TECHNICAL

REPORT

ON

INVESTIGATIONS OF BRITTLE CLEAVAGE FRACTURE OF

WELDED FLAT PLATE BY MEANS OF A BEND TEST
BY
HARMER

E. DAVIS,

G. E. TROXELL,

EARL R. PARKER

ANJJ A. BOODBERG
University
Under

Bureau

of California

of $hips

Contract

NObs-31222

*1

COMMITTEE
DIVISION

ON SHIP

OF ENGINEERING
NATIONAL

cONSTRUCTION

AND

INDUSti~AL

RESEARCH

RESEARCH

COUNCIL

,
ADVISORY

TO

SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE

uNDER
Bureau

,
1
.

of Ships,
Contract

DATE:

Navy

Department

NObs-34231

MARCH

10, 194S

fY?TRBLIBRARY
.

NATIONAL RILMARCH COUNCIL

Washington 25, ~. CC

kiarch10, 1948

Chief. Bureau of Ships

Navy be~artment
Washing~on 25, D. C.
Dear Sir:
Attached is Report Serial No. SSC-6 entitled lTlnvestigation of Brittle Cleavage Fracture of Welded Flat Plate by
Means of a Bend Test.1 This report has been submitted by the
contractor as a technical report on one ,phaseof the work done
on Research Project SIR-92under Contract NObs-31222 between the
Bureau of Ships, Navy Department and the University of California.
The report has been reviewed and acceptance recommended by representatives of the Committee on Ship Constructionj
Di.Ti~ionof En~ineerj_ngand Industrial Research, NRC, in accwda.ncewith the terms of the contract between the Bureau of
Ships, Navy Department and the National Academy of Sciences.
Very truly yours,
., .....4-----)
+-:w&ma

Enclosure

;;. -4--:)L%
(!-

Frederick M. Feiker, Chairman

Division of Engineering.and
Industrial Research

..+

PREFACE
The Ship Structure Committee through the Bureau of Ships is distributing
this report to those agencies and individuals who were actively associated with
this research program. This report represents a part of the research work contracted for under-the section of the Committees directive to Idissemi.nate
perti nent information to all parties having an interest in the building and operating
of ships,
The distribution of this report is as follows:
Copy No.
Copy No.

1 - Chief, Bureau of Shipsj Navy Department

2 - Dr. D, :J.Bronk, Chairman, National Research Council
Committee on Ship Construction

Copy
Copy
Copy
COPY
Copy
Copy
Copy
Copy
Copy
copy
Copy
Copy
Copy
cOpy

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
NO*
No.
No.
No.
No.

3
4
5
6

7 8
9
10
11
12
13

14 15 16 -

V. H. Schnee, Chairman
J. L. Bates
H. C. Boardmam
Paul Ffield
M. A. Grossman
C. H. Herty, Jr.
A. B, Kinzel
J, M. Lessens
G. S. Mikhalapov
J. Ormondroyd
H. W. Pierce
E. C. Smith
T. T. .iatson
Finn Jonassen, Research Coordinator
Members of Project Advisory Committees SR-87, bR-92
SR-96, SR-97, sR-98 and SR-1OO

Copy No.
Copy No.
Co$?yNo,
Copy No.
copy No.
Copy No.
copy No.
Copy No.
Copy No.
copy No.
Copy No.
Copy No.
Copy No.
Copy No.
Copy No.
Copy No.
Copy No.

16
17
18
5
6

7 8 19 10xl.12 13 ~ 15 20 2122 -

copy No. 23 copy No, 24 -

copy

No.

25 -

Finn Jonassen, Chairman

R, H. Aborn
L. C. Bibber
H. C. Boardman
Paul Ffield
M. A, Grossman
C. H. Herty, Jr.
C. H. Jennings
J. M. Lessens
G. S. Mikhalapov
J, Ormondroyd
H. r. Pierce
E. C. Smith
T. T. Watson
A. G. Bissell, Bureau of Ships - Liaison
Mathew Letich, American Bureau of Shipping - Liaison
E. M. MacCutcheon, Jr., U, b. Coast Guard - Liaison
Capt. F. W, Myers, Jr,j Transportation Corps Board - Liaison
E. Rassman, Bureau of Ships - Liaison
Comdr. R. D. Schmidtman, U,,S. Coast Guard - Liaison

copy No. 26-

T. L, SOO-HOO, Bureau of Ships - Liaison

Copy No. 27- John Vasta, U. S. Marittie commission - Liaison
cOpy No. 28- R. E. Miley, Bureau of Ships- Liaison
copy Iio, 29 - J. L. WilsonjAmerican Bureau of Shipping - Liaison
Ship Structure Committee
Copy
Copy
COpy
Copy
Copy
copy

No.
No.
No,
No,
No.
No,

30 - Rear Admiral dllis Reed-Hill, USCG, Chairman

31 - Rear Admiral Charles D. Mheelock, USN, Bureau of Ships
Department
32 - Brigadier General Paul F. Yount, .~ar
4 - J. L. Batesj U. S, Maritime Commission
33 - D. P. Brown, American Bureau of ~hipping
3 - V, H. Schnee, Committee on Ship ~onstruction - Liaison
Ship Structure Sub-Committee

Copy No, 34 - Captain L. V. Honsinger, IJSN,Bureau of Ships, Chairman

Copy No. 35 - Captain R. A, Hinners, USN, David Taylor Wdel Basin
Copy No. 36 - Comdr, R. H, Lambert, USN, Bureau of Ships
COpY No. 25 - Comdr. R. D. Schmidtman, USCG, U. S. Coast Guard Headquarters
Copy No. 37 - Col. Werner t?.Moore, USA, Office Chief of Transportation, War Dept.
COPYNO, 23 - Capt. F. W. Iviirs,Jr,, Transportation Corps Board
copy No. 38 - Hubert Kempel, Office Chief of Transportation, War Department
Copy No. 21 - ldathewLetich, American Bureau of Shipping
Copy No, 22 - E, M. MacCutcheon, Jr., U, S. Coast Guard Headquarters
Copy No. 39 - R, M. Robertson, Office of Naval Research, U$N
Copy No, 27- John Vasta, U, S. Maritime Commission
Copy No. 40 - I, J, Wanless, U. S. Maritime Commission
Copy No. 28 - R. E. ~iiley,Bureau of Ships, USN
COpY NO. 29 - J. L. Tlilson,American Bureau of Shipping
COpy NO. 16 - Finn Jonassen,-Uaison Representative, NRC
Copy No, 41 - d, H, Davidson, Liaison Representative, AISI
COpY No. 42 - Paul Gerhartj Liaison Representative, AISI
Copy No. 43 - Wm. Spraragen; Liaison Representative,.WRC
..
LZJe&i
Copy No. & - y~nQ
? T
~Y
*&&
)4,? w,
Navy Department

Copy No. 45 - Comdr. 8. S. Mandelkorn, USN, Naval Administrative Unit

Copy No. 20 - A. G. Bissell, Bureau of Ships
copy No, 46 - L i. J-0&+&s, l?u~
)&klWxkt.4&
Copy No. 47 - Noah Xahn, New York Naval Shipyard
Copy No. 48 - I. R. Kramer, Office of Naval Research
R! Osgood, David Taylor Model Basin
Copy No. 49 - i;~,
Copy No. 50 - N, E. Promisel, Bureau of Aeronautics
Copy No. 51 - K. D. llilliams,Bureau of Ships
COPY No. 52 - Naval Academy, Post Graduate School
Copy No. 53 - Naval Research Laboratory
Copy Nos. 54&55
- U. S. Naval Engine&rin gExperimentStation
Copy No, 56 - New York Naval Shipyardj MaterialLaboratory
Copy No. 57 - Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
COpy NOS. 58& 59 - Publications Board, Navy Dept. via Bureau ~f Ships, C~de 330c
Co~y Nos. 60 and 61 - Technical Library, Bureau of Ships, Code 337-L

U. S. Coast Guard
COPY No. 62 - Captain R. B. ~nk, Jr*~ USCG
Copy No. 63 - Captain G. A. Tyler, USCG
Copy NO. 64 - Testing and Development Division
U. S. Maritime Commission
copy No. 65 - d. E. Martinsky
Representatives of American Iron and Steel Institute
Committee on Manufacturing Problems
Copy No. 66 - C. M. Parker, Secretary, General Technical Committee, American
Iron and Steel Institute
Copy No. 18 - L. C, Bibber, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation
Cot)yNo. 8 - C. H. Herty, Jr., Bethlehem Steel Company
Co;y No: 14 - E. C. Smith; Republic %eel Company
lield~gResearch Council
Copy No, 67 - C. A. Adams
Copy No. 68 - Everett Chapman

COpy NO. 69 - LaMotte Grover

Copy No. 43 - Wm. ~praragen

Copy No. 70 - F, M. Feiker, Chairman, Div. Engineering & Industrial Research, NRC

Copj No. 71 - Clyde Wi.llitis,Chairmanj Committee on Engineering Materials

Copy No. 3 - V, H. Schnee, Chairman, Committee on Ship Construction
Copy No. 16 - Finn Jonassen, Research Coordinator, Committee on Ship construction
on ShiP construction
copy No. (!+4
- h. G, dilson,Technical Aide~ Cohttee
copY No, 72 - Harmer-E. Davis, Investigator, Research project ~R-92
CQpy No. 73 - G. E, Troxell, Investigator, Research Praject SIG-92
Copy No. 74 - Earl d. Parker, Investigator, Research project SR-92
Copy No, 75 - A. Boodbergj Investigator, Research Project W-92
Copy No. 10 - J. M. Lessens,
Investigator, Research project ~-lol
copy No, 76 - Scott B. Lilly, Investigator, Research project =-98
Copy No. 77 - C. H. Lorig, Investigator, Research Projeot W-97
COpy No. 78 - J. R. Low, Jr., Investigator, Research Project SR-96
Copy No. 79 - Albert Muller, Investigator, Research Project SR-25
Copy No. 80 - George Sachs, Investigator, Research Project SR-99
Copy No. 81 - C. d. sims, Investigator, Research F?rojectSR-87
Copy NO. 82 - C. B. Voldrich, Investigator, Research Project SR-1OO
Copy No. 83 - Clarence Altenburger, Great Lakes Steel Company
Copy No. 84 - A. B, Bagsar, Sun Oil Company
COpy NO. 85 - E, L. Cochrane, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Copy No. 86 - George Ellinger, National Bureau of Standards
copy No, 87 - M, Gensamer, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation
Copy No. EU3- S. L. Hoyt, Battelle Memorial Institute
Copy No. 89 -Bruce Johnston, Fritz Laboratory, Lehigh University
Copy No. 90 - N. M. Iiewmark,University of Illinois
Copy No, 91 - L. J. Rohl, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation

copy No. 92 - i. P. Roop, Swarthmore College

No. 93 - Saylor Snyder, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation
Nos. 94 thru 118 - 1. G. Slater, British Joint Services kission
ifo.119 - Carl A. Zapffe, Carl A, Lapffe laboratories
No. 120- Transportation Corps Board. Ehmoklyn, New York
Copy Nos. 121 thru 125 - Hbrary ~f Congress via ~~eau of Ships, Code 330c
Copy No. 126 - File Copy, Committee on bhip construction
Copy No. 127

Copy
Copy
Copy
Copy

OOpy No. 128

COPY No.

..

129

copy No, 130

copy No. 131
COpy No. 132
Copy No. 133
Copy l?o.134
Copy No. 135
COpy NO. 136
Copy No. 137
Copy No. 138
Copy No, 139
Copy No. 140
copy No. l&l
Copy No. 142
Copy No. 143
Copy No. 144
Copy No. 145
Copy No. 146
Copy No. L47
Copy No. 148
copyNoe 149
Copy No. 150
44X.

