Fee ere TIMP TPT TPT FAX KASHAGAN 26/68/04 6834 Pg: 17/13 BUREAU Th, LB0t Classification of Mooring. 4c! xa_. Systems for Permanent Offshore Units ial Guidance Note NI 493 DTM ROO EFee ere TIMP TPT TPT FAX KASHAGAN (26/68/04 B34 5 Meee) Classification of Mooring Systems for Permanent Offshore Units June 2004 Guidance Note NI 493 DTM ROO E Far 17 bis, Place des Reflets ~ La Défense 2 - 92400 Gourbevole Postal Address : 92077 Paris La Défense Cedex Tol. 33 (0) 4 42 94 5291 — Fax, 33 (0) 4 42 91 53.20 Email : veristarinfo@bureauveritas.com Web : hitp:/iwww,veristar.com 13Fax enis par + 33 1 40 97 42 38 Pr Te uaa races ARTELE {LEA VERITAS ia Sect Te pape fate Ma eon he Sade) Be Siscoeatn (Cunt ony tip wel ce toy pnw oR ee Stee carey tania raed tae tied Soe, st or sd et I whch oped ace r= wae Pry on ea eag a, tener ing hu ee ohne oy pe a of ype, 8 rd eb sneer ndash a el ed ed ses err mE 8 on rate ded oy esecoy 1 eas tn ths brass, Cre ies and ter ccs (Re), 1 fle Ossie Assos an Pept oni ses Cees) > pets tes, 412 The Sut a pasa in fe ego Na and weil Repos or ‘Senior by deasaton fom dra Garnet, Tose avin a hole alco eds 3s Catto. 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The Came Condon cosine est ntact gts Har mga {Sct and Cet ta chen of cn pts tse one ‘Suse eb exe nde at Wn Pe neon 132 Thin oe od eset rs Cr eto wait ofthe remaining pensions. in 133 Tn tm els se tee a tis ge ar ay appear cber doouments issued ty the Society. ilFax emis par + 33 1 40 97 42 38 Pr Te (26/68/04 «6834 Pg: 4713 GUIDANCE Note NI 493 Classification of Mooring Systems for Permanent Offshore Units Section 1 SECTION 2 SecTION 3 SecTION 4 APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 4 dune 2004 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION REQUIREMENTS DesiGn OF MoonrinG SysTEM ‘COMPONENTS OF MOORING LINES CHARACTERISATION OF THE LINE RESPONSE, COMBINATION OF INTENSITY AND DIRECTION OF METOCEAN PARAMETERS STRUCTURAL STRENGTH CRITERIA GEOTECHNICAL CAPACITY OF ANCHORING DEVICES (PARTIAL Factor Format)Fee ere TIMP TPT TPT FAX KASHAGAN (26/68/04 834 Pg: 5713 NI 493 Classification of Mooring Systems for Permanent Off- shore Units Section 1 General 1 Subject 7 WW 1.2 Rules and related documents Section 2 Classification Requirements 1 General 8 1.1 Context of classification 1.2. Applicability of POSA notation 1.3. Limits of POSA notation and interfaces with Class 2 __ Scope of activities for POSA notation 9 2.1 General 2.2 Certificates 23° Design 24 Components of mooring system 2.5. Survey of installation and deployment 3__ Inservice surveys 10 3a Section 3 Design of Mooring System 1 Gonoral un TA Subject 1.2 References 13 Methodology 1A Review of design 2__Methods of evaluation 12 21 Objective 2.2 Quasistatic analysis 23° Quasi-dynamic analysis 2.4 Dynamic line response 2.5. Other methods of analysis 2.6 Model rests, 3___ Environment and actions 12 3.1 Environment 3.2 ActionsFax enis par + 33 1 40 97 42 38 Pr Te Pe A AHH ABH PPT 4 Line response 13 4.1 Quasistatic line response 4.2. Dynamic line analysis 4.3. Characterization of the line response 4.4 Dynamic line response 5 __ Design tensions 15, 5.1 Intact condition 5.2. Damaged condition 5.3 Line failure (transient) condition 5.4 Design tension in line components 5.5 Minimum tension 6 ___ Fatigue analysis 15 6.1 Tension range 6.2 Fatigue damage 7 ___ Strength of line 16 7.1 General 7.2 Broaking strength of line componcnts 7.3. Fatigue endurance 8 Selection of design conditions 16 81 General 8.2 System configuration 8.3 Metocean conditions 8.4 Extreme metocean conditions 85 Operating conditions 86 Transient conditions 9 Criteria 18 9.1 Tine tension 9.2 Anchors, 9.3 Fatigue 9.4 Test loading of anchor and lines Section 4 Components of Mooring Lines 1 Goneral 20 Ta Subject 1.2 Scope 1.3 General requirements, 2___ Chains and standard fittings 20 21 General 22 Designation 23 2.4 Manufacturing and testing 2.5 Installation and service conditionsFax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN 3___ Steel wire ropes 1 3.1 General 3.2 Designation 3.3 Design of steet wire rope 3.4 Design of Terminations 3.5. Manufacturing and testing 3.6 _ Installation and service conditions 4 __ Fibre ropes 23 4.1 General 42. Design 43 Manufacturing and testing 4.4 Installation and service conditions 5 ___Non standard fittings 23 3.1 General 5.2 Design 5.3 Manufacturing and testing 6 __ Anchoring devices 24 6.1 General 6.2 Design 63 Manufacturing 6.4 Installation 7___ Items at the on-vessel end 26 71 General 72 Design 7.3 Manufacturing and testing 8 _ Ancillary elements 27 &1 General 8.2 Service conditions Appendix 1 Characterisation of the Line Response 7 28 Tt Testrun 1.2 Characterisation Appendix 2 Combination of Intensity and Direction of Metocean Parameters 1 General 20 1.1 Metacean conditions 12° Notations 13 Retum period 2 __Extra-tropical areas 29 2.1 Applicability 2.2 Typical conditions 2.3 Reduction factors 2.4 Selection of return periodsFax enis par + 33 1 40 97 42 38 FAX KASHAGAN Equatorial areas (26/08 04 (68-34 8/13 30 34 32 33 Tropical storm areas ‘Applicabitity Typical conditions Selection of return periods aq 42 43 Conditions Reduction factors Data for the intensity of the elements Appendix 3. Structural Strength Criteria 1 Appendix 4 Geotechnical Capacity of Anchoring Devices (Partial Factor 1a 12 14 1s Format) General ‘Scope of application 1 1a 12 Subject Design loads Elastic design Elastic plastic design Design based on elasto-plastic analysis Format Actions 24 22 23 a4 32 General Design tensions Partial load factors Capacity Ultimate capacity ‘Components of ultimate capacity Other factors aq 42 43 Factor A Uplift factor Safety factors Criteria St General 34 36 36Fax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN SECTION 1 1 Subject Ww 414 The subject ofthis document is the mooring system {station keeping system) of floating offshore units that are permanent installations as defined in Chapter 1 of the Rules for the Classification of Ofshore Units. This document gives technical requirements, criteria and guidance on the design, construction and insallation of mooring systems, as a complement to the above mentioned Rules and other publications of the Society for the granting of the additional notation POSA to the unit. 1.2 Rules and related documents. 124° Rules "© Rules forthe Classification of Offshore Units (1998) GENERAL NI 493, Sec1 + NR 216 -1997- Rules and regulations for the classifica tion of ships and offshore installations - Materials + NR467.D1 (February 2003): Rules forthe Classification of Steel Ships — fart D “Materials and Welding”, Chap- tert, Chapter 2 and Section 2 of Chapter 5. 122 Guidance and Rule Notes = N46: Quasi dynamic analysis of mooring systems + IN1432: Cerfication of synthetic fibre ropes for mooring, systems + NR 426: Consiruction survey of steel structures of off- shore units and ingzallations = NR320: Approval and inspections at works of materials and equipment for the classification of ships and offe shove unisFax enis par 331 40 97 42 11493, Sec 2 SECTION 2 1 General 1.4 Context of classification 44.4 Within the context of the clatification of a floating, ‘offshore unit as defined In the Rules for the Classification of (Offshore Units, the POSA notation is addressing the station keeping capability of the unit, within the limits of applica. bility defined in 1.2] and f1.31. 4.4.2 For floating units uch 29 FPU'S, (PISO, offloading buoys ‘ths list isnot limitative, that are considered as “per- ‘manent installations", the station keeping capability is deemed a Safety Critical element and the compliance 10 POSA notation isa Clazsfication Requirement. 148 General provisions “The general provisions of Chapter 1 of the Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units, where the principles, con- Gitions, and other aepects of the Classification process are defined, are fully applicable, as relevant. 1A4_ Maintenance of Class Conditions for the maintenance of Class, as defined in Chapter 2 of the Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units, also apply to POSA, with specific requicamente 2 given in ection 2-12.3 of tre Rules for the Classification of (Offshore Units sae also (3 hereaften. 1.2. Applicability of POSA notation 1.2.1 The POSA notation covers, in general terms, the stax tion keeping system of a free-floating body by means of a principally passive system, ‘This notation covers all the possible types of anchoring pat tems (such as spread mooring, intemal or external tires, tc), line make up, and materials (such as chain, wires, fibre ropes. in catenary or taut configuration, etc). ‘The POSA notation does not cover however a Tension Leg, Alatform, that is not deemed a free-floating body, nor is ten- dons system. The FOSA notation also covers Thruster Assisted mooring, {see [1.3.1)). However, Dynamic Positioning is not covered bby POSA but by other notations. FAX KASHAGAN CLASSIFICATION REQUIREMENTS 1.3 Limits of POSA notation and interfaces with Class 1.8.1. The POSA notation covers all the outboard elements ‘of a mooring system, namely: + anchors, whatever type (drag anchors, piles, suction piles, fc, ‘+ all the components of foad bearing lines, including fine ‘segments and connecting devices, ‘= all the ancillary components, cuch ae buoys, sinkets, and their attachment tothe main lines, excluding those that are used solely at ume of deployment of the moor ing system. 1.8.2 POSA notation alo covers: + fairleads ond stoppers on the vewsel {in whole, Le. Including vessel-side female support parts) ‘any associated monitoring and control systems. 