom ae fons aaa es bn anes wash aru arimasu ate nai atta areba attra - a6 - - 23 DET bor BU bot BhIe bons = 23d = = exist aruu —arukimasu—aruite—arukanai_—aruita’~—_arukeba aritara ——arukeru—arukB-——arukareru—_arukaseru Be pest BOT bates buts Bue BURG BS BoD bone Bees walk aasobu asobimasu asonde —asobunai-—asonda_—_asobeba asondara —asoberu sob asobareru_asobaseru ax meee mee mua RAE Ret BARS ane mes amuses aes phy ‘atsumara atsumarimasu atsumatte atswmaranai atsumatta —atsumareba ‘aisumattara —atsumareru—atsumard—atsumareru —_atsumaraseru RRS BREF tot RSG RAR ETI Beoks MANS REDD RNS meses get together () au aimasu atte awanai atta aba attra aera as waren awaseru 2 ghey Sot Rha ok Bae Boks ans geo Bbne Bbes meet azukar azukarimasu —azukatte —azukaranaiiazukatta aqukattara —azukareru—azuhard—azukarareru —aqukaraseru Bes DRS Aloe Ma Ree rots Bens Bn) BmoRS Rinses deposit dasu dashimasu—dashite—dasanai—dashita~—daseba dashitara ——daseru dass dasareru—dasaseru ay met wut ha Ue ele URS aes we Bans wees take out, put out () radu erabimasu —_erande_—erabanai_—eranda-—erabeba erandara eraberu—erabé—erabareru__erabaseru ax auey mec me A ee MARS ass a> mins mires choose152 | APPENDIX ‘VERB CONJUGATIONS | 153 plain form -masu form ~eform —-naiform a form —_-ba form conditional potential _ volitional passive __—_causative fumu —fumimasu unde fumanai funda fumeba ‘fundara fumeru fami ‘fumarere. ——fumaseru mo ae mee a Ae aE Hees mans mes wane ees step on furu —‘furimasu—futte.—furanai—futa’ == fureba fuwara - furs furareru—_furaseru ms Boat Moc | Ween Bok BIE Bons = m5> Mone Rows figase —figashimasu fuyashite fiyasanai —fuyashita—_fuyaseba fuyashitara —fiyaseru—fiyasd—fayasarera—figasaseru met MeLET MELT mee a MELE meee MELAS MES MRED MPENS METS increase (1) gambar gambarimasu gambatte gambaranai gambatia__gambareba gambattara —gambareru gambar gambararerugambaraseru Bs RST ME RSI MG RI Whos MNS NSS MGS HRS try hard hairu —airimasu ate arama’ — ata —aireba haitara=—aireru—=—aird——arareru——_araseru As ADE Rot ABE Rok ARIE Rohs Ans XB) ASRS A5es enter () hajimaru hajimarimasu hajimatte hajimaranai hajimatta —hajimareba hajimattara = hajimaré - Mes MEDET | MkoT | MBE Hoe Miku Mots = fess = = start (i) hherasu —herashimasuherashite herasanai —herashitaheraseba hherashtara —eraseru——‘herasO—erasareru—_‘erasaseru Mey MOLES MELT MSER | MELE MSA MOURS Mowe) SED MEEKS | MORNE decrease () herw herimasu ete heranai hetta hereba hettara - herd = _ RS Moay Bot mea Bot tur Mohs - wS> _ _ decrease () hiku—hikimasu—ite—ikanai ta ———tikeba hitara hikere hikarera——_hikasera a Slay se gle slo alie aloes airs slena aines pall jiu tkimasu ite anai ita ikeba tara itera ta tarera itaseru a mae foe fees okie fons 06 o> Hans frees ro isogu —isogimasu—isoide —isoganai—isoida’~—isogeba isoidara isogeru ——isogd-—=—isogareru —_isogaseru ao aeet aie eae Be Bons aus 22> Baths Baes bury tu(ya)—timasw ie (yutte) iwanai ta (yuta) cba lara (yutara) ier w iwarert——_iwaseru = mes wot) be Rok BRIE Bons mas Bes Bons bea say kaeru —kaerimasw —Kaette —“Kaeranai—kaetta’—haereba katara ——kaerareru—kaer=—skaerareru ‘eraser as ET Mot eR ok ht ons Bons 55 oD wees retumVERB CoNTUGATIONS | 155 154 | APPENDIX plain form -masu form -feform -naiform -taform _-ba form conditional potential _volitional pass causative kakaru—kakarimasu — akatte —kakaranaikakatta —_—kakareba Kakattara = fakaro bee HORT HhoT ABE ho hit hohs = md take (money, time) Kaku kakimasu——aite-—sRakamai ata’ ——akeba eaitara sakeru kako kakareru——_kakaseru BSS ERT Ber Bee ae BH mene ane BED ths oes draw, waite kasu —‘kashimasu —kashite—kasanai—kashita’—_—kaseba fashitara ——_kaseru asd asareru ——asaseru Re LET RUT RES Rls Ree Runs wes Reo KE tees fend kau kaimasu ‘katte kawanai atta kaeba katara kaeru fap kawarers kawaseru moment Mot ban Wok Hons AS Rid RRS. Rows buy ‘kawakasu kawakashimasu kawakashite kawakasanai kawakashita kawakaseba fawakashitara kawakaseru kawakasé kawakasareru kawakasasera ert MeL ROUT MRERN eLA teanel wens mes eres Rene Mmeee ay (0 awaku kawakimasu kawaite —kawakasanai kawaita —_kawakeba Kawaitara = kawaks = - ee Reet eT Ree ROR Rb woes = we) = = ay Racaru —kazarimasu —kazatte—‘kararanaihazatta’—_azareba Aacatara ——kacareru—kaaré——Razarareru —kazaraseru feet aot mean mek maa fons tee 59 Mohs mes decorate kesu Keshimasu ——keshite——_kesanai keshita keseba keshitara keseru kasi ‘kesarera ‘Kesaseru me mae auto maan eee URS mes eo Mans mats put out fire, tur off light () kiku—ikimasu ite Kitanal ta kikeba tara Iker ike ikareru——Kikaseru mo mat Bie ee mE more mos WZ> Mohs me listen Kimara kimarimasu imate kimaranai—‘Kimatta.—_kimareba kimatiara = Kimaro = - Bas RENE | BOT ARETE OR EE Bons - a59 - - decide () kine kirimasu kite iranai ita ireba Kiara ireru irs firareru——_Kiraseru ae onet Wot woe Bor ont Woks ons ad mons mews eu kogu —kogimasu ——koide koganai—koida kogeba foldara kogeru ogo kogarera ogasera ac meat mee ae moe ae mes ms Mes mains aes vow komars —komarimasu —Komatte —komaranai_komatia’ —_‘komareba Komattara = komaré - omaraseru ms mbar Hoe) Meas lok nu Bons = B39 - ews bein trouble156 | APPENDIX ‘VERB CONTUGATIONS | 157 plain form -masu form te form —-naiform taform _-ba form conditional potential __volitional__ passive causative komu —komimasu—konde ~—komanai_—konda_~——komeba kondara = komo - komaseru me may At REE RA BIE BAK = Heo - wares bbe crowded korosu —koroshimasu koroshite korosanai__koroshita —_koroseba koroshitara —koroseru ——korosd—korosareru—_korosaseru ar aay WUT RE BLUR mee murs aes Bt Rens eee kill ‘maniau —maniaimasu —maniatte—maniawanai_ maniatta _maniaeba ‘maniattara = maniad = mire) Mceoet — MchoT Mea Mebok Micka tb - mires be on time, be enough ‘matsu —machimasu matte —matanai_—=— mata. == mateba ‘mattara matera mats ‘matareru ——_-mataseru > eaT Hot | RE Hot weir Hons wes fe fhe hes wait ‘mayou — mayoimasu—-mayotte ~—-mayowanal mayotta. ~—mayoeba ‘mayottara —mayoeru —mayod.—mayowareru mayowaseru rs aot Hot Mba Mok mur Bons mAs ike bhs bes beat a loss ‘migaku —migakimasu —migaite __migakanai_migaita_—_migakeba ‘migaitara —migakeru—migakd—migakareru—_migakaseru a meee aoc mee Blk mine mons mite m3 mows polish, brush, shine ‘mitsukaru mitsukarimasu mitsukatte mitsukaranal mitsukatta mitsukareba smitsukattara | — rmitsukars = Kops Hompat — omat Ronse Slomok Romhit omroté = ponas = bbe found out () ‘morau —moraimasu —moratie—-morawanai_ moratta ~—moraeba ‘morattara ——moraeru = morad.