1990

.

, ,

.
1990, ,
,


,
. ,


o
. ,
, ,

.
,
.

.
1990
. , ,
, .

. ,
, ,
1

 ,
.

. ,

. ,
.
1993,
.

,
:
,
,
.
, , . , ,
,
.

. , ,
,
.
,
.
....

, .


. , ,



.



.
;

; ,


.


, .

,
.


. , , ,
,
, ,
, , .

. :

.

1. :

,

,

.

. 2008
1993, ,

.

Boris N. Yeltsin. Yeltsin
,


. , ,

, . -
.
, ( )

. , ,
, ,


Vladimir V. Putin. Putin
,

.
( ,
) , ,
. , Putin
,
.

,

( , ).

, ,
.

2.
2.1. 1993:

, 1993,
, , ,

-
.

, , ,
( ), , ,
.
,

,

,

1 ( ,
),

.

2,

3. , 4
-
,
,
,

,
, , ,
.
,


.

(,
)

1 . ( 3.1. : (1989-1993)).
2
www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm.
3 Sakwa Richard, Russian Politics and Society, Routledge, 2002, . 61-63.
4 Ibid.
5 B. Lijphart Arend, Patterns of Democracy. Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six
Countries, Yale University Press, 1999, . 117.

 -.

,
( ) (
).
: -
6.

,
,

. , ,
- ,

,

. ,
,
,
. ,
,
,

2.2.
7
6
. Lijphart Arend, ibid.
7 .., ,
4, 80-93 ... ,
, . Sakwa Richard, ibid, Routledge, 2002, . 103-109
Mommsen Margareta, Das politische System Russlands, Wolfgang Ismayr et al. (publ.), Die

 .
,
50% .

, ( )
, 8.
,
, 9.

10.
, ,
,
,
, .

,
, (Commander in Chief)
, . , ,
(ukazy) ,
,

. ,
, , ,
, ,
, veto ( )
.
1993,
politischen Systeme Osteuropas, Opladen, 2004, . 373-428.
8 , : .
: ,
, 2001, . 112.
9 , ibid, . 111.
10 . Sakwa Richard, ibid, . 104.

 ,
: , ,
11. ,
,
,

12.

( )
.
13
, .
, ,
,

14

. ,

,
,
.
,
.
,
() ,
,

.
.

11 80 ..
12 Sakwa Richard, ibid. B. Yeltsin
1991 (On the command of the Armed Forces on the territory of the RSFSR, Vedomosti
Syezda narodnykh depulatov RSFSR i Verkhovnogo Sovyeta RSFSR, no. 17, August 20, 1991),
1993
( On the Government of the Russian Federation, Sobraniye zakonodatelstva
Rossiyskoy Federatsii, no.51, art. 5712, December 17, 1997), 2003, 20
61 ( 5
23 ) ,
, .
Kryshtanovskaya Olga and White Stephen, Putins Militocracy, Post-Soviet Affairs, 2003, 19, 4, .
293-296.
13 . Sakwa Richard, ibid, . 109-112.
14 , . ( 2.3. ).

, ,

15

. , , ,

.
2.3.
( ,

)

,
: .

16 ( ) 178
89 . ,
,
2 ,
. ..
,
.
101 ,
.
,
, ,

.

15 ...,
, (
110, 1) . ,
(, )
. , , ,
, ,
,
,
,
, . Sakwa Richard, ibid, . 110.
16 . Sakwa Richard, ibid, . 132-137.

10

 ,
17: ,


, ,
,

. ..
,
. ,
, . ,
23 ,

.
..

,
18. ,
..
1993-1995. 1995, , Yeltsin
, , ex officio

89

, , ,
. , ,
-

.

Putin

2000-200119.

, (
200020),
17 . 102 ...
18 Sakwa Richard, ibid.
19 . Hyde Matthew, Putins Federal Reforms and Their Implications for Presidential Power in
Russia, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 53, no. 5, 2001, . 727-728.
20 19 2000 27

11

 ..

.
(
), . ,
,
Beslan21 2004, Putin

-
(, ) .
Putin
, ..
,
.
( )
.
190622,
1993,
1977. 450
.
101-108
: 23,
24 ( ) ,
(. Rossiskaya Gazeta, 5 2000).
21 1 2004
, 334 2 .
,
.
,
11 .
22 IV 1906,
http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/royalty/russia/rfl.html.
23
,
, ,
. veto,

2/3 ,
, . Sakwa Richard, ibid, . 126-129.
24
.

12

2/3),

.
.
,

25,

. ,

, 2/3 .

, , ,
.

,
, .

. ,
26,

2.4. .
,
27,
, .

, ,
.
, ,
,
, . ibid.
25 95, 1 ...
26 . 100, 1 ...
27 VII, 118-129 ...

13

. , , 28,

,
.

, , ,
,

.
,


. 19 ,
.
10 9
. .
29 ,
. ,
,
. ,

, ,
,
. ,
.
.
30
.
,

28 125 ...
29 126 ...
30 127 ..
14

.
,
.
.

3.
3.1. : (1989-1993)

M. Gorbachev
. ,
. (,

) 1989.
,
,
. ,
,
perestroika
.

