.

1. (voltage source)
()
, .

vs(t)=0
.

DC .

: .

+
vs +
-

is
voltage
source
0

v
vs

i-v .

2. (current source)

, .

is(t)=0
o.

DC .

: .

+
vs
-

is
is

current
source

i-v .

=
=
gm=
i1

rm=

 ()

 (homogeneous function):

f ax a f x
(additive function):

f x1 x2 f x1 f x2
(linear function): +

(linear), (time invariant):

- (non-linear):

v t R i t

v t R i i t

(time-varying):

v t R t i t

- (non-linear), (time-varying):

v t R i,t i t
v, i: .

 (characteristics) -V:
i

slope=tan=1/R

,
.

(short-circuit).

q v t
i t I s e kT 1

+
v
-

(open-circuit).

i
+
v
-

i
ideal
diode

diode

: - .
(dynamic resistance): r =

dv
di

tunnel
diode
negative
slope

- .

- .

 (bilateral) i-v
(0,0) (v, i)
(-v, -i).
.

: ,
.
( ): .

- /
.

 (capacitors)
: q v.
, :

q(t ) C v(t )

dq
dv

v(0)

(capacitance):

dq t
dv
i t
iC
dt
dt

1 t
v(t ) v 0 i d
C 0

v, i: .

S=1/C: (elastance)

v(0) = = & v(t) = +

i(t) , v(t) :
v(t) .
- : q-v .
: q-v
.

 (inductors)
: i.
, :

(t ) = L i (t ) L =
d
v=
dt

d
di

=1/L:
(reciprocal inductance)

di
1 t
vL
i (t ) i 0 v d
dt
L 0
L

(inductance):

v, i: .
i(0) = =

i(0)

i(t) = +
v(t) , i(t) :
i(t) .

- : -i .

: -i
.

(hysteresis)

: .

v, i: .

 &
to t

p t v t i t

E to ,t v i d
to

E(t) =

v() i()d = E(t

)+ v() i()d E(to )+ E to ,t

to

( ).
.

 (port) :

()
.

 2
(one-port) :

(equivalent one-ports) =

-.

 (passive) (
) : E(t)0 t
. 1 3 i-v
[: R0 & p(t) = v(t) x i(t) 0 t]
: (active)
t : (t)<0

:
1 3

t ,
:

1 2
Cv t
2
1 2
E
(
t
)

Li t
:
2

: E (t )

1.
= 0.
2. C0 L0, , E(t) 0
.

 / :
(range) : , , ,
,
,
.

Ohm

Kirchhoff

 Ohm
Georg Simon Ohm 1827:
( )

.
(.. ).

, :

v(t) = R i(t) R

i(t)
v(t)

v, i R
( ), Ohm ().

v(t)
R=
i(t)

i(t)
v(t)

( ):
:

v(t) = R i(t) , R =
- - (.
) :

v(t) = R(i) i(t) , R i

 Kirchhoff

1848 Gustav Kirchhoff 2

:

 Kirchhoff (KCL):

,

, .

O KCL t.
O KCL :
-, ,
.
KCL .

 KCL :
1.
.
2. :
+

-
.

 1:

o:

( t)
2:

(node equations)
( t)
Kirchhoff (KCL).

 Kirchhoff (KVL):

(loop) .

O KVL t.
O KVL :
-, ,
.

 KVL :
1. .
2. .
3. :
+
-
.

( t)

( t)

o: (loop equations)
Kirchhoff (KVL).

 Kirchhoff:

:
, ,
.

 (
)

i(t)

i(t)

v(t)

v(t) R:

(
)
i(t) R:

-v(t)
+

i(t)

-i(t)

v(t)

v(t)


Ohm KCL KVL:
:

R1

R5

V5
4

+ V1
E1

1. KVL:

R6

R2
3

V2

V6 +

E1 V1 V2 0

E2

V2 V3 V4 0

(1)

V3 V5 V6 E2 0

R3
V3 +

R4 V4

2. KCL:

I1 I 3 I 4 I 2 0
I 3 I1 I 5 0

(2)

I 4 I5 I 2 0
3. Ohm:

V1 I1R1 , V2 I 3 R2 , V3 I 4 R3 ,
V4 I 5 R4 , V5 I 2 R5 , V6 I 2 R6

(3)

4. 1, 2 R1, R2, R6 V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6 1,

2, 3, 4, 5 (1), (2) (3).

 Tellegen
n ,
t:
n

v (t )i (t ) 0
j 1

:
vj j (j=1,2,..n),

ij j (j=1,2,..n),
vj ij (j=1,2,..n)
KVL KCL, .

 Tellegen:

:
-, ,
.
,

 Tellegen:

:
v1=2V, v2= -1V, v3=1V, v4=4V, v5= -3V
i1=1A, i2=1A, i3= -3A, i4=2A, i5=2A
KVL KCL:
KVL: v1+v2=v3 v4+v5=v3

KCL: i1=i2, i4=i5, -i1-i3-i5=0 i2+i3+i4=0

Tellegen:
5

v (t )i (t ) 2 1 3 8 6 0
j 1


Kirchhoff = :
,
Kirchhoff,
.

= (variables) .

 Kirchhoff

+
i-v

-
:

v Vo Rsi

1
i Io v
Rs

Io=Vo/Rs

+
v
-

i-v
-
.

- :

:
m

v vk
k 1

i i1 i2 ... im

 :
e

if e0 then v=e
else v=0

e = A x sin(t)

t
es

:
-

i
v

is
+

i ik
k 1

v v1 v2 ... vm

i is

:
is

es
-

v es

i
+

- :

i=i1+i2

v=e1+i1r1=e2+i2r2

- :

v=v1+v2

i=i1+v1 / r2=i2+v2 / r1

R R1 R2 ...... Rn

1 1
1
1

......
R R1 R2
Rn

1
Gi
Ri

(conductance)

G G1 G2 ...... Gn

+ v1 - + v2 -

1 1
1

C C1 C2

1
Cn

C1

+ vn -

C2

Cn

v 0 vk 0

k 1

+ v(t) -

C C1 C2

Cn

i
i1

C1

i2

C2

in

Cn

:
:

v 0 v1 0 v2 0 ... vn 0
n

v 0

Ck vk 0

k 1
n

Ck

k 1

v(t)

: i 0 i1 0 ... in 0

L Lk

k 1

: i 0

+ v1 - + v2 L1

L2

+ vn -

Lk

k 1

Ln

L
i

Lk ik 0

k 1

+ v(t) -

1 1 1
1
......
L L1 L2
Ln
:
n

i 0 ik 0
k 1

i1
L1

i2
L2

in
Ln

L v(t)

 (bridge)

: i1=i2=ib/2 i3=i4=ib/2 i5=0

( Kirchhoff)

(ladder network)

Vo