- * ~~ll;qv,o,d=
+4($(Copies 128 thru 132Copies 133 thru 150-

* ,~
Bureau of Ships
File

Total No, Copies - 150)

:A

TABLE OF CONMNTS
P*
Conte@s, ...$.,....e.........

. .

..eS.

@..

+..oe00~4*m9aQaQ

QS~O

i.

List of Tables,................................*..d*o.****aO*ii
List of Figures...............~..............................iii
Abstract..................................................,.. iv
Introduction,,..,.....~..............................c....... 1
Summary of Results of Tube Tests..,,..............~....? 3
Considerations in Choice of Test........................ 5
.,
Testing Procedure.,,,..,,~...,
........~......?...a.?............ 7
fipertiental Res~ts .........,,......
..................~.=. ,.. 10
1.

Bend Tests on Samples Cut from Tubes.......

........* 10

2,

~periments with E6010 Electrodes................... ~

......... 13
30 Experiments with Unionmelt and Steel-A,...,

k.

Experiments with Low-Alloy Electrodes & Steel-A.,.., 15

5 Experiments with Stainless-Steel Electrodes & Steel-A15

6.

Effect of Composition and Microstructure of Base

Plate......... . 16

7* Effect of Preheating and Postheating...,t..........t 1$

8.

Evaluation of the Effect of Residual Stress...,,

.,... 20

9* Effect of Arc Voltage,..aa..........p..=.=...9.....

10,

21

Evaluation of Metallurgical Factors................. 22

Conclusions......
..=......... .a........50.0.e.@o.o.e.@......... 24

26

ii

LIST OF TABLES
Page

Table 1, -- Composition, Treatment, and Physical Properties of Semikilled Steel Plates

27

Table 2. -- Summary of Test Results of Test on 20-in. Diameter Tubes

28

Table 3. -- Results of Bend Tests on 10-in. Square by 3/4--in. Thick

Plates Welded with Fleetweld 5 (E601O) Electrodes

29

Table 4. -- Summary of Bend Test Results on 10-in. Square by 3/4-in.

Thick Plates Melded by Unionmelt Process

30

Table 5. -- Chemical Analyses on Typical Weld-Bead Deposits

31

Table 6. -- Summary of Test Results on 10-in.Square by 3/4-h

Thick Plates with Beads of Shieldarc 85, Murex 80,
Murex AWL and 25-120Stainless 8teel Electrodes

32

Table 7. -- Summary of Test Results on lo-in. Square by 3/4-in*

Thiak Plates with Unionmelt Beads

33

Table 8. -- Results of Bend Tests on 10-in. Square by 3/4-in.

Thick Specimens Showing the Effect of Preheating and
Postheating

34

Table 9. -- Results of Bend Tests on 10-in. Square by 3/4-in.

Thick Specimens Showing the Effect of Welding Voltage

35

iii
LIST OF FIGURES
~%ge
Fig.

1. -- Relationship between True Stress and Natural Str~in for

Cou ons Cut from Plate and Weld of Tube J, at 70 F and
-404 *

36

Fig.

2. -- Bend Test Specimens Cut from Tubes I and J.

37

Fig.

3. -- Variation in Bend Angle at Maximum Load with Temperature

of Test, E601O Electrode (Fleetweld 5).

3$

Fig.

4. -- Variation in Bend Angle at Maximum Load with Temperature

of Testj Unionmelt Beads and Welds

3$

Fig.

5. -- Variation in Bend Angle at Maximum Load with Temperature

ot Test: Alloy Electrodes.

39

Variation i:lEs:I(2
Angle at MaximiJmLoad with Temperature
6. =--Of TesT,for TIlreel>~ateMater:eis,,

39

Fig.

Fig.

7. -- Photomicrograptm of Steels A, B as ro.lledjantiB normalized. 40

Fig.

8, -- Variation in Bend Angle at Maximum Load with Preheat lemperature (Single Weld Beads).

41

9, -- Variation in Bend Angle at Maximum Load with Preheat Temperature (Three Types of Electrodes).,

41

Fig,

Fig. 10. -- Effect of Heat Treatment after Welding on Ductility in the

Bend Test.

42

Fig. 11. -- Variation in Bend Angle at Maximum Load with Preheat Temperature for Different Arc Voltages and Two Typesof Weld.

42

Fig. 12. -- Typical Cracks Formed in Weld Metal During Bend Test.

43

Odd numbered figures from Figs, 13 - 79. -- Cross-sections of Weld Beads &-120
Even numbered figures from Figs,,14- 80, -- Results of Hardness Surveys 4.5-21Z

ABSTRACT

Reported herein are the results of several series of bend tests

conducted on lo-in. square by 3/4-in, thick plates upon which had been
deposited weld metal.

The experiments were carried out in conjunction with

tests on large welded tubes of ship plate.

The work was begun as part of

NDRC Project NRC-75 and completed under U. S. Navy Contract NObS-31222,

This report presente a description of the test specimens and the

testing technique, Both double-V butt-welded and single-bead specimens were
tested as simple beams supported on a 6-in, span, centrally loaded.

The weld

or bead was so placed that it was stressed in tension by the applied load.
Tests were made at various temperatures ranging from room temperature to
-40*F on specimens welded with E601O electrodes, low-alloy steel electrodes

25-20 stainless steel ele~trod~sj and with Uniolnmelt, The effects on ductility at -40F of preheating to various temperatures ranging from @F
500F, of postheating to llOOF, and of normalizing were determined,

t~

The

effect of arc voltage and the effect of the weld contour on the ductility
at various temperatures were determined for E601o and Unionmelt deposits.
Chemical analyses of typical weld deposits were made and the microstructure
of mdst of the specimens was st~died, and microhardness surveys were conducted
on about half of the specimens tested+
ing data:

Included in the report are the follow-

welding conditions, testing temperature, bend an~,e, maxinum

elongation~ maxtium load and type of failure, microstructure, and hardness

values.

The cracks were found to originate in the weld metal and not in
the heabaffw+,ed zone of the base plate even though the heat-affected zone

was in many cases much harder than the weld metal.

The ductility of the

bend test specimens was found to be improved by preheating, postheating,

low arc-voltage and by the use of stainless steel electrodes. The ductility
was decreased by low preheat temperature, low testing temperature, fast rate
of electrode travel, high arc voltage, and by the use of electrodes having
high hardenability,

Technical Report
U,S, Navy Research Project NObs-31222
(Causes of Cleavage Fracture in Ship Plate)

INVESTIGATION OF BRITTLd CLEAVAGd FRACTURE

OF l.!ELDiD
FLAT PLATd BY MEANS OF A BNTD T&ST

lday 1946

From:

University of California, Berkeley, California

M, P. O~Brienj Technical Representative

Report prepared by:

Harmer d. Davis
G. E. Troxell
Earl R, Parker
A, Boodberg

Engineering Materials Laboratory

University of California

Introduction

The work reported herein was conducted under OSRD Contract OEMsr #1418
andU.S. Navy Contract No. ijObs-31222,vihichbecame effective August 31, 1945.

The formally stated purposes of the general investigation are:

(1) determinations of the behavior of steel under conditions of multiaxi@_ stress,
(2) determination of factors responsible for the brittle cleavage fracture of
ship plates without manifestation of appreciable ductility or plastic flow.

The

experimental work was divided into two main sections: (a) investigations of th~
effects of stress and temperature conditions on the tendency of various steels t.a
fail in a brittle manner, in which the principal tests are made on test specimens
in the form of tubes and flat plate, and (b) investigations of the behavior of
built-up weldments, principally in the form of sections made to simulate welded

-2hatch corners~ tostudy the influence of design as well as of materials on behavier

under load.

The subject of this report is concerned with some special studies made

in conjunction with section A of the general investigation

In the course of the investigation on large

welded tubular specimens

subjected to various conditions of hi-axial stress, a number of questions were

raised as to the effect of metallurgical changes caused by the welding process on
the mode of failure. In an attempt to interpret some of the results of the tests
on the large tubes, some bend tests were made on samples taken from the welded
portions of certain of these tubes.

The apparent successful.correlation of the

results of these simple bend tests, as regards certain conditions of failure, led
to an amplification of the study to cover the effect of various weld conditions on
the mode of failure.

Owing to the lack of success in previous attempts to explain causes of

failure of weldments by means of standard tensile and impact tests on small
specimens taken from a weldment, it was considered desirable to utilize a test
specimen and a procedure where the interaction of the weld metal and parent metal.
would be closely similar to that existing in an actual structure or part.

Further-

more, since metallurgical examinations have shown that a gradation in metallurgical

structure may take place within very short distances in certain zones, a test which
would include the effect of the anisotropy seemed preferable.,

Because questions raised by the experiments on the large welded tubes

are the reason for undertaking the bend tests, and because the tube experiments
form a general background for interpreting the bend test studies, the principal

-3and pertinent results of the tests on the tubular specimens are summarized in
the following paragraphs.*

Summary of Results of i?elded-lube

Tests. -- The 20-inch diameter
tubular specimens were made by forming two pieces of 3/4-inch thick ship plate
into half-cylinders each 10 feet long.

These pieces were then welded together

by two longitudinal seams 180 apart to form cylinders. The chemical composition
of the steel used for the cylinders~ designated as Steel A, is given in Table 1,
E6020 electrodes were used for the welding, Ten tubes were tested, two of which
were heated 6 to $ hours at ll(X)F.after welding (l?post-heated~t).The remaining
8 tubes were given no heat treatment after welding.

Tests were conducted at 70F

a~d -40F~ using various ratios of longitudinal to transverse stress,

.

The results of the tests are summarized in Table 2.

All the tubes

tested at 70F exhibited considerable ductility prior to fracture. All the tubes
tested at -40F except those post-heated to llOOF, were relatively brittle.

The

reduction in wall thickness of the tubes tested at -40F ranged from 2 percent
to 6.7 percent for the tubes tested as welded, while the post-heated tube had a
wall-thickness reduction of 31 percent before failure.

The tubes tested at 70F

were more ductile, Reductions in thickness ranged from 7,5 percent to 32 percent,
A study of the fractures revealed that the origins of the fractures were
almost invariably in the welds even though the welds were sound. The welds
appeared to be acting as crack starters thus causing premature failures of the
tubes.

In view of the nature of the failures obtained with the tubes, it was con-

sidered advisable to conduct some supplementary tests on the weld deposit of the
.- %. E, Davis, G. E. B:uxell?E, R. Parker and M. P. O~Brien, I!Behaviorof Steel
Under liulti-AxialStresses and Effect of Welding and Temperature on This Behaviorl.
~hl~
OSRD Report 6365, Serial Ni-5f@,
Dec. 6, 1945.
. FlaLs %- !.{1vs306),

-1+-

tubes. This was possible because two $ in. lengths had been cut from the ends
of each cylinder in preparation for testing. From these rings were machined
standard 0.505-inch tensile test bars.

Tensile tests were made at 70 and -40F on specimens cut from the tube
walls and from the welds.

Typical true-stress natural-strain curves of these

materials are given in Figure 1.

Both the weld material and the plate material

were very ductile. Contrary to the behavior of the tubes, the tensile specimens
showed greater ductility at -40F than at 70F.

This apparently inconsistent

result might be due to one of a number of causes, The 0.505 inch diameter tensile
bars were cut from the center portion of the weld; thus the last passes deposited
at the surfaces of the welds were not tested.

It is the surface layers in the

multipass weld which are likely to be the least ductile. AI-1underlying passes
are reheated by subsequent passes with a consequent improvement in ductility,,
The surface layers in the weld deposit might be the source of the cracks in the
tubular specimens. Another factor which must be considered in relationto the
discrepancy between the results of the tensile bars and those of the tubes is
the difference in the stress conditions. The tubular specimens were subjected
to biaxial loading while the tensile bars were loaded in simple tension.

