Professional Documents
Culture Documents
U.S.a History in Brief
U.S.a History in Brief
HISTORy
I n
T h e
B R I E F
L e a r n e r
E n g l i s h
S e r i e s
U.S.A. HISTORy
I n
B R I E F
ii
iv
A Pronunciation Guide
for the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Symbols
vi
Introduction
Early America
By 12,000 years ago, humans lived throughout much
of what is now the Americas.
Colonial Period
By 1690, 250,000 people lived in the New World.
By 1790, there were 2.5 million people.
13
Revolution
The American Revolution and the war for independence
from Britain began with a small fight between British troops
and colonists on April 19, 1775.
17
23
29
33
37
43
49
53
57
63
67
73
Conclusion
The United States has dramatically changed from its
beginnings as 13 little-known colonies.
77
Index
78
Table of Contents
Foreword
iii
Foreword
A Pronunciation Guide
vi
Consonants
b
d
f
g
h
j
k
k
l
l
m
n
n
p
p
r
s
t
t
t
t
v
w
z
Other Symbols
vii
Introduction
viii
democracy / d m: krsi /
noun plural -cies
: a form of government in
which people choose leaders
by voting The nation has chosen democracy over monarchy.
: a country ruled by democracy
In a democracy, every citizen
should have the right to vote.
Western democracies
right / rat / adjective plural
rights
: something that a person is
or should be morally or legally
allowed to have, get, or do
women fighting for equal rights
The government has denied the
people their rights. [=has not allowed the people to do the things
that they should be allowed to do]
fair / fe / adjective fairer;
fairest
: agreeing with what is
thought to be right or acceptable fair elections The workers claim that they are not being
paid fair wages. [=they are being
paid less than they should be paid]
: treating people in a way that
does not favor some over others a fair and impartial jury All
she wants is a fair chance. [=the
same chance everyone else gets]
just / st / adjective [more
just; most just]
: agreeing with what is
considered morally right
or good : fair a just society
a just cause for war a just
decision : treating people
in a way that is considered
morally right a just man
compromise
compromises
: a way of reaching agreement
in which each person or group
gives up something that was
wanted in order to end an
argument or dispute To avoid
an argument, always be ready
to seek compromise. The two
sides were unable to reach a
compromise. [=unable to come
to an agreement]
Beringia
Early America
spiritual / spirtwl /
adj [more ~; most ~]
: of or relating to a person's
spirit Doctors must consider
the emotional and spiritual
needs of their patients. I'm
working on my spiritual growth/
development. [=the growth of
my mind and spirit]
Above: People of the Native-American
fort known as Ancient Culture built
the Great Serpent Mound in Adams
County, Ohio. They erected the 403meter monument between A.D. 1000
and 1550.
Below: About 4,000 Native Americans
lived in Lakota Village near Pine
Ridge, South Dakota. (circa 1891)
In 1497, John Cabot, an explorer sailing for England, landed in eastern Canada. His arrival established a British claim to land in North America.
During the 1500s, Spain explored and claimed
more land in the Americas than did any other
country. In 1513, Juan Ponce de Lon landed in
Florida. Hernando De Soto landed in Florida in
1539 and then explored all the way to the Mississippi River.
Spain conquered Mexico in 1522. In 1540, Francisco
Vzquez de Coronado wanted to find the mythical
Seven Cities of Cibola. He started looking in Mexico
and then traveled north to the Grand Canyon in
Arizona and into the Great Plains.
Other Europeans, such as Giovanni da Verrazano,
Jacques Cartier, and Amerigo Vespucci, explored
further north. The two American continents
were named after Amerigo Vespucci.
The first permanent European settlement in North
America was Spanish. It was built in St. Augustine
in Florida. Thirteen British colonies to the north
mythical / mkl /
adjective
: based on or described in a
myth Hercules was a mythical
hero who was half man and half
god. gods fighting in a mythical battle in the sky a mythical
beast/creature : existing only
in the imagination : imaginary The sportswriters picked
a mythical all-star team.
Above: John Cabot and his son
Sebastian sailed from England and
landed in Newfoundland, Canada,
in 1497.
