Cc giao thc nh tuyn

Cc giao thc nh tuyn ni vng (interior gateway protocol)

TS. Trng Diu Linh

B mn Mng thng tin & Truyn thng
Vin Cng ngh thng tin & truyn thng
2/11/14

Mc lc
Giao thc nh tuyn RIP
Giao thc nh tuyn IGRP
Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF
Giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP
Kt lun

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Interior Gateway Protocols

uCc giao thc nh tuyn ni vng:
Distance Vector Rou/ng Protocol

Link-state vector protocols

IP phn lp

RIP

IGRP

IP khng
phn lp

RIPv2

EIGRP

OSPFv2 & IS-IS

IPv6

RIPng

EIGRP for IPv6

OSPFv3 & IS-IS for IPv6

Hnh 1: Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn ni vng

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Interior Gateway Protocols

uClassful routing: Nhng giao thc nh tuyn
khng gi km thng tin subnet mask cng vi
cc routing updates.
uMt router chy giao thc nh tuyn classful khi
nhn c mt tuyn ng mi s hot ng
theo 2 cch nh sau:
Nhng giao thc nh tuyn dng classful l RIPv1
v IGRP.

uClassless routing: Nhng giao thc nh tuyn

thuc dng classless routing gi km thng tin
subnet mask cng vi cc routing updates.
Mt s v d v cc giao thc nh tuyn classless l
RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF v IS-IS
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Chng : Giao thc nh tuyn RIP

Gii thiu
RIP v1
RIP v2

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Gii thiu
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
Giao thc nh tuyn bn trong cc h t tr
Gii hn ng i di nht 15 nt
S dng thut ton tim duong distance-vector,
Mi router thng xuyn cp nht bng nh tuyn
ca n sang hng xm
Khi mt router nhn c bng nh tuyn, n x l
cp nht ng i tt hn theo thut ton BellmanFord
chn ng i theo metrics c nh: s nt mng i
qua (hop count).
Ngc li vi cc metrics thay i theo thi gian thc: tin
cy, tr o c, ti
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Gii thiu
RIP c dng trn Internet
RIP c thi gian hi t chm, nn t c s dng hn so
vi Link-state protocol

RIP s dng UDP chuyn cc gi gn update

RIP c 2 phin bn, RIPv1 v RIPv2
Ti liu c t RIPv1: RFC-1058

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Gii thiu
uRIP phin bn 1 RIPv1 (RIP version 1):
RIPv1 s dng a ch IP phn lp (A,B,C,...)
RIPv1 khng c thng tin v mt n mng con
v khng h tr nh tuyn lin vng khng
phn lp CIDR (Classless Interdomain
Routing), chiu di mt n mng con thay i.
RIP v2 c cha thng gn chiu di mt n nn h tr
a ch khng phn lp

RIPv1 c m t trong RFC 1058 "Routing

Information Protocol" nm 1988.
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RIPv1
Khi mt router xut hin n gi Request Message n mi
nt khc
Cc nt khi nhn c s gi li Response Message vi bng
nh tuyn ca n
Bng nh tuyn gm nhiu bn ghi, mi bn ghi lu: ch,
khong cch n ch, nt gp theo cn i qua.
Mi nt x l bng nh tuyn ca mnh khi nhn c 1 bng
nh tuyn theo lut sau:
Nu khng c ch no trong bng nh tuyn ca nt tng ng vi cc
ng i nhn c thm ch mi vo bng nh tuyn, km nt cung
cp thng gn (lm next hop)

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RIPv1
Mi nt x l bng nh tuyn ca mnh khi nhn
c 1 bng nh tuyn theo lut sau (gp):
Nu c ch nhn c trong bng nh tuyn v ng i mi tt
hn (t hop hn) cp nht khong cch mi theo Bellman-ford.
Nu c ch nhn c trong bng nh tuyn v ng i mi
nhn c khng tt bng ng bit cp nht bn ghi cho ch
ny vi khong cch = 16 nt (tng ng v cng). Tuy vy cc gi
gn vn gp tc c vn chuyn theo ng i c.
Holddown gmer c khi to b qua tt c cc cp nht t cc router
khc cho ch ny
Sau khi Holddown gmer ht hn cc thng gn t cc router khc cho
ng i ny mi c cp nht

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10

RIPv1: Trao i bng nh tuyn

nh k:
Cc routers chy RIP s broadcast mt/mt s
thng ip cp nht vic nh tuyn thng xuyn
(30s).
Mi thng ip ly thng tin t bng nh tuyn
Mt tp hp cc cp, trong mi cp cha mt a ch
mng ch IP v mt s nguyn l khong cch hop n
mng ,

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RIPv1: Trao i bng nh tuyn

S kin.
Mi khi c thay i s gi thng ip sang nt
hng xm.
Nt hng xm s cp nht bng nh tuyn ca n

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Hnh 2: Cp nht bng nh tuyn

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RIPv1: Timer
RIP s dng mt s b m thi gian kim sot vic
cp nht cc gi gn. Cc b m u gim dn n 0:
Update gmer
Chu k t ng gi gi gn cp nht n cc nt khc.
Mc nh 30 giy.

