sy sudo, Ossi arouse ia and Pasture Hess Dwr Module 6666 Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive © Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder q y Module Learning Objectives Identity the citerent anwiety cisorders, Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Describe posttraumatic sess disorder, Describe how the learning and biological perspectives explain anxiety SS asorcers, 060, end PTSD, What are the diferent anxioty disorders? Seances ios chanel tery, Arwity's part fife. Speaking in ont of lass, peering down froma addeorwatingto Setar shendcily rs playina big game, any one ofusmight fel anious (even seasoned performer tke Green fesse ane Day’ ile Joe Armstrong wise anslty and substance abuse eslted in cancelled con ceris in 2012 and 2013), At times we may fel enough aney to avo king ee contact for aking with someone—"shyness”" we call t Forkanately fr most of sot uneasiness ‘snot intense and persistent. Some of us, however, ae more prone to notice an remember treats (Mit, 2008) This tendency may pace ws tisk forone ofthe anaety dlaorders, marked by distressing, persistent amet cr dysfunctional ansety- reducing behaviors. We + Genera sity disorder in which a person is unexpainbly and continually tense and uneasy ‘+ Panictorde ir which person experiences sudden epsoes of intense dread + Phobis in which person is intensay and rational afi fa specie ‘objet ox situation ‘Two other disorders wave ari though the DSM now castes them spate + Ofsesioecompulive dsr in which perso i troubled by repetitive ‘hough oe ations + Restraumaticsts zi in wich person baslingering memeriesnightnates, "Qoeasng aut cbareavecorputne and oher symptoms forwecks aera severe threatening uncontlable erent dorset662 Unit XIl_ atonal Generalized Anxiety Disorder For the past two years Tom, 27-yea-ld electri, has been bothered by cizziness seating pains, heat palpitations, and singly in his ers. He feels egy and sometimes Finds hnoalf shaking With reasonable succes, he hess symptoms fom his amily and co-workers, Bat hallows imeel few othe socal contacts and occasionally he has toleave ‘work His family doctor anda neurologist can ind no physica problem, ‘Tom's unfocused, out cf-contol agitated felings suggest a generalized anxiety ds- ‘order, which fs marke by patologial wor. The symptoms ofthis disorder are com ‘monplce ther persistence, for sx months ar ore, isnot. People with his condition — twos are women (MeLean fe Anderson, 2009}—woty continually andl they ae often jitter, agitated, and sleep-deprived, Concentation is dificult as attention switches from "Wort to wen and their tension and apprehension may lak ot tough furrowed brows, ‘ewiching eyelid, rmbling perspiration, or Rdgeting. ‘One of generalized amity discnde’s worst characterises is that the person may not beable to deny and therefore deal with or vols cause To use Sigmund Feu’ term, the anys fe fntng, Generalized anviety disorder i often accompanied by depessed ‘mond but even without depression itends tobe dsabling (Hut et al, 2004 Moti etal, 2007, Moreove it may lato physical problems, such as high blood presre. ‘Many people with gneralred anwelydsordr were mated and inhibited as chi en (Motte a, 2073) As time passes, however, emotion ten to millon, and by age 50, generalized ant sorder becomes fal rare (Rubio & Léper-Teo, 2007, ‘Soeeeon erage Sarees, thet, Sn rn Peet cen Panic Disorder nie disorder entails an ans tomo, Pie sites muddenly, wreaks havoc and ds {ppeass or the 1 person in 75 with ths dvorer awlety suddenly escalates ino a ery~ ingpnicatzck a mines long episode of intense fer that something horbeisabout fappen Heat palpitations, shorines of breath, choking sensations trembling o dizziness ‘ppialyaesomapany the panis which may be mispercived as a heart attack or other sx fs physial ailment. Ssokers havea leat a dae isk of panic disorder Zvolensy & Berstein, 205), Because nicotine sa stimulant, ighting wp dows lighten up ‘One woman recalled auddenlyfeoing “hota as though couldn’ breate- My heat ‘wat racing and started to sweet and table and Twas ure Twas ging to fait. Then my araagaminty eerie gus toe uns nga ngs eed urea as ba weed eee {Flos djingandased my hsb totake ef the emergency om. By the ie we gt mon