) 1990

.
(
) : , ,
Gorbachev ,
,

15


B. Yeltsin.
.
1991
B. Yeltsin ,


,
. ,
Yeltsin
. , Yeltsin

.
,
1991 ( 57,30%) B. Yeltsin.

, .

1991, Yeltsin

1993.
( 1993)
.

3.2. Boris Yeltsin (1993-1999)

3.2.1. ,
1993
1993 .
, ,

16


. Yeltsin
,



.

.
, 13 3.614

.



() 31. ,

, 5%
. ,
,

Yeltsin.
, (
-)
22,2%32. , (VR),
Yegor Gaidar, 15,51% 70

33

,
),
(PRES), Viktor
Chernomyrdin, 6,76% 18 .
31 .
32 . www.russiavotes.org .
33 ,
,

.

17

 43,2 %. ,
(LDPR) Vladimir Zhirinovsky
22,92% 64 ,
(CPRF) 12,40% 48 , (APR)
7,99% 33 . , , ,
Yabloko 7,86% 23 .
5%
, CPRF
(8.13% 23 ) (DPR)
Nikolai Travkin (5.52% 15 ). ,

, 141 , 1/3 ,
.
1993
VR, , ,
. 34
(party of power)
, ,
.

,
,

. ,
,
, , . ,

34 . Oversloot Hans and Verheul Ruben, Managing Democracy: Political Parties and the State in
Russia, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, vol. 22, no. 3, 2006, . 394.

, . ,
3.2.5. Yeltsin.

18

 .

,
35. 1993

(PRES), VR.
,

.

3.2.2. , 1995
1993
,
, ( )

1995.
43 ( 13 1993),
5% 4 ( 8

1993).

- (NDR)
10,13%

45

36,

-) Yabloko 6,89% 45 .
NDR
Viktor Chernomyrdin37. VR38,
NDR ,

35 Wilson Andrew, Virtual Politics Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World, Yale University
Press, 2005, . 91-92.
36 . www.russiavotes.org .
37 Oversloot Hans and Verheul Ruben, ibid, . 395.
38 (DVR)
3.86%.

19

 , , ,
39. ,
,
( NDR

,
Gaidar)
Chernomyrdin,
40. ,
,
Ivan Rybkin Bloc41, , ,
, 1,1%
3 .

( ) ,

.
,

CPRF

22,30% 157 ,

.

,
,

42.
CPRF43.
,
,
39Sergei Kolesnikov, The Dilemma of Our Home is Russia. A view from the Inside,
Demokratizatsiya, vol. , no. , . 359.
40 Grigoriev Sergei and Lantz Matthew, Lessons of the 1995 State Duma Elections,
Demokratizatsiya, vol. , no. , . 163.
41 Wilson Andrew, ibid, . 92-93.
42 Grigoriev Sergei and Lantz Matthew, ibid, . 160.
43 Ibid.

20

 ,

,
. , CPRF
,
1995,
-
44.
Gennady Zyuganov ,


,
- 45. ,

212 450
,
(APR, Nikolai Kharitonov)
( , Nikolai Ryzhkov)46.

, LDPR Zhirinovsky
1993 (11,18% 51
), -
,
(KRO) Yury Skokov Alexander Lebed,
5%. ,
,

KRO LDPR

44

1995, (20,2%)
(16%), (1,3%) ,
. ibid, . 160-161.
45 . Tsipko Alexander S., Why Gennady Zyuganovs Communist Party Finished
First, Demokratizatsiya, vol. , no. , . 185-199 Urban Joan Barth, The Communist Movement
in Post-Soviet Russia, Demokratizatsiya, vol. , no. , . 173-184.
46 Grigoriev Sergei and Lantz Matthew, ibid, . 160.

21

 - . ,
Zhirinovsky ,

,
, ,
, 51 ,
. ,
KRO ,
,
,
, 47.

48

1995 .
,
. 64% ,

. , ,
,

(,

) , , ,
. ,
1995 , ,

,
,
. ,

.

3.2.3. , - 1996

47 Ibid, . 162.
48 . Sakwa Richard, ibid, . 154..
22

 1996
.
.

49, Yeltsin
.
50,

.
Yeltsin, ,
Alexander Korzhakov (
, Oleg Soskovets,
),
,

Anatoly Chubais,

51. , Yeltsin
.
, , (
),

,
( -,
-)

Yeltsin.
Yeltsin
49

18 , , ,

, Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, . Yeltsin declares Russian victory over Chechnya, CNN,
May 28, 1996, http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9605/28/russia.chechnya/.
50 Solovei Valery, Strategies of the Main Presidential Candidates, Demokratizatsiya, vol. 4, no. 3,
summer 1996, . 341.
51 Sakwa Richard, ibid, . 156.

23


NDR
. ,
,

.

PRF

, ,

G. Zyuganov.

52: ,

Zyuganov, ,

, ,
( PRF) Zyuganov
, ,
.

. Yeltsin , ,
,
,
(
NTV Gusinsky),

.
,
.
, Yeltsin
(35,28%)53 , ,
, Zyuganov (32,03%), Lebed
(14,52%),
52 Solovei Valery, ibid, . 344.
53 . www.russiavotes.org .
24

,
. Yavlinsky (7,34%) Zhirinovsky (5,70%)
,
1%. ,
Yeltsin Lebed,

54 ,
:
; , Zyuganov

55, ,
,
Yeltsin . ,
Yeltsin 53,82%, 40,31% Zyuganov.

