Common Cations, Anions, Acids, Salts and Hydrate Nomenclature

Cations (positive ions)

Anions (negative ions)
Acids (H+ and anion)
H+
Hydrogen ion (proton)
NH4+ Ammonium ion
Main Group Ions
Li+ Lithium ion
Na+ Sodium ion
K+
Potassium ion
Rb+ Rubidium ion
Cs+ Cesium ion
Be2+ Beryllium ion
Mg2 Magnesium ion
Ca2+ Calcium ion
Sr2+ Strontium ion
Ba2+ Barium ion
AI3+ Aluminum ion
Sn2+ Tin(II) (stannous) ion
Sn4+ Tin(IV) (stannic) ion
Pb2+ Lead(II) (plumbous) ion
Pb4+ Lead(IV) (plumbic) ion
Sb3+ Antimony(III) (antimonous) ion
Sb5+ Antimony(V) (antimonic) ion
Bi3+ Bismuth(III) (bismuthous) ion
Bi5+ Bismuth(V) (bismuthic) ion
Transition metal ions
Cr2+ Chromium(II) (chromous) ion
Cr3+ Chromium(III) (chromic) ion
Mn2+ Manganese(II) (manganous) ion
Mn3+ Manganese(III) (manganic) ion
Fe2+ Iron(II) (ferrous) ion
Fe3+ Iron(III) (ferric) ion
Co2+ Cobalt(II) (cobaltous) ion
Co3+ Cobalt(III) (cobaltic) ion
Ni2+ Nickel(II) (nickelous) ion
Ni3+ Nickel(III) (nickelic) ion
Cu+ Copper(l) (cuprous) ion
Cu2+ Copper(II) (cupric) ion
Ag+ Silver(I) ion
Au+ Gold(I) (aurous) ion
Au3+ Gold(III) (auric) ion
Zn2+ Zinc ion
Cd2+ Cadmium ion
Hg22+ Mercury(I) (mercurous) ion
Hg2+ Mercury(II) (mercuric) ion

H
Hydride ion
F
Fluoride ion
Cl
Chloride ion
Br
Bromide ion
I
Iodide ion
2
O
Oxide ion
OH
Hydroxide ion
O22
Peroxide ion
S2
Sulfide ion
HS
Hydrogen sulfide ion
Se2
Selenide Ion
N3
Nitride ion

N3
Azide ion
P3
Phosphide ion
As3Arsinide ion
C4
Carbide ion
CN
Cyanide ion
Oxoanions
CIO1 Hypochlorite ion
CIO2 Chlorite ion
CIO3 Chlorate ion
ClO4 Perchlorate ion
SO32 Sulfite ion
SO42 Sulfate ion
HSO4 Hydrogen sulfate ion (bisulfate ion)
S2O32- Thiosulfate ion
NO2 Nitrite ion
NO3 Nitrate ion
PO33 Phosphite ion
PO43 Phosphate ion
HPO42 (Mono)hydrogen phosphate ion
H2PO4 Dihydrogen phosphate ion
CO32 Carbonate ion
HCO3 Hydrogen carbonate ion (bicarbonate ion)
C2O42 Oxalate ion
NCO Cyanate ion
OCN Isocyanate ion
SCN Thiocyanate ion
CrO42 Chromate ion
Cr2O72 Dichromate ion
MnO4 Permanganate ion

Salts (Made of ions, neutral in charge)

Name: (Cation)(anion) (prefix)hydrate (If # = 0 hydrate is omitted)

Formula: (Cation)m(Anion)n(#)H2O (If # = 0 H2O is omitted)

Examples

Cations on the left, anions on the right, charge must cancel

StrontiumChloride=StrontiumionsandChlorideions=Sr+2andCl=SrCl2
Multiples of polyatomic ions require parenthesis
AmmoniumSulfate=AmmoniumionsandSulfateions=NH4+andSO42=(NH4)2SO4
CalciumPhosphate=CalciumionsandPhosphateions=Ca2+andPO43=Ca3(PO4)2
Waters of hydration (use table to left)
copper(II)sulfatepentahydrate=CuSO45H2O

HF
HCl
HBr
HI

Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydroiodic acid

H 2S

Hydrosulfuric acid

HCN
Hydrocyanic Acid
Oxoacids
HCIO
Hypochlorous acid
HCIO2 Chlorous acid
HCIO3 Chloric acid
HClO4 Perchloric acid
H2SO3 Sulfurous acid
H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
H 2S 2O 3
HNO2
HNO3
H3PO3
H3PO4