Further-

more, in the tubes the stress condition was complicated by the rough surface of
the weld so that triaxial tensile stresses may have existed near local irregularities.

This difference in thelstate of stress presumabl~-might account for the

difference in behavior of the material in the two tests. The picture was further
complicated by the fact that the weld zone in the tubular specimens had a residual
tensile stress estimated to be about 45,000 psi.
in the 0.505-inch diameter tensile bar.

No residual stress was present

-5It became apparent that there were many variables which should be
evaluated before a critical analysis of the tube test results could be r.lade.
The evaluation of the separate factors bymenas

of the tube tests was considered

impractical because of the cost and because of the time necessary for such a
study. To facilitate the investigation, a bend test was chosen and used for
the studies.

Considerations in Choice of Test. -- Considerable thought was given

to the problem of choice of an appropriate test, and a number of preliminary
experiments (including some on other types of tests) were conducted to study
the merits of various conditions of test.

The criteria by w}liehthe various

possible test procedures were judged were as follows:

la

The outer layer of the weld deposit should be included in the strained material.

2,

The specimen must be of such a nature that biaw.alstresses can be applied.

3.

The specimen must be capable of retaining residual stresses of a magnitude

comparable with those in the tubular specimens (18 inch long specimens were
used for determining effect of stress).

l+. The specimen must be relatively cheap, simple to make and easy to test.

The bend test seemed to satisfy these conditions. The outer layer of
the weld undergoes the maximum strain; when wide specimens are bent as simple
beams there is developed

transverse stress equal to one-half of the longitudinal

stress (a stress ratio of1,:1is produced in a cupping test); bend test specimens
can be made large enough to retain large residual stresses (18!tlong or more);
the cost of making and testing such specimens is relatively small.

Although the bend test seemed ideally suited for the proposed expcri..
ments, its suitability n:aded to be evaluated experimentally, This was done by

-6making bend tests on specimens cut from the tubes.

The specimens contained the

weld zone and about three inches of the adjacent plate material,

The results

obtained with these bend test specimens correlated very well with the results
of the tube tests.

(Details are given later in report under Expertiental Results).

Consequently, the bend test was adopted for evaluating the influence of the various
factors.

~7Testing Procedure

bend test specimens used in the experimental work (except those

cut from Tube I and J) wsre 10 in, square by 3/~ inch thick.

liostof the specimens were made by depositing beads along the center
line of one face and parallel to the direction of rolling of the plate.

Some

of these specimens were subsequently tested in the as-welded condition, i.e.

with the beads not ground off, while others were tested after the beads had
been ground flush with tihesurface of the plate.

Additional bend tests were

made on specimens of the same size but containing double-V butt welds instead
of si~glebeads.

The butt-welded specimens were made by welding together two

5-in. by 50-in. pieces of 3/4-in. thick plates.

The long welded pieces were

then cut into 10-in. lengths to form the square bend-test specimens.

In some series of experiments, the plates wore heated ~r cooled to

various temperatures before the beads were deposited. Tho heating was done with
an acetylene torch and the temperature of the plate was measured by a contact
pyrometer. The temperature of the plate just ahead of the arc was maintained
within ten degrees of the desired temperature during the welding. Som2 of these
specimens were subsequently post-heated in controlled temperature muffle furnaces
to determine the effect of post-heating upon the ductility,

All specimens were loaded as simple beams on a 6-in. span so that the
direction of the maximum tensi.1.e
stress was parallel to the bead or to the butt
weld.

The supports extended across the entire width of the specimen,, The load

was applied at the midspan through a loading member which also extended across
the entire width of the specimen, The loading member was rounded,to a radius

-8of 1/4 inch on the edge where it contacted the test specimen.

The fixtures

which supported the ends cf the beams were also rounded to a 1/4 inch radius
and were recessed toaccomodate the weld bead so that the plate rested on the
supports across the entire width.

Tests were conducted at various temperatures ranging from room temperature (about 70F) down to -/+OOF. The specimens were cooled with dry ice to a
temperature slightly below the desired testing temperature, A specimen was placed
in the testing jig and the test was begun when the temperature (measured with a
thermocouple attached to the surface of the plate) reached the value recorded in
the tables of test results.
to mum

load.

The specimens were loaded as rapidly as poss~ble

The loading operation required from15

to 30 seconds depending

upon the ductility of the specimen. Because of the rapid loading, the tests
were adiabatic rather than isothermal. The temperature rise which occurred
during the test varied from a few degrees for the brittle specimens to as much
as 25F. for the most ductile specimens

Since the results of the tests are

comparative, only the temperatures of the plates at the start of the tests are
reported,

During the course of preparation of the specimens, measurements of

the plate temperature were made prior toweldi.ng, and the welding currents,
voltages and rate of electrode travel were recorded. During each test, the
temperature, maximum load, bend angle and surface elongation were measured.

The

elongation was measured parallel to the weld over a one-inch gage length and in
the region of maximum elongation. Unfortunately, it was impossible to observe
the action of the weld during the test so no record of when the first crack formed
is available. Most of the specimens tested at low temperatures fractured completely

-9across the plate when the first crack formed.

At room temperature, however,

the weld zone usually cracked in several places and often the plate did not
fracture.

In such cases, the cracks formed at bend angles which were sometimes

much smaller than those recorded in the tables. The bend angles at the high
temperatures thus measured the ductility of the plate material rather than the
ductility of the weld deposit, The low temperature tests, however, provided a
better measure of the weld zone ductility because the first crack which formed
caused the plate to fracture without additional deformation.

-l f3Experimental Results

The studies conducted during the course of the investigation may

conveniently be divided into ten groups, as listed below.
1.

Bend tests on samples cut from tubes.

2.

Experiments with E601O electrodes,

3.

experiments with Unionmelto

4.

Experiments with low-alloy electrodes,

5.

Experiments with stainless steel electrodes.

6.

Effect of composition and microstructure of the base plate,

7.

Lffect of pre-heating and post-heating.

$.

Evaluation of the effect of residual stress (with 181long specimens).

9*

dffect of arc voltage.

10.

Evaluation of the metallurgical factors,

The results will be discussed in the order listed.

1. Bend tests on samples out from tubes.

The first step in conducting

the experiments was to determine the suitability of the bend test as an indicator
of the performance of welded structures such as the pressure vessels studied on
NDRC Research Project NRC 75.

Whether or not the bend test would yield brittle

and ductile fractures to correspond with the fractures obtained with tubes was
an importent factor to be de~ermined,

As described in the introduction, the tubular specimens were tested

under various ratios of longitudinal to transverse stress; hence the biuial
stress ratio of 2:1 developed on the tension side of the bend test specimens
was the same as that used for some of the tubes. The temperature of the bend
test was also adjusted to correspond to that used in the tube tests. The bend

..

--

.-

-.

test thus satisfied the conditions of stress and temperature.

During the preparation of the tubes, sections about 8 inches long
had been cut from each tube.

From some of these sections, pieces about 8 inches

square were cut which contained the welds.

1hesc
rather crude spectinenswere

then bent in such a way that the longitudinal weld was stressed in tension, sir&lar to the manner in which their counterparts in the tubes were stressed. The
specimens wel-etested as centrally-loaded beam

on a 6 inch span. The curwature

of these specimens, though slight, made a quantitative interpretation of the

results complicatedbut the difference between the ductile and the brittle specimens was so obvious that rdinernents were not necessary. Furthcrmorej the
behavior of th~ specimuns in the bend test corresponded with the behavior of the
tubes from which the bend test specimens were cut.

Figure 2 5h0wS the results

obtained when two of the specimens were oente The ductile specimen was taken
from Tube I which had been post-heated to llOOF after welding; the brittle
specinen was taken from Tube J which was left in the as-welded condition.

It appeared from these preliminary results that the bend test might
afford a quick, economical and satisfactory means for evaluating some of the
many complex factors which seemed to influence the behavior of loaded welded
jo$nts. .diththis belief in mind, the following ~xperiments were performed.
,.,
2, :tiperiments
E601o Electrodes0 One of the electrodes conunonly
. with....
used for the welding of mild steel is the d6t)10type of electrode. This eiectrode
is made of low carbon steel and has a cellulose coating. A Fleetweid 5 rod was
,,
chosenfor these tests. All of the bend test samples in this series of tests
were 10 inch square and 3/4 inch thick. Most of the specimens were made of single
10 &.chsquare plates on which weld beads were

deposited, Some of the specfi~cs,

..

-12,.,$,,::

..,.

however; were made of two 5 inch wide, 50 inch long plates joined bya double-V
,.
,,.:.
,.
butt weld andsubse@entAy cut to 10 inchsquares. Only steel A was used for
.

these experiments -,~~th

the E601O electrodes;

::

The plates were tested as centrally->?aded:,sfiply-supported

beams with
.! ..
a six inch span. The weld beads were plac,e,d
int$e:lo~gitudinil direction so
:.,
that the maxhnurntensne stress was parallel with the direction.of the weld,
The resulting fractures thus traversed the bead.

Specimms welded at room

temperature were bent at temperatures ranging from70

,,
of these tests are recorded in .Table
,,. 3 and Figure 3.

to -40F.

The re~ults

Figure 3 showstl%kffdct

of testing temperature on the bend angle obtained in these tests; These resuits
clearly showed the influence of the testing temperature upon the ductility.
,.!:
,,
A comparison between the double-V butt-welds shows a striking contrast
.4
.....
~,.
in behavior. The weld made by a series of longitudinal passes (single pass
stringer beads) was extremely brittle while the weld made by.oscilla~ing the
,,
.,,
electrode from side to side so that the entire groove was almost.filled in a
,:
single pass (wash weld) was very ductile. The difference ir welding technique
had a profound effect on.the ductility of the weld,

The specimens were made by

welding together two 5 inch wide pieces of plate each 50-in. long,

The stringer

beads were started at one end of theplateand deposited progressively towards

the

otherend~

By the time one pass was completed, the plate at the place where

the weld was begunhad cooled to room temperature. Thuseach pass was deposited
,.
on a coldplate andconsequentlycooled at a rapid rate. The wash weld progressed
,.,
.,
.s0 slowly, however,that the plate ah~ad of the weld was actually preheated by heat
,,.
..!
which diffused)fo~vard f~stcr than the weld progressed. The primary difference
in behavior appeared to be due to the difference in the rate at which the weld zone

L-j

cooled. This observation led to another series of experiments recorded as part

7 of this report.

The results from the specimens having a single bead were intermediate
between those for the two types of butt welds.

The cooling rate of the single

bead deposits was, of course, much faster than that of the wash weld.
quently, it is to be expected that the single bead deposits wouldbe

Conse-

less ductile

than the double-V butt welds made by the wash weld technique. The cooling rate
of the weld zone in the doubleV butt welded specimens made by the stringer bead
technique must have been of the samtiorder of magnitude as that of the single bead
specimens, yet the single bead specimens were more ductile than those that were
butt-welded. The difference in ductility is apparently due to the difftirencein
the contour of the surface. The single beads were ground flush with the plate
surface while the butt-welded specjmens were not ground,. This conclusion was
confirmed by later tests on single bead specimens tested in two conditions--as
welded and with the beads ground flush (see Fig,,8).

with Unionmelt and Steel

3. Experiments A,
. Unionmelt welding is commonly
employed for the welding of flat mild steel plate.

Hence it was considered

desirable to study the performance of Unionrneltwelds,

In this series of exper+,-.

ments, single beads were deposited at high rates of speed to obtain deposits as
nearly comparable with those deposited by hand with the E601o electrodes. A
current of 320 amperes was used with a l/4-in. rod,
electrode was 15-in. per minute.

