Ting Anh bi 1.

S dng gii t
Nh ha ngy hm qua, hm nay ngy cui tun ti vit bi u tin v ting Anh. Bi ny
lin quan n vic s dng gii t v lin t. C l hi s ng, nhng ti li ngh cn phi
bt u bng nhng kin thc s ng.
Gii t (preposition) v lin t (subordinating conjunction) ging ging nhau v c khi kh
phn bit, nhng c mt mo d phn bit chng: l nhn vo t theo sau chng.
1. Gii t thng theo sau bng mt danh t (nominal):
Because of the bad weather. (Danh t weather l i tng ca gii t because of).
Before leaving home. (y l mnh gerund: leaving home l i tng ca gii tbefore).
After what we had done. (Mnh danh t [noun clause] what we had done l i tng ca
gii t after).
2. Lin t th theo sau bng mt cu trc ch ng - ng t m khng c mt mi lin h
no khc dnh dng vo.
Because the weather was bad. (Because l lin t c chc nng gii thiu mt mnh ph).
Before we left home. (Before l lin t gii thiu mt mnh ph).
Before, after, since, as, until c th c chc nng va l gii t va l lin t, ty vo ci g
theo sau chng: Since this morning; since you went away.
3. If, when, while, although v mt s lin t khc c th c cu trc ch ng - ng t b
hon chuyn c chc nng nh l mt mnh gii t.
When you were mopping the floor
When mopping the floor
If it is at all possible
If at all possible
Although he was very upset
Although very upset
Trong cc cu trn when mopping the floor, if at all possible v although very upsetl
nhng mnh gii t, v u ng vn phm.
4. Lin t ni hai cu vn thng l and, but, or, nor, for, yet. Nhng lin t ny c th
ni 2 t, 2 cu vn, thm ch gii thiu mt cu vn mi:
He said he would do it. And he did.
She had not planned to attend the meeting. Yet she did.
5. Ni kt cu vn. Khi hai cu vn c lp nhau, nn s dng du chm phy. Khi hai cu
vn c lin quan nhau, dng du chm cu:
We watched his folly develop; in fact, we nurtured it.

Thanh was a fantastically successful scientist. However, he did not emerge from his great
career a rich man.
Nhng du phy cng thnh thong c s dng:
She was not pleased by his technique. She was delighted, however, by his self-control.

Ting Anh bi 2. Sai st trong so snh

Khi c bn tho ca cc nghin cu sinh chu, ti pht hin mt sai st rt ph bin trong
nhng cu vn c ni dung so snh. Chnh ti trc y cng tng phm phi nhng sai st
ny. Trong ting Vit, chng ta c th ni ng A c xp hng cao hn ng B, v cu vn
hon ton ng. Nhng trong ting Anh th cu vn cha . Trong ting Anh, khi vit v so
snh chng ta cn n ng t i km theo i tng c so snh.
Cu vn so snh thng c ch th (subject) v i tng so snh (evaluator). Trong cu trn,
ng A l ch th, v ng B l i tng so snh.
Sai: Trang ranks Michael Jackson higher than Janet Jackson. (Trong cu ny, Janet Jackson l
i tng so snh, v cu vn ny cha y ).
ng: Trang ranks Michael Jackson higher than she ranks Janet Jackson.
1. So snh phi c th
Trong ting Anh, nht l ting Anh cho khoa hc, so snh phi c th, ch khng nn chung
chung. Chng hn nh cu sau y:
The mountains in Vietnam are lower and greener than Cambodia
l so snh kiu chung chung v chng ta khng bit so snh vi ci g Cambodia (ting Vit ta
th ok v c th ni nhng rng ni Vit Nam cao hn v xanh hn Cambodia nhng trong
ting Anh th khng c ni nh th). Cu ny nn c sa li l:
The mountains in Vietnam are lower and greener than the mountains in Cambodia
Hay vn hoa hn mt cht bng sch s dng those:
The mountains in Vietnam are lower and greener than those in Cambodia
2. C th b as trong so snh kp
C hai as v than thng c s dng trong cc cu vn so snh:
In vietnam, the spread of infectious diseases is as ferocious as, if not more ferocious than, in
Europe
Cu trc cu ny kh nng n (nhng khng sai). Chng ta c th b as m cu vn vn ng
(ch cch dng du phy):
In vietnam, the spread of infectious diseases is as ferocious, if not more ferocious, than in
Europe
Nhng tht ra, cu trn, theo ti c th vit gn gng hn:

In vietnam, the spread of infectious diseases is at least as ferocious as in Europe

3. Comparative v superlative
Qui lut l th ny: cu vn so snh (comparative) bao gm 2 i tng, cn cp so snh
(superlative) th c nhiu i tng. Trong ngn ng ni hng ngy, chng ta c th ni
She was the tallest of the twins
th chp nhn c, nhng trong vn vit th cu cha chnh. Phi vit:
She was the taller of the twins
hay tng t:
I am the oldest of three brothers (ch khng phi I am the older of three brothers).
4. Lm dng other
Cu vn so snh di hnh thc tnh t thng c mt i tng c ly lm ch th so
snh vi cc i tng khc trong nhm. C th s dng other trong cu vn vit, nhng coi
chng sai! Hy xem v d sau y:
Ho Chi Minh City is larger than any city in Vietnam
(Cu ny c th hiu l thnh ph H Ch Minh khng thuc nc Vit Nam!)
Nn sa li cho r rng hn:
Ho Chi Minh City is larger than any other city in Vietnam
Cu sau y c th kh hiu:
Hoang is older than any boy in the class
(Hoang l nam hay n?)
Sa li:
Hoang is older than any other boy in the class
Nhng cu vn sau y th th hin s lm dng other:
Hoang is the oldest of all the other boys in the class.
(All y bao gm Hoang; other th li loi b Hoang!)
Do , cn sa li nh sau (b other):
Hoang is the oldest of all the boys in the class.

Ting Anh bi 3: Song song v cn i

Trong mt cu vn, 2 hay nhiu tng c cng c tnh c gi l parallel (song song).
cu vn c hiu qu tt, chng ta cn phi vit (hay ni) nhng tng song song theo cng
thc sau y: danh t i vi danh t, v nh vi v nh (infinitive), mnh ph vi mnh
ph, v.v
1. Danh t song song

They studied history, mathematics, and chemistry.

Nhng cu sau y th khng chun: They studied about the past, mathematics, and how
matter is constituted.
2. Infinitive
He learned to swim, to play tennis, and to ride a horse.
Ch khng phi: He learned to play tennis, swimming, and the art of horseback riding.
3. Mnh
In her praises of the summer camp, she mentioned that the food was good, that the climate
was perfect, and that the equipment was superb.
Khng nn vit: In her praises of the summer camp, she mentioned that the food good, that
the climate was perfect, and what superb equipment they had.
Nn: The old house was battered by the rain and bleached by the sun.
Khng nn: The old house was battered by the rain and there was no color left because it was
standing in the open sunlight.
3. C gng vit nhng cu vn song song sao cho s t tng ng nhau
Khng nn: He was a good scientist, but was very poor in keeping books.
Sa li cho chnh hn: He was a good scientist, but a poor bookkeeper.
Cu ny cng khng chun my: He believed in democracy for the upper classes, but felt that
the common people should be ruled by their superiors,
v nn sa li nh: He believed in democracy for the upper classes, but autocracy for the
masses.

Ting Anh bi 4. Ting Anh kiu M v kiu Anh

Lot bi ting Anh nhn c nhiu phn hi ca bn c. C ngi ngh ti nn tp
trung vo k nng vit bi bo khoa hc hn l ting Anh v cc i gia ting Anh trong nc
xut bn hng trm sch v chuyn ny. Tuy nhin, nh ti ni ngay t u, y l khng
phi l lot bi mang tnh gio khoa, m ch l nhng mo, kinh nghim c nhn chia s vi
cc bn thi. Ti khng c cnh tranh vi cc thy gio ting Anh. C bn c t cu hi,
xin c vn. Trong s th gi n, c 2 th m ti ngh c th em ra y bn tho. Hai th ny
lin quan n nhng khc bit gia ting Anh kiu M v ting Anh kiu ngi Anh.
1. Du phy v and
Th th nht hi ti v cch s dng du phy (,). Bn c hi ti rng anh vit They studied
history, mathematics and chemistry thay v They studied history, mathematics, and
chemistry, nh vy cu no chun hn. Ti tr li ngay rng c 2 cu u chun. Ngi M
hay dng du phy trc and, cn ngi Anh th b du phy.
C nhn ti thy ting Anh kiu M thc t hn, n gin hn, m li nh nhng hn ting Anh
kiu Hong hu (Queens English). Do , ti quen vi cch vit ca M, v iu ny gy bc

bi cho vi ng nghip c v c theo Anh.

