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Vapour Composition

Boiling Point Composition Graphs

Recall: Boiling point is the temperature at which the

vapour pressure of a liquid (in an open container) is equal

to the atmospheric pressure.
More volatile liquids have more molecules in the vapour

phase at any temperature, therefore, they will have lower

boiling points.

Boiling Point Composition Graphs

TA

TB

TA

TB

Non-Ideal Mixtures
Non-ideal behaviour is observed in many mixtures.
The intermolecular forces are NOT the same before and

after mixing of liquids.

Non-Ideal Mixtures

Positive Deviation

Negative Deviation

What if we plotted boiling point against mole fractions?

Colligative Properties: Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling points are increased when a solute is

dissolved in solution.

Where

is the elevation of the boiling point of the solvent is the

b.p. elevation constant
is the molal concentration of the solute
(

Colligative Properties: Freezing Point Depression

Solvent particles in a solution containing some solute are further

apart from when they are in pure solution.

Therefore freezing point of a solution is lower than in a pure solvent.

Where

is the depression of the freezing point of the

is the freezing point depression constant
is the molal concentration of the solute
(

solvent

Freezing Point Depression & Boiling Point Elevation

Phase Diagram of Pure Liquid and Solution

Containing Non-volatile Solute

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Boiling Point Elevation: Example

What is the molality of an aqueous glucose solution if the

boiling point of the solution at 1 atm pressure is 101.27

C?

Ans: 2.5 m

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Freezing point: Example

The freezing point of a 0.010 m aqueous solution of a

non-volatile solute is -0.072 C. What would you expect

the normal freezing point of this same solution to be?