ool thee about 0 utes he wort the eack was ove and jut ek athe ou” (Crest Seaurvenoueptcmamest, tal, 1986. Soaeasby ee cen | Phoblas Scslouilsspaoneqetee | phobios ae andety donde in which natn cases he psn avid some teocidacompaningshet object acy orstution. Mary people acep the phobias anv wth hem, bt others Faring woes ce igapastatey theo aol he eared ation Atay, an cher ety eee ‘mud happy 26-year leas thunerstonns so intesey tnt she fel ars a8 00 52 =, ‘ear cester mento pose tors erin tec Ib bain a pele main ermal of se ayy nh acne ele Danger he nde wins Saget miele Sues et endo veld elgg Cone Other es pbis may focus nina nsec Begs, lod or encod spces ceric anager vane | (HQURE 061) Tele ou he nus ht ass he ear ing ring te ‘Geafanalstanione leoingto. stots oravokng Nigh places. Sactdchtgmatts tit: “Nara phobias have sich specie tage. Social anxiety disorder ormeiy Since calle aul pata) anes eben tan extume Those with cal ansieyGiorder‘Ary isd, ObsssheCongushe Deri, andPastumatieStetsDeoder Module 66 663 Figure 66.1 ‘poate fears Taburhraer reer cheno peLeLEbh Saale "ig Same Wier Bost an intense far of being scrutinized by others, avo poten tally embarassing social situations, such as speaking up ‘cating out, or going to partes will sweat ot tremble ‘when doings Mach as fetting over insomnia may, onal, ase in ‘somnia, so worries about amet perhaps fearing another panic atack, or fearing arsety-caused sweating In pubic gggaphobia kar or avian of «an amply anxiety symptoms (iatunji & Walitzy- Taylor, 2008). People who have expen Stetunanrhsncoar as ence several paic attacks may come avoid situations where the panichassttuckbfore, pence hen on has ee Ft fear is ntense enough, it may become agoraphobia, fer or avidance of situations nolan pane inwhich escape might be dfcul or help unavallabe when pani tes Given such fea, obesatv-compusve order People may avoid beng outside the home, ina cowd on 2 bus, or onan elevator (C0) yer roars After spending five years sling the word, Charles Darin began suring panic dis- by uttesrepette gh ‘onder at age 28. Because ofthe attacks, he moved to the county, voided soil gatherings, (sso andro {nd traveled only in is wif’ company Bu the ete secuston di ie ofan on, (SPAS) developing his evolutionary theory. Eve il el,” he rete, “has saved me fom the inaction of oct and its ausemens” (quod in Ma, 1957, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Making oven pera 5) Winat is obseesive-compulsive csorder? Scena Dd pecans ‘As with generalized anvety and phobias we can ste aspects of ebeessive-compulsive icniminincus thet nparece tore (00D) in arene behav We lay at tne be chased wit sess Sssbenaunamnes nse croffersive thoughts that wl not go aay, Or we may engage in compuisive behaviors, perhaps ling up books and pens “ost 0" before studying ‘Oeste thoughte and compulaivalshavio emer the fine line between normality and cisoer when they perssteniy in ‘ere with eveay ving and cause dite. Checking t 2 youloeked the door i nora checking 1 times isnot Washing yout hands normal washing so often that yur kn becomes raw isnot. (TABLE 661 on the next page offers more examples) ‘At some time during thei ives often daring thei ate teens ot twenties, 2 to 3 percent of people eos that ine from noc preoccupations ard fasiness to debilitating disorder (Kama st al, 1888). Although the person knows them to be iaional ‘the ansety-fuled obsessive thoughts become so hating the compulsive rituals so senseeslyte- consuming that efctive functioning becomes impossbe,664 Unit XIl_ oma! nar poatroumte noes oot (Pro) accerchoroead FE heuningamno, nga, Shlaal aspy ae unknes tlecig atee ‘Sn te geo er wee no aor tuna eine. ringing the war home Nasty Darna tare a boat Ghost win rab ortmuts hr eH Many vn arate Cinuneeeke Children and Adolescents With Obsessive-Compo nua fea Parcetane eperting Symptom ‘bse Jopettie Pou) Cancem wiht gars tons Sometuig tbo happening tie, eh ness Syren ore, er tess ‘Cerruisins paiva bets) Evoess han washing, bang, contig, or goog eventing rule uta dor upidbun tom achat Checking door oc, appencs, cakes, homer. ‘Sve: ape ey Rasp 188, (OCD is more common mong eens and young ats than among older people (Sam- els & Nestadt 1997), A 40-year follow-up study of 144 Swedish