~—smorawareru—morawaseru ww Roast Rot | bt Boek mae Hons mas Re Ribs Rbes, be given, receive motsu —mochimasu motte —molanai_~—motta’ === moteba mottara moter moto ‘motareru——motaseru #o oat fot RAR Hoe weer fons wes we Rens ares have, hold naku —nakimasu nate nakanai —naita nakeba naitara nakeru ako nakareru ——nakaseru ac weet et ee OR ane iors ae cosy ions Hoes ey nakunaru nakunarimasu nakunatte nakunaranai nakunatta nakunareba nakunattara = — nakunard | — - 2628 RLRNET Rk aoT RL ESE Rok BCE Bk bots ~ aines = pass away, diseppear naoru —naorimasu ——naotte —naoranai-—naotta ~—naoreba naotara naoreru —naorS. —magrareru —_naoraseru we wnat Hot | RY Hor maw Hons mh 33 mens noes recover, be fixed () naosu —naoshimasu naoshite naosanai__naoshita —_naoseba naoshitara —naoseru == naos6 == maosareru —_naosaseru uy klar Lt ee mL aa wus wes me ens wees fix, mend ()158 | APPENDIX ‘VERB CONTUGATIONS | 159 plain form -masuform form _-naiform aform _-ba form conditional potential volitional passive causative narabu — narabimasu —narande —narabanainaranda —_—narabeba narandara naraberu narabo narabarera —_ narabaseru be Moar mae uae RAE Be gins exe gs aires stand in line (i) narau naraimasu arate narawanai — naratta naraeba ‘narattara naraeru narad narawareru — narawaseru BD Reky | Boe Bhan Bok BA Bons) BAS RED Bona Hows tear aru narimase nate —naranal —natta = nareba ratore arent nar narareru——_narasera Be abet Boe BSah Bok ha Bons Bk 255 bons owe become nokor —notorimasu nokote nokoranai nokotta _nokoreba rokorara _nakoreru —_nokord—nolorareru—_nokorasera Re Roe Roe Moa Roe he Rone RAS ah awe remain (i) rotor notoshimasu nokoshite nolosanai nokoshita nokoseba rokosktara —nokoser —_nokos6-—nokasareru—_nokosseru BY Rush RUT mee RL uss RS RED Eh ews Teave, remain () roi nomimasu onde nomanai onda nomeba rondara nomeru——nomd-—romarert —_nomasera ke warp ae ea AE be mass tans esas aes drink rors norimaru note —noranai’—notta = noreba rowara ——norert = norB_—=—norareru—_norasere a ee Se Sd fons ae o> Rone Rete ston rum nusumimasu —musunde —nusumanaiusinda—nusumeba amerdora — nusimer—mugumed—unamarere —rusunasers Be Rasy Bae mean Rae mie macs tims eo,” Bune aes steal dora oorimasu adore odoranai—odota—_odoraha edouara ——odoreru—odor-—odrareru—_odoraseru me pay Moe Misa ok nue mons hsm) hemes dance cokes okeshimasuokashite okasanai —okoshita—_oloseba okoshitara okosert —okos—olosareru—_okosseru fey gcvay gsue | gesan REL Boer frute, wees, | wees cane, eres wake up (t) ou okimaru itech. ota okeba oitara clea ok sokareru—okaseru moo mess moe Rc mo ROH mors Re ED ene paton okuru okurimasu okutte okuranai —okutta okureba okuttara okureru okurd okurareru okurasera Be oer Soe ee ok ae fone aes) ene owe send omou omoimasu omotte omowanai — omotta omoeba omottara omoeru omos omowareru — omowaseru S> ghay | Bot Boe Bok aE sone) Bas Be) Bone Bows160 | aPrENDix VERB CONIUGATIONS | 161 plainform -masu form teform -naiform ‘a form __-ba form conditional _potential__volitional_ passive causative ores oroshimasuoroshiteorosanai_—oroshita_—_orosebal ‘roshitara