Bn c cng hi c nn vit History, Mathematics, Chemistry (thay v history,
mathematics, chemistry). Ti ngh my danh t l danh t chung, nn khng c l do g vit
hoa mu t u c. Tht vy, nhiu tp san khoa hc by gi i hi tc gi khng nn vit
hoa; h khng chu Study Design and Methods m bt buc phi vit Study design and
methods.
2. Story v storey
Mt bn c khc hi ti rng: Bo Saigon Times Weekly (bn ting Anh) s ra ngy 12/9/09,
trang 35 c dng ch qung co:
37 Story Luxury Condominiums
Ti ngh chc h mun ni storey (tng) ch khng phi story. Thy c kin g khng?
Ti khng ngh h lm. Tht vy, Saigon Times vit ng ng theo ting Anh kiu M. Trong
ting Anh kiu M, ngi ta c th vit story va ch tng va ch cu chuyn, ty theo vn
cnh. Cn ting Anh kiu Anh th phn bit rnh rt gia storey v story.
y, ti ch mun bn thm 2 im:
Th nht l chuyn s nhiu v s t. Trong ting Anh, nhng danh t gc Latin
nhdatum (d liu), condominium (cn h), addendum (ph ch), v.v c s nhiu l data,
condominia, addenda, v.v Nhng ngi M th bt cn qui tc ca ting Anh ca ngi Anh,
nn h vit s nhiu l condominiums.
S nhiu ca storey hay story l stories. Do , nu mun ni 37 tng th vit ng l 37
stories. Nhng nu vit 37-story (ch khng c s nhiu) th ch ny thnh mnh tnh t,
v phi km theo sau mt danh t, chng hn nh 37-story building c ngha l building c
37 tng.
Quay tr li cu qung co 37 Story Luxury Condominiums, ti ngh ng l phi c du gch
ni th chun hn: 37-Story Luxury Condominiums.

Ting Anh bi 5. Paragraph

Khng ni ra th ai cng bit paragraph l mt on vn, v mt on vn bao gm nhiu cu
vn (sentence). Ni c th hn, mt paragraph c th xem l mt tiu lun nh. iu ny c
ngha l chng ta phi tun theo nhng qui lut c bn trong cch vit mt tiu lun (essay).
Nhng qui lut c bn l: cung cp cho ngi c bit im g chng ta mun pht biu
trong phn u ca paragraph, pht trin ch bng cch s dng v d c th, ri sau l
kt lun mt cch c suy ngh.
Cu vn u tin ca mt paragraph phi l cu vn thng bo ti chng ta mun cung
cp cho ngi c. Chnh v th m cu vn u thng phi vit chung chung, khng mang
tnh c th. Chng ta th xem mt on vn sau y ca Samuel P. Huntington (mt nh khoa
hc chnh tr ni ting, v i vi ti ng cng l mt cy bt tuyt vi):
The United States is becoming increasingly diverse ethnically and racially.The Census Bureau
estimates that by 2050 the American population will be 23 percent Hispanic, 16 percent black
and 10 percent Asian-American. In the past the United States has successfully absorbed
millions of immigrants from scores of countries because they adapted to the prevailing
European culture and enthusiastically embraced the American Creed of liberty, equality,
individualism, democracy. Will this pattern continue to prevail as 50 percent of the population

becomes Hispanic or nonwhite? Will the new immigrants be assimilated into the hitherto
dominant European culture of the United States? If they are not, if the United States becomes
truly multicultural and pervaded with an internal clash of civilizations, will it survive as a
liberal democracy? The political identity of the United States is rooted in the principles
articulated in its founding documents. Will the de-Westernization of the United States, if it
occurs, also mean its de-Americanization? If it does and Americans cease to adhere to their
liberal democratic and European-rooted political ideology, the United States as we have
known it will cease to exist and will follow the other ideologically defined superpower onto
the ash heap of history.
Cu u tin (The United States is becoming increasingly diverse ethnically and racially) cho
chng ta bit ch ca on vn ni v s a dng sc tc trong x hi M. Nhng on sau
, ng trnh by d liu lm c s cho nhn xt ca mnh. Cu cui cng trong on vn
ni v ngha ca vn a sc tc v cnh bo rng M ng trc nguy c mt identity v
tnh trng ny.
Nhng thnh thong, nht l trong khoa hc, chng ta cng khng nht thit phi tun th theo
qui lut trn. C khi chng ta trnh by v d trc ( thu ht ch ca ngi c) v tip
theo sau l mt hay vi cu vn gii thch ngha ca v d . on vn ngn sau y l mt v
d:
u tin, gy ch cho c gi:
Since H2-blockers became available over the counter (OTC) in drug stores, physicians have
reported that some public assistance patients have ceased their use of these medications and
are experiencing recurrences of epigastric distress.
Sau l vi cu vn chung chung v ngha ca cu vn trn:
Sometimes, regulations that are intended to make drugs more available to patients have a
paradoxical effect of reducing their use. [on vn ny sau gii thch ti sao] Because
welfare patients could previously get the H2-blocker drugs at no personal cost by prescription,
but now that the drugs are available OTC, they are no longer eligible for prescription and
patients must pay for the medication.
Vit bi bo khoa hc cng ging nh vit tiu thuyt trinh thm, hiu theo ngha phi hp dn
ngi c ngay t u, v lm cho ngi c khng bung c cu chuyn. Ti thng hay
ni vi nghin cu sinh l phi c gng vit bi bo sao cho hay, hay n ni nu tng bin tp
mt tp san no t chi khng ng th ng/b cng cm thy hi hn, nui tic. :-) Do ,
cu trc mt on vn rt quan trng, v nhng cu vn trong du dt v cung cp ngi
c nhng tnh (chi) tit c th v thuyt phc. Xin nhc li tm quan trng ca mt on vn:
n l mt tiu lun nh.

Ting Anh bi 6. Th, dng, v s ch cho mt ng t

1. Th (tense)
Mt trong nhng sai lm ti hay pht hin khi duyt cc bi bo khoa hc l cch s dng th
trong bi bo. Chng ring g t cc tc gi chu m ngay c cc tc gi u M cng vp phi
sai lm ny. Sau y l mt s qui nh (tht ra, chnh xc l qui c) v cch s dng th trong
mt bi bo khoa hc.
Nu m t phng php v kt qu nghin cu ca cng trnh ang bo co, dng th qu
kh (past tense):
We found that one third of the rats survived, one thrid died, and the third rat got away.

Nu cp n mt cng trnh cng b trc trn mt tp san no , s dng th

hin ti (present tense):
In their groundbreaking work, Smith et al report a 33% survival rate in the test population.
2. Active hay passive voice
Xin nhc li: mt cu vn nh We found that gi l active voice (dng ch ng), cn it was
found that th c gi l passive voice (dng th ng). Cu hi t ra l trong bi bo khoa
hc, chng ta nn s dng dng no? y l mt vn m cho n nay, theo ti bit, vn
cha ng ng.
Khong 20 nm trc, khi ti v ng nghip np mt bi bo quan trng cho British Medical
Journal tng bin tp v 3 chuyn gia bnh duyt lc ng lot ph bnh ti v ti s dng
dng ch ng. H yu cu ti phi sa lt tt c t dng ch ng sang dng th ng. Sa
xong, np li v qua ln bnh duyt th hai, h t chi cng b! Nhng khong 5 nm tr li
y cng chnh tp san ny (v Lancet na) li khuyn khch s dng dng ch ng.
Qua theo di cc tp san y khoa trong thi gian gn y, ti c th ni rng cng ngy cng c
nhiu bi bo m trong tc gi s dng dng ch ng. Nh vy, xu hng ch ng ny
ang dn dn tr thnh mt qui c chun. Xin ly vi v d:
The Lancet 2004;363:112-118
We followed up children once a day for diarrhoea and a month for anthropometry
New England Journal of Medicine 2004;350:114-124
We enrolled 518 patients with polycythemia vera
British Medical Journal 2001; 323:382-386
I searched the Cochrane Library, Medline, and Embase to identify studies of common
pathological finding in .
Tuy nhin, cng c trng hp m theo ti s dng dng th ng l cch lch s nht.
Chng hn nh khi chng ta thc hin mt vic g km quan trng hn l ngi tip thu
cng vic . V d:
The patient was injected with the test drug
c chc chn d chu hn l
We injected the test drug into the patient
Hay trong trng hp mt vic lm m ngi lm c th khng quan trng my:
The patients were randomized into two groups by a computer program
Trong trng hp ny, ai lm ngu nhin ha cng c, ch chng cn I hay We.
3. S ch cho mi ng t
ng t l mt t hnh ng trong mt cu vn. Do , cc chuyn gia ting Anh cho bit c

th m mt ch trn mi ng t bit mt cu vn yu hay mnh. Nu cu vn c 20

ch trn mi ng t th cu vn c xem l yu. V d:
The use of an excessive number of words in conjunction with a single verb makes for a weak
sentence, deficient in strong words, often complex in structure, and very likely complicated
by a number of subordinate clauses. (37 t!)
4. C gng lm phong ph cu vn
Chng ta th c cu vn sau y:
The elderly patient fell on a scatter rug at home. The patient struck his shoulder when he
landed. The patient sustained a fracture of left humerus.
Ba cu vn bt u bng mt ch lp i lp li 3 ln: patient. Ba cu vn rt n gin, ngn,
v c th ni l kh nhm. Cch vit ny cho thy tc gi khng c kinh nghim vit vn.
Do , lm cho cu vn sng ng, nn c gng s dng bin th, v trnh lp li mt t
nhiu ln. Cu vn trn c th sa li nh sau:
The elderly patient fell on a scatter rug at home, striking his shoulder and sustaining a
fracture of the left humerus.
NVT
Posted by Tuan Nguyen at 2:59 PM