Invalid gmer
Thi gian ti a m mt ng i trong bng nh
tuyn khng c cp nht m vn l hp l. Mc nh
180 giy.
Sau Invalid gmer (gim v 0), ng i c dnh du
l unreachable (16 hop)
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RIPv1: Timer
Garbage-collecgon Timer (mc nh 120 giy)
Thi gian chuyn mt ng invalid thnh unreachable.
Dng i invalid gp tc c qung b trong thi gian thng
bo n cc nt khc cc nt khc bit

Hold-down gmer: khng c trong giao thc gc m ch c

trong bn ci t ca CISCO
Khi mt mng ang l unreachable, router s gi khng nhn cp
nht thng gn mi (tr thnh reachable) v mng ny trong mt
khong thi gian ch ra trong hold-down gmer.
Khi no hold-down gmer v 0 th mi cp nht
Trnh nh trng cp nht thng gn cha n nh t router khc
khi mng mi thay i trng thi

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RIPv1: Timer
u RIP phi x l mt s li do thut gii c s gy ra:
Trong sut thi gian holddown, router nhn c thng tin cp
nht t mt router lng ging khc nhng thng tin ny cho bit
c ng n mng X vi thng s nh tuyn tt hn con
ng m router trc th n s b qua, khng cp nht
thng tin ny.

Hnh 3: K thut hold down

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RIPv1: Li m v hn
u Mt s li c th xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca RIP:
nh tuyn lp c th xy ra khi bng nh tuyn trn cc router
cha c cp nht do qu trnh hi t chm,
1

10

1
B
1

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Khi khng c li, bng nh tuyn trn cc

router i vi mng ch
D: directly connected, metric 1
B: route via D, metric 2
C: route via B, metric 3
A: route via B, metric 3

D
Mng ch

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RIPv1: Li m v hn
Lin kt B-D b t, cc routers nn s dng lin kt C-D. Tuy
nhin phi mt mt khong thi gian. Qu trnh din ra bt u
t khi B pht hin ra ng i n D khng s dng c na.

Thi gian ------>

D: dir, 1
dir, 1 dir, 1 dir, 1 ... dir, 1 dir,

B: unreach C, 4 C, 5 C, 6 C, 11 C, 12

C: B, 3 A, 4 A, 5 A, 6 A, 11 D, 11

A: B, 3 C, 4 C, 5 C, 6 C, 11 C, 12
dir = directly connected
unreach = unreachable
Ban u B pht hin khong i c n ch
Nhng A v C vn cha c cp nht
B li ngh l c th i n ch qua C. V qung b ng i .
...
Qu trnh ny c th lp v hn i vi mt s trng hp.

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RIPv1: Li m v hn
m v hn: Vi cc giao thc nh tuyn vector khong
cch s dng thng s l s lng hop thi mi khi router
chuyn thng tin cp nht cho router khc ,ch s hop s
tng ln 1.
Vic cp nht sai v bng nh tuyn nh trn s b lp
vng nh vy mi cho n khi no c mt tin trnh khc
ct t c qu trnh ny.
RIP s dng mt gi tr va nh, 16 hop gn cho
khong cch ti a c th c..
K thut ct hng ngang (split horizon update): router s
khng cp nht thng tin nh tuyn v tuyn ng
ngc tr v router t hc c thng tin v tuyn
ng.
K thut route poisoning c th dng update thng tin
nh tuyn li mt cch trc tip.
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RIPv1: K thut ct hng ngang

u Trnh li lp v hn:
K thut ct hng ngang (split horizon update): b nh tuyn
s khng cp nht thng v tuyn ng ngc tr v b nh
tuyn m t nhn c thng tin v tuyn ng .