Right: San Juan Capistrano Mission
is one of nine missions founded by
Fray Junipero Sera, a Franciscan
priest who led the Spanish settlement of California.
Quiz
1.
Colonial Period
/ sfstketd / adjective
[more so*phis*ti*cat*ed;
most so*phis*ti*cat*ed]
: having or showing a lot of
experience and knowledge
about the world and about
culture, art, literature, etc.
She was a sophisticated and
well-traveled woman. She has
sophisticated tastes. : attractive to fashionable or sophisticated people a swank and
sophisticated restaurant
Above: William Penn established
Pennsylvania, named for his recently deceased father William Sr., as
a Quaker colony tolerating various
faiths and races in 1682.
Right: Pilgrims sign the Mayflower
Compact on the ship in 1620.
Opposite above: A devout Puritan
elder (right) confronts patrons
drinking ale outside a tavern.
Opposite below: Cotton Mather
was one of the leading Puritan
figures of the late 17th and early
18th centuries.
10
National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
/ ptspet / verb
Quiz
1.
participates; partici
pated; participating
: to be involved with others
in doing something : to take
part in an activity or event
with others Most people
joined the game, but a few
chose not to participate.
participation
/ ptspen / noun
The show had a lot of
audience participation.
power / paw / noun
plural powers
: the ability or right to control
people or things She is from
a very wealthy family with a lot
of social power. The company
abused its power, forcing
workers to work overtime
without pay. He has no power
over me.
law / l: / noun plural laws
: a rule made by the government of a town, state,
country, etc. [count] A law
requires that schools provide a
safe learning environment. =
There is a law requiring schools
to provide a safe learning
environment.
commonwealth
/ k:mnwl / noun plural
commonwealths
: a group of countries or
states that have political or
economic connections with
one another often + of
a commonwealth of states
the Commonwealth : the
countries that were once part
of the British Empire
Answers: 1. B; 2. C
The Road
to Independence
12
liberalism / lbrlzm,
lbrlzm / noun
he ideas of liberalism and democracy are the basis of the U.S. political system. As the colonists built
their new society, they believed more strongly
in these ideas. Britains 13 colonies grew in
population and economic strength during
the 1700s. Although ruled by a distant
government, the colonists governed many
local affairs.
After Britain won a costly war with France in the
1750s, the colonists were asked to help pay for the
war, and for Britains large empire. These policies
restricted the colonists way of life.
For example, the Royal Proclamation of 1763
restricted the colonists from settling new land.
The Currency Act of 1764 made it illegal to print
paper money in the colonies. The Quartering Act
13
resistance / rzstns /
noun
: effort made to stop or to
fight against someone or
something The troops met
heavy/stiff resistance as they
approached the city.
delegate / dlgt / noun
plural delegates
: a person who is chosen or
elected to vote or act for
others : representative
Hes been chosen as a
delegate to the convention.
resolution / rzlu:n /
noun plural resolutions
: a formal statement that
expresses the feelings,
wishes, or decision of a
group The assembly passed
a resolution calling for the
university president to step
down.
impose / mpoz / verb
imposes; imposed;
imposing
: to cause (something, such
as a tax, fine, rule, or
punishment) to affect
someone or something by
using your authority The
judge imposed a life sentence.
impose [=levy] a tax on
liquor
radical / rdkl / noun
plural radicals
: a person who favors
extreme changes in government : a person who has
radical political opinions
He was a radical when he was
young, but now hes much
more moderate.
article / tkl / noun
plural articles
: a piece of writing about
a particular subject that is
included in a magazine,
newspaper, etc. He has
published numerous articles
in scholarly journals.
movement / mu:vmnt /
noun plural movements
: a series of organized
activities in which many
people work together to
do or achieve something
She started a movement
[=campaign] for political
reform. : the group of
people who are involved
in such a movement They
joined the antiwar/peace/
feminist movement.
Above: Samuel Adams, cousin of
John Adams, second U.S. president,
is known for his strong support of
the U.S. revolutionary movement.
punish / pn / verb
punishes; punished;
punishing
: to make (someone) suffer
for a crime or for bad behavior I think that murderers
should be punished by/with life
imprisonment.