Ting Anh bi 7. i danh t

1. S dng i danh t cho ch th con ngi v vt th
The qui c ting Anh, it v its l i danh t (pronoun) c s dng trc mt ch th l
vt (khng phi con ngi). Tuy nhin, mt s ng vt m gii tnh ng vai tr quan trng
hay ng vy quen thuc vi con ngi (nh ch, mo) th c th gi l he hay she.
Nhng i danh t tng i (relative pronoun) nh who, whom, that cp n nhng ch
th con ngi hay ng vt quen thuc vi con ngi; cn which v that th s dng cho cc
ch th khng phi l con ngi.
V d: He is once of those who know all too well that the memories that move us fade all too
fast. (Those l ch th con ngi ca who; memories l ch th khng phi con ngi
ca that).
That c th s dng cho c con ngi v khng phi con ngi. Nhiu ngi vit gii thng
s dng that thay th cho who, which. Tuy nhin, mt qui c chung l that nn s dng
trong mnh xc lp cn cc ca ch th, cn who v which th s dng cho nhng ch
th m chng ta bit.
V d: A man that drinks and drives a car that has faulty brakes does not think much of his
wife, who must sit at home listening to the sounds of night traffic. (Man v car l ch th cn
c nhn dng; cn wife l ch th c nhn dng bng who.)
2. S dng i danh t nh l mt mnh tham kho
Khi ch th ca mt i danh t b loi b, cu vn c th rt kh hiu v khng r rng. V d:
Instead of setting a total fee, the doctor charged $20 a month until the work was

completed, which the medical profession considers unethical.

Trong cu ny, rt kh bit i danh t which cp n ci g. Do , cu vn c th vit li
r rng hn bng cch thm vo mt ch th c th nh sau:
Instead of setting a total fee, the doctor charged $20 a month until the work was
completed, an arrangement that the medical profession considers unethical.
Hay nh trong cu vn sau y mang tnh ng :
My father wants me to be a doctor, but this is a profession that does not appeal to me.
V khng bit this cp n ch th g. C th sa li nh sau:
My father wants me to be a doctor, but medicine is a profession that does not appeal to me.
Mt v d khc v s dng i danh t khng r rng:
I have visited Benson College, but I do not want to go there because they are snobs
They l ai? C l ngi vit mun ni n sinh vin ca trng:
On my visit to Benson College, I soon found out that the students are snobs. Thats why I do
not want to go there.
3. S dng i danh t cho nhiu ch th
Khi mt i danh t cp n nhiu ch th, cu vn c th kh hiu. Mt cch lm cho cu
vn d hiu hn l t i danh t gn ch th m ngi vit mun cp n.
Khng r rng: Everybody could see that she was a beautiful little girl who looked
closely.Trong cu ny chng ta khng bit who cp n everybody hay l girl).
C th sa li r rng hn: Everybody who looked closely could see that she was a beautiful
little girl.
Nu l ngi giu ng vng cu vn trn cn c th sa li vn hoa hn:
An observant person could see that she was a beautiful little girl.
Mt v d khc v s dng i danh t cho nhiu ch th:
M m: The doctor told him that he ought to take a vacation. (Him cp n ai? Bnh nhn
hay l doctor?)
Cu vn c th sa li tt hn:
The doctor said to him, You I really ought to take a vacation.
Hay, tt hn na:
The doctor advised the patient to take a vacation

Ting Anh bi 8. S dng t ng n gin

Mt trong nhng bnh ca ngi mi hc vit ting Anh l hay khoe ch. H c tnh s
dng nhng t kh hiu, thng c ngun gc Latin hay Hi Lp, nh ngm ni vi ngi c
rng vn ling ng vng ca h rt giu. Nhng trong khoa hc, v nhu cu trong sng v chnh
xc, chng ta nn s dng nhng t n gin, d hiu, v cn phi trnh xa nhng t ng
phc tp v kiu k. Sau y l danh sch (cha y ) mt s t cn c n gin ha:
1. S dng t ng kinh t mt cht (trong ngoc kp)
o because thay v of based on the fact that;
o for hay to thay v for the purpose of.
o there were several patients who completed nn thay th bng several patients
completed ...;
o it is suggested that a relationship may exist (a relationship may exist);
o both alike (alike); one and the same (the same);
o a total of 10 subjects (10 subjects);
o four different groups (four groups);
o absolutely essential (essential);
o found previously (found);
o small in size (small);
o in close proximity (in proximity);
o very close to zero (close to zero);
o much better (better);
o period of time (time);
o summarize briefly (summarize);
o the reason is because (the reason is);
o also included (included);
o except for (except).
2. Chnh xc
o patient hay participant thay v subject;
o concentration hay frequency thay v level.
Khng nn khi qut ha mt cch khng cn thit. Chng hn nh, khng nn vit somekhi
chng ta bit rng ch c 1 trng hp duy nht. Vit some khi ch c 1 l ni dc.
This thng khng r rng. Nn vit this test hay this problem cu vn r rng hn.

 Trnh nhng t thm xng (hyperbole) nh very hay extremely (vn phong khoa hc thng
trm tnh, lnh lng).
Khng s dng however hai ln trong mt on vn, bi v thay i chiu hng l gii 2 ln
trong mt on vn s lm cho ngi c bc mnh.
Khng s dng however hn 1 ln trong 10 on vn; nn tm t khc nh although,
nevertheless, despite, v.v
Trnh s dng ch thiu nhn tnh (non-human agent). Chng hn nh vit the authors
concluded that thay v the study concluded that.
Trnh thnh ng thng tc (colloquialism), nh steer clear of.
Trnh as such, nh trong cu vn sau y: The SCAT is a reliable test of state anxiety. As
such, it is suitable for experimental studies. C th sa li: The SCAT is a reliable test of
state anxiety; it is therefore suitable for experimental studies.
Trnh her, his v cc t ng hm k th gii.
3. Trnh nhng t ng c th lm cho ngi c mt ch :
At the present time (khng cn thit)
It is believed (dp, khoa hc khng c nim tin)
Approximately (about)
Is required (nn thay th bng is needed)
commences (begins, starts)
vast majority (Most)
Literature shows (literature no? Cn ti liu tham kho)
Elevated (raised)
In excess of (Above)
Female subjects (Women)
Of the same opinion (Agreed)
Be of assistance (Help)
It seemed to the present researchers (we thought)
v.v...

Ting Anh bi 9. Dng du phy

Tng rng chuyn dng du phy l ti ca hc sinh tiu hc, nhng trong thc t th
cch dng du phy khng n gin nh chng ta tng. Ch th m sch dy ting Anh cho
cc nh chuyn mn vn c mt chng hay phn di ca chng sch ch dn cch dng

du phy cho ng.

Chng ni u xa, trong ci concept paper m ti c dp bn trc y, tc gi c vit mt cu
m ti ngh rng thiu du phy: Developments in and related to the South China Sea have by
and large been consistent to the overall contemporary trend toward greater cooperation in
Asia-Pacific.
Vy th du phy nn c dng trong trng hp no? Sau y l nhng trng hp cn n
du phy.
1. Tch ri mt danh sch s vic hay i tng:
John, Fred, and Frank. (Ch : c khi ngi ta khng dng n du phy cho i tng sau
cng, nh John, Fred and Frank).
He wrote paper articles, books, and short stories.
He went across the sidewalk, down the street, and into the bar.
2. Tch ri cc mnh trong mt cu vn phc tp c ni bng nhng lin t:
The professor invited his students to lunch, and most of them accepted the invitation.
I have not completed my experiment, yet I plan to do another one.
3. Tch bit nhng thn t (interjection):
Oh, I thought so.
Hello, I am glad to see you here.
I try so hard, alas, to do it
Yes, I will be pleased to discuss with you.
4. khi u mt cu vn mang tnh b ngha (modifier). Nhng t mang tnh b ngha
thng dng l however, nevertheless, moreover, furthermore, therefore, on the other hand.
However, the relationship did not exist.
On the other hand, we found that the CFG gene was associated with increased risk of
hypertension.
5. khi u mt nhm t tuyt i (absolute phrase). Nhng nhm t tuyt i l
thng c cu trc bng ng tnh t (participle) hay i danh t nh the sun having risen:
The river being cold, we did not go swimming.
It seems sensible, the weather being warm, to pack a lunch.
6. bt u mt mnh trc mt ch t:
During the long winter of 1881, the King suffered a sever illness.
(Cu ny cng c th vit: In 1818, the King suffered a severe illness).