1.3.3 For permanent installations, the POSA notation does ‘not cover windlass, winches, sheaves, used for deployment ‘of the system or for occasional handling of lines during ves- sel operation, nor associated monitoring and control sys~ ‘eme(eqparate certification may be performed on request However, the foundations ofthese iteme into hull o on the turret are considered as part ofthe vessel hull and covered by the main Class of the Vessel [Note 1: During he clastfcation process, organization of classi Won actovites wil take due account of the respective scopes of ‘Conwactors, in case the limits of Contactos’ Scope differ from those above. Equipment and systems related to Thruster assistance, if any, shall be separately covered unde the classification Mark ‘Machinery, as a condition for the granting of POSA nota- tion. For other configurations that are not explicitly addressed ‘ereabove th fi of OSA notion wl be spcied on Pg: 10/13‘ f Fax enis par Lai 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN 2 Scope of activities for POSA nota- tion 24 General 2.4. As for other Disciplines or Systems, Classification activities will span overall phases ofa project: 1+ design of the mooring system and of principal compo- nents (engineering: proposed design and related docu- ‘mentation are reviewed by the Society, ‘© detailed design, manufacturing, and testing ofall com- ponents (procerement): detailed design is roviewed, and Surveys ave made of the manufacturing ond testing, ‘+ installation on vessel and deployment of the system at site (Geemedequivalenttothe construction ofastructure): snsallation activities are Surveyed, “in Service inspection, for the maintenance of Class. 22 Cortificates 2.2.1 Upon satisfactory completion of the installation of the system and of ail activities before, and of related Sur- vveys by the Society, the POSA notation is granted and ‘entered in the Initial Hull Classification Caifieater of the Vessel 23 Design 2.3.1. The design of the mooring system is to be periormed ‘on the basis of vessel data, operational data and environ- mental data, af cpacified in Section 4-1 of the Rules for the (Classification of Offshore Unite As 2 prerequisite to the activities of design assessment, the ‘matocean and sea-bottom data are to be examined by the Society, fallowing the provisions of Section 4-2 ofthe Rules {or the Classification of Offshore Unis. in accordance with the sub-section 4.2.1.2 of the same document, background data (matocean information, bathymetry and geotechnical survey reperts) are also examined. “Model tax specification isto be submitted to the Society for ‘The mooring system ic to he designed in accordance with the provisions end criteria specified in the present docu- iment, where guidance Is aso given on the methodology for the analysis. Statements of design review are issued following the rele- vant procedures. 2.4 Components of mooring system 2.44 Line componente. Ali the components ofthe mooring line are tobe ofthe type and size defined in the documsntation of the mooring sys term and are to be of adequate material and construction to meet the strength and durabiliy propemties identified therein. Specifications prepared by the designer ofthe sys- tem will be reviewed. NI 499, See? All components that are not purpose-designed for a specific, system shall be type approved by Bureau Veritas and are to be manufactured and tested under Survey by Bureau Veri- tas, ‘The design, the materials and the construction of compo- rents that are purpose-designed for a specific system (eg. ‘suction pile), are to be in accordance with the provisions ‘of Sec 4 and relevant provisions of the Rules forthe Classifie «ation of Offchore Units Design specifications and design documentation will be submited tothe Sociey for review ‘The menufscturing of materials and sub-component, and the construction of components are to be performed under survey by the Society, according to an approved program Cemincates will be delivered to each set o items, upon sat- isfaciory completion of al related reviews and Surveys. 2.42 Load control system For deep water moorings, taut systems, fibre rope moorings, and other cases where the verification of line pre-tensions ‘cannot be achieved by conventional methods, 2 permanent load monitoring device shall be fitted on each line, for the control of line preensions at the time of the installation and of periodical surveys, Systom may include the wansmistion of an alatm in case of Fine feilure, oF capability for continuous recording over some time, eg. for re-tensioning operations. Associated ‘computer softvare shail be in accordance with applicable provisions of NI 428 “Recommendations on the quality of software on bose 2.5 Survey of installation and deplayment 2.5.1. Installation on Vessel The installation of vessel-side items (alleads, stoppers, ‘chainhawses, etc...) and on-board equipment and related systems is to be performed under Bureau Veritas Survey, in accordance with applicable provisions of the Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units (these activities will be usu ally carried out within the frame of Vessel Clasiication Surveys) Survey will cover quality of construction work (particularly through weld NDT) and functional tests of machanical ‘equipment. Load tests are normally not required but, if per- formed, will be attended. 