The rate of travel of the

Thus a small bead was obtained. The beod.swere

deposited at room temperature ,Ondthe specimens weru tested at various temper:ttures

ranging from 70 to -40F,

The results are recorded in

is plotted as a function of temperature in Fig. 4.

The

..
.
-

lf+-

greater ductility than did the specimens having E601O beads.

This can be at

least partially accounted for by the fact that, in spite of all that could be
done to deposit metal at the same rate in the two cases, thebead deposited by
the Unionmelt process was:larger and consequently cooled at a slower rate than
did the E601O bead.

There are, however, other conditions which were different

in the two cases and might presumably influence the rusults. One of the most
important dtiferenc-was in the arc atmosphere. The atmosphere surrounding
,,
the arc made by the E601O electrode was mdoubtedly rich in hydrogen gas
,,.,.,
;.,.,,originating from the cellulose coating on the electrode. The Unionmelt flux~
.,,
on the other hand, is a mineral type coating contaifing:~silicates
of calcium,
....... .
aluminum, etc. and consequently generatedlittl& h~&ogenwhen it was fused,.
,.
It is well known that excess hydrogen lowerethe ductility ofalloy steel welds,
and it may be that hydrogen has a similar effect on low carbon steel.

Double-V butt-welded speciqens @n%

,.
alsomade;by theU&onmelt process

using standard welding procedure. The lo-in. square specimens were cut from a
..
.
long piece made by welding,together two 5-in. wide pieces of plate each 5&in.
.,
long.

The weld was started.at one end and progressed continuously towards the

other end. One pass was deposited on each side of the plate. The last side
,...
welded was placed in the bending.jig so that it would be stressed in tension during the test. Tests were made on these specimens at various temperatures. The
.., !
results are reported in Table 4 and thebend angle is plotted as a function of
..
the temperature in Fig. 4.

The si~le-bead specimenswere more ductile than the butt-welded

specincms even though the single-bead deposits cooled more rapidly than the
butt welds.

The difference in ductil.itywas undoubtedly due to the surface condi-

- 15 tion. Th~ single bead specimens were ground flush with the surface of the plate
w~ile the butt welds were not.

&. Experiments with Low-alloy Electrodes and Steel A,

Anotherseries

of experiments was conducted with several types of low-alloy steel electrodes-Shield-arc 85, Murex &pe 80 and Murex AWL.

It must be recognized at the outset

that bead tests with alloy steel electrodes are likely to be misleading.

The

alloy st.el electrode is diluttidexcessively by the mild stctilin a single bead

deposit. Consequently, it is necessary to know the actual composition of the
weld deposit before the results of the bend test can be intelligently appraised.
To obtain this itiormation, met~l was machined fr.m the central portion of the
beads of some of the specimens after they were tested, These fi.hips
were then
analysed along with similar samples obtained from other specimens. The chemical
compositions are reported in Table 5.

The results of the bend tests are given

in Table 6 and the bend angle is plotted as a function of testing temperature

in Fig. 5.

The bend angles of the specimens made with the kiurexType 80 elec-

trode were essentially independent of the testing temperature while the bend
angles of the specimens made with the AWL electrodes were roughly the same as
those obtained with E6010 specimens, The specimens welded with Shieldarc 85
were the most brittle specimens tested.

The harnesses of the beads and heat-

affected zones in these specfiens were later measured with a microhardness

tester, The results obtained are discussed in detail in section 10 of this
report.

5. Mperiments
Electrodes and Steel
A. Experiments
,.with Stainless-Steel
..

were made with columbium-stabilized,19 percent chromium; 9 percent nickel el~ctrodes, and with 25 percent chromium, 20 percent nickel electrodes. The beads

-16made with the 19-9 electrodes were so brittle that even at room temperature.
many cracks developed in the weld deposit when the specimens were bent through
very small angles.

The 19-9 electrode material was so diluted during welding

that the
., single bead deposited on the plate had a very poor metallurgical strucLure. To avoid this condition, 25-20 electrodes were used thereafter. Even with
this electrode the weld deposit was diluted by the fused base material but not
enough to cause the formation of the brittle metallurgical structure associated
with the 19-9 deposit.

The composition of the 25-20 beads is given in Table 5.

,.

The results of the bend tests obtained.with 25-20 beads are given in
Table 6 and the bend angles at various temperatures are,plotbed in Fig. 5,
,., ,
togetherwith the results from tests on specim~ns having low-alloy steel beads,
It isi~lportantto note that no cracks formed either in.the.weld zone or the
plate at any testing temperature.

,!

,
r,.:,

A microscopic examinationwak made of the weld zone to determine

,..,

whether or not the heat-affected zone of<theplatehad cracked, Microcracks could

,.
,..
conceivably form in this zone but might noi grow. ~crohardness surveys later
revealed that this zone had a maximum hardnessof about 500 Knoop which is equal
.

to approximately 5C10Brinell. A careful microscopicsurvey of the hardened zone

.,.
,,
failed to show any cracks.

This seemed remarkable considering the hardness of

,..

this material.
,
The 25-20 type of welding electrode seemed to be ideal for the weldihg
of mild steel to prevent low temperature brittleness in the weld zone.

The

,..,,

reason for the,re~rkable performance .,of

the 23%20 s~eclmenswas
not~ediately
,,
:
,.
apparent. Two factors might contribute to the favorable action of this electrode.
.,
,..,
,,:.

.~?-

One,is the good ductility and insensitivity to notches of the weld bead; the
other is the low hydrogen content of the arc atmosphere, The 25-20 electrodes
had a lime-type coating which liberated relatively little hydrogen. The results
obtained on mild steel with this type of electrode are in line with those
reportedly obtained with the same type of electrode on low-alloy steel.

A word of warning is necessary, however, in connection ~~iththe use

of 25-20 electrodes for the welding of mild steel, Some later experiments were
performed which indicate that the results obtained in the original tests must be
reconsidered. In the final experiments several identically prepared bend test
specimens were tested in bending with the bead running transversely rather than
longitudinally. The heat-affected zone ~f the plate was thus subjected to the
maximum tensile stress over the entire length of the bead.

The bead was left

on the specimens and consequently acted to concentrate stress at the junct<.on

of the bead and the plate where the heat-affected zone is located.

These speci-

mens, when tested at -400F.j fractured through the heat-affected zone after
bending through a relatively small angle.

Theseresults show that the use of

25-20 electrodes for welding mild steel will not always prevent brittle fractures
from starting in the welclzone, and that the state of stress and the orientation
of the principal stresses is a factor in determining the ductility and failure,
especially when marked variation in hardness exists in the weld zone.

6.

Effect
of Composition
and Microstructure
of Base Plats

Some

limited experiments were performed to explore the effe-,tcf composition and microstructure of the plate metal on ductility of weldrnents.

Semi-kjlled steels of

two different compositions (steels A and B) were used fc: these bend tests,

One

of these steels was tested in two different conditions of heat treatment (E as

,.

,.!

.,.

,,

,,..;,,
,,
.,

-.

1$ -

rolled, and B normalized). The compositions

and heat treatments of these steels
,.
are given in Table 1*

plates.

Unionmel~ yeld beads were deposited on specimens of these

,.

The results of the bend tests are recorded in Table 7 and thebend
,,.-

angles at various temperatures areplottedin Fig, .6. As indicatedby the differ,.

ence between the behavior of steelsA and B, the chemical composition has some
effect, although it was apparently S&U

in this.caset Moye.irnportantis the

fact that the B steels, whichwere chemically identical$ behaved.differently in

,,.

-,,

the two different conditions o-fheat treatment.

There was a ~all

difference

,,

in &icrostructure which can beseen in the photornicrographs

shown in Fig+ 7.
The microstructure of steel Aisgiven for comparison. The difference in the
results obtained with the two B seriesof specimens makes it obvious th?.imicrostructure of the base plate must be considered as an important fac+)c.,,
Yi is
.!,.

not sufficient to study the effect of chemical composition

d.oi~~c

TLJ.

.;!

c)f

.,
,.

:.:
project
the effect of chemical composition and microstructure is in itself <.u~.:,[
so it was not considered adviaableto extend the study at this tir~e,
,.,
.,
Cracks which developed +irst,inthe weld metal in this group of test
.. .
specimens apparently acted as notches so that the behavior of theplates(after
the welds cracked) was conditioned by the notch sensitivity of the basemebal,
,.,
.,

,,
.

..

. .. .. . .... .... .;.

.,,

:
,.

7. Effect of Pr~heati~g~.,,

A number of experiments were

performed to determine the effe~t of preheating and postheating on the behavior

.. . . .
.
..,.
of bend test specimens,. The plates we,re,cooledor heated to various temperatures
;,.,
.
,...
as indicated in Table 8 before the,w,eldbeads
were deposited. The belilangles
,,
:,,.
obtained for tests at -i+OOFplotted against the preheat temperature foi specimens with E601.Obeads are shown in Fig. 8.

Specimen: weretested both with the

beads left on and with the beads ground flush with the surface of the plate.

-19.
The specimens tested in the as-welded condition (beads not ground) were considerably more brittle at the low temperatures than were the specimens for which the
beads were ground flush.

It is important to note, however, that even the as-

welded specimens were extremely ductile if the weld beads were deposited on hot
plates.

The bead contour had no effect upon the bend angle when the plate was

heated above 400F before welding.

The remarkable effect of preheating upon the

ductility of the bend test specimens was found to be true for all types of electrodes used and is undoubtedly the result of the slower cooling associated with
the preheating. Slower cooling causes a softer microstructure to result and also
allows more time for dissolved gases, particdarly hydrogen, to escapee Additional comment is given in section 10 concerning the effect mf preheating cm the
microstructure of the weld zone.
Fig, 9 shows the effect of preheating upon the bend angle at -l@F for
specimens having various kinds of weld beads.
For some specimens, the plates were at 100F before welding) and subsequent to welding were heated to 11.000Ffor one hour, As shown in Table $ and
in Fig. 10, this treatment had a profiouncedeffect upon the ductility of the bend
test specimens tested at -40F,

Similar specimens were given a normalizin~ treat-

ment (heated to 1650F and air cooled) which, in genera~.jseemed to yield results
similar to the treatment ai llOOF. The results of some of the tests on normalized
specimens are also reported in Table 8 and are plotted in Fig. 10.
The beneI:ici:~effect of postheating is ob~j.~us,The reason for the
improvement is net clear?;rbrought out by the tests,

The llOOF treatment is

generally called a stress--reliefheat treatm~nt and it is true that it does

relieve the residual weldicg stresses to a large degree, One important qyestion
is whether or not the rel--efof the residual stress is responsible for the i-e
mix. le ~~~rov~nentin the performance of the bend test specimens (and for the

_po

improvement in the ductility in the large tubular specimens). To establish the

role played by residual stress, another series of experiments was conducted which
are described in detail in the following section.
8,

Evaluation of the Effect of Residual Stress, Although weldments

which are given the so-called stress-relief heat treatment are largely relieved
of residual stress, a microscopic examination reveals ,thatmetallurgical changes
have also occurred in the heated specimens. (The details of the metallurgical
changes are discussed in section 10,,) Consequentlyj it was considered necessary
to,evaluate the effect of stress and the effectof other changes separately.
Fortunately this could be done in a simple manner but 18!!long specimens had to
be used instead of the 10IIsquare type.