3.2.4. , 1999
1999,

.
Vladimir Putin

.


.


. OVR
54 Sakwa Richard, ibid, . 157. Lebed ,
,
Yeltsin,
, . Solovei Valery, ibid, . 345.
55 Sakwa Richard, bid.

25

 (Otechestvo)
Yury Luzkhov,
(Vsya Rossiya), 56.
Luzkhov
OVR
,
.
Luzkhov
.
Chernomyrdin 199857.
Yeltsin

,

Chernomyrdin

NDR
1999,

2000.

Chernomyrdin
( , )
.
,
.
NDR
. Luzkhov
.

58.


- , .

56 Vladimir Yakovlev
Mintimir Shaimiev.
57 Oversloot Hans and Verheul Ruben, ibid, . 395.
58 Ibid, . 396.

26


,
. Chernomyrdin NDR
1995
.
.
Luzkhov .

Chernomyrdin,

.

. ,
, ,

59.
60. , Luzkhov

Chernomyrdin
.

OVR

,
KRF
,
1991

,
,
. OVR

, ,

.

59 . Hale Henry, Origins of United Russia and the Putin Presidency: The Role of Contingency in
Party-System Development, Demokratizatsiya, vol. 12, no. 2, Spring 2004.
60 Ibid.

27

, ,
, Yevgeny Primakov.
.
1999 ,
(Yedinstvo)61 Yeltsin,
Vladimir Putin.
,

.
OVR
. ,

OVR,

Luzkhov62. , , OVR,
,
Sergey Shoigu. ,

. , Putin
,
,
.

, 1999
1993

63.

1999,
(SPS)
61 , . Colton Timothy and McFaul Michael, Reinventing Russias
Party of Power: Unity and the 1999 Duma Election, Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 16, no. 3, 2000, .
201-224.
62 Oversloot Hans and Verheul Ruben, ibid, . 397.
63 Sakwa Richard, ibid, .

28

, Anatoly Chubais, Boris Nemtsov, Yegor Gaidar Irina

Khakamada. , Yabloko Yavlinsky
.
,
,
, (APR),
OVR.
1999
Putin.
, 24,29 %

114

64.
23,32 % 73
, , OVR, 13,33 % 66 . ,
SPS 8,52 % 29 ,
Yabloko, 5,93 % 22 . ,

Zhirinovsky

5,98 % 17 .
,
,
, ,
,
Yeltsin
65.

, ,

, ,
, ,
,

,
64 Oversloot Hans and Verheul Ruben, ibid.
65 Sakwa Richard, ibid, . 173.
29

.
,
.
3.2.5.
Yeltsin
Yeltsin ,
.

()
, , ,
. ,


.
,

.
,
,
( )
. ,


.

3.3. Vladimir Putin (2000-2008)

3.3.1. , 2000
,
2000.
30


. ,
,
: V. Putin. OVR
Putin
Yeltsin

.

Putin ,

1996. , Yeltsin
, ,
,

. , Putin

, , ,
()
.
,
Putin .
,
,

66.
, ,
. 52,94%,
(53,82%)
Yeltsin 1996,
G. Zyuganov 29,21%. Zyuganov
1996 (32,03%),
()
66 Sakwa Richard, op. cit., . 162.
31

, Putin

.
6% 67.
Putin




.

Putin

,
Yeltsin.

2000. ,

.

.
3.3.2. , 2003

1999 2003
.
,
1999 OVR

V. Putin
2000. , ,

,
.
, ,
67 . www.russiavotes.org.
32

 OVR68, , , ,

. (

)
( )
,
, . ,
OVR
Putin 2000
,
, , ,

69 , ,
Putin. , 2001
OVR ,

. ,
2001
, (Yedinaya Rossiya - YR)70.
, , 2003
,
90. YR,
,
(Rodina - R),

KPRF, .
, - Yabloko
SPS, ,
. , LDPR
68 . Riggs Jonathan, Russias Political Party System as a (Continued) Impediment to
Democratization: The 2003 Duma and 2004 Presidential Elections in Perspective, Demokratizatsiya,
vol. 13, no. 1, winter 2005.
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid.

33

Zhirinovsky - ,


.

71. YR 37,6% 222 ,

KPRF 12,6% 62 , LDPR 11,5 % 36
Rodina 9,0% 37 . Yabloko SPS
5%
,
, ,
,
. YR

,
,

YR

SPS

72.

3.3.3. , 2004
YR

, ,
2004
. Putin
, .

(1996 2000), , Zyuganov,

71 . www.russiavotes.org
72 Riggs Jonathan, ibid.
34

Zhirinovsky Yavlinsky, 73.

74,
Putin
75. ,
,
, , ,
50% ,
76.

77

, , : , , V.
Putin 71,3%,
Nikolai Kharitonov 13,7%,
5%.

3.3.4. , 2007

, 2003, YR
.

,
.

