COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS

OUTLINE
Elements of Communication Sytems!
The Source!
The Channels!
Types of Modulation!
Signal Bandwidth

ELEMENTS
OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

SOURCE

RECEIVER

TRANSMITTER

CHANNEL

DESTINATION

ELEMENTS
OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

SOURCE*

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

DESTINATION

CHANNEL

*SOURCE

need to be in FORM to pass through

CHANNEL
!

to employ

TRANSMITTER

and

RECEIVER

ANALOG

ELEMENTS
OF
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM

SOURCE

Frequency (Hz)

"

SIGNAL

MODULATED CARRIERS

about 300 Hz - 3 kHz

Voice

about 20 Hz - 20
kHz

High-Fidelity Music

about 4.2 Mhz

Video (TV)

ELEMENTS
OF
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM

SOURCE

Frequency (Hz)

"

DIGITAL
SIGNAL

FREQUENCIES

Voice

ANY Bandwidth
!

Video

Alphanumeric

!
!
DEPENDENT:
!
Transmission (bps)
Method to convert binary
1s & 0s to electrical signal

ELEMENTS
OF
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM

RADIO LINK

TYPES

Not OK for DIRECT LINK

Needs HIGHER ANTENNA
INTERFERENCE
Needs CARRIER

CHANNEL
(a path for transmission of signal)

Modulated Carriers
CONDUCTOR
PAIRS (DIRECT)

!
Analog

"

FIBER OPTICS

information signal
modulating signal
baseband

BASEBAND
Frequency spectrum
of information signal

Carrier Frequency
HIGHER THAN

Digital

Information Signal

FREE SPACE

Carrier Signals

MODULATION
Process by which some characteristics of the carrier wave is varied in
accordance with an information-bearing signal.$
Done at Transmitter (TX)!
Demodulation (Detection) done at Receiver (Rx)$
!

!
Carrier is Sine Wave!

e(t) = Ec sin (wct + )!

!
where e(t) = instantaneous voltage as a function of time$
$
Ec = peak voltage (Amplitude)$
$
wc = frequency in radians per second$
$
t = time in seconds$
$
= phase angle in radians$

SIGNAL BANDWIDTH

Hartleys Law
I = ktB!
!

where
!
!
!

I = amount of information to be sent!

k = a constant dependent on modulation type (i.e. AM, FM, PCM etc.)!
t = time available!
B = channel bandwidth$

FREQUENCY
DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING (FDM)

Multiplexing

!
Combining of two or more information signals.$

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

!
Process of dividing available frequency range among signals.$

TYPES OF MODULATION

SOURCE*

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

DESTINATION

CHANNEL

*SOURCE

need to be in FORM to pass through

CHANNEL
!

to employ

TRANSMITTER

and

RECEIVER