: to make someone suffer
for (a crime or bad behavior)
State law punishes fraud with
fines. The law states that
treason shall be punished by
death. [=that the punishment
for treason is death]
representative
/ rprznttv / noun
plural representatives
: someone who acts or
speaks for or in support of
another person or group a
sales representative [=a
salesperson] the actors
personal representative
[=agent] : a member of the
House of Representatives of
the U.S. Congress or of a
state government
Quiz
1. Which act caused the greatest reaction from
the colonists?
A. The Currency Act
B. The Stamp Act
C. The Quartering Act
2. What did the colonists throw into Boston
Harbor?
A. Stamps
B. British paper money
C. Tea
3. What did moderates in the colonies wish for
in their relationship to Britain?
A. For everything to stay the way it was
B. To move to Britain and leave the colonies
C. A compromise and a better relationship
with the British government
Answers: 1. B; 2. C; 3. C
15
Revolution
16
ammunition /mjnn
/ noun
: the objects (such as
bullets and shells) that are
shot from weapons The
troops were supplied with
weapons and ammunition.
protest / prtst / verb
protests; protested;
protesting
: to show or express strong
disapproval of something
at a public event with other
people [no obj] Students
protested at the civil rights
rally. They were protesting
against the death penalty.
Opposite: Patrick Henry, standing
on the right, said these famous
words: Give me liberty or give
me death.
Above: The first shots of the
American Revolution were fired
when the Minutemen faced the
British at Lexington, Massachusetts, on April 19, 1775.
18
19
20
Quiz
1.
natural / ntrl /
adjective
[always used before a noun
formal] : based on a sense
of what is right and wrong
natural justice/law
Answers: 1. A; 2. C; 3. C
21
Forming
a National
Government
22
Each state had its own money, army, and navy. Each
state traded and worked directly with other countries. Each state collected taxes in its own way. Each
state believed its way was the right way.
It was a nation of 13 countries.
confederation
23
amendment / mndmnt
/ noun plural
amendments
: a change in the words
or meaning of a law or
document (such as a constitution) The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution of
the United States are called
the Bill of Rights.
press / prs / noun plural
presses
: newspapers, magazines,
and radio and television
news reports American/
foreign/local press freedom
of the press [=the right of
newspapers, magazines, etc.,
to report news without being
controlled by the government]
Above: John Marshall was chief
justice of the U.S. Supreme Court
from 1801 to 1835.
Left: The Liberty Bell in Philadelphia is a symbol of freedom and
was first rung on July 8, 1776,
to celebrate the adoption of the
Declaration of Independence. It
cracked in 1836 during the
funeral of John Marshall.
26
searches and arrest. The Fifth Amendment promises due process of law in criminal cases. Since
the Bill of Rights, only 17 amendments have been
added to the Constitution in more than 200 years.
Quiz
1. Where did the delegates meet to discuss the
new national government?
A. New York
B. Philadelphia
C. Boston
A. Declaration of Independence
B. Common Sense
C. The Constitution
criminal / krmnl /
adjective
: relating to laws that describe crimes rather than to
laws about a persons rights
the criminal justice system
a criminal court/case/trial
Above: This U.S. postage stamp
celebrates the 200th anniversary of
the Lewis and Clark journey that
mapped parts of North America
as far west as Oregon. Thomas
Jefferson was president.
Below: Benjamin Franklin was a
scientist, inventor, writer, newspaper publisher, leader of Philadelphia, diplomat, and signer of the
Declaration of Independence and
the Constitution.
Answers: 1. B; 2. C; 3. A
27
Early Years,
Westward Expansion,
and
Regional Differences
28
30
Quiz
1. Who was the third president of the United
States?
A. John Adams
B. Alexander Hamilton
C. Thomas Jefferson
2. What did the British set on fire during the War
of 1812?
A. Executive mansion
B. American ships
C. Supreme Court
3. What territories did the United States buy in
the 1800s?
A. Louisiana
B. Florida
C. All of the above
31
Conflict within
the United States
32
contrast / k:ntrst /
noun plural contrasts
: a difference between
people or things that are
being compared We talked
about the contrasts between
his early books and his later
books. [=the ways in which
his early and later books are
different]
Opposite: Harriet Tubman, photographed two years before she died
in 1913, led hundreds of slaves to
freedom through the Underground
Railroad, a secret network of safe
houses where runaway slaves
could stay.