78.
73 Ibid.
74 2003, 27%

Putin ,
28% ( 55%), . The state of the nation, Russia Votes
2003/2004, http://www.russiavotes.org/ Mood_rus_cur_ .htm#61.
75 . The 2004 Russian Presidential Campaign. An Analysis of the Campaign, the Candidates, their
conduct and the Russian political environment, A Russian Axis Report, March 2004,
www.russianaxis.org, . 39-44.
76 Riggs Jonathan, ibid.
77
, . Mark Smith, Sovereign Democracy - The Ideology of YR, Conflict
Studies Research Center, Defence Academy of the UK, 2006.
78 . Holmberg Carl, Managing Elections in Russia

35

. ,
,

. ,
5% 7%. ,
,
. ,

. ,

. ,

,
. ,

.

79.

,
Dmitry Medvedev,

2008.

,
Mechanisms and Problems, FOI Swedish Defense Research Agency, Stockholm, February 2008,
www.foi.se, . 65-66.
79 . www.russianvotes.org.

36


( )
,
.

3.3.5.
Putin-

Putin

.

.
Putin

, ,
.

. ,
Putin

. ,

.
( ,
)
,
(
siloviki )
, ,
, ,

. ,
.
. ,

37

 ( )
,


Yeltsin .
,
.
.
/

. ,

( )
- .
,


-

,

.

:
,
,
1970,
.

38

 , :


,
, .
.
,

,
,
.
,
- .
,
(hangover) ,

,
. ,
,

.

1991
.

,
.
1991
. , ,

.
39

 1992

() 1992.

,
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
, ,

.

. ,

. ,
(
) . ,
, ,


80.
28 1991 ,
, . ,
,
.
shock therapy.

. shock therapy
80 Leone, Bruno, ed. The Collapse of the Soviet Union. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1999,
. 189.

40

81. , ,

.
300% 1992 2,591%82.
,
, .
,

83.

.


.
,
. 15 ,
,

84.

(,
10,000 ), 1995,
50% .

.

70% . ,
, 40% 1991 1996.
1929.
81 Ibid, . 191-192.
82 Freeze, Gregory L., ed. Russia: a history. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, . 414.
83 Leone, Bruno, ed. The Collapse of the Soviet Union. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1999,
. 191.
84 Karon, Tony. "Putin Reveals His Weakness." Time. 6 Nov. 2003
http://www.time.com (24 Apr. 2003).

41

,
.
1997
85 ( 1).

1
: http://www.fair.org/extra/9411/yeltsin-elections.html

, 1997
:
, .


.
1998

.
1998
40
. 1999
1991 3.2%
4.6%

1998.

. ,
85 Freeze, Gregory L., ed. Russia: a history. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, . 415.
42

 1999
29 .



.

,
,
,

.



,

.
.
,
.


1998.
,
.
. 22 1999,
2006 11
9 2008 86.
2007 540 65
1999
86 Putins Economy Eight Years On Comment by Katya Malofeeva and Tim Brenton, Renaissance
Capital 15 2007, www.russiaprofile.org.

43

 1999 200687.
88
1999
, 70%
. 1999
8.3
.

2000

.
2005 2006 37 .

2.4 .
. 47.8 .
, 1999.
89
2004

.
120
.

.
.

.

. 2006-2007
. 2007
87 Philip Hanson and Elisabeth Teague, Big Business and the State in Russia, Vol. 57, . 663-664,
No 5, July 2005 Europe-Asia Studies.
88 , & , ,
& , , 2007, . 27,
www.agora.mfa/russia.
89 Ibid, . 20.

44

 ,
,
(.. ). 2008 :
1)
2) ,
.
, ,
,

,

"

",

.
90

.
6%
1.2% 1999.



.

(21-22% ).

.

.
2000
,
90 Ibid, . 22-23.
45


.



. 13%
.



.
-: , ,
. 2007 8.7 . .
:
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
.
/
, ,

.

.
.
, ,

91.
,
91 Philip Hanson and Elisabeth Teague, Big Business and the State in Russia, Vol. 57, . 663-664,
No 5, July 2005 Europe-Asia Studies.

46


(. 2014 Sochi
).


Gazprom Rosneft,
1999.
,
-
RAO UES
Sberbank
VTB, Rosneft.
,

, ,

(.
)92.

1 2006,

.


.


,

.
.
92 Ibid.
47



. ,
,

.
.

8% 2007 36%
1999. ,
.
3%
, .


.


.
17% 2007 30% 1999.

.

.

,
.

1999 13.2%.
( , ).
2006 8%.

48

 .
,

.

,

.
, ,
Pinochet, . .

2003

.
Gazprom (Sibneft),
.
Gazprom
. ,
1/3 ,
-
.
Gazprom ,
Shell TNK-BP ,

.
,
, Rosoboronexport, Avtovaz,
, VSMPO-Avisma,
,
. ,

.
,
,
, .
49

,
. ,
. ,
..
-

.
,
,


.


.
,
,

.

.

.

93.

. 90

93 Sakwa, Richard. (2004), Putin: Russias Choice, (London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group),
p. 209.

50


.

90 . ,
( ).
,
(status) ,
, ,
94.
, ,
,
. ,


1917.

.
90
. ,
95

.

,
.

,

.

94 Karaganov, Sergei. (February 29-March 6, 2000), What Is Russia To Do? What Is To Be Done
With Russia?, Moskovskiye novosti, no. 8, p. 5.
95 Light, Margot. (2001), Post-Soviet Russian Foreign Policy: The First Decade, in Brown, Archie,
Ed., Contemporary Russian Politics: A Reader, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 416.