It had been previously der,onstrated*

that when all elements parallel to a weld are elongated an amomt

ci ,bcui cne

percent or more$ the residual stresses are reduced to a low order c:

.I~L

Hence by elongating the test specimens about one percent w

.,

gi:~;k.ude.

s.+:em+l;~c~t~ng

machine prior to bending, it was possible to eliminate prac.ticaii;:

?.:?.
c< tn,e
residual stress without ~fecting the metallurgical structure. VJ2
~*qL:-,
i~ ~\&
~
,.
donej the specimens were tested and found to behave essentially the same as i;hose
containing the residual stresses. At -40F there was a small bu~percepii.hl.y
,..
larger bend angle for the pre-stretched specimens but the difference was very
.!.
small,. The
bend angle iq all.c.,ases
was relatively large so that the residual
.,..
:..
stress could not be expected to.sllo,~
a Largeeffect,
.,
In truly brittle failures where the total elongation prior to failure
f,.
is only a fraction of a percent~ the strain associated with the residual stress
,.
;,:
..,.
,.:..,.
would be an appreciable part of the total strain; and residual stresses would
.,,
be expected to contribute greatly to.the.fracture. Brittle fractures of this
,

-.
%,, P, DeGqrmoj J.L, lvier@r,.and
Finn Jonassen: ~lResidualSt:-essesin Ship
;Jel.dinq
(NS-3C4)lf,
OSM
Report
No.
4388, Serial No. M-370, Nov. 13> 1944.
.
.,, ,:,,.
.,.:: .
.... ,..
.,

:,

_p~_

nature were not obtained within the range of temperature employed in these tests,
and consequently the residual stresses could not have played an important role
in the bend test results.

This conclua,ionwas checked in several ways,

It was also found that residual stresses of high magnitude could be

induced in bend test specimens by local heating with an acetylene torch.

The

maximum temperature was never allowed to exceed 500F so no metallurgical changes

could occur in the mild steel plates. These specimens thus had the residual
stresses but had no discontinuity in the metallurgical structure as did the welded
specimens. In the bend tests, there was no difference in behavior between the
plates with residual stress and those without.
Still another check was made on the effect of residual stress.

The

specimens preheated to 5000F were found to have a residual stress pattern almost
identical with the stress pattern in the specimens welded without preheat.

The

preheated specimens thus had the residual stress but had very different metallurgical structures. The preheated specimens were very ductile compared with
those specimens not preheated.
The conclusions reached were:

(1)

residual stresses have little in-

fluence on the ductility of bend test specimens tested, (2) the beneficial effect
of the so-called stress relief heat treatment is primarily the result of changes
in the metallurgical structure (which may include the elimination of hydragen
which apparently causes brittleness when present in large amounts in the weld
zone),

9* Effect of arc voltage. It was observed by H, E. Kenuedy+$that

welds made at high voltages tend to be brittle in the bend test.

Sme

experiments

were conducted to check his observations. The results of the investigation are
summarized in Table 9 and the bend angle vs. temperature curves are ,plottedin
..
Failures in ,eldedIild Steel Structures.
>. 3. Ke~nedyo IIsomeCauses of Brittl.j
;~elding
Jour;ial,Nov. 1945,,~eldingResearch tiupplumentjp. ,588s.

... .,:
,,,

Fig, 11,

.,

It stiouldbe noted that ,preheat~g relieves the brittleness induced in

,..

. ,,

the weld zone by the highwelding voltaq,e. The m~hanism by which high welding
vdltage:influencers.the.duetility
of th~::yeld.
clear,
.,,.is not.,,

It is conceivable
.. ., #...
:,.
.,

that$he

silicon content of the Un>-onmelt,weldis increased

,. by the high voltage.
.::,.:-,;,,.,:
:
Th~s wotid account for the increa$ed brittleness
of the Unionmelt weld but not
.
,...::,. ,..!
~.1
..,,
...:

The iqcreaqed brittleness of the specimens made with

: ;..::
;.....!4.
...
theFleetweld5 rod might be explained by the increase .,..
in the nitrogen and hydro, ;: ,,i:: ,..

for that oftliehand weld;

gen contents which presumably res~lt.from the high voltage,.,

welding. No sin~le
,,1,, ,., ,,, ,,:,;,
..
expatiation seems adequate at thepresent
time and
is
,.,,
,,,:
,,
.it
.-,.
,,.
, possible that several
factors
contribute to the britt~enessof
the specimens,welckd at high voltage.
,,
.. .
.,
10, Evaluation.dme~allurgical factors. The
most
striking
results
,. ,,.., ,:
.:. ~,
in the bend test experiments were,those,obtained
by preheating and postheattig.
,,,; ,,
:,:, ;
,,..,
The ef;fectswere ,o~iously not related to the residual stresses bu+ .,~peamd to
.,.
,,
be closely associated with the metallurgical structure of the weld ad tie:,+..
.,.>
,)
.,
affected zone. Microhardness surveysi~ere made
,. of a number of +;hebend +,est
The i-esdts
,,
.
given.in Append= A along with macrographs showing the con.,..
:.-.

specimens to determine the relative harnesses of the weld zones

of these.mrveysare

tours:of,the weld beads (which are also

@
,.,important
,.

determining the performance

...

Of band .test.specimens).
,,.
The results of these hardness surveys may be generalized briefly as
fbllows: the.higher the preheating temperature the softer the weld zone; post.
heating at llOOF softened the weld zone; the hardness was a maximum in the heat,
affe~ted zone.. ,Theheat-affected zone required special study because of the
highhardnesses found there.

(~

some cases the hardness exceeded 450 Knoop

.
which is rp~hly equal to 450 Brinel.1).The:structure was not iiartensitic,but
,,.
,!,.
,,
.. .. ::, ,.
appeared to be Bainitic. The heat-affected zone is heated atmve tihutransformation

-23temperature during the welding and subsequently cools to room temperature. The
cooling is unusual in this zone, however, because it is first cooled very rapidly
by the cold plate near the weld but the cooling rate is rapidly slowed down as
the base plate becomes heated until the cooling becomes extremely slow as room
temperature is approached. This type of cooling is conducive to the formation
of Bainite which seemed to be the structure in the heat-affected zone.

The high

hardness in this zone indicated that this region was the most likely place for
cracks to originate. This conclusion did not agree, however, with the observations reported for the bend test specimens having 25 Cr - 20 Ni beads which
were very

ductile and did not crack in the heat-affected zone even though the

maximum hardness in this region was about 500 Knoop.

lJanyof the bend test specimens having plain carbon and alloy steel
beads were also examined microscopically to determine the origin of the cracl:s~
In almost every case, the cracks started in the weld metal.
cracks in various stages of growth is shown in Fig. 12.

A photograph of

A few cracks were found

to start in the heat-affected zone of some of the specimens examined but such
cracks were exceptional. It immediately became obvious that the properties of the
weld metal were the important factors governing the behavior of the bend test
speci-mens, It appears, then, that preheating and postheating improve the ductility
of the bend test specimens because of the effect of these treatments on the properties of the weld deposit,

It should not be assumed, however, that the heat-

affected zone is never a source of trouble, because in several cases cracks were
observed to start in this region.

The 25-20 specimens bent with the beads trans-

verse to the beam axis cracked in the heat-affected zone after onl,ymoderate
amounts of strain had occurred.

,,

..

-24-

.-

~NiLUSIONS

1;

Bend test speciniensmade by depositing weld metal of various compositions on

mild steel plate became progressively more brittle as the testing temperature
,,.
was lowered.
,,, ,
2. Diff&ences in welding technique made a large difference in the ductility of
mild

steel welds. Doublb-V butt welds made with E601O electrodes using the

stringer-beadtechnique beriithrough an angle of only 15 when tested at

40F while similar spec&ens made by the wash-weld technique bent through
. .. . . ;

70 to @q

3.

The difference in the ductility is attributed to the difference

in the cooling rates associated with the different welding practices,

.
,.
The cooling rate of the weld appears to be one of the most important single
factors in determining the ductility of mild-steel bent-test spticimens,,
The weld zones in specimens preheated to retard the cooling r,at.e
were found
,.
to be much softer (on the Knoop microh~rd.nessscale) than sumi.lari:~gjons
in specimens which cooled at more rapid rates.

4*

Reheating to llOOF after weldfig produced cha~es

in the properties and

metallurgical structure of the weld zone which changes were very beneficial.
However, when tested at -40F,,specimens which had been preheated to 500F
were found to be as ductile as specimens which had been postheated at llCOF.
A complete normalizing treatment (air cooled from 1650F) did not increase
the ductdity appreciably more than did the 1100%

treatment.

,,
.,,.
5. The beneficial effect of preheating could not be attributed to the effect of
,,
residual stress because the ~eheated specimens had essentially the same residual stress pattern as had the specimens welded without preheat,, The increase in the ductility could be the result of the difference in the properties as reflected by the microstructure or to a difference in the gas content
of the weld zone.

..-,25.-

6.

The so-called stress-relief heat treatment (llOOF after welding) produced beneficial changes in the propeiiiesof the weld zone which could
not ,be attributed to the relief of stress. This was .demonstratedby
stress relieving specimens by stretching prior to bending (stress relieving by stretching doec not chaqge
-. the metallurgical structure,)and
by introducing residual stresses in an unwelded plate by local ~e.sting

.,-

to below 500F prior to bending.

The specimens which were stress r,e-

Iieved by,stretching behaved identically with

.- those.containing residual
stresses,, The specimens containing the residual str,~s.eesj
but having
no weld, behaved exactly like si+nilarspecimens having .no!mesidualstress.
,.

7.

T% heat-affected zone of the base plate was found to have a maximun

hardness which in some
cases exceeded 450 hoop

(approxhately 450

..

Brinell). This zone appeared to have a Bainitic type of microstructure.

8.

Microscopic observations established that cracks originated in the weld

metal and not in the heat-affected zone even though the heat-affected.

....

zone was u&ually harder than the adjacent weld metal.

.,

Specimensmade with 25 percent CR, 20 perce~ltNi electrodes were found to

be very ductile when tested at low temperatures, even when welded without
preheating of the base plate.
10.

High arc voltages were found to produce less ductile welds than Lower arc
voltages.

.2(j -

.
.

,.
;.,

APPENDIX A - RESULTS OF MICROHAJUXWSS SURVEYS

Cross-sections of a numb&

,,

of typical specimens on which weld beads

had been deposited were prepared for microscopic examination and hardness
.,

testing, Hardness was measured along a linethrough the center ofthe weld
,..

,,

,,

starting at thetopof the beads.

beads, across the thickn~ss of the plate,
,,.
,.,
,,
The hardness values were determined as Knoopmicrohardness numbers and were
measured with a Tukon hardness tester which was operated withs 500-gram
,,.
load in these tests. The specimens were chosen so that comparisons could be
..:

madebetween the effects of preheating,postheatingi ariachemi-~~1

composition
,.,

of weld.

Macrostructures, at a,magnification
of approximately L+jare shown in
,.
the .odd-numberedfigures, Fibs. ,~ to 79. The results ofmicrohardness sur-~eys
are shown in the even-numbered figures, Figs, 14 to 80; in these latter figures
,.

,..,

..

are shown photographic reproductions of the region along which the harkess
indentations were made and plotsof hardness VS, distance from top of weld bead
,,,,
-. .
(top of weld bead as shown in corresponding macrograph). The macrostructures
and hardness plots for each specimen are given in consecutive f,ig~es so that
a comparison can be made between.structure and.hardness~

.. .

-.

-27-

TABLE 1. -- COMPOSITION, TREATMENT AND PHYSICAL PROFE.RTI?LS

OF SEMI-KILLED STEEL PLATES

lJOTE: Physical properties based on tests made at room temperature on standard

A.S.T.M. 0.505-in. tensile bars,and standard keyhole-notch
Charpy specimens, described in A.S.T.II.Specification E8-42.

Steel A
As Rolled
~ominal ~hemi~al
composition
Yield stress, ksi.

0.25 C!
0.47 N?n
35.8

Steel Bar
AS Rolled.
.