Right: Some slave families worked
together in the cotton fields as this
one did in the early 1860s.
33
34
Quiz
1. Who proposed the Missouri Compromise and
which states did it include?
A. Henry Clay and it included Missouri and
Maine
B. Henry Clay and it included Missouri and
Kentucky
C. Abraham Lincoln and it included Missouri
and Maine
2. What was the Underground Railroad?
A. Trains that ran under the ground
B. Secret routes for runaway slaves
C. A road system that connected mines
3. What did the Southern states threaten to do if
Lincoln became president?
A. Separate from the United States
B. Return to British rule
C. Impeach Lincoln
35
36
Civil War
and Post-War
Reconstruction
37
decisive / dsasv /
adjective
: very clear and obvious a
decisive victory/win/advantage
delay / dle / verb delays;
delayed; delaying
: to wait until later to do
something : to make something happen later [+ obj]
They delayed [=put off] having
children until their late 30s. He
delayed too long, and now its
too late.
Right: President Lincoln issued
the Emancipation Proclamation on
January 1, 1863, declaring that all
slaves in the rebel states were free.
38
destruction / dstrkn /
noun
: the act or process of damaging something so badly that it
no longer exists or cannot be
repaired : the act or process
of destroying something War
results in death and widespread
destruction.
scorchedearth
/ skott / adjective
used to describe a military
policy in which all the houses,
crops, factories, etc., in an
area are destroyed so that
an enemy cannot use them
The retreating army adopted a
scorched-earth policy.
conflict / k:nflkt / noun
plural conflicts
: a struggle for power,
property, etc. an armed
conflict
sympathize / smpaz /
verb sympathizes;
sympathized; sympathizing
: to feel or show support for
or approval of something
+ with She sympathized
with their cause.
sympathizer noun plural
sympathizers The group has
many sympathizers. [=supporters]
pardon / pdn / noun
plural pardons
: an act of officially saying that
someone who was judged to
be guilty of a crime will be
allowed to go free and will
not be punished She received
a presidential/royal pardon. [= a
pardon from a president or a king
or queen]
secession / ssn / noun
plural secessions
: the act of separating
from a nation or state and
becoming independent
the secession of the Southern
states
39
40
Quiz
1.
41
Growth
and
Transformation
42
43
choices and businesses had more power. An antitrust law was passed in 1890 to stop monopolies,
but it was not very effective.
Farming was still Americas main occupation.
Scientists improved seeds. New machines did
some of the work that men had done. American
farmers produced enough grain, meat, cotton,
and wool to ship the surplus overseas.
The Western regions still had room for exploration and for new settlements. Miners found ore
and gold in mountains. Sheep farmers settled in
river valleys. Food farmers settled on the Great
antitrust / ntatrst /
adjective always used
before a noun
law : protecting against
unfair business practices
that limit competition or
control prices antitrust
laws an antitrust violation
[=a violation of an antitrust
law]
monopoly / mn:pli /
noun plural monopolies
: complete control of the
entire supply of goods or
of a service in a certain
area or market The company has gained/acquired a
(virtual/near) monopoly of/
on/over the logging industry
in this area.
: a large company that has
a monopoly The government passed laws intended to
break up monopolies.
Above: Thomas Edison looks at
film used in the motion picture
projector that he invented with
George Eastman.
Left: Alexander Graham Bell
(seated) speaks into the telephone,
which he invented, during the
grand opening celebration of the
long-distance line between New
York and Chicago.
44
45
imperialism
/ mpirijlzm / noun
: a policy or practice by
which a country increases
its power by gaining
control over other areas
of the world British
imperialism created the
enormous British Empire.
Right: The 1st United States Volunteer Calvary of the Spanish American War of 1898 arrives in Florida
on the way to fighting in Cuba.
Theodore Roosevelt, who later became the 26 th president of the U. S.
was a member of the unit, which became known as the Rough Riders.
Below: Mulberry Street in New York
City in the early 1900s also was
known as Little Italy because so
many Italian immigrants moved
there to live and work.
46
United States encouraged them to become selfgoverning. In reality, the United States kept control.