51

 , ,
.
: ,
1998,
,
, ,
,

, , ,
.
96.

,
.

.

, ,
, ,
,

.

.

199997.

,
. ,
96 . ,
-, . 4-5, www.cere.gr,
9/12/2003.
97 Wladimir W. Putin, Russland an der Jahrtausendwende,
29.12.1999 ();
Wolfgang Seiffert, Wladimir W. Putin Wiedergeburt einer Weltmacht (
), Mnchen 2000, S. 139164.

52

 98.

,
, Karaganov,
20 30 . , 11


, .

,

. ,
,
, ,
,
99.
,

.
,
,
,


.
, , .
,
. , ,
98 Wolfgang Seiffert, a. a. O., S. 8794
99 Wolfgang Seiffert, Russlands Rolle in der neuen Weltordnung, http://www.zeitfragen.ch/ausgaben/2007/nr37-vom-1792007/russlands-rolle-in-der-neuen-weltordnung/ (16/03/07)

53



.

. , ,


,
.
,

.
, ,


100.


101. ,


,
102.


. ,
,

.
100 The Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press. (5 April 2000), Think Tank Proposes New Foreign
Policy for Russia, vol. 52, no. 10, p. 2.
101 Weafer, Paul. (15 April 2004) Russia Revising Great Game Rule Book, The Moscow Times, p.
21.
102 Report discussed at the 8th Assembly of the Council on Foreign And Defence Policy (CFDP),
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54


,
103.
.

.
,

( )

.

.


.

. ,
. ,

.
,
.

. ,
. ,

. , ,
,

.
103 Lo, Bobo, Vladimir Putin and the Evolution of Russian Foreign Policy, Blackwell, 2003, .
52.

55

,
,



104.
,
,
,
.
,


105.

(. )

, ,
,

.

104 Andrew Berg, Eduardo Borensztein, Ratna Sahay, and Jeromin Zettelmeyer, "The Evolution of
Output in Transition Economies: How Different is the FSU? ", mimeo (IMF, July 2, 1997). & EBRD,
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105 Stanley Fischer, Ratna Sahay, and Carlos Vgh, "From Transition to Market: Evidence and
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56

 ,
1991. ,

,
.

, ,
,
.

.
,
.
. ,
46.9
. ,
,
62,000, 150,000.
,
53% 62% .
, Rosneft Gazprom,


. ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
Sasse
1990

57

,
... ,

106.

,
. , ,

.

.
1990

. ,
,
(, , ),
, , . ,
,
107.
1992 1999 , ,
.

,
.
, 1992

106 Sasse, Gwendolyn, Fuelling Nation-State Building: Ukraines Energy Dependence on Russia,
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107 : Cornell, E, Svante, Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of
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108.
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109. A

,
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 . ,
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. , 1995
110.


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,
.
,
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. ,
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110 Kaupilla, Laura. Russias Policy towards Estonia and Latvia, 1992-1997. January 1999,
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60

 .
,

.

,

. , ,

111.
90

. , 1995 Chevron
500 50
112.


. ,
.

. 1994
Lukoil 10%
AIOC ,
Gazprom
113.

111 . .
, www.cere.gr
112 Drezner, Daniel. Allies, Adversaries and Economic Coercion: Russian Foreign Economic Policy
since 1991, Security Studies, Spring 1997, Vol.6, No.3, .. 91.
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 , 1999
,

, .
,
,
. ,


.
,
.


, ;
,

, ,

.
,

.
,
.
,
.

,

62

,
/ 2000 . ,

, ,

.
2004,


. , -
,

.


.
Gas- OPEC ,

114.
, ,

(tariffs)
.
,
.
114 . Petroleum Economist, (May 2003), . 30.
63

115,

.
Lo,

116.
2004 2007 ,

. 2004 Gazprom
o
117.
50%
- . ,
2004 90%
Beltransgaz Gazprom118.
( )
.
,
,

. , 2002
German Gref
119.

115 Petroleum Economist, (July 2002), . 6.
116 Lo, Bobo, Vladimir Putin and the Evolution of Russian Foreign Policy, RIIA publication,
(London: Blackwell Publishing), 2003, . 69.
117 St Petersburg Times, (20/2/2004).
118 . Russian Journal, (11/3/2004).
119 Adams, , Jan (May/June 2002), Russias Gas Diplomacy. Problems of Post Communism,
Vol.49, No.3, . 14-22, . 19.

64


.
,
37,100 72 ,
5,609 MW, 13


, 7

, (Nord stream)
.
6 Yamal,

,
. 2016, 2003
23 . ,
Gazprom
Yamal .

.
30 ,
.
(North Trans/gas grid)
,
.
.
Shtokmanovskoye

65

 . Blue Stream
- South Stream.
,
,
. ,
,
. 2002
.
, projects
CPC BTC ,
,
.
,
JVs (),
. ,
- 16b/cm
,
120.
,
, .

. ..
2000

.
,

,
.
120 Petroleum Economist, (July 2004), 28.
66

,
.

(
)


.


, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
, - ,
, .

. :
Yeltsin,
Putin
1.
1992,
,

.
;
;

, ,
,
;

67

 1992
.