7. bt u mt thn t trong mt th t bnh thng nh:

The university, old and respected, went broke.
The year of his graduation, 1950, was an eventful one.
8. tch ri hai iu tng phn nhau:
I want to see a doctor, not a lawyer.
She longed to find happiness, but found misery instead.
9. khi u nhng yu t khng c gii hn:
His father, Mr. Smith, was ill
My friend, who is an engineer, is coming for a visit
10. trnh hiu lm:
During the summer, days become longer
(nu vit During the summer days become longer th ngi ta c th hiu summer days l mt
danh-tnh-t)
Soon after, the meeting was adjourned
(nu khng c du phy, ngi c c th hiu after the meeting)
Vi nhng hng dn trn, chng ta c th quay li vi cu vn ca Hc vin Ngoi giao v
vit li nh sau:Developments in and related to the South China Sea have, by and large, been
consistent to . Nhng cu vn nhiu sai st v cch dng t m ti bn trc y.

Ting Anh bi 10: Nhng li thng thng v vn phm

Sng nay ti phi c duyt mt bi bo (bn tho) ca mt nhm nghin cu Hn Quc, v
qua ti pht hin rt nhiu sai lm trong cch din t v nhng sai st vn phm rt
ng. Mt trong nhng sai lm ph bin nht ngi chu khi mi hc ting Anh l cch s
dng mo t (a v the). Nhng mt s sai lm tiu biu cn th hin qua cch s dng du
phy na. Ngoi ra, cn c sai st mang tnh ni dung v logic v cch cu trc mt cu vn
(sentence) v mt on vn. Ti khng th trch dn nhng sai st ca bi bo ny v ang
trong vng phn bin kn, nn ti ch c th mn bi bo bn n mt s sai st ph bin
mang tnh ng.
1. Thiu du phy sau nhm t dn nhp. Chng hn nh After the analysis of blood
samples of TB patients we continued to isolate PPG, ng l phi c du phy sau ch
patients.
2. Thiu du phy trong mt cu vn ghp (compound sentence). Mt cu vn ghp thng
bao gm 2 mnh c lp nhau nhng ni vi nhau bng mt gii t nh for, and, nor, but,
or, yet, so. Mt sai lm ph bin l thiu du phy gia hai mnh nh cu sau y: Many
studies show that high body weight is associated with high bone mass and moreover reductions
in body weight may cause bone loss. (ng l phi c du phy trc and. Tht ra, cu ny
cn c vi sai st khc na, nhng ti khng bn y).
3. Thiu du phy trong cc mnh khng gii hn (nonrestrictive clauses). Cn phn bit

mnh gii hn v khng gii hn. Chng hn nh cu "My brother in the red shirt likes ice
cream," nu ngi vit c 2 ngi anh, th thng tin v ci o mu l gii hn (restrictive).
Nu l restrictive clause th chng ta khng cn du phy. Tuy nhin, nu ngi vit ch c 1
ngi anh, th thng tin v ci o khng cn thit ch ngi , v y l mnh khng
gii hn. Mnh khng gii hn cn c du phy nh v d sau y: "My brother, in the red
shirt, likes ice cream."
4. Du phy ni. Mt du phy ni (comma splice) xy ra khi hai mnh c lp ni vi
nhau bng mt du phy. Chng hn nh "Picasso was profoundly affected by the war in
Spain, it led to the painting of great masterpieces like Guernica." Mt du phy ni cng c
th s dng chia mt ch t t mt ng t. V d nh trong cu "The young Picasso felt
stifled in art school in Spain, and wanted to leave," ch t Picasso b tch ra t mt trong
nhng ng t ca n l wanted. ng l khng cn du phy trong cu ny, ngoi tr tc gi
mun nhn mnh bng vn phm, nhng y l tr chi nguy him i vi nhng ai cha tho
vit ting Anh.
5. Thiu du phy trong mt chui s vt. Khi lit k mt chui s vt, nn dng du phy
l iu ai cng bit, nhng vn tranh ci l c nn dng du phy trc s vt sau
cng. V d nh trong cu Apples, oranges, pears, and bananas..., vn t ra l c nn
dng du phy trc and. Ngi M v Canada th ni nn, cn ngi Anh v c th ni
khng nn. C nhn ti thch kiu vit ca M (ti c nhiu l do ni nh th) nn ti hay
dng du phy trc ch and lm cu vn r rng hn.
6. i danh t m m. V d nh trong cu The boy and his father reported that he had had
a history of fragility fracture, chng ta khng bit ngi vit cp n ngi con trai hay
l ngi cha c tin s gy xng.
7. Dng sai t. Ci ny th qu hin nhin, nhng dng t cho ng trong khoa hc khng phi
l chuyn d dng v n i hi ngi vit phi am tng vn chuyn mn v cp nht vi
thng tin. Chng hn nh trong cu va trch trn, ng l tc gi phi vit l bone mineral
density ch khng phi bone mass, v hai thut ng ny rt khc nhau v khi nim. Trong y
hc, chng ta cn phn bit gia association v relationship. Nu l nghin cu bnh
chng, hay nghin cu mt thi im (ct ngang hay cross-sectional), th mi lin h gia hai
yu t nn c m t bng thut ng association hn lrelationship. Ch khi no chng ta c
bng chng can thip trong nghin cu th nghim th mi s dng relationship thay cho
association. Ngoi ra, ng nn lm dng thut ng linkage v n ch s dng cho cc nghin
cu v phn tch di truyn trong gia nh, ch khng phi cho cc nghin cu qun th.
8. Thiu hay vit sai inflected ends. "Inflected ends" l thut ng ni n mt nhm li v
vn phm lin quan n s nht qun ca ch v ng t (subject-verb agreement), hay sai
st v who/whom, v.v... Trong ting Anh, khi chng ta thm mt mu t hay m tit (syllable)
pha sau mt t chng ta c th thay i ngha v chc nng vn phm ca cu vn. Chng
hn nh thm "ed" vo mt ng t chng ta chuyn ng t thnh th qu kh (ai cng
bit!), nhng c th bin thnh mt tnh t, hay thm "s" vo mt danh t lm cho danh t c
s nhiu, nhng cng c khi bin thnh mt tnh t.
9. Sai hay thiu gii t. Gii t c khi rt nguy him. Th xem hai cch vit "Our sample
is different from the American sample" v "Our sample is different than the American
sample", cu no tt hn? Mc d c hai cch vit/ni c s dng ph bin, nhng
"different from" c xem l chun hn. Tng t, ngi ta vn cn tranh lun chung quanh
ch "toward" v "towards." Mc d c hai u s dng kh nhiu, nhng hnh nh "toward"
c s dng nhiu hn (cn ngi Anh th s dng towards nhiu hntoward).
10. Dng th khng ng. Cn cn thn trong cch dng th qu kh v hin ti trong khi vit
bo co khoa hc. Thng thng, khi cp n y vn trong qu kh th nn dng th qu kh,