Idealism in foreign policy co-existed with the
desire to prevent European powers from acquiring
territories that might enable them to project military power toward the United States. Americans
also sought new markets in which they could sell
their goods. By the end of the 19th century, the U.S.
was beginning to emerge as a growing world power.
Quiz
1.
idealism / adi:jlzm /
noun
: the attitude of a person
who believes that it is possible
to live according to very high
standards of behavior and
honesty youthful idealism
political/religious/romantic
idealism
era / er / noun plural eras
: a period of time that is
associated with a particular
quality, event, person, etc.
the Victorian era the era of
the horse and buggy
Answers: 1. B; 2. C; 3. C
47
Discontent
and
Reform
48
negative / ngtv /
adjective [more neg*a*tive;
most neg*a*tive]
: harmful or bad : not
wanted Car exhaust has a
negative effect/impact on the
environment. the negative
effects of the drug
corrupt / krpt / adjective
[more corrupt; most corrupt]
: doing things that are
dishonest or illegal in order
to make money or to gain
or keep power The countrys
justice system is riddled with
corrupt judges who accept
bribes. corrupt politicians/
officials
enact / nkt / verb
enacts; enacted; enacting
: to make (a bill or other
legislation) officially become
part of the law Congress
will enact legislation related to
that issue. The law was finally
enacted today.
Opposite: Women seeking the right
to vote march for their cause in 1917.
They won the right in 1920.
Below: A goal of the Progressive
Movement was enacting laws to end
child labor, such as these children
working at the Indiana Glass Works
in 1908.
49
50
regulate / rgjlet /
verb regulates;
regulated; regulating
: to bring (something)
under the control of
authority We need better
laws to regulate the content
of the Internet. Laws have
been made to regulate
working conditions.
natural / ntrl /
adjective
: existing in nature and not
made or caused by people :
coming from nature
a country rich in natural
resources [=a country that
has many valuable plants,
animals, minerals, etc.]
eliminate / lmnet /
verb eliminates;
eliminated; eliminating
: to remove (something
that is not wanted or
needed) : to get rid of
(something) The company
plans to eliminate more than
2,000 jobs in the coming year.
Above: Writer Upton Sinclair (on
right) became known for a style
of journalism called muckraking.
One of his most famous books,
The Jungle, exposed the terrible
conditions in the meat-packing
industry.
Below: The Federal Commission
on Industrial Relations meets to
hear testimony from John Pierpont
Morgan, regarded as one of the
most powerful businessmen in
the country, in 1915. May reforms
were put in place in the early
1900s to reduce the power of
large businesses.
Quiz
1. How many immigrants arrived between 1890
and 1921?
A. 3 million
B. 14 million
C. 19 million
2. What is the U.S. government office that regulates money and banking?
A. The Commerce Department
B. The Federal Reserve
C. The Federal Trade Commission
3. What did Progressive Era President Theodore
Roosevelt not do?
A. He wrote a book about the unhealthy
situations for children in the workplace.
B. He worked with Congress to end the practice of monopolies.
C. He advocated laws to protect the countrys
natural resources.
forge / fo / verb
forges; forged; forging
: to form or create (something, such as an agreement
or relationship) through
great effort The two
countries have forged a strong
alliance. They were able to
forge a peaceful relationship.
Answers: 1. C; 2. B; 3. A
51
World War I,
1920s Prosperity,
and the
Great Depression
52
53
President Wilson had a 14-point peace plan, including the creation of a League of Nations. He hoped
the League would guarantee the peace, but in the
final Treaty of Versailles, the victors of the war
insisted on harsh punishment. Even the United
States did not support the League of Nations.
Today, most Americans accept the United States
taking an active role in the world, but at that time
they believed otherwise.
After the war, the United States had problems with
racial tension, struggling farms, and labor unrest.
After Russias revolution in 1917, Americans feared
the spread of communism. This period is often
known as the Red Scare.
54
National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Yet, the United States enjoyed a period of prosperity. Many families purchased their first automobile,
radio, and refrigerator. They went to the movies.
Women finally won the right to vote in 1920.
In October 1929 the good times ended with the
collapse of the stock market and an economic
depression. Businesses and factories shut down.