Hnh 3: K thut ct hng ngang

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RIPv1: K thut ct hng ngang

Split horizon update with Poison reverse
c s dng trnh xy ra cc vng lp ln
router thng bo thng l mng khng truy cp c na bng cch t
gi tr cho thng s nh tuyn (s lng hop chng hn) ln hn gi tr ti
a
qung b ngc li (poison) thng tin ny n c giao din m t hc
c thng tin

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RIP v1: K thut triggered update

Split horizon c th x l c trng hp ch
c 2 router lin quan n vic lp v hn
Nu c t 3 router tr ln??
Triggered update yu cu cc router phi
qung b ngay bng nh tuyn (m khng
ch n chu k update) mi khi mt tuyn
ng c s thay i metric

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RIPv1: khun dng gi tin

uS dng UDP trao i cc gi tin update.
uCng 520 c bn gi v bn nhn.
unh dang gi tin RIP:
Cc thng ip RIP c th c chia thnh 2
loi: gi tin tr li v gi tin yu cu. C 2 loi gi
tin u s dng chung mt nh dng

Hnh 4: nh dng gi tin RIP

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The packet format is shown in Figure 1.

Format of datagrams containing network information. Field sizes
are given in octets. Unless otherwise specified, fields contain
binary integers, in normal Internet order with the most-significant
octet first. Each tick mark represents one bit.

RIPv1: khun dng gi tin

Route
entry

0
1
2
3 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| command (1)
| version (1)
|
must be zero (2)
|
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
| address family identifier (2) |
must be zero (2)
|
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
|
IP address (4)
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
must be zero (4)
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
must be zero (4)
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
metric (4)
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
.
.
.
The portion of the datagram from address family identifier through
metric may appear up to 25 times. IP address is the usual 4-octet
Internet address, in network order.

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Figure 1.

Packet format

Every datagram contains a command, a version number, and possible

arguments. This document describes version 1 of the protocol.

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RIPv1: khun dng gi tin

Trng COMMAND xc nh cc thao tc thc
hin v cng phn bit gi tin request hay
response.
1- Request: gi tin yu cu bng nh tuyn.
2- Response: Ni dung gi tin bao gm ton b bng
nh tuyn ca nt gi. Gi tin ny tr li cho mt
request trc hoc c th l gi tin update c
sinh ra bi ngi gi.
3 traceon: Khng dng na
4-traceoff: Khng dng na
5-reserved: Dng ring cho Sun Microsystems
Nu cc lnh mi c b sung, n s dng cc m
lnh t 6 tr i.

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RIPv1: khun dng gi tin

Trng VERSION cha phin bn ang hot ng ca
RIP,
Trng ZERO, khng c c t theo RFC-1058 c
t theo chnh gi tr mc nh ca n l 0. Trng ny
c thm vo cung cp s tng thch vi cc phin
bn RIP khc nhau.
Trng Address-family identifier (AFI) c s dng
c t giao thc c nh tuyn c s dng. V d gi
tr ca AFI cho giao thc IP l 2
Trng ADDRESS ch a ch IP ca ch/mng ch
Trng METRIC ch s hop cn phi nhy ti ch. Gi
tr cho ng i hp l t 1-15, v 16 cho poisoning route.
c thm c t trong RFC-1058
Bi tp: Hy b sung lnh mi cho RIP v1 ci tin giao
thc.

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RIPv1
u Vn khi thit k RIPv1:
RIPv1 khng h tr cc mng con c di mt n khc nhau.
Phn hoch a ch IP vi RIPv1 yu cu mt n mng con
ging nhau cho mi mng con.
Gii hn s hop trong RIPv1 l 15. V vy kch thc mng
khng th vut qu s gii hn .

!
Hnh 4: Cc a ch mng phi c cng subnet mask
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 RIP v2

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Giao thc nh tuyn RIP

uRIP phin bn 2 RIPv1 (RIP version 2):
RIPv2 l giao thc nh tuyn dng a ch IP
khng phn lp,
RIPv2 c thng tin v mt n mng con v h tr
cc mng con c di mt n khc nhau.
RIPv2 s dng a ch a hng.
RIPv2 c m t trong
RFC1387 "RIP Version 2 Protocol Analysis" nm 1993,
RFC1388 "RIP Version 2 Carrying Additional
Information" nm 1993
RFC2453: RIP v2, thay th RFC1723, 1388.
RFC1389 "RIP Version 2 MIB Extensions" nm 1993.
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Giao thc nh tuyn RIPv2

u RIPv2 l bn c pht trin t RIPv1 nn c cc c im
nh RIPv1:
L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch, s dng
s lng hop lm thng s nh tuyn.
Gi tr hop ti a l 15.
Thi gian gi chm (hold-down) cng l 180 giy.
S dng c ch split horizon, triggered update, reverse poison
chng lp vng.

u RIPv2 khc phc c nhng im gii hn ca RIPv1.