nhng nu mt mi hin h hay s kin c chp nhn nh l s tht th c th dng

th hin ti. Chng hn nh Previous studies have shown that high blood pressure was a risk
of stroke, nhng cng c th vit high blood pressure is a risk of stroke v mi quan h ny
c chp nhn l s tht. Khi vit bo co nghin cu ca chnh mnh, cng nn dng th qu
kh. Tuy nhin, khi cp n mt biu hay bng s liu ngay trong paper th nn dng th
hin ti, chng hn nh trong cu Figure 1 showsthat diabetes was associated with an
increased risk of stroke, chng ta dng shows thay v showed, nhng khi bo co v fact
th chng ta dng th qu kh was associated.
11. Nhng cu vn v duyn, v . y l cch vit ng ght nht, v c mt cu vn
(fragmented sentence) m chng c g hon chnh, lm mt th gi. Chng hn nh cu vn
In Japan, during the last decade and just before the NOF year ny chng ni ln ci g c, v
chng c ch t v ng t. Cn loi vn nh sau Some of the students working in Professor
Sminths laboratory last semester cn v duyn hn v ti chng bit tc gi mun ni ci g.
Ti ch l c rt nhiu sinh vin Vit Nam vit vn theo kiu ny, v n ni ln tc gi chng
c t g hay chng bit mnh mun ni g. Rt d.
12. Dng t b ngha (modifier) sai. T b ngha l nhng tnh t, trng t, hay mnh m
ngi vit mun khai trin thm. Nu t b ngha c s dng ng, cu vn s c th rt
ku, rt th, nhng nu dng sai th cu vn tr nn rt v duyn. Th c cu ny The
professor wrote a paper on obesity in his office rt bun ci, bi v bo ph xy ra trong vn
phng ca ng gio s chng? Hay l vn phng lm vic ca ng y l ni ng vit v bo ph?
Chng ta khng bit khi c cu vn . Nhng nu vit In his office, the professor wrote a
paper on obesity th cu vn r rng hn.
C khi ngi vit dng t b ngha mt cch ong a, v y cng l li cn phi trnh.
Th c cu vn sau y: Walking through the laboratory, my heart ached lm ngi c c
th hiu rng tim ca ngi vit b au khi bc qua phng th nghim! C l mt cch vit
chun hn l Walking through the laboratory, I felt an ache in my heart.
13. Nht qun gia ch t v ng t (subject-verb agreement). y l vn mun tha
ca phe ta, v ti s quay li trong mt dp khc. Nhng y, ti su tm mt vi qui c
ph bin nht nh sau:
Khi ch t s t c ni kt vi nhau bng and th ch thnh s nhiu: Both the
architect and the interior designer like to push artistic boundaries.
Nhng i danh t bt nh (indefinite pronouns) nh someone, anyone, no-one, anybody,
somebody, nobody, one, either, neither thng c xem l s t: No-one likes to fail at
university.
Nhng danh t vi some, any, all, most c th s t nhng cng c th s nhiu, ty thuc
vo danh t c th m c (countable) hay khng m c (uncountable):Some of the
policies were rejected whilst others were approved (policies l mt danh t c th m c)
nhng Some of the research was conducted at the University (research l mt danh t khng
th m c)
Mt ch t ni bng eitheror, neithernor, hay not onlybut also, th ng t nn
chia theo ch gn nht: Neither the lecturer nor the students want to reschedule the
class. (want nht qun vi students)
Vn kh khn khi cu vn c ch l mt danh t tp hp (collective noun) hay i danh
t tp hp. V d nh The committee want a resolution to the problem l sai
vcommittee (y ban) l mt thc th (d thc th c nhiu thnh vin) cho nn chng ta
nn vit The committee wants a resolution to the problem.

Nhiu ngi nhm ln i danh t Everyone v Their. Chng hn nh trong cu "Everyone is

entitled to their opinion," ch their ng l phi l his/her bi v "everyone" l i danh t s
t.
Li nhn cc bn tr:
Kinh nghim ca ti v nhiu ng nghip khc khi tip xc vi ngi Vit, nht l nhng
ngi tng i du hc nc ngoi vi nm, cho thy h thng rt t tin v ting Anh. C
ngi cn ni rng h lm thng dch cho cc chuyn gia nc ngoi, nh l mt bng chng
v kh nng Anh ng ca h. Ti c cm gic h chng cn hc g thm na. Nhng kinh
nghim c nhn ti, ngi tng sng v lm vic trong mi trng ni ting Anh c vi chc
nm, ti vn thy mnh rt dt ting Anh. C th ti khng c nng khiu vi ting Anh, nhng
ti thy ngay c ng nghip ti sinh ra v ln ln c, M, Anh, nhng ngi hng gio
s m vn sai phm ting Anh nh thng. Nn nh rng vn phm khng ch l nhng qui nh
mang tnh bt bin. Vn phm tht ra l mt cu trc ngn ng thay i theo thi gian. Chnh
v th m vn phm l ch ca nhiu nghin cu v phn tch ca gii khoa bng. Do , ti
mun nhn vi cc bn sinh vin tr l: hc, hc na v hc mi ting Anh. ng nn qu t
tin m tht bi th thm khi ra nc ngoi.

Ting Anh bi 11: Cch dng t

Mt bi bo khoa hc d hiu l bi c vit bng nhng t ng n gin, v cch s dng t
ng mt cch kinh t. Vit n gin c l l mt li khuyn ph bin, nhng kinh nghim
ca ti cho thy nhiu sinh vin khi mi vo ngh thng s dng nhng t cu k, v h qu
l cu vn tr nn kh hiu. Nn nh rng mc tiu ca chng ta tc gi bi bo khoa hc l
mun cng trnh ca mnh n vi nhiu ng nghip quc t, nhng ngi c th cha tho
ting Anh. Do , s dng nhng t ng n gin v vit sc tch l mt k nng rt quan
trng.

1. Trnh nhng t km thng tin v rm r. Nhng nhm t rm r l nhng nhm t c

2 hay nhiu t c cng ngha hay ni ln mt . Chng hn nh brief in duration c th vit
n gin hn l brief. Tng t, sufficient in number c th ch n gin
l sufficient.Cu the wound was of a serious in nature c th vit gn l the wound was of a
serious,hay the solution was red in color c th n gin ha thnh the solution was red (v
red l mu). Mt li ti thng hay thy l cch vit we repeated the experiment again, trong
repeated v again ni cng ; do , c th vit n gin hn l we repeated the
experiment.
Bi tp: By gi cc bn th vit li nhng nhm t sau y n gin hn, bng cch b
nhng t khng cn thit hay nhng t tha.
We carefully investigated
The past history of this concept
They mixed together
Twenty human volunteers were recruited
The original source for this work was
Advance planning
Globular in shape
This x-ray film is more preferable than
It seems to appear
For a period of several minutes, the animals had been in a stressful condition
The role of cobra toxin is still a matter for speculation
The work will be completed in the not-too-distant future

 The reaction rate was examined and found to vary considerably

The results would seem to indicate the possibility that impurities might be present
As a result of these experiments it became quite evident that overheating of the samples
had occurred
As far as my own experiments are concerned, they show
It has been found that
It is interesting to note that
Needless to say
2. n gin mt nhm t bng mt t
C nhiu pht biu m trong thc t c th ch cn 1 t l , hay thm ch khng cn thit.
Chng hn nh at this point in time c th vit n gin hn l now. Hay nh the reason was
because cng c th ch vit because l .
Bn th vit li nhng cm t sau y n gin hn:
In view of the fact that
Was observed to be
In the near future
In most cases
It would appear that
Is suggestive of
As to whether
In the vincinity of
It was evident that
In the event that
3. Trnh nhng t ao tao ba ln. Ting Anh gi nhng t to ln l grandiloquence, hm
ni nhng t hoa m, trng l, m hnh nh ngi vit mun gy n tng cho ngi c.
Abraham Lincoln c bi din vn Gettysburg ngn gn lm nn lng nhiu ngi lc , nhng
n nay ai cng cng nhn l mt trong nhng bi din vn hay nht v c hiu qu nht
trong lch s chnh tr th gii. Trong khoa hc cng vy, chng ta cn phi trnh nhng t hoa
m, v chn nhng t n gin, d hiu thng tin trong bi bo c th chuyn ti n nhiu
ng nghip.
Cc bn th vit li nhng cu sau y n gin hn:
Computations were conducted on the data
It may seem reasonable to suggest that the necrotic effect may possibly be due to toxin
In studies pertaining to identification of phenolic derivatives, drying of the paper gives less
satisfactory visualization
A method, which was found to be expedient and not very difficult to accomplish and which
possessed a high degree of accuracy on its results, was devised whereby
4. Trnh so ng (clich) v uyn ng (euphemism), v nhng t ng ny c khi rt kh hiu.
Chng hn nh all in all th hon ton khng cn thit, cn if and when th c th thay th
bng if.
Mt s so ng trong y khoa ti thng thy l the patient expired, the patient passed away,
the patient succumbed, the patient breathed his last, the patient has gone to his rest, v.v c

th ch n gin vit l the patient died. Ai cng hiu die l g, nhng t ai

hiu succumbed hay gone to his rest.
Cc bn th vit li nhng cm t hay cu vn sau y:

Unless and until

It goes without saying
Within the realm of possibility
We sacrificed the animal
We performed euthanasia on the animal

Ti s cung cp cu tr li hay gi tr li sau.