Banks failed. Farms suffered. By November 1932,
20 percent of Americans did not have jobs.
That year the candidates for president debated
over how to reverse the Great Depression. Herbert
Hoover, the president during the collapse, lost to
Franklin Roosevelt.
Quiz
1. What did most Americans desire after World
War I?
A. The creation of the League of Nations
B. Allowing more immigrants into the country
C. Isolationism
2. What event signaled the Great Depression?
A. Women getting the right to vote
B. The stock market collapse of 1929
C. Herbert Hoover losing the presidency to
Franklin Roosevelt
55
II
57
58
National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
59
60
Quiz
1. What was Roosevelts plan called to help the
country recover from the Great Depression?
A. New Way
B. Real Deal
C. New Deal
2. Why did the United States enter War World II?
A. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
B. The sinking of the Lusitania
C. The attack on isolationism
3. What did Harry Truman do to end the war
against Japan?
A. Organized the building of fighter planes
B. Dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima
and Nagasaki
C. Accepted the League of Nations
Answers: 1. C; 2. A; 3. B
61
62
63
64
Quiz
1.
65
Cultural Change
66
19501980
67
opportunities
: an amount of time or a
situation in which something
can be done : chance [count]
There are fewer job/employment opportunities this year for
graduates. There is plenty of
opportunity for advancement
within the company.
Above right: Martin Luther King walks
with children who are going into what
was an all-white school in Mississippi
in 1966.
68
69
discrimination
/ dskrmnen / noun
plural discriminations
: the practice of unfairly
treating a person or group
of people differently from
other people or groups of
people racial/sexual/
religious discrimination =
discrimination based on race/
sex/religion = discrimination
on the basis of race/sex/
religion The law prohibits
discrimination in hiring.
Above left: One of the highlights
of the youth movement was the
three-day outdoor rock concert at
Woodstock, New York, in 1969.
Above right: This poster was for the
three-day outdoor rock concert at
Woodstock in 1969.
Left: Mexican-American activist
Csar Chvez (center) talks with
grape pickers in the field in 1968.
70
Students protested the war in Vietnam, and President Johnson began peace negotiations. Long
hair, rock n roll music, and illegal drugs were
visible symbols of the counter-culture thinking
of some young people during this time.
Americans became more concerned about pollution. The first Earth Day was designated in 1970.
The Environmental Protection Agency was created. New laws cut down on pollution.
American society was changing. Slowly, the United
States was embracing its multicultural population.
Quiz
negotiation
/ ngoien / noun
plural negotiations
: a formal discussion
between people who are
trying to reach an agreement Negotiations between
the two governments have
failed to produce an agreement. Negotiations with the
protesters began today.
pollution / plu:n /
noun
: the action or process of
making land, water, air, etc.,
dirty and not safe or suitable
to use industrial practices
that have caused pollution of
the air and water
designate / dzgnet /
verb designates;
designated; designating
: to officially choose
(someone or something)
to do or be something
: to officially give (someone
or something) a particular
role or purpose It might
be difficult to designate
[=select] an appropriate place
for the event.
multicultural
/mltikltrl/ adjective
[more mul*ti*cul*tur*al;
most mul*ti*cul*tur*al]
: relating to or including
many different cultures
a multicultural society
Answers: 1. B; 2. C; 3. A
71
End of the
20th Century
72
conservatism
bitter / bt / adjective
[more bit*ter; most bit*ter]
: causing painful emotions
bitter disappointments a
bitter defeat
: angry and unhappy because
of unfair treatment His
betrayal had made her bitter.
/ knsvtzm / noun
: belief in the value of
established and traditional
practices in politics and
society political conservatism
: dislike of change or new
ideas in a particular area
cultural/religious conservatism
73
74
75
Conclusion
76
interdependent
/ ntdpndnt / adjective
[more in*ter*de*pen*dent;
most in*ter*de*pen*dent]
: related in such a way that
each needs or depends on
the other : mutually dependent The two nations are
politically independent but
economically interdependent.
interconnect / ntknkt /
verb interconnects;
interconnected;
interconnecting
: to connect (two or more
things) with each other
[+ obj] The systems are interconnected with/by a series of
wires. These political issues are
closely interconnected. [=related]
[no obj] The lessons are designed to show students how
the two subjects interconnect.
a series of interconnecting
stories interconnecting rooms
[=rooms that are connected to
each other]
value / vlju / noun plural
values
: a strongly held belief about
what is valuable, important,
or acceptable usually plural
cultural/moral/religious values
America was founded on the
values of freedom and justice
for all.