.
,
, ,
,

,

.
2. 1991-1996: &

, 1992
.

,
.
, , ,
,

.

,
, .

1991-1993 Yeltsin,
,
121.
, - ..,
,
121 Petro Nikolai N., Rubinstein Alvin Z., Russian Foreign Policy, From Empire to Nation-State,
Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1997, . 98-99.

68

 ,
. ,

.
, ,

,

,
.

. ,
,

1956 1968 122,
123.
Yeltsin,

-
.

()
, ,
,

124.

.
, .
.
122 . ibid, .162-165.
123 . Buszynski Leszek, Russian Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Praeger Publishers, 1996,
. 74-78.
124 Jackson, Nikole J., Russian Foreign Policy and the CIS- Theories, Debates and Actions, London
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69

 , ,
.

, .
,

. ,
:




.
,
,
.
,
, , . ,

125. ,
Andrey Kozyrev,
Yeltsin, :

.
,


()126

,
125 Fawn, Rick, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2003,
. 13-15.
126 . Ivanov I.S., The New Russian Foreign Policy, Foreword by H.A.Kissinger, Nixon Center
and Bookings Institution Press, Washington, 2002, .96-99.

70

 , .

,

( 1994),


.
,

.

.
,

,
.

, ,
. , 1997

127.
, ,
1990.
,

. ,
90 ,
, ,
,

. ,
127 . Donaldson R.H., Nogee J.L., The Foreign Policy of Russia-Changing Systems, Enduring
Interests, M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2002, .241-247.

71

.

,
128.
,
,
,

,

. , , ,
.
,
,

129.

. ,
.

130
,
, 131, 132,


. ,

128 Gorodetsky, Gabriel, Russia between East and West-Russian Foreign Policy in the Threshold of
the Twenty First Century, Frank Cass, London, 2003, .159-163.
129 ., ., (.), ; -
, ,
, 1999, .99-100.
130 . Donaldson R.H., Nogee J.L., ibid, .223-224.
131 . Jackson, Nikole J., Russian Foreign Policy and the CIS- Theories, Debates and Actions,
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132 . , , -
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, 134.
, ,

.135
,
, ,
, ,
. , ,
,
: ,
136.


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.

,

, ,

.
,
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133 International Institute for Strategic Studies, Russias Strategic Renovation, Renee de Nevers,
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134 Petro N.N., Rubinstein A.Z., Russian Foreign Policy- From Empire to Nation State, AddisonWesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1997, .197-204.
135 Bowker, Mike, Russian Foreign Policy and the end of the Cold War, Aldershot: Dartmouth,
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136 ., . (.), ibid, .100-101.

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, 1992,
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137

. , ,
.

( ) (
), 138.
,
.
.
,
, ,
.
, 1992
, (1993
1994) Yeltsin,
Andrey Kozyrev

139.
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, ,
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137 Petro, Nikolai N., Rubinstein, Alvin Z., ibid, .99.
138 Wallander, Celeste A., The sources of Russian Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Boulder:
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139 Reddaway P., Glinski D., The tragedy of Russias Reforms-Market Bolshevism against
Democracy, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, 2001, .429-434.

74

 1993140. ,
,
1993
. ,
25-27

( , , ,
)
, ,

- -
.
1993

1993
.141
,
,

.142
1993
.

143.
.
.
1992 1993,
140 International Institute for Strategic Studies, Russias Strategic Renovation, Renee de Nevers,
Russian Security Strategy and Foreign Policy in the Post-Imperial era, ADELPHI, paper 289,
Brasseys Ltd, London, 1994, .35-37.
141 Jackson, Nikole J., Russian Foreign Policy and the CIS- Theories, Debates and Actions, London
and New York Routledge, 2003, .76-78.
.: Trautmann L., , -,
, .424-427.
142 ., ., ; -
, , 1999, .101.
143 Reddaway P., Glinski D., The tragedy of Russias Reforms-Market Bolshevism against
Democracy, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, 2001, . 346-348.

75

 ,

.
1993.


144,
,
,
,
,
START II145

.


.
,
,
. ,
.
, 11 1994,
, ,
,
,
146.
.147 ,

144 . Buszynski, Leszek, Russian Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Praeger Publishers, 1996,
.71-73.
145 Donaldson R.H., Nogee J.L., The Foreign Policy of Russia- Changing Systems, Enduring
interests, M.E. Sharp, New York, 2002, .220-223.
146 .: Service, Robert, Russia-Experiment with a people, From
1991 to the present, London: MacMillan, 2002 .152-166.
147 1993
. . .. .21.

76

 . ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,

. ,
2/3 1994
148.

149.

,
, .


, ,
. ,

,
.
,
,

. ,
,
G-7
,

148 Trautmann, Ljuba, , , , 2000, . 496.

149 Service, Robert, Russia-Experiment with a people, From 1991 to the present, London:
MacMillan, 2002 .152-166.

77

 150,
151

152.
1993,
: ,


.
,
,

153.

.

.
, ,

154.