people diagnosed with the disorder found that, for most th absessions and compulsions had gradually lessened, though only Lin hed completly recovered Skoog & Skoog, 199), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (2) nat is posttraumatic stress sorder? Asan lag wae soi, Jase“ the murder of chen, women. It was just horrible for anyone to eperenc.” Aller ling a hecopee ste on one house where he had seen munition erates cared in he ard the seams of hea fom within “Tid know there were las there,” he recalls Back home it Texas, he suffered “rel ba Mashbacks (Wekch, 2005. ‘Our memories eset in pat to protect us inthe fture. So there biological wis don in not beng able to forget our ost erotional or traumatic experiences—oer great fst embarrassments, out worst accidents, our most horrid experiences. But sometimes, for some of us the unforgetable takes over our lives. The complaints of bttle-scared veterans sich a Jesse—recurring haunting memories and hightnaes «numbed social withdcawa, jumpy arse, i Somunia-are typical of what once war clled“shelshock” fr “ble fgue” and now is illed posttraumatic stress ‘isordor (PTSD) (Babson & Flénet, 2010; idk & Simms, 2010). What defies and explains PTSD Isls the event it Self than the severity an petsistence ofthe wauma memory [Rubin etal, 2008, PSD symploms have also been reported by survivors of sccdents, disasters and violent and sexel assaults (elude ingan estimate tvo-hinds of prostitutes) Prewin etl, 1999, Fry etal, 1998 Taylor al, 1958). month afer the 911 terrorist attacks suvey of Manhattan residents indicated that 85 percent wore sutlerng PTSD, most as result of the atack (Galea eta, 202), Among those ving nea the Wl Trade Cent 20 percent reported such taal signs a righimares, severe arty al ear of publ places (Suser etal, 2012).Anis rd, Oboe Coneuso soe ag Postraumate Sess Duurkt Mociule 66 665 1 pln dwn the fey fh ner te US. Canes for Disease Cont (1888) compare! 700 Vitam comb vetenn wh 700 mano yee saved ang the sare ears On vege aig ws real 19 pert eal era fee Fored FISD apts Te evs 10 pret een thse who a nee sok Cobar 32 pret ang thn who had opened Rene Der a 2006, Sma ations nts eben fund ane mere en cmt vecan snd tong people who hie exper ana dsr ohn een Kapped el cape tere erp hen tal, 2d 10 Fess 20, ene 2 ty Tel eet ent ih fens fe ig way whee Tin 6S, combat ‘nan persone! hs repre ymptoms af PTSD dept. sete sty the oni ate turing ome (Hop ot ly 20, 247) ty one aly o 108788 ere ‘uring fom ng an Affinia 4 way agnosed with poctogal dsr stot suey PTSD eae 207, So what dlrs whether person sfers PTSD aera toumatic even? Reseach inde that the ater one's ctonal Ges ring ature the higher the wo tama ptm (One to 2009), Anong New Yes io wise he TL ‘cl PTSD wa debe for vor wh wee sear tan oe the Wel Tad Cntr Bonanno eal 208) Anite mre fequnt en ama operence he more ders the long-term ote edo be Going 199 nf 9 yea ae eee ‘am wa veterans who care home witha PSD caps ade the onal Helo fying roe et a, 209 ' eaten fem ems to increase vanerabilyby Moding the Rey eth seoshornonesapaadaganatinags oie emma oper ep eta ness (omy 25 Ore es, 26, Bain cans of PTSD pts sft meme Busca even berate and pret gh empl evan geal a 210), Genes may si lyse noe study conbutexned mer fades ‘who didnot experience combat But ese nmorposed ins il eed osha thet brother ik fr ogi daes sch no anced tenon. Sch Eig eget Shatsome PTSD amptomemayactualybe gently repose (Gibersoea 205) Some peychlagts nett PTSD has een gene Spay tos Boer ing det ofr (Db, 2909, MeN, 20°) PTSD acl sequent ye «et and welnroned tpt thae fp the wou ay ce te {otions and pathologie alts rents fel Sper 200) “Deeng” Sori ater tural geting thn oo the exec ae ent ema es cn proven eal an somes hal onan eal 2010), Resechets hue noted the imprnive sor riya ose Who do wa evap ISD Bonanno ta, 201, boat al ads epee t kat ne teat et thine, ton abo in women aan 5 men seve PTSD (Ole 07, (ver We 206 Tn & F200, Mee tan 3 n30 Non eer along tae 7 and pe sticen by 9/1, dd respond pathological By the faiwing aay the ses | OZM Smpone of theret had mnt ard eka 20) Sy wena | Asis ver yea ‘etn and os pli ents who sane dono eps oferta dont ts | Ben or aang Sob FTSD Oca & Zinta 198). Levis, the Hoc cunts 7 tus | Srmacergs oo