GII TCH HM NHIU BIN

CHNG I: O HM V VI PHN
CHNG II : TCH PHN BI
CHNG III: TCH PHN NG
CHNG IV: TCH PHN MT
CHNG V: CHUI S - CHUI LY
THA

CHNG I: O HM V VI PHN

1: Cc khi nim c bn
2: o hm ring
3: Kh vi v Vi phn
4: o hm ring v vi phn hm hp
5: o hm ring v vi phn hm n
6: o hm theo hng Vecto gradient
7: Cng thc Taylor Maclaurint
8: Cc tr hm nhiu bin : Cc tr t do, cc tr
c iu kin, GTLN-GTNN trong min ng

1 : Cc khi nim c bn
nh ngha hm 2 bin : Cho D l tp con ca R2
Hm 2 bin f(x,y) l nh x f : D R
( x, y ) f ( x, y ) z

Min (Tp) xc nh ca hm l tt c cc gi tr
ca (x,y) lm biu thc ca hm c ngha
Min (Tp) gi tr ca hm l tp cc gi tr m hm
c th nhn c

1 : Cc khi nim c bn
V d : Tm MX, MGT ca hm f ( x, y ) 9 x 2 y 2
MX l hnh trn D ( x, y ) R 2 : x 2 y 2 9
MGT l on [0,3]

MX

3
f(x,y)
3

(x,y)
MGT

1 : Cc khi nim c bn

x y 1
V d: Cho hm f ( x, y )
x 1
Tnh f(2,1) v tm MX ca f
Gii :
a. f(2,1) = 2
b. MX :
Ta ly na mt
phng pha trn
ng thng x+y+1
= 0 v b i ton b
ng x = 1

1 : Cc khi nim c bn

Cho f(x, y) l hm 2 bin vi MX l D. th ca f l

tp tt c cc im M(x, y, z)R3, vi (x,y)D, z= f(x, y)

th hm z = f(x, y) l phn mt cong S, khc

vi th hm 1 bin y = f(x) l phn ng cong.

1 : Cc khi nim c bn
Hnh trn m tm M0(x0,y0), bn knh r k hiu
B(M0,r) l tp

B(M0 , r ) M R : d (M, M0 ) r
2

( x, y ) R 2 : ( x x0 )2 ( y y 0 )2 r

Hnh trn (khng

tnh ng trn)
m ny cn c
gi l mt r - ln
cn ca im M0

B(M0,r)

M0
r

1 : Cc khi nim c bn
Cho tp D v 1 im M thuc R2. Ta nh ngha 2
loi im nh sau :
im trong : M1 gi l im
trong ca D nu tn ti t
nht r1 > 0 sao cho r1- ln
cn ca M1 l B(M1,r1) nm
hon ton trong D.
im bin : M2 gi l
im bin ca D nu vi
mi r2 > 0, hnh cu m
B(M2,r2) cha nhng im
thuc D v nhng im
khng thuc D.

M1

M2

1 : Cc khi nim c bn Gii hn v lin tc

Tp D c gi l tp ng nu D cha mi im bin
ca n. Tp cc im bin ca D gi l bin ca D
Tp D c gi l tp m nu R2\D l tp ng, khi ,
mi im thuc D u l im trong, D khng cha bt
k im bin no
Tp D c gi l tp b chn nu n c cha trong
mt hnh cu no , tc l r : D B(O, r )
Nh vy, c nhng tp ch cha 1 phn bin m
khng cha ton b bin nn s l tp khng m,
khng ng.
V d: Hnh v slide trc l tp khng ng, khng
m

1 : Cc khi nim c bn
V d : Cho D l phn hnh cu
D ( x, y , z ) R 3 : x 2 y 2 z 2 4

Bin ca D l ton b mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 4, do
D khng cha bt k im bin no tc l mi im
thuc D u l im trong. Vy D l tp m
V d : Cho hnh vnh khn
D ( x, y ) R 2 : 1 x 2 y 2 4
Bin ca D l 2 ng trn x2 + y2=1 v x2+y2 = 4
nm hon ton trong D nn D l tp ng

1 : Cc khi nim c bn

V d : Trong R2 cho min D

D ( x, y ) R 2 : x y 3, x 0, y 0
Bin ca D l 3 on OA,
OB, AB. Min D khng
cha on AB tc l D
khng cha mi im bin
nn D khng l tp ng.