Opposite: President Barack Obama
and First Lady Michelle Obama wave
to the crowd as they walk part of the
route during the Inaugural Parade on
January 20, 2009.
77
Index
A
Adams, John 14, 29, 31
Adams, Samuel 14
American Civil War iii, 37, 39, 41
American Revolution ii, iii, 17
Amerigo Vespucci 6
Articles of Confederation 23, 24
atomic bomb 61
B
Bell, Alexander Graham 43, 44, 47
Bill of Rights 26, 27
Boston Tea Party 13, 14
Bush, George W. 73, 74
C
Cabot, John 6
Chvez, Csar 70, 71
Clay, Henry 30, 33, 35
Clinton, Bill 73
Cold War iii, 62, 63, 65, 73
colonies iii, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 30,
31, 46, 77
Columbus, Christopher 5, 7
Communism 54, 64
Confederacy 37, 38
Confederate 37, 38, 39, 41
Congress ii, 15, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 29, 39, 40, 49, 50,
51, 58, 67
Continental Congress 15, 18, 19, 20
Custer, George 45
D
Declaration of Independence 19, 26, 27
E
Eastman, George 43, 44, 47
Edison, Thomas 43, 44, 47
Eisenhower, Dwight 60
Erik the Red 5
F
Federalists 25, 29
Franklin, Benjamin 27
78
G
Gore, Al 73
Grant, Ulysses S. 39
Great Depression iii, 52, 55, 57, 58, 61, 75
H
Hamilton, Alexander 24, 29, 31
Henry, Patrick 17
Holocaust 60
Hoover, Herbert 55
I
Independence Day 19
J
Jefferson, Thomas 19, 21, 27, 29, 31
Johnson, Andrew 39
Johnson, Lyndon B. 67
K
King, Rev. Martin Luther Jr. 67
L
League of Nations 54, 55, 61, 64
Lee, Gen. Robert E. 38, 41
Liberty Bell ii, 26
Lincoln, Abraham 34, 35, 37
M
Madison, James 18, 30
Mao Zedong 64
Marshall, John 26
Marshall Plan 64, 65
McClellan, Gen. George 38, 41
Minutemen 17, 18, 21
Missouri Compromise 30, 34, 35
Monroe Doctrine 31
N
Native Americans 4, 9, 10, 43, 69, 71
Nazi iii, 60, 63
New Deal iii, 56, 57, 61
O
Obama, Barack 75
79
P
Paine, Thomas 18, 21
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii 59
Presley, Elvis 67
R
Reagan, Ronald 73
Redcoats 18
Republicans 29, 39
Robinson, Jackie ii, 69
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 29, 57
Roosevelt, Theodore 46, 50, 51
S
Segregation 41, 68
Sherman, Gen. William T. 39, 40, 41
Sitting Bull ii, 45
Slavery 25, 31, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40
slaves 9, 10, 30, 33, 34, 35, 38
Social Security 57, 74
South Korea 64, 65
South Vietnam 65
Stamp Act of 1765 14
Supreme Court 25, 26, 29, 31, 67, 73
T
Treaty of Paris 20, 21
Treaty of Versailles 54
Truman, Harry S. 61
U
Underground Railroad 33, 34, 35
Union iii, 29, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 60, 63, 64, 65, 73
United Nations 64
U.S. Constitution 23, 25, 40
W
Washington, George iii, 18, 20, 21, 29, 31
Wilson, Woodrow 50, 53
World Trade Center 73, 74
World War I iii, 52, 53, 54, 55
World War II iii, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64
80
U.S. D e p a r t m e n t O f S t a t e
B u r e a u O f I n t e r n a t io n a l I n f o r m a t io n P r o g r a m s
http://www.america.gov/publications/books/learner_english.html
l e a r n e re nglis h@ s tate .gov