oroseru——oros-—=—sorosareru—_orosaseru Roy WslEh MLC BERN WSL SHE aLn5 Wate SED MBEKS EHS put dovin (t) osu oshimasu shite -—osanai_-—oshita’—~—oseba oshitara sent 0x6 osareru——_osaseru ae may RUC Rate MUR Me URS es Re> Bans fees push, otosu otashimasu —otoshite ofosanai—otoshita—ofoseba otoshitara —otoseru—otos_—otasareru ——_otosaseru Wey ELAS LUT MERA MELA EMH Berns Mees MELD HEARS | BEaES ar0p (0) oware —owarimasu —owatte_—owaranai-—owatta. ~—owareba owattara ——owareru—owarasdowarareru —_owaraseru Be RENRF ROOT RSD Rok DRE bots RAS RHSED RbohS SES finish ayogu —oyogimasu —_oyoide —ayoganal oyoida-—_oyogeba yoldara —ayogeru —«oyog—ayogareru —_ayogaseru we NET Hee tan Oe oe sees mers AOD ahs wanes swim Sagara sagarimasu sagatte—sagaranaisagatta —_sagareba Sagattara sagareru—sagard——sagarareru—_sagaraseru Fis FaDRT Pato Fab Falht Faoks «THRE. FHSS Fathe | Tatts 0 down, step bac, retire sagasu sagashimasu sagashite sagasanalsagashita_sagaseba sagashtara sagaseru sagas sagasareru —_sagasaseru By Rat ROUT REG ORUR mee URS nee me> mans meee Took for salu sakimasu site sakanai—saita———sakeba saitara sakes soko sakareru—_sakaseru mo eat BOT Bee ite mies rs woo Mah mmr bloom shimaru shimarimasu shimatteshimaranal shimatta—_shimareba shimauara - shimars - mis Manes | MoT MRSA Mt MEhIE cree = ma23 = - close () shira—shirimasu shite shiranai_—shitta——shireba shivara shireru shir shirareru——shiraseru ms MEF Mot MR oak fons mons m33 0 faehe mses know sugosu —sugothimasu sugoshite sugosanai sugoshita_sugoseba sugoshitara sugoseru——sugosd_—sugosareru—_sugosaseru wey MELAS MELT ERD MELA cee weLss 0 Mes 2d wEEHS MEE ess suswmu —suswmimasu —susunde —susumanaisusunda—_susumeba sucundara ——susumert—susumd—susumareru—susumaseru ae Mary RAT we ve ans mes wats aes advance, go ahead sue suimasu gute suvamal = surta suede utara sueru sus suvarera——suwasera 95 Ry OT Mba mons mas mes RBS mbes smoke162 | aprenoix VERB CONTUGATIONS | 163 plain form -masu form teform —-naiform ta form —_-ba form conditional _potential _volitional’_ passive causative suwart — suwarimasu —suwatte —suwaranaisuwatta’—_suwareba suwattara —suwareru——suwaré-—suwarareru—_suwaraseru mS may Bot ER Bok mat Boks mone BAD mons mots sitdown tatu tachimasu ratte fatanai tata tatéba tartara tater sat6 tatarera taraseru a wet Mot HAR ok wee Mok a8 ako hn hee stand up fomaru tomarimasu tomatte _—tomaranaitomatta—_tomareba fomattara tomareru —tomard—tomarareru—_tomaraseru eS EDS oT bea kote Ab oh bens AES REND ako stop () tore ——torimasu tote toranai —totta toreba tottara toreru ‘ore forareru ——_toraseru RS moat Mot BEY Mok ment Boks mS ms mens noes pick up, take toukaw —tsukaimasu —tsukatte —tsukawanai tsukatta —_tsukaeba fsukattara —tsukaeru —tsukaS = tsukawareru —tsukawaseru > et Mot teeta wear fone rs tess fons bes use tsuku ——tsukimasu suite tsukanai—_tsuita tsukeba tsuitara tsukeru suk tsukareru—tsukaseru aK weet wet ea Boe aun Bors was #9 Bons ees arrive () tsukura —tswkurimasu —isukutte —tsukuranai tsukutia —_tsukureba tsukuttara —tsukureru —tsukur—tsukurarera —tsukuraseru es oer fot ERY hot tri tok tne 59 feone oes ‘make tsuzuku —tsuzukimasu —tsuzuite —tsuzukanaitsuzuita —_tsugukeba