, .
.
,
, ,
. ,

150 Ivanov I.S., The New Russian Foreign Policy, Foreword by H.A.Kissinger, Nixon Center and
Bookings Institution Press, Washington, 2002, .99.
151 International Institute for Strategic Studies, Russias Strategic Renovation, Renee de Nevers,
Russian Security Strategy and Foreign Policy in the Post-Imperial era, ADELPHI, paper 289,
Brasseys Ltd, London, 1994, .77-80.
152 Ivanov I.S., The New Russian Foreign Policy, Foreword by H.A.Kissinger, Nixon Center and
Bookings Institution Press, Washington, 2002, .103.
153 Petro N.N., Rubinstein A.Z., Russian Foreign Policy- From Empire to Nation State, AddisonWesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1997, .219-221.
154 . Buszynski, Leszek, Russian Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Praeger Publishers, 1996,
. 100-102.

78

155.
,
. ,
-,
.


.

156,
.

.

. , 80%
,
.
,
.
4. 1996-1999: -
.
,
,
(1996-1999), .

, .
, ,
, ,
155 ., ., ;
, , ,1999,
.106.
156 Kanet R., Kozhemiakin A. , The Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, London: MacMillan,
1997, .192-193.

79

 .
,
. , 1994
157.
,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
. ,
.
50%
158,
, : 1997
-159, 1998 G-7 G-8
160,
161.

, , ,

. , ,
-,
,
,
.
1999,
157 . .. . 20.
158 Fawn, Rick, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2003,
. 15.
159 Donaldson H.R., Nogee J.L., The Foreign Policy of Russia-Changing Systems, Enduring
Interests, M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2002, .241-247.
160 Ivanov I.S., The New Russian Foreign Policy, Foreword by H.A.Kissinger, Nixon Center and
Bookings Institution Press, Washington, 2002, .114.
161 Reddaway P., Glinski D., The tragedy of Russias Reforms-Market Bolshevism against
Democracy, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, 2001, . 292-298.

80

 162.
,
32% 64%163.

1990: ,
- 164,

.
1992
1998 ,
, 30%165. ,
, ,
,
,
, .
,
, ,
,
.

.
,

,
162 .: Service, Robert, Russia-Experiment with a people, From 1991 to the present, London:
McMillan, 2002, .172-174.
163 Fawn, Rick, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass Publishers, 2003, . 14-15.
164 - 1992
. ,
,
. , , , ,

, . .
Reddaway P., Glinski D., The tragedy of Russias Reforms-Market Bolshevism against Democracy,
United States Institute of Peace, Washington, 2001, . 298-303.
165 Reddaway P., Glinski D., The tragedy of Russias Reforms-Market Bolshevism against
Democracy, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, 2001, . 595-604.

81

 .
,

, ,

.166 1999-2000
.
.
,
.
.


.

.

. ,
, ,

.
, ,

1997

167. 1998
,
.

, , , ,

, .168
166 Gorodetsky, Gabriel, Russia between East and West-Russian Foreign Policy in the Threshold of
the Twenty First Century, Frank Cass, London, 2003, .-V (introduction).
167 Service, Robert, Russia-Experiment with a people, From 1991 to the present, London:
McMillan, 2002, .174-175.
168 Fawn, Rick, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2003,
.16-17.

82

,
1994, 1997-1999.
Primakov
,
169.

1996 1997 ,
, 1997
,
170. ,

,

50,
,
. ,

. .

1998
. ,
,
.
(19981999), (19961998) . -
,

169 . Ivanov I.S., The New Russian Foreign Policy, Foreword by H.A.Kissinger, Nixon Center
and Bookings Institution Press, Washington, 2002, .132-133.
170 Gorodetsky, G., Russia between East and West-Russian Foreign Policy in the Threshold of the
Twenty First Century, Frank Cass, London, Portland, 2003, .164-165.

83

 ,

.

(1992-1996),

. ,
(.) ,

,
.
,
.171

5. : 2000- 2001
2000
,
.

. , 2001
:
, .
.
,
. ,

,
2001
. 2000
171 Sakwa, Richard, Putins Foreign Policy: Transforming the East : Gorodetsky, Gabriel,
Russia between East and West-Russian Foreign Policy in the threshold of the 21 st Century, Frank
Cass, London, Portland, 2003, .174-175.

84

 269 172.

, ,
.

, 2000
. ,

173.
.

:
,
.174

.
.
,
.
,
-
. 90
- ,
175.

.
172 Fawn, Rick, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2003,
.17.
173 Donaldson H.R., Nogee J.L., The Foreign Policy of Russia-Changing Systems, Enduring
Interests, M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2002, .331.
174 .. . 52.
175 Gorodetsky, G., Russia between East and West-Russian Foreign Policy in the Threshold of the
Twenty First Century, Frank Cass, London, Portland, 2003, .174.

85

176. .
30 (
4000 ),
,

.
, . ,
2001

,
.
,
.
2000 1956

177.
, Asian-Pacific
Economic Cooperation178.
,

,
179.

: , , ,
, .

176 Service, Robert, Russia-Experiment with a people, From 1991 to the present, London:
McMillan, 2002, .178.
177 Fawn, Rick, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2003,
.19.
178 Ivanov I.S., The New Russian Foreign Policy, Foreword by H.A.Kissinger, Nixon Center and
Bookings Institution Press, Washington, 2002, .126-127.
179 .
, - . . : Gorodetsky, G.,
Russia between East and West-Russian Foreign Policy in the Threshold of the Twenty First Century,
Frank Cass, London, Portland, 2003, .174-181.