Ting Anh bi 12: Mo t

C l cch hc ting Anh c hiu qu nht l hc t li. Bi va qua (bi s 11) c cc
bn c cho n nng nhit. C c 10 emails cc bn ni nn ch ra nhng li ting Anh cc
bn hc t . Hm nay l mng 3 Tt, v ti nhn dp ny bn vi cc bn cch dng mo t.
Ch dn v cch dng mo t rt nhiu trn internet v sch gio khoa, nn ti khng a nhc
li. Ti ch ni vi chnh ca cch dng mo t.
Th nht l tnh xc nh. Mt danh t xc nh (definite noun) khi danh t c c ngi
c v ngi vit bit n. Chng hn nh nu ti ang mun dng ci my DXA, ti c th hi
k thut vin: Can I use the DXA machine? Ti dng the y v c ti v k thut vin u
bit ci my m ti ni n. Nhng nu mt s vt m ch c ti hay bn bit th phi dng
mo t a/an. Chng hn nh nu ti ni vi bn rng I saw a funny-looking car today, ti
dng mo t a bi v ch c ti bit ci xe , cn bn th khng bit.
Sau y l 5 ngun bit mt danh t xc nh hay khng.
1. Danh t c cp trc: I saw a funny-looking professor yesterday [ln u tin
ni v mt ng gio s khng xc nh]. He looked like an artist rather than an academic. When
he saw me, the professor walked toward my car [ln th hai, cp n ng gio s theo th
xc nh].
2. Mt so snh hay mt tnh t so snh lm cho danh t tr nn c th: The tallestman in
the crowd is 2 m tall. [ch c mt ngi n ng cao nht trong m ng]. V d khc: Please
read the fourth paragraph on page 3. [Ch c 1 on vn s 4 trong trang.] Today is the most
important day of my life. [Ch c 1 ngy quan trng nht]
3. Danh t m t mt c nhn, mt a im hay mt s vt c bit:
The earth revolves around the sun once every 365 days. [Ch c 1 tri t v 1 mt tri.]
4. Mt t hay cm t mang tnh b ng theo sau danh t lm cho danh t r ngha
hn: Do you remember the doctor who went camping with us? [Dng the y ni n
ngi bc s i cm tri].
5. Vn cnh hay tnh hung lm cho danh t r rng. Chng hn nh please close the door,
y chng ta dng the bi v c hai ngi u bit ci ca no c cp n.
Nguyn tc chung: chn ng mo t cho mt danh t, cn phi xc nh xem danh t l
s t hay s nhiu. Mt cch d dng xc nh s t hay s nhiu l chng ta t hi c th
t one trc danh t khng. Chng hn nh chng ta c th ni one experiment, nhng
khng th ni one knowledge. Nu danh t khng phi l s t, th danh t t phi l s
nhiu hay khng m c (uncountable noun). Bng sau y ch cch dng mo t da vo 2

yu t va cp:
1. Danh t s t.
(a) Nu danh t mang tnh xc nh, dng the.
The book in the bookcase was given to me by an old friend.
(b) Nu danh t khng mang tnh xc nh, dng a/an.
My lunch consisted of a sandwich, two cookies, and a can of water. (sandwich v can l danh t
s t, chng c th l danh t xc nh nu ngi vit v ngi c u bit n hay cp
trc y. Tuy nhin, y chng ta chn a ni rng c hai ngi vit v c u khng
bit hai vt th ny)
2. Danh t s nhiu hay khng m c.
(a) Nu danh t khng mang tnh xc nh, dng a/an.
The technical papers that I gave you last week are top secret. (S nhiu v xc nh)
The wool that is produced in New Zealand is used to make sweaters and other garments. (Wool
l danh t khng m c nhng xc nh do c cm t produced in New Zealand)
(b) Nu danh t khng mang tnh xc nh, khng dng mo t.
Long papers are difficult to read. ( y papers l s nhiu v khng xc nh)
Ngoi ra, nn nh rng mt s nc v a im phi c the:
The
The
The
The
The
The
The

United States of America

United Kingdom
Soviet Union
United Nations (the U.N.)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Empire State Building
University of Virginia

Chng ta bit rng a dng trc mt danh t vi ph m nh a house, a large rock, v an dng
trc mt danh t vi nguyn m nh an interesting subject, an experiment. Nhng vi
nhng danh t bt u bng nguyn m u c th dng a hay v an bi v u thng c l yu. Do
, chng ta c th vit a university, a urban population, a useful idea. Nhng danh t c gc
ting Php vi ph m h cng c th dng a: an heir to the throne, an hour-long lecture, an
honorable agreement, v.v...
Bi tp
Th in vo cc khong trng sau y bng mo t the, a/an, hay khng c mo t (in 0).
1. _______(a) Decline and Fall of ______(b) Roman Empire
2. ________(a) complexity of _______(b) problem of ______(c) decline and fall of the Roman
Empire is made evident by _______(d) wide variety of causes that are emphasized in varying
degrees by _______ (e) different authors.

3. Fortunately, ________(a) concise formulation of Edward Gibbon serves as _________(b)

widely accepted basis for _______(c) modern discussion of _________(d) problem.
4. According to Gibbon, _________(a) empire reached its peak during _______(b)
administration of ________(c) two Antonines.
5. After that, however, ________(a) extent of ________(b) Roman conquest became too great
to be managed by _______(c) Roman government, and _______(d) decline began.
6. ______(a) military government was weakened and finally dissolved as ______(b) barbarians
were allowed to constitute ______(c) ever-growing percentage of ______(d) Roman legions.
7. ______(a) victorious legions began to dominate and corrupt _______(b) government,
weakening it at ______(c) time when it most needed ______(d) strength to overcome
_______(e) other problems.
Mt trong nhng li ting Anh m sinh vin Vit Nam thng hay mc phi l cch dng mo t
(article). Th tht vi cc bn, chnh ti phi mt hn 5 nm tri tip xc v hc hi ting Anh
ngoi ny mi dng mo t ng c. y th m thnh thong ti vn dng sai (nhng may
phc l ti bit mnh sai)!
I have a good news for you.
The men are national beings.
The boys leave the school at four o'clock.
He sent a word that he would come soon.
I have read the Shakespeare's Macbeth.
You cannot set a foot in this house.
The envy is an evil passion.
He has not yet gone to the bed.
He is Daniel in judgment.
He made very wise decision.
Fire broke out in our village.
Andamans are a group of islands.

Ting Anh bi 13: o vn, din gii, tm lc v trch

dn

Hm trc ti c a tin v mt trng hp o vn ca mt gio s ngi Nam Dng. c

k bi bo ca ng gio s ny v bi bo gc (di hn nhiu) ca tc gi ngi c, ti thy
hnh nh li chnh ca ng gio s l thiu ghi ngun v cch din gii cha t chun lm cho
phm li o vn. Tht ra, i vi nhiu ngi Vit Nam (v chu ni chung), k c hc sinh,
sinh vin, nghin cu sinh v thm ch gio s, ti thy ngi ta kh phn bit gia o vn
(plagiarism), din gii (paraphrase), tm lc (summary), v c khi c trch dn (quotation).
Do , cn phi xc nh li 4 hnh thc ny:
1. Trch dn, nh chng ta bit, c ngha n gin l ly nguyn vn ca tc gi khc nhng
phi trong ngoc v phi ghi nhn ngun. Mt v d trch dn l:
A WHO Expert Consultation states that [] overweight ( 25 kg/m2) corresponded to 3139% (mean 35%) body fat in females and 18-27% (mean 22%) body fat in males. If these
criteria for the percentage body fat for overweight and obesity are applied to the Asian
populations, the corresponding BMIs can be calculcated with countru-specific equations
(WHO Expert Consutation, 2004).

 y, chng ta thy tc gi nguyn cu vn ca WHO trong ngoc kp, v khi ng ngoc

kp th ghi ngun ca on vn.
Trong nhng bi bo khoa hc, t khi no ngi ta trch dn, v n gy mt cm gic khng my
thoi mi. Trch dn nguyn vn c khi c xem l mt hnh ng li bing, hay l mt cch
t thi khiu khch, ma mai. Nhng ti thy trong cc bi bo khoa hc x hi v nhn vn,
cc tc gi c xu hng trch dn rt nhiu, c l do vn ha lm vic ca h. Mc d khng
c qui c no v lng trch dn bao nhiu l thch hp, nhng hnh nh ai cng ng rng
mt bi bo m lng trch dn hn 10% c xem l qu mc.
2. Tm lc l hnh thc din t li tng chnh ca on vn gc bng mt on vn rt c
ng v rt chung chung, m khng hn dng li nhng ch ca tc gi gc. Thng thng mt
on vn tm lc ch c 3 n 7 cu vn.
Tm lc cng l mt ngh thut, v c khi i hi ngi vit phi c mt ni lc kh v ng
vng. Sau y l vi ch dn lm mt tm lc tt. Trc ht l c bi bo. K n l c
li bi bo, nh du (gch dng) nhng tng quan trng, dng du hnh trn nh du
nhng t ng hay thut ng quan trng, v tm im chnh ca bi bo. Chia bi bo lm nhiu
on v tng v vit mt cu vn tm lc cho tng on. K tip l vit mt on vn
tm lc. Nn nh rng trong on vn tm lc, tc gi c th
V d nh on vn sau y:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse
quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript
should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount
of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing
Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
c th tm lc nh on di y:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the
amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).
y, tc gi vn gi chnh ca on vn gc v c ghi ngun, nhng cu ch c lm
ngn gn li, b bt nhng chi tit nh 10%. y l cch tm lc hp l, khng phi o vn.
3. o vn: Hi gio s i hc M (American Association of University Professors) nh ngha
o vn (plagiarism) l ly tng, phng php, hay ch ca ngi khc lm ca mnh, m
khng ghi nhn ngun gc v tc gi (nguyn vn: "taking over the ideas, methods, or written
words of another, without acknowledgment and with the intention that they be taken as the
work of the deceiver.") o vn l mt ti phm trong khoa hc, mt li khng th chp
nhn c. c rt nhiu trng hp m nhng nh khoa hc, sinh vin, nghin cu sinh,
v.v b tiu tan s nghip ch v o vn.
o vn thng xut hin di nhiu hnh thc, ch khng phi ch trong bi bo khoa hc hay
sch v. Chng hn nh mt bc s trnh by bo co hay bi ging bng powerpoint mt hi
ngh, seminar, symposium, v.v c s dng tng, s liu, hnh nh, cu vn ca ngi khc
m khng ghi r ngun th vn c th xem l mt hnh thc o vn.
y l mt on vn trong cun Lizzie Borden: A Case Book of Family and Crime in the
1890s ca Joyce Williams v ng tc gi (trang 1):
The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population were the
three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger,