O
A
Tuy nhin, D khng l tp m v D cha cc im
bin thuc on OA, OB
Tp D l tp b chn v ta c th ly ng trn ngoi
tip tam gic OAB, ng trn ny cha min D tc l
D nm hon ton trong 1 hnh cu m

1 : Cc khi nim c bn
Gii hn hm : Hm f(x,y) vi min xc nh D c
gi l c gii hn bng L khi M(x,y) dn n M0(x0,y0),
k hiu
lim f ( x, y ) L
( x ,y )( x0 ,y 0 )

hoc

lim f x, y L

x x0
y y0

nu 0, 0 : M ( x, y ) D,d (M,M0 ) ,

f x, y L
nh ngha ny tng t nh ngha gii hn hm 1
bin: Khong cch gia M v M0 gim dn th khong
cch gia f(x,y) v L cng gim dn

1 : Cc khi nim c bn
ngha: Khi khong cch gia M v M0 gim dn th
khong cch gia f(x,y) v L cng gim dn

1 : Cc khi nim c bn
Hm lin tc : Hm f(x,y) c gi l lin tc ti (x0,y0)
lim f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y 0 )
nu f (x0,y0) xc nh v
( x ,y )( x0 ,y 0 )

Hm lin tc trn min D nu n lin tc ti mi

im thuc min D
Tng, tch, thng ca 2 hm lin tc l hm lin tc
Hp ca 2 hm lin tc l mt hm lin tc
Cc hm s cp lin tc ti mi im thuc MX

2 : o hm ring
nh ngha o hm ring:
Cho hm 2 bin f(x,y), 1 im (x0,y0) thuc min
xc nh ca hm f. t g(x)=f(x,y0); nu hm g(x)
c o hm ti x=x0 th ta gi l o hm ring
theo bin x ca hm f ti im (x0,y0) v k hiu l
f

g x0 fx x0 , y 0 x0 , y 0 Dx f x0 , y 0
x
Ta c:

g x g x0
,x x x0
g x0 lim
x x0
x x0

fx( x0 , y 0 )

f ( x0 x, y 0 ) f ( x0 , y 0 )
f
( x0 , y 0 ) lim
x 0
x
x

2 : o hm ring
Tng t, ta c nh ngha hr ca hm f theo bin y
f
fy x0 , y 0 x0 , y 0 Dy f x0 , y 0
y
f x 0 , y 0 y f x0 , y 0
lim
y 0
y

Nu f l hm nhiu hn 2 bin, ta cng nh ngha

o hm ring tng t
Quy tc: Khi tnh o hm ring ca hm nhiu bin
theo 1 bin no , ta coi cc bin khc l hng s
Cc o hm ring ca hm n bin x1, x2, , xn (ni
chung) li l cc hm n bin x1, x2, , xn

2 : o hm ring
V d: Trong nhng ngy nng, ta s cm thy
nng hn khi m trong khng kh thp (kh
hanh) v mt m hn khi m trong khng kh
cao hn. Ngi ta t ra khi nim ch s nhit (K
hiu l I) m t s kt hp gia nhit thc t
(T) v m trong khng kh (H). Vy I l hm
theo 2 bin T v H :

I f T ,H
Di y l bng cc gi tr ca ch s nhit I theo
nhit thc t T (0F) v m khng kh H (%)
Lu : Nhit ng bng ca nc l 00C=320F
v quy i 10C=1.80F

2 : o hm ring
H: m
(%)
T: Nhit
thc t (0F)

Cho H=70% c nh, ta xem xt tc thay i ca

ch s nhit I khi c nh m H=70%. Lc ny I ch
cn ph thuc vo T
,t : g T f T ,70 , th o hm ca g khi T=960F
l tc thay i ca I khi T=960F=35,60C

2 : o hm ring
Ta c:
g 96 h g 96
f 96 h,70 f 96,70
g 96 lim
lim
h 0
h 0
h
h

Tnh xp x g(96) bng cch s dng bng trn vi

2 trng hp h=2, h=-2
g 98 g 96 f 98,70 f 96,70
4
g 96

2
2
g 94 g 96 f 94,70 f 96,70
g 96

3.5
2
2
Ly gi tr trung bnh, ta c gi tr xp x
g 96 3.75

2 : o hm ring

g 96 3.75
iu ny c ngha l khi m khng kh l 70% v
nhit thc t l 960 F 35.60 C
th ch s nhit
tng khong 3,750 F 2.10 C cho mi tng thc t
Tng t, ta nhn hng ng vi T=960, tc l gi c
nh T, v t G(H)=f(96,H)
Tnh o hm G(70) bng cch cho h = 5 v h = -5,
ri ly trung bnh cng nh trn, ta c kt qu:
G 70 0.9
iu ny c ngha l khi nhit l 35.60C v m
l 70% th ch s nhit tng khong 0.90 F 0.50 C
cho mi phn trm m tng ln.