86

 .
, ,

.

180.
.

,
. ,
,
181.

,

-.
1996, 1997 1999 -182
:
,
183.

.

,
,
180 Gorodetsky, G., Russia between East and West-Russian Foreign Policy in the Threshold of the
Twenty First Century, Frank Cass, London, Portland, 2003, .125-130.
181 , , Putins Realpolitik: Toward a Foreign Policy of the Possible (March
2000-March 2004), University of Reading, June 2006
182 Service, Robert, Russia-Experiment with a people, From 1991 to the present, London:
McMillan, 2002, .174-175.
183 , , Putins Realpolitik: Toward a Foreign Policy of the Possible (March
2000-March 2004), University of Reading, June 2006

87

, .
,
. -

. - .
. ,
. ,
,
.

6. 11 2001: ;

11
.

.

,184

,
185.
.
,
, .
,
, , .
184 Sakwa, Richard, Putin: Russias Choice, New York Routledge,2004, . 216-217.
185 Service, Robert, Russia-Experiment with a people, From 1991 to the present, London:
McMillan, 2002, .178-180.

88

11

,
2001
.
.
1972 (ABM)
, 186.


187.
;

. ,
, :

,
188

189,
.

, .

. ,
.
186 Donaldson H.R., Nogee J.L., The Foreign Policy of Russia-Changing Systems, Enduring
Interests, M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2002, .335.
187 Sakwa, Richard, Putin: Russias Choice, New York Routledge,2004, . 216-217.
188 Service, Robert, Russia-Experiment with a people, From 1991 to the present, London:
McMillan, 2002, .179.
189 . Donaldson H.R., Nogee J.L., The Foreign Policy of Russia-Changing Systems, Enduring
Interests, M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2002, .265-266.

89

 ,
.

.
21 ,


. ,
,

.

,
, 190.

,

. 2002

,
1993-1994,
.
,
:
. ,
,
.

.

. ,
190 Fawn, Rick, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2003,
.25.

90


, ,
191.

192
,

,
. ,
, 90,
,
.
21 .
.

, ,
.

, .

.
.
.
,

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.

,
191 .. .68. .26.
192 Gorodetsky, G., Russia between East and West-Russian Foreign Policy in the Threshold of the
Twenty First Century, Frank Cass, London, Portland, 2003, .190-191.

91

40%
,

1996193. ,

ad hoc

194. , ,
.

, .
,
, ,

;

195
.
, .
, ABM
,

196,
. ;

.
197
193 .: Baker P. E., Glasser S., , , , 2007,
.354-355.
194 . , ,
2004, www.cere.gr
195 Ivanov I.S., The New Russian Foreign Policy, Foreword by H.A.Kissinger, Nixon Center and
Bookings Institution Press, Washington, 2002, .114-115.
196 Sakwa, Richard, Putin: Russias Choice, New York Routledge,2004, . 218.
197 .: Gorodetsky, G., Russia between East and West-Russian Foreign Policy in the Threshold of
the Twenty First Century, Frank Cass, London, Portland, 2003, .48.

92

 , 2002,

. , ,

198.
,
. ,
,
.
,
, ,
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.



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198 .. . 71. .358.
93

 199.
, ,

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. , ,
.


(,
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,
2002 (9 23
) 11
200.
,
,
.
.


.
,
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.

,
199 .
&, www.cere.gr. ,
.
200 Fawn, Rick, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2003,
.39-41.

94

 ,
201.

7.

, ,

.

.
,

;202.
, :

,

-transit /
- -

(
).

,

, ,
201 .. . 76, .41-42.
202 , , , 2007, www.cere.gr
95

 ,
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.
,

[
].

ad hoc

,
.
,

(,

, ) 1990
,
. , (
),

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.


,

,

. ,
.
(hangover)

203.
203 Ibid.
96

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, ,
,

,

.

-
204.
,

,
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204 Ibid.
97

, 205.






.
,

.

:
,

,
-
bona fide ()
,
,
,

206.

,


205 , , , 2007, www.cere.gr
206 , 2008: ,
, , 6 2008.

98


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207. , ,

.

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207 . ,
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. www.cere.gr .

99

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100


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, 208
,


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,
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209 ,
, . ,


.
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,
. ,
208 . Jackson, Nikole J., Russian Foreign Policy and the CIS- Theories, Debates and Actions,
London and New York Routledge, 2003, .76-78.
209 . Donaldson H.R., Nogee J.L., The Foreign Policy of Russia-Changing Systems, Enduring
Interests, M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2002, .183-187.

101


210.


.

, ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
.

,
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,
,
211.

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210, ,

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:
http://www.cere.gr/upload/EIDIKESMELETES-%20%20%20
%20%20%20%209-12-03,%2023%20.doc
211 21 , :
http://www.cere.gr/upload/EIDIKESMELETES_20060719.pdf

102

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.

.

,

,
.

,
212.

,


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,
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212 Pursiaien, Christer, Russian Foreign Policy and International Relations Theory, Ashgate
Publishing Limited, England, 2000, .188-189.

103

 , ,

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213.

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213 , ,

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:
http://www.cere.gr/upload/EIDIKESMELETES-%20%20%20
%20%20%20%209-12-03,%2023%20.doc

104


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