Steel Bll
Normalized
..,._. .-

0,18 C
0.72 Mn

J.13 c
0.72 Mm

31*9

35.4
I

Nominal tensile stress,

ksi,

58.3

56.7

580

Percent elongation in
2 in,

43.5

~t~7

;569

Reduction in area, percent

61.4

69.3

66.7

Ener=g absorbed in Charpy

impact test, ft. - lb,

W*6

48.0

46.7
I

Hardness, Rockwell B

60-62

58-;3
..-

59-60
-...-.

TAB13 2. -- SUMdARY OF ..
TESTrrssums - 20-IN. DIAMSTER TUBES

..
Speoimen

From
Plate
No.

Stressa
?;

Loading
Conditions
--

13970

Internal
Pressure

~j

1F991

,,

Test
TeinP.
OF.
-

!?

-..
cd

Dd

13993

70

26,250

70

24,900

-42

13973

!1

xial load,
nt.press.

70

55,100

70

56,600

70

56,800

i.
ztr

Average
True Stressc
at Fracture.
.. ps -Trans.
Lonz.
..
--..

T
mate
.

52,500

30,000 59,003

42,$00

49,800

30,200 S2,000

45,000 9&OQ

51,300

40,000

1399s

25,660

13970

13973

~mi

LongiTram- Frop.
tudinal
verse
Limit
.

Bd

Nominal
Stress.b

Conventional
Stress

54,000

30, Oooe

85,000

Maximum

<1

21.0

-.-

60,000e

<0.2

3.0

13973
13995

4.4

4.4

9.0

53,100

so, 000

56,500

-~e

56,0006

3.5

4.0

7.5

51,000

30,000

51,500

6yx)r_)

72,000

9.2

10.6

44,500

40,00C

%4,500

*~

45,500

1.$3

13970

-39

62,500

51,400

40, Ooc

55,0@J

85 500
~

88,500

17.4

13994

,t

-3B

59,700

59,300

25,000

59,000

61,000
-

64,500

3.0

--- -.

25,000

-.

20.0

_.___.

45,400

---

110,000

2.0

18.7

3.0
_-

3.5

31.0

6.7

i lo~,sdo

102, COO

I 143,000

+--1
86,500
-i-

I 201,000

I160,500

---

13970

1/2

xial load,
nt. press.

-44

60,800

24,790

a - &T = oiroumferentialstress; @L = longitudinal stress.

b-

c-

-- 1

42,00C

19,500

50 000
L___

--

- ..

---

Practically same as for tube A.

-
Cleavnge fracture entirely around circumferential end weld.
i

------+--+-;~~;;~~mtre);,
59,500e

-44

_._

Initis.tedby shear in plate about 4 in.

from and parallel to weld near midsection; after shearing for about 5
in., crack propagated over considerable length of tube by cleavage.

14 R,500

3.0

-e

,,

Nature of Fracture

--L_. _.1

55,000

_--

133,000

32.()

30,000

~j

30.0

51,300

at
Fraoture,
ft.-lb.h
-

W:l
Thickness,
_%

15.0

Reduction. [Potential

Percent
Elom tion
in ! in.
,ong. -
Trans.

41

.--
Ener.7-

- -

2.0

0.3

20

~fter ,e

pair by welding, shear for 4 in., then

deava.ge.
g
Cleavage fracture originating in weld
abo!ut48 in. from mid-section and propagating spirally arOund tube.

~Cleavage fracture originating in weld

2 in. from mid-section and propagating
I
completely around tube. No shattering.
-
Cleavage fracture originating in weld
, 24 in. from mid-section. Specimen shat1 tered into many pieces.
Cleavage fracture originating in weld
4 in. from mid-section. Specimen shattered into mmy pieces.
Cleavage fractme originating in weld
28 in. from mid-section. Specimen
shattered into many pieces.

,Cleamge fracture originating at defect

in plate 90 from weld 44 in. from midsection and propagating around specimen.
No shattering.

l::k

Nominal stress computed on basis of original w1l

thickness but with respect to greatest diameter obtained at the designated load condition.
Computed as lomd on a given section divided by actual cross-sectionalarea, except as noted in footnote ~ for specimens failing prematurely. Underlined values indicate direction
of stress presuned to govern failure.

d - Failure occurred at or nea~ ends or end connections,presumably due to high complex stresses caused by bending induced by end restraint. However, results are significant in that
they indicate average stress levels attained before looalized conditions caused failure.
e - Values given are those for mid-section of tube at instant of failure.
f-

Shear fracture 6 in. long,

crossing longitudinalweld at 1/8 in. from cirownferentialend weld.

Fracture started inside of tube, in circumferentialweld.

g - Fracture 4 in. long (apparently shear) at root of circumferentialweld, starting about 6 in. from nearest longitudinalweld; then cleavage fracture extending completely around specimen at angle of about 70 from axis.
h-

Compre6sion energy in liquid and concrete plugs, and elastio energy in epecinen.

i - Computed on basis of original diameter and ori~

thiokness.
.i- Tube heat-treated for 8 hrs. at llWF. , after weldins.

University of California
Engineering Materials Laboratory

TABLE 3

Specimen
No.

1
2
2

RESULTS OF BEND TESTS ON 1O-IN. SQUARE BY 3/4 IN. THICK PLATES OF STEEL A
WELDED wITH 5/32 IN. DIAM. FLEE~@
~ (E601O) W~OD~
Arc Voltage 26-28, Welding Current 150 Amps.
Elong.
Rate of Elec- Test MaIc. Bend
trode Travel, Temp. Load Angle, in 1 in.
oF
Kips. Degrees percent
in. per min.

Type -f Weld Material

None
Single bead, ground flush with plate
tt

11

tt

11

10

-40
70
32
0
-20
Jo

lo

70

81.6

10

32

10
10

5
6
7
8

tf

!1

Double V butt-weld, stringer beads, cooled to

700F between passes, as welded
ditto

71.0

78

28

No cracks

78

24

60

19
20
14

Cracks in weld only

It
r! tl
n
11
11 tt
t!

59
33
24

40

Cracks in weld and plate

tl
!1
II
11
tt

22

Cracks in weld only

81.3

55
~2

15

79*3

32

12

Cracks in weld and plate

It
tf
u
tl
tt

ditto

10

10

ditt$a

ditto

-20
-~

7494
70.6

19

10
10

14

7
6

75

92.0

82

28

32
0

89.5
92.0

$2
72

28
25

92.0

81

92.6

59

27
23

12

Double V butt-weld, wash weld technique, cooled

to 70%? between passes, as welded.

13
14

Ctitt@

ditta

2
2

15

Ctitt&

16

ditto

-20
-~

75

91.0

83

28

17

90
85.3
80.2
79.8
76.1

Double V but~weld, wash weld technique, cooled

to approximately 25@F between passes, as tided

Remarks

t!
Tl

tt
ft

1?
It

tl

It

tt

It

Cracks in weld only

1!
It tl
#t
11 t?
II
!!
tl
II t!
?1
Cracks inweld and plate
Cracks inweld only

32

90.5

79

25

11

1!

II

ditto

tf

18

92.0

77

27

11

tt

ditto

19

-20

92.6

tf

11

1!

ditto

11

20
21

dittrz

-40

95.0

78

27

NO cracks

%
I

~ABIE L.

SUMMARY OF BEND TEST RESULTS ON 1O-IN. S2UfJlEBY 3/4-IN.THICK PL&TEX

- OF STEEL-A
WELDED BY UNIONMELT
PRCCESS+$
-.Electrode Diameter 1/4 in., Arc Voltage 26-28
..

Specimen
No.
22

Type of Weld Material

19elding Rate of ElecCurrent, trode Travel,

in. per min.
Amps

Single

bead, ground flush with plate

Elong.-
Test
Max.
Bend
Temp., Load
Angle, in 1 in.,
F.
kips. Degrees percent

Remarks
-

92.0

75s5

23

Cracks in weld only.

32

81.0

77

24

Cracks in weld only.

15

-20

85.5

68

20

Cracks in weld and

plate.

15

-40

83.0

42

16

Cracks in weld and

plate,

82.5

38

13

Cracks in weld and

plate.

320

15

320

15

320

70

23

ditto

24

ditto

25

ditto

26

ditto

320

15

-60

27

800

12

75

92,1

66

Cracks in weld only.

28

Double V buttweld, cooled between

passes, as welded
ditto

800

12

32

89.5

44

15

Cracks in weld only.

29

ditto

800

12

92.6

51

18

Cracks in weld and

plate.

30

ditto

800

12

-20

94.8

56

21

Cracks in weld and

plate.

31

ditto

12

-40

94.0

34

11

Cracks inweld and

,
o

-~ Oxweld 36 rod, Grade 20 ffi~

plate.

.31--

Specimen
%ectrode
No.
.

2
64

Type

$~a~

Fleetweld 5
11

26-28V

Percent of EleZGnt Shown

- ;
lf~
Si
Mo
(jr
..
0.18 O*46 0.02

70

26-28V

0.13

100

11

30-32V

0.15 0.45 0.10

26-28V

0023 9.45 0.11 0.61

76
42

Shie13.arc85
f!
II

26-28V

~~i~,l,r
L

22-24V

0.17 0.40 0.11 0.26

0,24 0.58 9.06 3.13

37

Nurex 80

22-24V

0.24 0.49 0.09 0.09

47

25Cr-20Ni

26-28V

0,18
(),20 0.42 0.43

22
25
52
56
58

0.43 0.10

16.40 lL.18

thi(mmeltcmSteel A 26-28V
t! !1
lt 26-28V 0.17 0,44 0.27
!1 Steel Bn 26-28V 0.13 0.62 0.37
fl II !1 26-~.871 0.13 0.61 !)..33
It r: Steel BW26-28V
0011 0.60 0,32

62

1! [I

94
95

Ni

26-281? 0.17 0.44 0.04

11

32

11

26-28V

0.12 O*54 0.33

1!

34-36V

0.13 0.36 0,49

1!

34-3~7T 0.21 0.38

aSee Tables 3, ~, 6, 7, 3, and 9 for

0.52
..

details.

~BLE

6.

SUM ~!RYOF TEST RESULTS ON 1O-IN. SCJU.RXBY 3/4-IIT:THICZ FIATE

OF ST HL-A

WITH BEADS OF SHIELDARC 85, MUREX TYPE 80, ljU_REX

A.W .L. KND 25-20 STAINLESS S~IEL ELECTRODES
Electrode Diameter 5/32 in., Welding Current 150 Amps., Rate of Electrode Travel 10 in, per min.
Specimen
No.

32
33
3k
35
36
37
38

Type of Weld Material

Shieldarc 85 electrode;
ground flush with plate

66

2/!+

Cracks in weld only

i!

32
0

78.0

45

Cracks in weld only

66.0

19

16
9

-20
-40
70
32
0
-20
-40
70

55.0
59,0

9
6

80.0

73

80.8

70

80.4

59
73
70
75
38

tt

ditto

?1

u
4.2

ditto

ditto
Murex A.W.L., ground flush
with plate

ditto

b5

ditto

/!+6

ditto

22-24
II
T!
n
It
It
II
tl
11
II

49

ditto

50

ditto

26--28
It
11
1?

51

ditto

47
.48

25 Cr - 20 Ni Electrode;
ground flush with plate

Remarks
..

84.0

ditto

ditto

...

70

ditto

Murex No. 80, ground flush

with plate

~
.
Bend
Elong,
in 1 in.,
Angle,
Degrees percent

26-28
II

39
40

43

T=
Maximum
Arc
Temperature Load,
Voltage
GF
kips.