cer * showed remarkable resilience,” Despite some lingering stess symptoms, most experienced | ‘eaten Ste 211), ) ssl orale hath ad cote ecaoing are, 21) = pchogt eer Sud (9 20 Cal Sunil 205, vo by sive the Holos ner dete’ condition wie hs mother ded cht as {ecoment the eli fc ounvs os of whom haved pode ves “tis aay eth" dow il you mes You song’ but fen ae” heteprs And "wis doen ily may eel oye pt how song yourealiyae Peau owt oi Inde ing 9 ene cing” Cpl Te 1a gan eed etal 200 nd wot Riche ac oreee Calhoun (20 alipostroumac ‘eee row Tc ond Calo haw fn te ge wl chlengag cner Ee net A ET CN ET EE TT Tse a goad uneto em Unt enero ne ees ‘fees ara cpa Sng fangcener often easpeople eer spat ances oppecaton fri, more meaning: falelticnhis ines pons strength changed proces ane cer pun ie. This ooh sufing har tae poeta oud in adi Chin, Hind fam Budi an The es scone by esearch th ota people, Compared ‘eth those ih urate and wih hse upcalenged ary sige aes Deore hose history inde ae ves tnd to xjoy Peter sera heth ane we {Ring Snel 200, Oatofcnenouwastxperncssome ood anc keto, theming has get eeepertie power and may grow stonge wth tion, Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD How do the learning and biological perspectives explain anwiety isorders, OOD, and PTSD? Ansty is both Sling anda cognition, a doub-laden appraisal of one's safety oF seat Ski How dothese aris fesngs and cognitions arise? Frees peychoanaytc theory pr posed that beginning in childhood, people reprisinoerable impulses ideas and feelings Sd that ths submerged mental energy sometines produces mystifying, symptoms, sich sare Todays poychoogits have instead tuned to two contemporary petspectves— learning and blog ‘The Learning Perspective ‘CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING ‘Wen bad events happen unpreditably and uncontrollably amiety or other disorders ten develop (Fed, 200K, Mineka & Oehiberg, 2008). Recall fom Unit VI that dogs Tear to fear evtal snl ented wth shock and that infant: come to far fatry jets asocated with frightening noises, Using classical conditioning, researchers have tbo created chronically anxious, ler prone rats by giving them unpredictable eletic ‘hocks Seiwa, 1984), Like assault vetms who repor feeling ansious when turing te the scene of the cn, the rats become apprehensive in thet Ib environment. This link between conditioned fear and general arwety helps explain why anxious or tauma~ tied people are hypeattentve to possible threats, and how panic prone people come to associate anwety with certain cuts (Bsr Haim et a, 2007; Bouton etal, 200). n one survey, 58 percent of those with social anslety disorder experienced ther csorder after fraumaticevent (Ost & Hsgdah, 18) “Tough conitioning, the short ist af naturally painful and frightening events can null nto along list of human fears, My eae was once stuck by another whose driver Insel astup sign or months afterward fel a twinge of unease wien any car approached {fom a side sueet_ Mains phobia of thunderstorms may have been silat conditioned uring tering o pall experience assocated with a thunderstorm, "Too specfieaming processes can contribute to these disorders. The Ms simul gor nization occurs far example, when a person attacked by a ere dog later develops & arf al dogs The second leaming procts, weno elps maintain our phobias and compulsions ater they aise. viding escaping the fered situation recess hus ‘einfning the phobic bene. Feling aris or fearing a panic attack, person may 0 ini and be since by feling calmer (Antony et al, 1992. Compulsive behavior ep crate similarly washing yout hands elves your felings of ariey, you may wash your Ihands again when those felings return ‘OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING ‘We may aso Feam fear through cbserations! king obsersing eters ees, Susi Mineka (985, 2002 sought to explain why neal moneys eared in the wil er sakes, set ab eared monkeys do not, Sey moet wid monkeys do not acl suf snake bites,Ani Ordos, Css Congubive Ds, andFostauai Se Dsuter Module 66 ‘Dothey leam theirfea hraugh obsenation? To find out Minsk experimented with sb mon- ‘ys eared in the wid al strnly earl of sakes) and thei lab-reared pring (tally ‘none of which feared sakes). After repeatedly