steam-powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they
transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of
immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River,
Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well
as of commerce and trade.
v th c on vn sau y:
The increase of industry, the growth of cities, and the explosion of the population were
three large factors of nineteenth century America. As steam-driven companies became
more visible in the eastern part of the country, they changed farm hands into factory
workers and provided jobs for the large wave of immigrants. With industry came the
growth of large cities like Fall River where the Bordens lived which turned into centers of
commerce and trade as well as production.
on vn ny c xem l o vn. Ti sao? L do th nht l tc gi ch thay i vi ch v
vi cu, thay i th t ca on vn gc. L do th hai l tc gi khng ghi ngun gc ca
tng.
trnh o vn, cn phi r ngun ca tng, d liu ca ngi khc trong bi bo
khoa hc ca mnh. Mt cch trnh o vn l hc cch tm lc (nh trnh by trn) v din
gii (paraphrase s trnh by di y).
4. Din gii: Theo cch hiu chung th din gii c ngha l mt cch vit li on vn gc ca
ngi khc vi ch ca chnh mnh (nhng tng th vn mn t tc gi khc) v nht nh
phi ghi ngun.
Trong bo co khoa hc, k nng din gii rt quan trng, v n to c hi cho cc tc gi ang
hc ting Anh mt cch hc ting Anh thc t nht v hu hiu nht. Kinh nghim ca ti cho
thy cch din gii tt nht l c i c li on vn gc cho n khi hiu y ngha ca
on vn, sau t on vn gc qua mt bn, v vit li on vn vi t v cch trnh by
ca chnh mnh. Nu cn, vit vi ch pha di on vn mi vit t nhc nh mnh nn
s dng hay thay i cu vn ny nh th no. Mt vi iu quan trng cn nh khi din gii
cu vn ca ngi khc nh sau:
Th nht l gi ng ngha ca bn gc. Nn nh rng chng ta ch din gii li, nn khng
c thay i nhng mi quan h trong bn gc v ngha m tc gi mun ni.
Th hai l dng t ng ngha (synonym). iu ny i hi ngi vit phi c mt vn ng
vng kh c th thay i ch ca ngi khc m vn khng thay i ngha gc. i vi
nhng thut ng th cch an ton nht l khng nn thay i, v lm nh th rt l ng ngh!
Th ba l thay i vn phm. Cch tt nht l ct cu vn di thnh mt vi cu vn ngn,
hoc gp vi cu vn qu ngn thnh mt cu vn c ng hn. Cch th hai l thay i th
active thnh th passive cng l mt hnh thc rt hu hiu.
Th t l (nu c) thay i th t ca thng tin. i khi cc tc gi vit vn cng rt kh
hiu v h trnh by nhiu thng tin lm long chnh, v y chnh l c hi l tng mnh
din gii th ca mnh bng cch sp xp li tng v thng tin mt cch logic hn.
Th nm l n thi ca tc gi n ti. i khi tc gi l thi v cm tnh
vi ti (qua nhng t nh certain, uncertain, critical, striking, remarkable, wonderful,
v.v) v vit li theo hnh thc trung ha hn. Trong khoa hc vn chng cn phi lnh
lng, trnh t ng cm tnh.

Quay li cu vn gc trn,
The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population were the
three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger,
steam-powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they
transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of
immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River,
Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well
as of commerce and trade.
nu tc gi vit:
Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern industrial cities of
the nineteenth century. Steam-powered production had shifted labor from agriculture to
manufacturing, and as immigrants arrived in the US, they found work in these new
factories. As a result, populations grew, and large urban areas arose. Fall River was one of
these manufacturing and commercial centers (Williams 1).
th s khng xem l o vn m l din t li chnh ca tc gi gc. y l mt cch din gii
hp l, chp nhn c, bi v tc gi gi thng tin gc qua cch dng ch, v cho bit ngun
gc ca tng.
Nh ti ni trn, din gii mt on vn ngoi k nng vn phm, c php, cn i hi mt
vn ng vng di do. Ng vng cho php chng ta dng t khc vi t gc. Mt s t c th
thay th m c th khng lm thay i ngha gc nh sau:
T ch khng gian: above, below, here, there, v.v...
T ch thi gian: after, before, currently, at present, during, earlier, later, v.v...
T ch v d: for example, for instance, v.v...
T ch thm na: additionally, in addition, also, moreover, furthermore, equally important,
v.v...
T ch tng ng: also, likewise, in the same way, similarly, v.v...
T ch ngoi l: but, yet, however, nonetheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, v.v...
T ch lot: first, second, third, next, then, v.v...
T nhn mnh: indeed, in fact, of course, v.v...
T ch nguyn nhn v h qu: accordingly, consequently, as a result, as a consequence,
therefore, thus, v.v...
T kt lun: finally, in conclusion, in summary, on the whole, in the end, v.v...
o vn trong khoa hc c nhc n rt nhiu ln, v mt phn khng nh c lin quan n
sinh vin m ting Anh khng phi l ting m . c nhiu trng hp lun n b thu hi v
vn o vn. Khi ngi ta lm nghin cu sinh vin M Lai ang hc ti c th pht hin
rng h khng c o vn, nhng ch v h khng phn bit c khc bit gia o vn, din
gii, v tm lc. Ti hi vng bi ny s gip mt phn cho phe ta phn bit c 3 hnh
thc trn v trnh phm phi li lm ng tic.

Vit bi bo khoa hc khng n gin nh nhiu ngi tng. Khng bit cc ngnh khc th
sao, nhng trong lnh vc y khoa th vit mt bi bo khoa hc 10 trang thng ko di khong
3 thng. Ni nh vy cc bn mi vo ngh khng nn nh gi thp qu trnh v k nng
vit mt bi bo khoa hc.

Ting Anh bi 14. Vi li ting Anh rt c th chu

Trong nhng sc dn hc ting Anh nh l mt ngn ng th 2, ti on ngi chu chng ta
thng gp kh khn hn so vi ngi u chu. C l do ngi u chu v Anh c cng vn
ha phng Ty, nhng l do gn nht l ting Anh v nhng ting gc Latin v Hi Lp c cng
cch ni v cch vit, nn h t phm phi nhng li ngi chu chng ta hay vp phi. Ti
s c gng su tm nhng sai st trong cch vit ca ngi chu cc bn trc l thng
thc, v sau l hc.
Sau y l mt vi li ph bin v cch vit cu vn trong ting Anh hay thy ngi chu:
1. One of his family members is dead.
2. My brother's all the books have been stolen.
3. For what you are here ?
4. Tell me why did you go there ?
5. I, you and he will go together.
6. Exercise is good both for work as well as health
7. He did not abstain to smoke but persisted to purchase valuable cigars
8, To him I did a request which he did not comply.
9. I cannot bear your separation.
10. Open the last but one page of the book
11. I solicit your favor to grant me leave
12. Those who are absent, I shall punish them
13. After doing the work, his face brightened.
14. We shall be glad to get your good news.
15. I feel myself feverish.
16. You have no excuse to be forgetful.
17. He rose equal to the occasion
18. Are your work busy ?
19. I am going to a picnic
20. I am a bit in a hurry
21. If one day I am good in English, I would definitely admit it.
22. How do you think to learn the English ?
Cc bn th sa li nhng cu vn trn cho chun hn.
F riday, February 26 , 201 0