RIPv2 c gi mt n mng con i km vi cc da ch mng
trong thng tin nh tuyn. Nh m RIPv2 c th h tr IP
khng phn lp v cc mng con c mt n khc nhau.
RIPv2 c h tr vic xc minh thng tin nh tuyn.
RIPv2 gi thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch a hng 244.0.0.9.

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Giao thc nh tuyn RIPv2

uCu trc bn tin ca RIPv2 cho php mang
nhiu thng tin hn RIPv1
uMt s c tnh sau y l nhng du hiu
ln nht c b sung vo RIPv2:
Xc thc cc gi tin RIP vi router.
H tr mt n con.
a ch IP bc k tip.
Bn tin qung b nh a ch multicast.
Hnh 4: Cu trc bn tin RIPv2
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RFC 2453

RIP Version 2

November 1998

4. Protocol Extensions

RIPv.2: Khun dng gi gn

This section does not change the RIP protocol per se. Rather, it
provides extensions to the message format which allows routers to
share important additional information.
The same header format is used for RIP-1 and RIP-2 messages (see
section
The format
Phn 3.4).
header ging
RIPv1 for the 20-octet route entry (RTE) for
RIP-2 is:

Khun dng ca cc route entry:

0
1
2
3 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address Family Identifier (2) |
Route Tag (2)
|
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
|
IP Address (4)
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
Subnet Mask (4)
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
Next Hop (4)
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
Metric (4)
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
The Address Family Identifier, IP Address, and Metric all have the
meanings defined in section 3.4. The Version field will specify
version number 2 for RIP messages which use authentication or carry
information in any of the newly defined fields.
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4.1 Authentication

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Giao thc nh tuyn RIPv2

uCc trng trong nh dng bn tin IP RIPv2:
Command, Version number, AFI, Address, Metric:
Chc nng ca chung cng ging nh trong bn tin
RIPv.1.
Unused: C gi tr c thit lp mc nh l 0.
Route tag (Nhn ng i): Cung cp mt phng
thc phn bit gia b nh tuyn ni b (s dng
giao thc RIP) v cc b nh tuyn ngoi (s dng
cc giao thc nh tuyn khc).
Subnet mask: Cha ng mt n mng con cho cc
b nh tuyn.
Next hop: Cho bit a ch IP ca router tip theo m
gi tin c th c chuyn tip n.

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RIPv2: Thng bo c xc thc

uThng bo c xc thc c khun dng gi tin hi khc
uTon b Route entry u tin c dng mang
thng tin xc thc

RFC

uAFI = 0xFFFF
uAuthentication type: Loi xc thc. Hin ti gi tr l 2
Authentication: Mt khu dng khng m ha.
2453
RIP
Version
November
Cn li ti a 24 Route
entry
tip 2theo lu cc thng
tin
ng i

1998

0
1
2
3 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Command (1)
| Version (1)
|
unused
|
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
|
0xFFFF
|
Authentication Type (2)
|
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+

Authentication (16)

+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Currently, the only Authentication Type is simple password and it is
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type 2. The remaining 16 octets contain the plain text password.
If
the password is under 16 octets, it must be left-justified and padded
to the right with nulls (0x00).

RIPv2: multicast
uH tr multicast trong RIPv2:
RIPv2 cn h tr pht multicast so vi phin
bn 1.
Trong RIPv1, Khi mt router mi tham gia vo
mng, n s gi broadcast gi tin Request
yu cu bng nh tuyn.
RIPv2 s dng a ch a hng 224.0.0.9
pht a hng cc thng bo RIP ti ch cc
b nh tuyn s dng giao thc RIPv2 trn
mt mng m thi.
Gim ti cho cc nt khng h tr RIPv2 (v d
cc nt ch chy RIPv1).
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RIPv2: timer
uCc timer trong RIPv2 cng tng t
RIPv1
Update timer nh k iu khin vic gi thng
bo,
Invalid timer qun l tnh hp l ca mt tuyn
ng sau mt thi gian khng c cp nht ,
Garbage collection timer: Qun l thi gian mt
tuyn ng khng cn hp l cn lu li trong
bng nh tuyn thng bo cho cc nt khc.

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RIPv2
u Vn khi thit k mng vi RIPv2:
RIPv2 h tr VLSM bn trong mng v CIDR.
RIPv2 cho php tm tt cc l trnh trong cng 1 mng.
RIPv2 vn c gii hn s hop l 16.
RIPv2 gi bng nh tuyn 30s mi ln n cc my gi a
ch IP l 224.0.0.9.
RIPv2 thng c gii hn khi truy nhp vo mng ni m giao
thc ny c th hot ng lin kt vi cc my ch c thc
hin nh tuyn.
RIPv2 cng cung cp s xc nhn l trnh.

