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Flues and Chimneys: 朱信 Hsin Chu Professor Dept. of Environmental Engineering National Cheng Kung University
Flues and Chimneys: 朱信 Hsin Chu Professor Dept. of Environmental Engineering National Cheng Kung University
Hsin Chu
Professor
Dept. of Environmental Engineering
National Cheng Kung University
There
This
Contemporary
In
The force for moving the flue gas within the system
can come from the buoyancy of the hot gas within
the flue, from external fan power or from a
combination of both.
In addition to maintaining the correct flow rate of gas
through the flue it is essential to maintain the
temperature of the gas within the flue system above
the water vapor dew point, or the acid dew point if a
high sulfur content fuel is being burned.
In
The
10
The
12
15
16
In
1
1
1
Q
t t
h A h A h A
g o
f
f
o o
i i
18
(2)
Uo
19
Ao
hi Ai
h fAAo f h1o
(4)
2 (r0 r1 ) L
ln(ro / ri )
20
Above
22
x
k
23
( K / m2 / W )
( K / m2 / W )
ki
A common
6 mm
20 mm+
High emissivity
0.1
0.18
To
26
28
For
30
Table 11.1 Kinematic viscosities for typical flue gas and air
Temperature ()
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
31
Air
17
22
27
33
40
46
54
18
23
27
32
36
41
46
At
32
9 0.75
Re
210,900
6
32 10
which is well into the turbulent regime.
33
hi di
k
34
cp
k
(6)
Most
35
36
37
Example 1:
Estimate the internal coefficient of heat transfer in a
500 mm diameter chimney. The flue gas velocity is
10 m/s and the gas temperature 250.
Solution:
Start by working out the gas kinematic viscosity and
thermal conductivity:
=(0.1335+0.92510-3250) 10-4=3.6410-5 m2/s
k=0.02442+0.699210-4250=0.0419 W/m/K
vdi
10 0.5
5
Re
1.37
10
3.64 105
38
21.6 W / m 2 / K
di
0.5
39
41
42
In
43
44
(8)
In this case the Reynolds and Nusselt numbers refer
to the outside diameter, do, of the chimney.
The outside convective heat transfer coefficient is
then given by:
hc ,o
45
Nuk
do
For
46
48
Example 2:
Estimate the outside convective heat transfer
coefficient for a 750 mm diameter chimney exposed
to a wind of 10 m/s.
Assume the air temperature to be 5.
Solution:
At 5 the kinematic viscosity of air from equation
(7) is:
= (0.1335+0.92510-35)10-4
= 0.0000138 m2/s
5.43
10
13.8 106
49
662.4 0.0248
0.75
=21.9 W/m 2 /K
hc ,o
50
51
For
The
53
Emissivity
0.10
0.18
0.07
0.66
0.21
0.93
0.90
0.90
If
55
If
56
Overall U-value
57
58
The
59
60
W = (mc p )
61
kW/K
62
U
dt
dA
W
t to
63
dA
t2
t1
dt
(t t0 )
Giving:
(t t )
UA
ln 2 0
W
(t1 t0 )
Hence:
t2 t0 (t1 t0 )e (UA / W )
64
(11)
This
It
65
As
In
67
Uo
hi
Hence
U
ti t g (t g to )
hi
68
(12)
69
The
so UA=0.247 kW/K
71
The
72
3.5
ts 265.7
265.7 3
8.56
155.8o C
73
A U-value
3. Pressure Loss
3.1 Chimney Draught
The chimney contains a column of hot gas
which has a density considerably lower than
that of the air surrounding it (Fig. 11.4,
next slide).
This difference in density produces an
apparent suction at the base of the flue
which is known as the chimney draught.
75
In
In
78
Taking
In
79
80
m
RT
M
81
RT
M
pM
RT
(kg/m 3 )
(14)
p
118.9
82
M
T
Mg
Tg
28.84
Ta
(Pa/m)
83
84
1
Tg
T1a
(15)
As
85
The
87
For
88
For
89
If
90
p K1 K f K D vp1 K 2vp2
91
Here K1 is the loss coefficient at the inlet to the flue duct. The
second term represents the summation of all the individual
losses from fittings such as bends, dampers or connectors.
For
92
93
94
Example 5:
For the chimney described in Example 4, find the
chimney draught and the pressure drop in the flue if
a cap is used to accelerate the efflux velocity to
8 m/s.
Solution:
In Example 4, the gas temperature on entering was
275 and the gas temperature on leaving was
265.7.
The mean temperature is thus 270.3 (543 K).
z
p = -95.8 Pa
95
Pa/m
M
29
12.1873
0.651 kg / m3
T
543
96
If
Assuming
97