32
0
-20
-40
70

79.0
83.0
84.6
74.7
77*3
76.9
64.5
85.6

k9
43
19
71

32
0
-20

89.2

71
69
70

-40

88.4

66

86.9
87.3

7
1.25
23
23
20
23
23
23

Cracks in weld and plate

Cracks in weld and plate
Cracks in weld and plate
Cracks in weld only
Cracks in weld only
Cracks in weld and plate
Cracks in weld only

Cracks in,weld and plate

Cracks in weld only

13
15

Cracks in weld only

15
7
20

Cracks in weld and plate

18
26
22
20

No cracks

Cracks inweld and plate

Cracks in weld and plate

No cracks

No cracks
No cracks
No cracks

u
w
t

TABLE 7. -- sWARy

Cl?TEST MSULTS ON 1O-IN. SQUARE BY 3/4-IN. THICK PLATES

WITH UNIONMELT !+3ADS

Electrode Di~eter 1/4 in., Arc Voltage 26-28, Welding Current 320 Amps., Rate of Electrode Travel 15 in. per min.

Specimen
No.
22
23

Unionmelt, single bead, ground

flush with plate, Steel A

Maximum
Test
Temperature, Load,
OF
kips.

Elong.
Bend
Angle, in 1 in.t
Degrees percent

Remarks

70

92.0

75*5

23

Cracks in weld only.

32

81.0 ~

77

24

Cracks in weld only.

24

ditto

-20

85;5

68

20

Cracks in weld and plate.

25

ditto

-40

83.0)

42

16

Cracks in weld and plate

26
52

ditto

-60

82.5

38

13

Cracks in weld and plate.

70

73.Q ~

76.5

22

Cracks in weld only.

32

79..0>

22

Cracks in weld.and plate.

21

Cracks in weld and plate.

53

Type of lWeldYlterial

Unionmelt, single bead, ground

flush with plate, Ste61 Bar

54

ditto

55

ditto

56

ditto

57

ditto

58
59

/.

Unionmelt, single bead, ground

flush with plate, SteelBn

79.0

66
69

-20

73.0

38

14

Cracks in weld and plate.

-40

81.5

50.5

16

Cracks in weld and plate.

-60

69.(D

37

13

Cracks in weld and plate.

70

85.0 ;

71

21

Cracks in weld only.

32

8~;Q.

7?3

21

Cracks in weld only.

80,0

86

26

No cracks.

c1

60

ditto

61

ditto

-20

84.5

76.5

22

Cracks in weld only.

62

dttto

40

85.0

57

16

Cracks in weld and plate.

63

ditto

-60

87.0

70

20

Cracks in weld and plate.

t
~>>
~
I

TABLE 8.

RESULESOF BEiNDTESTS ON1O-IN- SQUARE BY 3/L IN. THICK PLJTES OF STEEL-A

SHOWING THE EFFECT OF
PREHEATING AND PCETHEATING
Arc Voltage 26-28

lSpeciI men
No.

6,4
65
I 66
67
g
70
E
?3
74
75
76
;:
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
E
92
93

Type of Weld Material

Fleetweld 5, bead ground off

ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
Fleetweld 5, bead left on
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
Shieldarc 85, bead left on
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
Unionmelt, bead left on
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
Fleetweld 5, bead left on
ditto
Shieldarc 85, bead left on
ditto
Unionmelt, bead left on
ditto

Bend
Elong.
ElecWelding Rate of Elec- Test Plate Tap. Temp of Max.
Current
trode
Travel
Temp.
trode
before weld-Postheat Load Angle
in 1 in.Fai.lure
diam, in. Amps, in. per min.
F
kips. D6grees percent
ing, OF.
F.
5(32

tl
11
1!
11
tf
11
R
u
It
tl
t!
M
lf
II
ft

150
II
!f
11
?1
II

t!

10
It

f!
tf
?1
!1
}!

t!
M
1!
tt
ft

5!32
tf

n
tt

II

11

?1

It

!!

!t

1!

II

II

ft

lt
11

lf

t!

ft

1?

!1

II

3;0
lt
It
It
fl
tt
150
11

15
N
f?
tt
t!
It
10
tf

tf

174

-40
1!
ft
t!
t!

f!
u

11
tf
tt
tf

3;0
t?

o
100
200
~o
400
500

11

100

tl

100
100
100
100
UX?

-77
11
lf

- Cracks in weld only

NOTES: a - Cracks inwe d n
- No cracks
\3- Postheated ai l~580~1~~d a?r-cooled for 3?4 hour.

300
400
500
o
100
200
300
400
500

tf

t!

1;4
u

o
100
200
300
400
500
o
100

None

ff

1!
If

tt
1?
11
t!
lt
rt
t!
It
tl
t!
1!
lt
11

tf
!!
R
tt
!!
tf
It

d
e
d
:
e

67.0
81.0
84.0
86.0
81.0
82.3
60.0
72.0
84.0
8$.4
88.0
87.0
55,0
70.0
87.0
87.0
8~,0
88,0
75,0
82.0
85.0
86.0
88.0
89.0
88.0
90.0
$8.0
85.0
85.5
85.5

28
50
81
;:
74
9
26
49
61
71
72
?
24
49
55
2;
w
43
47
67
;
93
83
81
86
83
83

10
20

a
a

25
25
24
25
7
u
19
21
25
2!4
6
12
19
20
20
22
12
15
22
23
2A
25
26
23
26
25
28
28

b
b
b
b
a
a
a
a
a
b~
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
c
;
b
:
b
b

d- Postheated at 11OOOF. A.C. for one hour.

TABLE 9--.

Specimen
No.

Type of~eld Material

RESULTS OF BEND TESTS ON

1O-IN,
IN. THICZ PliiTES
OF STEEL-A
..
. SQUi.i~BY
..3/4
..
SHCT;ING
-
.ElFEClOF
... . .- WELDiIiGVOLTAGE
Testing Temperature -@F,, No Postheating Treatment
.
.
Bend
Elong.
Arc Weldingllateof Elec-Plate Temp. Max.
ElecRemarks
trode Volt-Currenttrode Travel,before weld-Load, Angle, in 1 in.
diam.,in.age Amps. in. per min. ing, F.
kips.Degrees percent
~----
.
. . ..
-.
o
60.0
26-28 150
10
7 Cracks in weld and plate
9
5/32

70

Fleetweld 5, bead left on

71

ditto

!!

It

!!

fr

100

?2.0

26

11

ditto

72

ditto

If

11

11

!1

200

84.0

49

19

ditto

73

ditto

!1

II

II

tl

300

a$.1+

61

21

ditto

74

ditto

ti

II

It

lt

.l@O

88.0

71

25

ditto

75

ditto

11

1!

t!

500

87.0

72

24

No cracks

11

320
II

15
It

75.0

30

12

Cracks in weld and plate

100

82.0

.43

15

ditto

!1

.200

85.0

47

22

ditto

II

300
400

86.0

67

23

ditto

88.0

81

21!$ Cracks inweld only

500

89.0

91

25

ditto

67,6

19

Cracks in weld and plate

72.0

23

12

ditto

80.0

34

15

ditto

@$o
77.0
, 86,0
54,0
60.0

43

15

ditto

33

14

ditto

53

20

ditto

4
8

3
6

Cracks in weld and plate

40
28
83

15
12

82

Unionmelt, bead left on

83

ditto

U4
H

84

ditto

II

85

ditto

It

86

ditto

t!

It
u
It
f!

87

ditto

ff

If

dittc~

11

95

dittf-1

If

11

1?

11

96

ditto

11

11

1?

11

97

ditto

11

11

11

tt

300

98

ditto

1$

tl

400

t!

If

500
0
100

99
101

ditto
Fleetweld,5, bead left on
ditto

102
103
loi+

ditto
ditto
ditto

100

5/32
11

34-36

17

11
II
11

11

t!

30-32150
11
If

10
u

!1
It

11

f!

11

II

tl

II

!1

Ii

tt

100

200
300
4.00

83.0
73.0
85.0

26

ditto
ditto

ditto
NO cracks

I
w
W
1

-3 b-

ti

/ Oc
DOUBLE-V 6LJTT WELOS
WASH WELO
WELDEO HOT (N ( COOLEO
ETWEEN EACH
!49s)

00u8LE

V BuTT WELDS
;LO
COLD (coOLED
EACH PASS)

80
1
%

60

40

I?o

/
k

SINGLE BEAD

d- 1

s
? BEAO
CH PASS)

o
0

.,60

-40

-i

FIG3-VARIATIOIV
OF

.?0
TEMPERATURE,

TESTING

IN BEiW

TEST - E 6010

40
F

ANGLE AT MAXIMUM
EL EC TROLF.

LOAD

(FLEETWELD

WITH
5)-(FoR

80

100

T@iPERA7wE
SEE TABLE 3)

DETAILS

7WG. 44.E220

m
SW(ZE

~-

6EA0, GRIIJND FLUSH

60
/
0
$
g
~

~- 40

dY

d
s
$!
8

DLXJBLE-V
TESTED

BUTT

b#FL4

AS WELOEO

20

980

-60

-40

-20

~~

FIG. 4

VARIATJOIV IN BEND ANGLE

OF

DWG. 44E2Z3

TEST

- LWONMEL T

20

40

60

TEhfPERATl#7~e F

AT MAXLWM

BEADS

AND

L OAil

WITH

WEL OS - (FOR

TEAiPE/?A7uRE

DETAILS

SEE

TA8LE

41

STA;NL ESS

MUREX

STEEL,

25Gt

- 20Ni

1/

!\

l---l+ W-Sioui
I

r
60

-40

I
0

-20

I
20

TESTING

I
40

TEMPERA

TURE,

FIG. 5 VARIATION

OF

lib BEND
ANGLE AT
TEST ALLOY ELECTRODES. -

60

80

!
/00

eF

MAXIMUM
(FOR

LOAD

OE?2LLS

SEE

WITH
TABLE

TEMPERATURE

6)

I
&

A STEEL
\

S TEEL

80
-

>

(
0
h
u
a
Q
u
Q
Q-1
0
2
q

60
>

40

t
/.

Q
z
m
20
BEAD
PLATE.

o
-80

-40

-60

-to

20

TESTING

TEMPERA

GROUND

TURE,

FLUSH

40

WITH

60

F.

!
>

FIG. 6VARiATJON

TEST FOR
DWG. 44E222

( FOR

IN BEND
THREE

DE TAILS

SEE

ANGLE
PLATE

TABLE

AT MAXIMUM
MATERIALS.

7)

LOAD

WITH

TEMPERA7VRE

[ UMIONMELTBEADS)

OF

4/

100

BEAD

GR12uN0 OFF

BEAD

AS

80

g
%
&l

60

b
x
$

WELDED

40
$
m

4
,?0
ALL S%Y7MENS
TESTED AT -40F
E6010
ELECTRODE
[FLEETWEL05)

-700

100

.?00

TEMPERATURE

OF

300
PLATE

400

BEFORE

4
600

5W

WELDING,

1
~f~

8 VARIA TI(?N

/ff

BEND

ANGLE

TEMPERA 7URE SINGLE

#VG

Ar

MAx/M/JM

WELD

6EADS.

LOAD

(FOR

w/TH

LWTAILS

PREHEAT
SEE

TA8LE

44E225

100
1
UHtONMEL

@o
w
h
b
~
~

FL EETWELD

60

G
g
SHIELOA

w
Q

RC

85

>

40

$
c

$?0
ALL

SPECIMENS

SINGLE
o
-100

100

Eoo

TEMPERATURE
I
i

FIG.9VARIATION

>
DWG 44E221

DETAILS

7F6?ED
NOT

300

400

PLATE

8EFO#E

WELDNV6,

Ar

-40

F.

6ROUN0.
1
500

4
600

IN BENO ANGLE AT MAXIMUM LOAD WITH #?tHEAT

TEMMRA?URE(FOR

Of

6EAOS,

SEE

ZUREE TY~S
TA8L E 8)

OF ELECTRODES.