Ting Anh bi 15: cch vit mt on vn

Mt bi bo khoa hc thng c vit theo cu trc IMRAD (introduction, methods, results,
and discussion). Mi phn bao gm mt s on vn (paragraphs). Mi on vn bao gm nhiu
cu vn (sentence). Mt trong nhng kh khn m ti thy sinh vin thng gp lc vit bi
bo khoa hc l cch cu trc mt on vn sao cho d c v tri chy. Tht ra, chng
ring g sinh vin, ti thy ngay c nhng thy c vn vit vn khoa hc rt ti. Do , tng
l vic d lm, nhng trong thc t th khng d cht no. Trong bi ny ti s mch mt vi
kinh nghim trong vic cu trc mt on vn mt cch logic v tri chy.
Mt on vn l mt n v vn chng ca mt bi bo khoa hc. iu m ngi c k
vng khi c mt on vn l tng ca ngi vit v thng tin lm nn tng cho tng
. Nu ngi vit khng p ng c k vng ny nh on vn c nhiu tng, hay

khng c bng chng th ngi c s cm thy ln ln hay kh chu, v s khng mun tip
tc c.
Vy th cu hi t ra l: mt on vn phi c chc nng g? Ni mt cch v von, iu m
ngi c mun tm trong mt on vn khoa hc cng chng khc g chng ta k vng mt
ngi bn i: l tinh thn ng h, kin nh, v chu o. Mt on vn cng cn c nhng
c im nh th: c bng chng ym tr cho tng, c lp trng kin nh, v phi khc
chit.
Bng chng. Mt on vn tt l mt on vn hm cha thng tin, v thng tin phi c
lin quan hay mang tnh ym tr cho lun n ca ngi vit. on vn cn phi c lin h
vi lun n mt cch r rng, sao cho c th gii uu bit c on vn c nh ni ln
iu g.
Kin nh. Mt on vn tt phi mnh m v c khi trn tri. Mt on vn mnh m rt cn
thit pht trin mt tng chnh bng cch dng y bng chng. Mt on vn tt
khng nn c nhng cu vn tha thi, nhng cu vn gy g, vi bng chng chng c lin
quan g vi nhau.
Khc chit y c ngha l on vn phi ha hp vi nhng on vn khc trong bi
bo. Mt on vn tt khng bao gi lm gin on cc on vn khc, m lc no cng c
tng lin quan vi mt on vn trc .
Mt on vn bao gm nhiu cu vn (sentence). Mt on vn n gin nht phi c mt cu
vn ch , v mt s cu vn ph . Cu vn ch c mc tiu tuyn b mt tng
hay mt quan im, cn nhng cu vn ph c chc nng cung cp chi tit v thng tin
lm c s cho cu vn ch . Do , mt on vn tt phi hm cha nhng thng tin mang
tnh khc chit v lin kt. y, ti khng bn chi tit v k thut vit mt on vn (v
c nhiu sch ch dn), ti ch mun chia s kinh nghim vi bn c mt vi im chnh sau
y:
1. Mi on vn ch nn ni ln mt tng hay mt im m thi. Khi mi bt tay vo vit
bi bo khoa hc, nn trnh kiu vit mt on vn cha nhiu tng hay im nh. Hy c
on vn sau y:
Muscle length and changes in contractility have been reported to have overlapping effects
on the components of excitation-contraction coupling. Muscle length is believed to affect
the action potential, the amount of calcium released, and the rise of intracellular calcium
; finally, muscle length affects the interaction between actin and myosin and hence
shortening and force development. Changes in contractility are believed to affect the
action potential and the level and rise of intracellular calcium.
Trong on vn trn, muscle length v contractility c bn ring l th hin qua nhiu cu
vn nhng tc gi khng ni n nhng c im tng ng gia hai kha cnh ny. Nhng
cu vn cng khng trc tip minh ha ci m tc gi gi l overlapping effect tuyn b trong
cu vn u tin. Ngoi ra, chng ta cng khng thy mi lin h gia cc cu vn trong on
vn trn. on vn trn c th bin tp li cho r rng hn nh sau:
Muscle length and changes in contractility have been reported to have overlapping effects
on the components of excitation-contraction coupling. Both affect [Muscle length is
believed to affect] the action potential, the amount of calcium released, and the rise of
intracellular calcium. In addition [finally], muscle length affects the interaction between
actin and myosin and hence affects muscle shortening and force development. [Changes in
contractility are believed to affect the action potential and the level and rise of
intracellular calcium].

(nhng ch mu xanh l b, ct i).

2. Gii thch. i khi, mt cu vn cn phi gii thch ti sao c hnh ng. Mc d ngi vit
c th k vng ngi c phi hiu ti, nhng i khi chnh ngi vit phi gip ngi
c hiu ti bng cch gii thch r rng hn.
All of the patient data were kept in paper files. The absence of even one clerk caused
delays in the monthly reporting. Finally, management decided to interview some system
analysts.
Trong on vn trn, s ni kt ca 3 cu vn khng r rng my. D bit rng ngi c c
th suy lun c ngha ca on vn, nhng ti sao chng ta khng vit r rng hn
ngi c khi mt th gi? on vn trn c th bin tp li nh sau:
All of the patient data were kept in paper files, which took much staff time to maintain.
The absence of even one clerk caused delays in the monthly patient
reports [reporting].Management wanted computerized record keeping, which would take
less time and be more reliable, and finally, [mnagement] decided to interview some system
analysts todevelop the new system.
3. Cu trc song song. Cn phi cu trc on vn song song d c. c th on vn sau
y:
A 10 mg dose produced no affect, a 20 mg dose produced a small effect, but patients
demonstrated a noticeable effect from a 30 mg dose.
Chng ta thy tc gi c gng thay i cu trc khi ni v nh hng ca liu lng 30 mg,
nhng cch vit ny lm cho cu vn kh hiu. C th vit li nh sau:
A 10 mg dose produced no affect, a 20 mg dose produced a small effect, but a 30 mg dose
produced [patients demonstrated] a noticeable effect in patients. [fom a 30 mg dose].
4. Nht qun trong cch vit. Cn phi duy tr cch vit mt cch nht qun. Nu dng th th
ng trong cu u th phi c gng theo cch dng . Chng hn nh:
Topical applications of the drug did not improve the condition. The condition improved
after small doses were delivered intravenously.
Cu u theo th th ng (passive voice), nhng cu th hai th chuyn sang ch ng (active
voice). Nn duy tr nht qun cch vit nh sau:
Topical applications of the drug did not improve the condition. Intravenous delivery of
small doses improved the condition. [Fhe condition improved after small doses were
delivered intravenously].
tm kt thc bi ny, ti mi cc bn th c mt on vn ca Gs Samuel Huntington,
mt tc gi thuc vo hng favorite ca ti. (Ti ch thch v ngng m cch vit ca ng
y thi, ch khng hn thch quan im chnh tr ca ng y). on ny ti trch trong bi The
Hispanic Challenge ng trn tp san Foreign Affairs s ra ngy 1/3/2004:
Most Americans see the creed as the crucial element of their national identity. The creed,
however, was the product of the distinct Anglo-Protestant culture of the founding settlers.
Key elements of that culture include the English language; Christianity; religious
commitment; English concepts of the rule of law, including the responsibility of rulers and

the rights of individuals; and dissenting Protestant values of individualism, the work ethic,
and the belief that humans have the ability and the duty to try to create a heaven on
earth, a "city on a hill." Historically, millions of immigrants were attracted to the United
States because of this culture and the economic opportunities and political liberties it
made possible.
Nh c th thy, cu u tuyn b ch ca on vn v cn cc quc gia. Cu th hai ni
kt vi cu 1 mt cch tuyt vi v mt ch ngha. Nhng cu k tip cung cp thm thng tin
v d liu ym tr cho cu vn u tin. V, cu cui cng quay li cu ch nh l mt
nhn mnh. Mt on vn c vit mt cch chc nch! ng l cch vit ca mt bc thy.
Vit n y ti cht nh n mt bc thy khc, khng phi trong khoa hc, m l trong vn
hc: Nh bin kho Sn Nam. Trong mt cun sch m ti c lu lm ri, trong tc gi k
li rng c ln Sn Nam khuyn tc gi v cch vit vn nh sau: My vit cu vn phi c
bp tht. Ngha l n khng phng l lng nhng, c ln khng gy xc cm. [] Ni nm na ra
l nh ci bp tht con chut ca anh nng dn. Vn l phi nh th , ch khng phi sung
ut nh bp tay con gi. [] ta phi dng ch no chnh xc nht, t gi nht, c o nht
din t ci ta mun din t. Ngha l khi ta dng ch ri, khng ch no thay vo
m hay hn c. [] My hiu khng? Cng nh my la v vy, khi my chm c A th c
B d c p hn giu hn cng khng lm my hnh phc bng c A! H h
Ti ngh mt li khuyn nh th trong vit vn khoa hc cng rt thch hp.