observing their patents or pet efising to ‘each orfoodin the presence ofasnak, the younger monkeys developed asin sng er fof snakes. When retested thee mnths ltr, tel sare fear peste, Humans likewise Team fears by observing thes (Oison el, 2007, cognmion (Observational eaingis no the only cogitveinuenc on fecing of amet Aste nex Luni discussion of cogntive-behavieral therapy ilsrates, cu interpretations and ratio a belts ca also couse fering of eae. hls we interpret the cesky sound Inthe ‘old house simpy asthe wind ora posable knife wielding intruder determines whether ‘we panic People with ariety disorder also tend to be hypesiglane. A pounding bear comes 2 sign of a heat attack A lone spice near the bed becomes key infestation, ‘An everlay disagreement witha elend or bos spell posible doom fr the reltonship. “Anse sespecaly common when people cannot switch of such intrusive thoughts and perceive los of contra and sense of helplessness onkin Fo, 2011, ‘The Biological Perspective ‘Tere however more to anlty, OCD, and PTSD than conditioning, bszvatlonl ar Ing, and cognition. The biological perspective can help us understand wi few people de ‘oop lasting phobias ater suring traumas, wity we lem some feats moe seal nd ‘why some indiduals are more valneabe NATURAL SELECTION ‘We humans seem biologically prepased to fear threats faced by our ancestrs. Our pho bias focus on such spect fears spiders, snakes, and other animals enclosed spaces and heights storms ad darkness. (These fearless abou hese ocasonal heats wee es ely to sunive and leave descendants) Thus, ever in Briain, with only one poisonous snake species poople often fear snakes And preschool children mote speedy eet sakes ina scene than lowers, caterpillars, o fogs (LoBue& DeLaache, 2008). tis ay to canon and hard to extingich fears of such “evokatonaily relevant” stimu (Coelho & Purkis, 2009; Davey 1985; Ohman, 200). (Our moder fears cn also have an evltionary explanation For example ear of Aying may come from our biological predisposition to eat confinement and heights. More= over consider what people end woo lear to fer Weld War I raid reused remark bly few listing phobias. As the air blitzes continued the Bish, Japanese, and German populations became net mare panicked, but rather moreiniferent to planes outs thei immediate neighborhoods (Mineka & Zinbarg 1996). Evolution has not prepared sof bombs dropping fom the sy. sta ur phobias focur on dangore faced by aur ancestor, our compuleve act pt ‘ally exaggerate behaviors that contbted to our species survive Grooming gine wld be ‘comes hi pulling Washing up becomes ual hand washing Checking tential bound fries becomes rechecingan already locked door (Rapopor. 1989) Genes Some people are more anions than others. Genes mate, Pit trmatic event witha sensitive high-stung temperament an the rel may be anew phabla lay & Pues, 2009) Some of ws ave genes that make us like ochids—fage ye capable of beauty un er favorable circumstances. Others of ae like dandelions hard, an able to thee in varied cicumetances (Es & Boyce, 2008. ‘Among monkeys, fearfulness runs in families ndvidual monkeys react more strongly to stress their clase biological eelatves ae anxiously reactive (Suomi, 1986).668 Unit XIl_bnxral shar Inhumans, vlnersbility to ansey disorder ses when an sffictd eatin dential win ettema etal, 200 Kencler etal, 1992 1999, 2002). lentil tis cleo may develop sina phi, even when raised separtly (Carey, 199, Beker eta, 1861) One pair of 35-year-old female identical twins independevaly became so afaid of water that each would wade inthe ovean backward and ‘nly upto the knees. (Given the genetic contbution to arwety dsotdes re searchers ae now sleuthing the ep genes. One research team has denied 17 genes that appear to be expressed wth typ ant csordersymplons (ovata et a 2016) Ott er teams have fond genes associated specially with OCD ‘Dacian et a 2010 Th et a 2006), Feaieas Tsien gergscng Genes ience sores by regulating neurotransmitter, Some suds point to an [Specie fastens anxiety gne thr affects bain lees of refi. a nerotansmitr that incre sleep Wlictn gostautotyUS.chmbe and mood (Can, 208), Other stars impleste genes that regulate the neuroansmiter Resear Shan Whe ck cma (Laut et aly 2006 