8)

WELDED

AS

FIG

10-

EFFECT
ON

OF

NORMALIZED
+ HOUR1650 6

I HOUR 1100 F

AIR COOLED

HISAT

DUCTILITY

(FOR DEZAILS

STRESS RELIEF
HEAT T@EATMENT

IN
SEE

TREATMENT
THE

BEND

AFTER

WELDING

TEST.

TABLE 8)

Im

80

UNIONMEL
T

- (.?6 28 V) >..q

<>

/
i+ ..
,-

-:

~ ./l~
/
//

~ 60
#
t
Q

FLEETWELD

5-

(26

w
q 40

28V)

..

) ~

UNIONMELT

g
%
2 0,

36V)

spECIMENS
TES~
BEADS NOT 6RoUWD

--~ 100

200

100
TEMPEffATL4?E

~
)

- (34

FIG II - VARIATIOIV

IN

OF PLATE

BEND

ANGLE

300

Sal

BEFORE WELDIN$,

Ar *

600

AT WXIAUJM LOAD

BW)f P~-

HEAT TEMPERA7UE
FOR DIFFEREWT ARO VOLTAGES AND
TWO
TYPES OF WELO. - (FOR DETAILS SEE TABLE 9)

DWG 44E227

-.

 1.>

WELD
MWAL
.

HEAT
AFFEC7i5i
ZONE

.
.
.

./6

./..

PL4TE
METAL

.2(

b
.

zoo

3ZW

400

FIG /4 - SPE-CIMEN 2; FLEETWELD 5 ELECTRODE

( SEE TABLE-3)

-.

.. . .

..G#

..

.-

,, .+-..

,.

.,-,

..._

. . .. ..

-=

/,.
-.

WELD
MEZAL

D
B
.

.
.

./(

HEAT
AFFECIE~
ZOWE

./5

.
.

.24

PLATE
METAL

a
.23

.34
/w

--

f-uu
K/VOOP

.-

SW

400

HRRDVE3S

F/G Ig) --..SPEZXMEN25; UNIONMEL T ELECTRODE.

(S~~ TABLE 4 )
. ..

..-.

5iw

FIG. /7 - GROSS--SL--CT/O/l/
SPE_C/ME/V 32

OF
($-INCH

WELD

BEA/!3,

PLATE

. .. . . .

[;9 ..

,, ..__

WELD

METAL

.03

,
*
z
.

./6

HEAT

/WFECTED
ZONE

./

,Zc

PATE
MTU

.23

%%

K/VOOP

400

HRRNES5

FE 18 -SPECIMEN 32; SH!ELL!ARC 85 ELECTRODE,

(SEE
. ... . .. . . . . . ..._,

TABLE

6 )

- .== .-.= .,-

51
. -

WELD

WETAL

MEAT
WFEC7ED
ZONE

.2.

.3

200

KIVOOP

Xx7

400

HWDVE=

FIG.20 -SPECIMEN 3~ MUREX 80

( 5= TABLE6 )

ELECTRODE;

FIG,

2/ - CROSS-

SEC

SPECIMEN

TIIO/V

42

OF

WEL /!2 BEAD,

( +-MH

PLATE

.
.
.*
.
J
.

WELD
METAL

..
$
.

HA7
AFFEC7ED
ZONE

d
.
.
.
.
.

PLATE
METAL

1,
..
9
.

400

K/VQOP

HURUVZ3S

FIG Z2-SPECi711EN42i /MYZX AWL ELECTRODE,

( SEE TABLE 6)

5-

-- ....,.?--..--=---.. .. .... . ..

,.-

..

,,

,-.,
-.
J..

H.

H-.

->W--.W.

-55

WELD

METAL

..*
F

. .

,/0

./!5

.
.
,

PLATE
METAL

.22

0
KN(20P

FIGZ4-SFECIMEN

40(7

HAWVESS

51; 25 Cr 20 M. ELECTRODE;
( SE. TABLE 6)

~lG,25- CROSS- SEC T/O/v

SPECIMEN

52

OF

WE-LD

+-INCH

BEAD,

PLATE

;7 -

.
.
.

/
.

VELD
4ETAL

,05

+EA T
lFFECT!Efl
ONE

Zw

Zou

KNOOP

FIG 26 -SPECIMEN 52;

400

HBPL2VE55

UN/ONMZ T ELECTRODE.

(SEE TABLE 7)

5m

~lG,27- CROSS- SEC T/O/v

SPECIMEN

58

OF

WELD

( +-INCH

BEAD,

PLATE

,.,
,,.

..-.

.05
.
.

WE--D

METAL

.
Y

:1
HEAT
AFFECTE
ZONE
.
,
.
.

*
4

.
.

KNOW

FIG Z@-SR5GV14EN58;
(SEE

400

zoo

UBPDVKS5

T ELECTRODE.

UNIONMEL

TABLE

7)

..,
..,..7---

-...,-.

F/G, 29- CF?OS.5-SE-(?7/0/4/

sPEc/MEAi

..

,,.

,=..

70

OF

WELD

( $-INCH

BEAD,

PLATE

L1
J.

--

.Lu

U&u
METAL

./d

./5

M5A T

-e

.
.

AFFECTED
ZONE

.
.
.
.

RATE

~~.. :.
.. .-%
-.
.
----

,-

,-

...! -

METAL
.

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. .
,.
.

zoo

/.

KNOOP

3--

400

5(W

HRR12WSS

FIG 30 -SPECIMEN 70; FLEETWELD 5 ELECTRODE;

O F PREHEA To
( SEE TABLE 8 )

~- .,=-

.. . .
s..,..,,,

.+--

..,,,-

. ..

..

-.

. .

. .

. .

-,.,..__.

_.

...

x_.___ ., ..,-.,.
....
... .

..
,-..

0
b
.
.

.
.
.

.05

WELD

METAL

.
.

./0

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.

k./5

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>.

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r.

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METAL

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d+,.
.
.

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. .

ti
,.

,C.,
, /-.

.50

/m

zoo

KIVOOP

400

HRPDNE55

FIG 32 -SPECIMEN 71j HEE7WLD

5 ELECTRODE;
100 F RQEHEAZ (SEE TABLE 8 )

FIG. 33- CROSS- SL-C T/OIV

SPECIMEN

72

OF

WE-L0

( ~-lNCW

isEA D,

PLATE

.
.

.&

WE-w

METAL

./0

b
.

./5

1
:\_

.
,.

,0
AEAT
AFFECTEC
ZONE

.26
.

.
.

,30
/m

zoo

KNOOP

3m

400

HBRDNESS

FIG. 34- SPEC%MEN72; FLEETWELD 5 ELECTRODE;

200 F PREHgAT (SEE TABLE 8 I

-----

-=

. .

.-

..

. . ..-.

-.

L---

.!,...

..

. . .,.

,..

, ...

.
.

WELD

WETAL

.
.

.
.

.
.
.

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AFFEC7EJ
Zaw

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.

.
4
.

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.
.
.

PLATE
METAL

.
.

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KNOOP

HWDVESS

FIG.367-SPECIMEN 73; FLEE7WELD

300 F PREHEAT ( SEE

400

zoo

5 ELECTRODE;

TABLE 8 )

-.-..

.. . .. ..

---.. ........ .......---

---

.
,

HEAT
AEFECZED
ZONE

.
1

.2

RATE
METAL

.
.

.3t

KNOOP

HB#?DVES5

FIG. 38- SPECIMEN 74; FLEETWELD

400 F PREHEAZ

400

zoo

CSEE

5 ELECTRODE;

TABLE 8 J

r
WA,.,

-=.-,

..

.,

,,. -.. . . ... ..

.,.

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..

e,-

_.,

.,

. . ...<+-=

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~,

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.,.Z..-.

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,;

-....

.05

.
.

WELD

.
,

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I

./0

.
,

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ZONE
.

,2!

.
.
b

.
,

RATE
METAL

*
b

35

zoo

Klvt70P

3ZW

400

5m

H.umNE55

FIG @ - SPECIMEN 75; FLEE TWELD 5 ELECTRODE;

500 F PREHEAT ( SEE TABLE 81

F/G. #/ - CROSS- SEC T/OIV

sPLEc/ME-N

76

OF
(

WELL? BEAD,

$-INCH

PLATE

..

[;

.05
WELD
METAL

./0

./5

,.
1

.*

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ZONE

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ME7XL

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.30
/00

200

KNOW

400

H9QDVES5

F/G. 42 -SPECIMEN 76; SHIELDARC 85 ELECTRG!G!~

O F PREHEAZ ( SEE TABLE 8 I

FIG.

43- CROSS-

SEC T/fOfv

SPECIMEN

77

OF

WELD

( +MiCH

BEAD,

PLATE

- 7: -

9
9

.05

WELD

MET&

.10

./5

I
.20
HEAT
AFFECr50
Z(2VE
*

.25
PLATE

METAL

.3t
A

KNOOP

FIG. ~

H..RDNESS

-SPECIMEN 77; SHIELDARC 85 ELECTRODE;

/00
F PREHEAZ c SEE TABLE 81

..

,2

~lG.45- CROSS - .5EL:T/O/v

sPLC/M,EA/

78

OF

(;

WELD

BEAD,

INCH PLATE

,...
;(-

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.
!

WE6?
METAL

.
.

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.__

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.*

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----*-

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70/vE

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PLATE

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---

400

FIG. & -SPECIMEN 78; SHIELDARC 85 ELECTRODE;

200 F PREHEAT (SEE Z3BLE 8 J
1

7(-,
I .

I
WELD
MH%L

HEAT

AFFECTfi
ZONE

.
.4

PLATE
METAL

.*

~m

400

KNOOP

H/h?UNSS

FIG. +@ - SPECIMEN 79; SHIELDARC 85 ELECZ?OD~

300 F PREHEA ~ { SEE TABLE 8 I

I
I

.,,
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--

<:).
.

--- -------.-=-- ~-

--

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o
.
.

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.

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3ix2

400

H9QDVE5S

FIG. So -SPECIMEN 80; SHIELDARC 85 ELECTRODE

400 F PREHEAT (SEE TABLE 8 I
....-.,-. ...-

F-1(; 5/

...--------

GROSS.5
- .5E-c fo/v
sPEc//b?EN

-.

~,.,
,,

...

.,-.

=-...
.-. .

8/

OF

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,)

\
b
.
)
.

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IVETA.L
/6

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METAL

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X42

400

--

HX7POVE55

FIG. S2 -SPECIMEN 8/; SHELDARC 85 ELECTRODE;

500 F PREHEAZ r SEE TABLE 8 I

~---

. . ...+...
-

.. .

.,

.,.

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.
.

,05

.
,

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IFFECTEL
7wi5

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.

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MOAL

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K/vooP

HWDNE5S

FIG. 54 -SPECIMEN 82; UNIONMEL T

0 F PREHEAT CSEE ZZBLE

ELECTRODE;
8 I

-e

. . . .

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..

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.05

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2CVVE

.
.

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METAL

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3CV

KNOOP

400

HBPQNE55

FIG = -JY%Z2MEN 83i UNIONMELT EECTRODE;

IOOF PREHEAZ ( SEE TABLE 8 )

..%.

~/Is.57- CROSS- SEC ~/ON

sPEc/MEN

84

OF

(+

WELD
INCH

BEAD,

PLATE

.. ....-

Syj

_ _________

.
.

.
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WELO

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F/G J%- SPECIMEA/84; UNIONMELT 5 ELECTRODE;

200 F PREHEA ~ c SEE TABLE 8 I
.- .----,------ .

FIG. 59- CROSS- SECTION

SPEC/MEIV

85

OF

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PLATE

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b
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.

.(25
.

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