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So snh RIPv1 v RIPv2

uNhng im tng ng gia RIPv1 & RIPv2:
L giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch.
S dng s hop lm thng s nh tuyn.
Chu k cp nht mc nh l 30 giy.
S dng cng c ch chng lp vng: split horizon,
hold-down.
Nu gi d liu n mng ch c s lng hop ln
hn 15 th gi d liu s b hy b.
Cng gi nhng thng tin sau v mi ch :
IP address: a ch ca my ch hoc mng
Gateway: Cng vo ra u tin m ng dn tin v ch
Interface: Phn mng vt l m s dng n cng ra u
tin ca ng dn v ch
Metric : L s cho bit s hop n ch.
Timer: L lng thi gian k t khi b nh tuyn cp nht
ln cui cng.
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So snh RIPv1 v RIPv2

uNhng im khc nhau gia RIPv1 & RIPv2:

RIP version 1 RIPv1
RIP version 2 RIPv2
nh tuyn theo lp a ch.
nh tuyn khng theo lp a ch.
Khng gi thng tin v mt n mng C gi thng tin v mt n mng
con trong thng tin nh tuyn.
con trong thng tin nh tuyn.
C h tr VLSM. Do vy cc mng
Khng h tr VLSM. Do tt c
trong h thng RIPv2 c th c
cc mng trong h thng RIPv1 phi
chiu di mt n mng con khc
c cng mt n mng con.
nhau.
Khng h tr CIDR
C h tr CIDR.
Khng c c ch xc minh thng tin C c ch xc minh thng tin nh
nh tuyn.
tuyn.
Gi thng tin nh tuyn theo a
Gi qung b thng tin nh tuyn
a hng 224.0.0.9 nn hiu qu
theo a ch : 255.255.255.255
hn.
Cng gi nhng thng tin ging nhau v ch nhng RIPv1 khng gi
c thng tin v mt n mng con cn RIPv2 gi c thng tin v mt
n mng con.
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Giao thc nh tuyn RIP

uNhc im ca giao thc RIP:

Kt ni lin tc vi cc b nh tuyn ln cn
cp nht cc bng nh tuyn ca chng, do
to ra mt lng ti ln trn mng.
Cc gi tin gii hn di 15 hop v bng nh
tuyn c trao i vi cc b nh tuyn khc
khong 30giy/ln.
B nh tuyn s khng bit c chnh xc cu
trc ca ton b h thng mng.
ng i c s hop ngn nht i khi khng phi
l ng i ti u nht.
Khng dng cho cc lin mng quy m ln.
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Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn RIP

u Lnh router rip dng khi ng RIP.

u Lnh network dng khai bo nhng cng giao tip no

ca router c php chy RIP trn . T RIP s bt
u gi v nhn thng tin cp nht trn cc cng tng ng
RIP cp nht thng tin nh tuyn theo chu k.
u Khi router nhn c thng tin cp nht c s thay i no
th n s cp nht thng tin mi vo bng nh tuyn.
u Chng ta c th cu hnh cho RIP thc hin cp nht tc thi
khi cu trc mng thay i bng lnh ip rip triggered.

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Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn RIP

uV d v cu hnh RIP:

Hnh 4: Cu hnh RIP

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Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn RIP

uV d v cu hnh RIP:

Hnh 4: Cu hnh RIP

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Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn RIP

u Mt s cc cu hnh b sung:

iu chnh cc thng s nh tuyn,

iu chnh cc thng s v thi gian hot ng ca RIP,
Khai bo phin bn ca RIP m ta ang s dng(RIPv1 hay
RIPv2)
Cu hnh cho RIP ch gi thng tin nh tuyn rt gn cho mt
cng no .
Kim tra thng tin nh tuyn IP rut gn.
Cu hnh cho IGRP v RIP chy ng thi.
Khng cho php RIP nhn thng tin cp nht t mt a ch IP
no .
M hoc tt ch split horizon
Kt ni RIP vo mng WAN.

u Tham kho: Configuring Routing Information Protocol, Cisco

IOS IP and IP Routing Configuration Guide.
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Giao thc nh tuyn RIP

uKt lun v nh gi:
RIP c thit k nh l mt giao thc IGP
(Interior Gateway Protocol l giao thc nh
tuyn ni min) dng cho cc h thng t tr AS
(AS Autonomouns system) c kch thc nh,
RIP ch p dng cho nhng mng nh, khng s
dng cho h thng mng ln v phc tp,
Giao thc nh tuyn RIP l giao thc ra i lu
nht trong cc giao thc nh tuyn hin ti ang
s dng,
RIP l giao thc c tnh n nh, d s dng
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