Welch et al, 2007), With too much gama, the brains ROR GAESE PS Sharm centers become overactive THE BRAIN ‘Generalized aniety, panic tacks PTSD, and even obsessions and compulsions are mani fete bilogally as an overarsal oF brain aeas involved in impulse contol and habitual behaviors When the isrdered brain detects that something is amis, t scams to gener te a mental hieup of repeating thoughts or actions (Gehving et aly 2000). Brin scans tf people wits OCD revel clowated activity in epee bran eae during behaviors sich ts compulsive hand washing checking ordering or hoarding (sel 2010; Matas-Cals et 1, 200, 2005), As FIGURE 6.2 shows the fron culate core, a brain region that ‘monitors our actions and checks for eros seems especially to be hyperactive in those ‘rth OCD (Maltby eta, 2005), Fearlearning experiences shat taumatize the bran can iso cea fea exits within the ayaa (Ekin &e Wager, 2007; Kola Het 2007; ‘Maren, 2007), Some antidepressant drug damp this ea- deel activity and its ssoited bocsive-connpulsve behavior ears con also be blunted by giving people drags, such as propranclal or D-Cyccserine, astheytecaland then rerecond(recansodate”) a waumatic experience (Kndt etl, 2005, Nother etal, 2008), Akhough they don forget he experienc, the associated emotion IS Tnrgely eased Figure 06.2 ‘etmgun 200 sd ureteral Styne wer npn era> ASK YOURSELF | Can yu oct ear ta yeu nav lame? What ol. Fann ws ey ar | ‘condoning al by observational baring? || > TEST YOURSELF How do gsarsze sry sade pan bore phi, bata compu ‘der and posture ses dene dr? Answers 08 et est ans canbe nda evra heen nk Module 66 Review (a) hat are the ctferentansioty disorders? ‘+ Amsous flings and behaviors are asd aan any ‘dard nly when thy form apttern of dsesing, persistent arsety or maladaptive behaviors tat dice anit, (© People with geno ot ono persitenty nd uncontrollably tense and apprehensive, fr no pparent eso. © Inthe mane extreme poe did amity escalates into Prsiodic episodes of intense dres, © Those with pobia may be ination aid ofa specie object, active situation ‘© Troother disadess (bmesie- comple dsoner and postaumatc tress disorder involve arity hough ‘they are classified separately fom the ait node) (CD) Whats cbsesive-compulsve dower? resent adept thoughts beso) and actions (compulsions) characterize seie-ampuie Aier (OCD). (LE) What is posttraumatic stress cisorder? (© Symptoms of stomatitis er PSD) inde four or mare weeks of haurting memories aightnares sol witheawal, jumpy anxiety ands problems folowing some tematic experience, a How 0 the tearing ana bctgical perspectives explain anxiety disorders, ‘060, and PTSD? (©The ening perspective views anxiety disorders, OCD, and FISD as prodocs of fear condoning, tm generalization, fearfl-behaior reinforcement, and ‘sbxerational oun of other feos and cogitons (Gterretstins intinal bebe and byperiglanc) 1¢ The biological perspective cosidesthe le hat fears of Ie-threatening animals, objets, o stations played in ‘atu sleton and evolaton genetic prespostions for high levels of ertional reactivity anv neuroansmitier roduction: and abnoernal meponsesin th ais earSE MEI USP 670. Unit XIl_ anormal seavie ‘Multiple-Choice Questions 41, Whatdo we cll an arse disorder mated bya persistent tational fear and avoidance of specie objet actinty, or stution? 1, Obsessve-compulsive dsorder b. Phobia Panic dsocder 16. Generalized ansaty disorder fe Postraumatic stress dsonder £2. person woubled by repetitine thoughts o actions is ‘oat ly experiencing which ofthe following? Generalized anit dsonder Postmumat stress disor Pinie disorder (Gbsesive-compalsive disorder Pearcondtioning eee Practice FRQS 4. Name the two contemporary perspectives wed by pejholgists to understand ane dsorders.Then pla how wat yaya ty within cach perspective Answer points The leaning perspective 1 points Psychologists using thelsming perspective sft fear conditioning cbservatonlIaring, or cognitive process, 1 points The biological perspective 1 points Psychologists sing the biological perspective study natural selection, genes, or the ran 3: The key eiference between cbsesions and compulsions ‘that complsion involve repetitive a thoughts 1, experiences behavior, ‘2, Name and describe two ansety disorders points)