2 : o hm ring
ngha hnh hc ca hr ca hm f(x,y) ti (a,b):
Gi S l mt cong z=f(x,y)
Xt trong mp y=b: C1 l
giao tuyn ca mp vi
mt S th pt C1 l f(x,b), T1
l tip tuyn ca C1 ti
P(a,b,f(a,b)) th o hm
fx(a,b) l h s gc ca
tip tuyn T1
Tng t: fy(a,b) l h s
Ta gi fx(a,b) l h s
gc ca tip tuyn T2 tc
gc ca mt S theo
l h s gc ca mt S
phng Ox ti P(a,b,c)
theo phng Oy ti P

2 : o hm ring

V d: Tnh o hm ring ti (x,y)=(1,1) ca hm

f ( x, y ) 4 x 2 2y 2 ,v v hnh minh ha

fx 2x fx 1,1 2

H s gc ca tip tuyn
vi ng cong C1 ti
(1,1,1) l - 2

fy 4y fy 1,1 4

H s gc ca tip tuyn
vi ng cong C2 ti
(1,1,1) l - 4

2 : o hm ring
V d: Tnh o hm ring ca cc hm sau:
a. f(x,y)= x 2 y 2
cos

b. f(x,y)=e

x
y

c. f(x,y,z)=ln(x+e ) xyz
x
Gii :

, fy
a. fx
x2 y 2
y

b. fx e

cos

x
y

y
x2 y 2

x
cos

x
x
1
x
y
sin , fy e
sin 2
y

y y
y

y
1
e

c. fx

yz
,f

xz
,
f
y
z xy
y
y
x e
x e

2 : o hm ring
V d : Cho hm f ( x, y ) 3 x 3 y 3 Tnh fx, fy ti (0,0)
Gii :
Nu tnh bng cch thng thng, ta s khng tnh
c hr ti im c bit (0,0). Do , ta s tnh
cc hr trn bng nh ngha
3
3
f (x,0) f (0,0)

fx (0,0) lim
lim
1
x 0
x
x 0
x

V vai tr ca x, y nh nhau trong hm f nn ta

cng c fy(0,0) = 1

2 : o hm ring

x
V d : Tnh cc hr ca hm f x, y , z
y

Gii: Ta tnh 3 hr ca hm 3 bin

h theo x: y, z l hng s

z1
z1

z x
x x
fx z. . .
y y
y y
x

z1
z1

x
x x
zx
h theo y: x, z l hng s fy z. . 2 .
y
y y
y
y

x
x
fz .ln
y
y
z

h theo z: x,y l hng s

2 : o hm ring
o hm cp 2 ca hm f(x,y) l o hm ca o
hm cp 1:
2

o hm cp f ( x , y ) f ( x , y ) f (f )( x , y )
xx
0
0
x x
0
0
x 2 0 0
2 theo x:
2

f
o hm cp
fyy ( x0 , y 0 ) 2 ( x0 , y 0 ) fy(fy )( x0 , y 0 )
2 theo y:
y
o hm cp
2 hn hp:

2f
fxy ( x0 , y 0 )
( x0 , y 0 ) fx(fy )( x0 , y 0 )
y x

2f
fyx ( x0 , y 0 )
( x0 , y 0 ) fx(fy)( x0 , y 0 )
xy

2 : o hm ring
nh l Schwarz : Nu hm f(x,y) v cc o hm
ring fx, fy, fxy, fyx tn ti v lin tc trong min m
cha (x0,y0) th fxy(x0,y0) = fyx(x0,y0)
Ghi ch :
1. i vi cc hm s cp thng gp, nh l
Schwarz ng ti cc im tn ti o hm
2. nh l Schwarz cn ng cho cc o hm ring
t cp 3 tr ln. Tc l cc o hm ring hn
hp bng nhau khi s ln ly o hm theo mi
bin bng nhau, m khng ph thuc vo th t
ly o hm theo cc bin

2 : o hm ring
V d: Tnh o hm ring n cp 2 ca hm
f ( x, y ) sin(e x e y )
Gii :
Hm 2 bin nn ta tnh 2 o hm ring cp 1
x
x
y
y
x
y

fx e cos(e e ), fy e cos(e e )

v 4 o hm ring cp 2

fxx e x cos(e x e y ) e x sin(e x e y ) ,

fyy e y cos(e x e y ) e y sin(e x e y ) ,
fxy fyx e xe y sin(e x e y )

2 : o hm ring
Tng t, ta c cc o hm ring cp (n+1) l o
hm ca o hm cp n

V d: Tnh o hm ring cp 3 ca hm:

f(x,y) = x2y 3ex+y
Gii:
x y
2
x y

2
xy

3
e
,
f

3
e
2 o hm ring cp 1 : x
y

x y
x y

4 o hm ring cp 2 : fxx 2y 3e , fyy 3e ,

fxy fyx 2 x 3e x y
8 o hm ring cp 3:

x y
xy
,f
2 3e
f f ,
xxy
yxx
xyx
x y
xy
f 3e
,f
3e
f f
yyy
yyx
yxy
xyy
f 3e
xxx

2 : o hm ring
Ghi nh: o hm ring cp cao hn hp bng nhau
nu s ln ly o hm theo cc bin bng nhau
(khng k n th t ly o hm theo tng bin)
V d: Cho hm f(x,y,z) = xcosy 2ysinz. Tnh o
hm ring cp 2.
3 o hm cp 1:
fx cos y , fy x sin y 2sin z, fz 2y cos z
9 o hm cp 2

fxx 0, fxy sin y fyx , fxz 0 fzx,

fyy x cos y , fyz 2cos z fzy , fzz 2y sin z