tsuguitara ——tsugukeru—tsueukd—tsuukareru —tsuzukaseru as weet wet eto Roe Bors rd ac wens wees goon @) ugoku —ugokimasu —_ugoite _—ugokanal_—ugolta~—ugokeba uugoitara ugokers ——ugokS—ugokareru —_ugokaseru as wary Bee ee mi au ee wits ie3 Sone prery ure urimasu tte uranai uta reba utara rer wb rarer wrasen #8 moat Bot KBR seit Rohe ha BAD mons BOeS sell au wtaimasu tate tawanal—uttata = utaeba uattara uraeru tad uaware'u —utawaserw > mor Bot RE Rok ma Bons mA Re tens Rbes sing. uisuru —utsurimasu —utsutte——utsuranai—utsutta —utsureba uisutara ——utsureru sur utsurareru—_utsuraseru es oat Bot BEAN BOR whit Bors Bhs Bs) Bons ows ‘move, change, transfer wakare wakarimasu wakatte — wakaranaiwakatta —_wakareba wakattara - wakaré — wakararers—wakaraseru Bhd Senet — Hot BRIN Hho Pht Boks = Hee Sm’ Sena understand164 | APPENDIX ERB CONTUGATIONS | 165 plain form -masu form teform —-naiform -taform _-baform conditional potential __volitional__ passive ‘causative amu yamimasu—yande ——yamanai_—yanda—‘yameba yandara = yams = yamasera ike kaa HAT kee EAE aki AES = £65 = ees stop yaru —yarimasu ——yatte——yaranai yatta yareba vyattara yareru yard yararer —yaraseru es RUE Pot BR ok Ph RokS Phe 253 OnE Pees do, give yaswmu — yasumimasu yasunde —yasumanai yasunda—_yasumeba yasundara —yasumeru—yastmd-—yasumareru _yasumaseru ie that wae at ae pe eas es er kas ieee rest yomu —yomimasu—yonde —yomanai_—yonda-~—=—yomeba yondara yomeru —-yomé-—=—yomareru—_yomaseru me maRt RAT mah | MAR wit RAED mos Meo aS meee read yoru yorimasu——yotte—=—yoranai_—youta yoreba yottara yorera ors yorareu ——_yoraseru 0 apet Got Hem ok HE Hots wns es wen eos pass over, drop in (Grp 2 Aa lainform -masu form -feform -naiform -taform _-ba form conditional potential __ volitional _ passive causative ageru —agemasu —agete~—agenai_—=—sageta——sagereba agetara ‘agerarera—agey—agerarert—_agesaseru awe bust kot kWe ke kip ERS Eyshs = buss kWSnS ines sive fakeru—akemasu ——akete-—akenai = aketa’~——akereba aketara akerareru akeyd —akerareru—_akesaseru ms ET mire ihe tat mares Misns = Mn SHS | mUNAS open (0 arawareru arawaremasu arawarete arawarenai arawareta arawarereba larawaretara arawarerareru arawareyd arawarerareru arawaresaseru Bhs Raat Bho Rha RE mt mans Wnehs hk? MASKS MAES appear (i (288 be expressed) demu demasu dete denai deta dereba detara derareru dey derareru——desaseru me at we tien ais wait axe wens a3 hone wees 0 out () furs fuemasu —fuete—fuena feta ———fuereba fuetara fuerarert fey —fuerareru —_fuesaseru mas maa mat Mt Wa Mahe Maes Mass MARS MASKS MAES increase () ajimeru hajimemasu —hajimete —hajimenai —_hajimeta—_hajimereba hajimetara —hajimerareru hajimeyd —hajimerareru hajimesaseru 2 hat ac ek Me sees none BED ASS HES start, begin (0)‘VERB CONIUGATIONS | 167 166 | APPENDIX plain form -masu form -teform -naiform —-taform ba form conditional _potential__volltional’_passive causative jreru—iremasu irete irenai irera irereba iretara irerareru rey irerareru_iresaseru Ane ARaT Ane Ane Ane Athit ARES ARGS — ANKI — AHBHE ARES put in (t) kaeru — kaemasu —kaete——kaenai acta kaereba kaetara kacrareru —kaeyd ~—kaerareru —_—ikaesaseru mis maat BAT AY A wan BARS HASKS = MALI ASKS | HAERS change kakere kakemasu —kakete ——kakenai ~—kaketa’—kakereba aketara akerareru kakeyd —_kakerareru —_kakesaseru oe tat DHT mtb tt muynig RS mene AYES HENS mS ‘make a phone call, hang, spend time kangaera kangaemasu kangaete kangaenai_kangaeta__kangaereba kangaetara —_kangaerareru kangaey _kangaerarerukangaesaseru BAS BRET AAT RE Ha sunt BARS BAKE BARD HASHES | HAEHS think Kiera kiemasu kiete Kienai kieta Kiereba Kietara ierareru —_kieyd Kierareru —_iesaseru WAS MART WAT Maa Hak mane mans Washes = HARD WAShS HAS put out, be turned off (i) Kikoeru kikoemasu —_kikoete.—ikikoenai—kikoeta—ikikoereba Kikoetara - kikoeyo = - MRS MCRRY — MIAT OME MAR MARIE EARS = MERES = = can be heard Kimeru—kimemasu—_kimete_—ikimenai—kimeta—_—kimereba Kimetara kimerarerukimeyd—_kimerareru—_imesaseru os uot wee Ba nie ORS mons ED ENS EES decide Kireru— kiremasu ——_kirete——ikirenai’—skreta’—kirereba Kiretara - Kireyo - - ons oneT whe | whee ahs annie ake - hes - = be cut, stop (i) kin imasu ite kina ita Kireba kitara Kirareru yd kirareru kisaseru a eet ae gan ae wht ane bored BED ons wees ut on kowareru kowaremasu kowarete kowarenai kowareta —_kowarereba kowaretara - kowareyd - whe hey mee hath annie ane = ane? - - break () kureru —kuremasu ——kurete——kurenai —hureta’—_—urereba uretara kurerareru — kureyS ——‘kurerareru _‘kuresaseru chs Chet car chee cae ene mks Ewe sleep iru mau te inal nita reba ritara hirarers nip irareru——_nitateru emer oe ake tue me Bens MED Bhs ews resemble, look lke noritaeru noritaemasu norikaete norikaenai norikaetanorikaereba norikaetra —norikaerarers norkaeyS —norkaerareru norikaesasera AOWLS AOMLET— RDMLC ROME ROBE ADMAnIE RomLES «—ROAAGNS ROMALD MOMLONE SORATES transfer (a tain, bus, te) yosert noserasu —_nosete—nosenai-—noseta—nosereba rosetara ——noserareru—osey8—noserareru—_nosesasert aes Resy mee mea gee ate fans eens men) RUSE. REESE Ut something on, place on the top of) cachiru —ochimasu oct ochinal. ~~ ochita_—ochireba ochitra ——ochirareruochiy_—ochirareru_—_ochiraseru Wes weer ST ea wR Btu Bere || bene | WEED WbSNS. Bows fal, drop () ert oemasu ote = oenal. = oeta—_ reba ctara ccrareru —oty0_—=—soerarert—_oesaseru mis waey RET eat fats Rasws mags acne Rags finish, end @) oli olimasu ote —okna-—=—okita reba ctitara ——otrarera okirareru —_olisaseru mas gees ee ew ken wane fees ean uaons = kaees setup rim —orimasu——orite—orinal—orita—orireba ortara ——_orirareru orirareru —_orisateru mos bey | Oa OR ene mors SRE mnske enews setott ‘ashieru oshiemasu —oshitte—oshenai_—oshieta—_oshereba ashitara ——_oshierareruoshey—_oshlerareru—_oshiesaseru was MAE AT ABR tale fans BaShS” RAED Rh. BAERS teach shimere shimemasu shimete shimenai—shimeta_—_shimereba shimetarashimerareru_shimeyD —shimerareru—shimesaseru mos mes Beamon mone pen bE? «© Munons moses close, shut (0 shirabera shirabemast shirabeteshirabenai shirabeta—_shirabereba shirabetara shiraberaeru shirabey8—shiraberarerushirabesaseru BAe ET BC Beate Be Bee MRSA BRED BINS BIKERS check, examine

Japanese Verbs at A Glance

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Japanese Verbs at A Glance

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