Thiosulfuric acid
Nitrous acid
Nitric acid
Phosphorous acid
Phosphoric acid

H2CO3

Carbonic Acid

H 2C 2O 4
HOCN
HNCO
HNCS
H2CrO4
H2Cr2O7

Oxalic acid
Cyanic Acid
Isocyanic acid
Thiocyanic Acid
Chromic acid
(Di)Chromic acid

# of Water Prefix
1
Mono
2
Di
3
Tri
4
Tetra
5
Penta
6
Hexa
7
Hepta
8
Octa
9
Nona
10
Deca
11
Undeca

Common Covalent Binary Inorganic Compounds

# of atoms Prefix
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Mono
Di
Tri
Tetra
Penta
Hexa
Hepta
Octa
Nona
Deca

Common Examples (element closest to fluorine goes on right)

H2
O2
O3
H 2O
F2
HF
Cl2
HCl
Br2
I2

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Ozone
Water (Dihydrogen Monoxide)
Fluorine
Hydrogen fluoride
Chlorine
Hydrogen chloride
Bromine
Iodine

N2
NH3
NO
NO2
N 2O
N 2O 2
N 2O 4
CO
CO2
CCl4

Nitrogen
Ammonia
Nitrogen monoxide (Nitric Oxide)
Nitrogen dioxide
Dinitrogen monoxide (Nitrous oxide)
Dinitrogen dioxide
Dinitrogen tetroxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon tetrachloride

Organic Nomenclature and Symbolism

(Other group prefixes)(longest chain prefix)(highest bond root)(most important group suffix)
Bond Order Name Drawn Root Formula
Carbon
Chain Prefix
Carbon has 4 bonds
1
Single C-C
ane
CnH2n+2
In formula:
#
Systematic
Common**
Groups -1 H
2
Double C=C
ene
CnH2n
1
Methyl
Formyl
Other C-C bonds -2 H
3
Triple CC
yne
CnH2n-2
2
Ethyl
Acetyl
3
Propyl
Propionyl
Group Name
Drawn
Prefix
Suffix
4
Butyl
Butyryl
Amine
-NH2
Amino
amine
5
Pentyl
Valeryl
Ammonium ion
-NH3+
ammonium ion
6
Hexyl
Caproyl
7
Heptyl
Enanthyl
Carboxylic acid*
Carboxyl
oic acid
or -COOH or -CO2H
8
Octyl
Caprylyl
9
Nonyl
Pelargonyl
Carboxylate ion*
oate ion
or -COO- or -CO210
Decyl
Capryl
Alcohol
-OH
Hydroxy
ol
Drop yl from prefix for longest chain
-F
Fluoro
*Include carbon in chain prefix
-Cl
Chloro
Halogen
-Br
Bromo
**Dont use bond root (names only ane)
-I
Iodo
Drop o from carboxyl groups
Aromatic
Phenyl
(ic and ate)
or C6H5 or - or -Ph

Examples
Name Formula
Methane
CH4
Ethane
C 2H 6
Propane
C 3H 8
Butane
C4H10
Pentane
C5H12
Methanol CH3OH
Ethanol C2H5OH
Propanol C3H7OH
Butanol C4H9OH
Pentanol C5H11OH

Systematic Name
Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid
Pentanoic acid
Methanoate ion
Ethanoate ion
Propanoate ion
Butanoate ion
Pentanoate ion

Common Name
Formic acid
Acetic acid
Propionic acid
Butyric acid
Valeric acid
Formate ion
Acetate ion
Propionate ion
Butyrate ion
Valerate ion

Formula
HCO2H
CH3CO2H
C2H5CO2H
C3H7CO2H
C4H9CO2H
HCO2CH3CO2C2H5CO2C3H7CO2C4H9CO2-

Name
1,2-Dichloroethane
Methylamine
Methylammonium ion
1,3-butadiene
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Phenol

Formula
C2H4Cl2
CH3NH2
CH3NH3+
C 4H 6
HOCH2CO2H
C6H5OH

Special Names
Benzene
Toluene

Formula
C 6H 6
C6H5CH3

Most Common Formula Representations (All represent ethanol)

Example

C 2H 6O

CH3CH2OH

Name

Molecular Formula

Condensed Molecular
Formula

Structural Formula

Line Formula