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Geotechnical Instrumentation Research Leads Into Development of Improved Mine Designs
Geotechnical Instrumentation Research Leads Into Development of Improved Mine Designs
Preprint 10-010
GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION RESEARCH LEADS INTO DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED MINE DESIGNS
H. Maleki, Maleki Technologies, Inc., Spokane, WA
measurement techniques including both hydraulic fracturing and
overcoring stress measurements (Bickle 1993, Doliner 2004).
ABSTRACT
th
year of research
This paper recognizes the 100
accomplishments by the mining industry resulting from close
cooperation among mining companies, geotechnical consultants and
researchers from the former United States Bureau of Mines in stability
assessments and development of improved and productive mine
designs. The paper provides an overview of dramatic developments in
geotechnical instrumentation, and its applications in the U.S. and
around the world for enhancing the understanding of ground response
to mining-induced changes in stress, resulting in improvements in
ground control technologies.
INTRODUCTION
Development of improved mine designs has become an
st
achievable goal in the 21 Century thanks to significant improvements
in geotechnical measurement techniques, great advances in numerical
modeling and decades of experience and evaluations in mining
projects all across the world. This success is attributed to close
cooperation between mining companies, academia and research
organizations. The researchers from the USBM made significant
contributions
by
implementing
comprehensive
underground
measurement programs, and making the results available to the mining
community to enhance our understanding of strata mechanics in
complex mining methods involving caving, load transfer, seismicity and
placement of backfill (Maleki 2006, Seymour et al 1988).
It was not; however, until the 1970s that the impact of in-situ
stress field on stability of the mine openings was fully recognized.
Central to the understanding of stress-induced failure mechanism
(Aggson 1978, 1979, Maleki et al 1991) was the development of stress
KE Y
50
Maximum P
Minimum Q
40
30
20
10
0
20
B
Figure 1. Horizontal stress concentration results, softer developed by
MTI.
10
DISTANC E , m
60
10
50
Disking
50
Disking
30
B
40
KE Y
Maximum P
KE Y
20
Ma ximum P
Minimum Q
Minimum Q
30
10
20
0
DISTANC E , m
10
DISTANC E , m
Location
Maximum,
MPa
Minimum,
MPa
Direction
of
maximum
Depth
of
cover, m
42
13.6
14.7
21
9.6
9.9
N88W
N79E
N73E
210
184
350
59
31
N70oE
1,830
AOvercoring site:
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
BHydraulic fracture,
Rangely oilfield
10 MPa
15 Mpa
N 73 E
Hole s 1 a nd 3
Sites 3 a nd 4
40
A
30
20
10
30
21 MPa
Site 1
42 MPa
N 88 W
10 MPa
14 MPa
N 79 E
KE Y
20
S ite 2
Ma ximum P
Minimum Q
150
0
10
150 300
Sca le , m
KE Y
DISTANC E , m
30
O ve rburde n
contours, m
Stre ss e llipse
31 MPa
59 MPa
N 70 E
Rangely O il F ield
3,600
F e brua ry
3,300
E ntry
3,000
B
May
B'
B ore hole
2,700
A'
2,400
15
12
Trona
Ma rlstone
9
2,100
KE Y
E ntry
6
3 2
Source
KE Y
Re ceive r
1 0
3
0
Are a of inte re st
KE Y
200
100
0
4
DIST ANC E , m
12
15 da ys
60 da ys
30 da ys
80 da ys
45 da ys
120 days
16
E ntry
175
1.25
100
125
75
25
50
1.00
C oal
She aring
0.12 cm/day
Bed separation
Sa ndstone
.75
Mudstone
C oal
Bed sepa ration
.50
Sa ndstone
0.1 cm/day
Mudstone
C oal
.25
0.05 cm/day
10
20
30
40
50
60
reduced the yield strength to 163 kN and the ductility to between 9 and
12 pct. When data from the instrumented roof bolts were reduced, the
correlation coefficients from the axial calibrations were used to convert
voltage changes to load changes. This process was accurate to
0.4 kN. The strain gauges used are functional to approximately
50,000 microstrain, and the slotted bolt will yield at approximately
2,300 microstrain.
TIME , days
The axial and bending loads at the locations with strain gauges
were compared to assess the support-rock interaction. The axial bolt
loads measured immediately after installation were generally less than
20 kN and increased rapidly in response to mining and strata
deformations. Figure 10 compares mean axial bolt load history for the
conventional test section.
2
1
KE Y
-25 to 0 kN
75 to 100 kN
0 to 25 kN
100 to 125 kN
25 to 50 kN
125 to 150 kN
50 to 75 kN
150 to yie ld
Table 3. Critical rate of sag for different mines using 6-m spans.
Critical
Time to
Mine
Number of measurements
rate,
caving,
cm/day
days
1
0.06
2 to 8
115
0.08*
NA
24
0.05
9 to 11
Figure 10. Roof bolt load profiles after bolt installation for conventional
section A: 1 day, B: 1 week, C: 2 months.
KE Y
No gauge
0 to 50 N-m
50 to 100 N-m
REFERENCES
Maleki, H., S. Signer and M. Jones, Evaluation of Support
Performance in a Highly Stressed Mine. Proc. 13th Intern. Conf.
on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown, WV, Aug. 2-4, 1994.
J.R. Aggson. In-Situ Stress Fields and Associated Mine Roof Stability.
Mini-Symposium Series No. 78-1, SME_AIME Annual Meeting,
Dallas, TX, 1978, 7 pp.
J.R. Aggson. Stress-Induced Failures in Mine Roof. U.S. Bureau of
Mines, RI 8338, 1979, 15pp.
2
+ +
7
13
11
12
14
10
Figure 11. Bolt bending moment profile one week after installation A:
Conventional section, B: Alternative section.
CONCLUSIONS
Development of improved mine designs has become an
st
achievable goal in the 21 Century thanks to significant improvements
in geotechnical measurement techniques, great advances in numerical
modeling and decades of experience and evaluations in mining
Maleki, H., R.W. McKibbin, and F.M. Jones. Stress Variations and
Stability in a Western U.S. Coal Mine. Pres. at SME ann. mtg.,
Albuquerque, NM, Feb. 14-17, 1994, 7 pp.
Raleigh, C.B.
Earthquake Control at Rangely,
Transactions, Am. Geophy. Un., v. 52, No. 4, 1971.
Colorado.
Signer, S.P., and S.D. Jones. Case Study on the Use of Grouted
Support in a Two-Entry Gate Road. Paper in Rock Mechanics
Contributions and Challenges: Proceedings of the 31st U.S.
Symposium, ed. by W.A. Hustrulid and G.A. Johnson (CO School
of Mines, Golden, CO, June 18-20, 1990). A.A. Balkema,
Rotterdam, Netherlands, pp. 145-152.