2.5.2 Deployment at site (Installation) Survey of installation is performed on the basis of general Provisions of the Rules for the Classification of Oflshore Unite, and particularly those af Section 5-6 *Constuction survey" The installation procedures prepared by the selevant Con- tractor are to be submitted to the Society fr examination, Installation tolerances are to be specified in the installation procedures, and duly taken into account in design calcula.Fee ere TIMP TPT TPT NI 493, Sec 2 ‘he instalation operations will be surveyed, Including, but nt limited to: + insllation of anchors, + deployment of mooring lines, 1 text loading of anchor and lines (see Sec 3, £9.40, + conection to Vessel and tensioning, ‘+ postinetallation inspection of the system (by divers Endor ROV Survey) Reviews and Surveys address only the issues under the scope of Classification, particulary ‘= conformity ofall components to Classification require mens (os atested by Inspection Cerificates), + integrity of installed parts, ++ conformity 1 design of the stem 38 installed, particu- lary the sting of line pretensions Surveys will include atendance of operations at ste by the Bureau Veritas Surveyor, following an agreed program. 0 ea ve FAX KASHAGAN ‘The Bureau Veritas Surveyor will review records and other documentation of the installation operations, prior to the Gelivery of a Cerificate. Note 1: Survey by the Society by no way imended 1o subsite 10 Inaltators duty to fully document installauon of the mooring sys- tem, 3 Inservice surveys 31 BAA In service surveys are to be performed in accordance ‘withthe requirements of Chapter 2 ofthe Rules for the Clas- sification of Offshore Units “Maintenance of Class", in par- ticular the section 2-12.3 which gives requirements for the attibution of POSA notation. Specific provisions applicable to Fibre Rope mooring lines ‘ate given in NI 432, Pg: 12/13Fax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN SECTION 3 Symbols Tp + Feakperid ofthe wave specu, ins Ty + Larget natural peiad ofthe system for mations in he horizontal plane n 1 General 44 Subject 1.1.1 The purpose of the present Section isto provide Class requirements related to. the ‘of a mooring system, ‘with a view to the assignment of the notation POSA to a floating offshore wnt. ‘The present Section is updating and complementing, docu ment NI 461 *Quosi-dynamic mooring analysis” and Includes: + eecommended methodology for mooring analysis design criteria. ‘Alternative methodologies willbe given consideration, on a case by case basis, provided they are demonstrated to pro- vide a Safety Level equivalent to that resulting from the application ofthe present document. 1.2 References 1.21 Rules and related documents + Rules for the Clacsfication of Offshore Unite (1998) ‘+ NI461: Bureau Veritas Recommended practice: “Quasi- dynamic mooring analysis" NI 461 -1995 + NL432: Certification of synthetic fibre ropes for mooring systems (1997), 1.22 Other Industry documents ‘API RP2SK: API “Recommended practice for design and analysis of Station Keeping systems for floating struc- tures", RP 25K, 1997 = 180/ DIS 1901-7: “Stationkeeping systems for floating offshore structures and mobile offshore units”. 123. Papers + (1) L Leblanc, Lard, H. Wilczynski: ‘A complete and consistent methodology forthe assessment of moor- ing systems", OTC 7709, May 1095 + Q)M. Francois & al: “Statistics of extreme and fatigue loads in deep water moorings”, OMAEDI-2162, June 2001 + (3) X.8 Chen: “Approximation on the quadratic wansfer function ‘of low-frequency loads!, 7th Intemational BOSS conference, 1994 ine 208 area Vestas Pg: 13/13 Nt 49a, Sec 3 DESIGN OF MooriNG SysTEM + @)M Le Boulluee & at: “Recent advances on the slow- cet damping of offshore structures”, 7th Intemational BOSS conference, 1994 + ©)M, Frangois,P Davies “Fibre rope deep water moor. ing: practical model for the analysis of polyester moor. ing systems” Rio Offshore 2000, + (6) Clark, P), Malenica, S., and Molin, 8. 1993, “An heuristic approach to wave drift damping”. Applied ‘Ocean Research, 15, 0141-1187/93, p. 53-55 + 7) B. Molin (1994); “Second-order hydrodynamics applied to moored structures ~ A state-ofsthe-art survey” Ship Technology Res. Vol. 41. 1.3 Methodology 1.3.1 methodology for analysis of mooring systems, the *Quasiedynamic analysis", has been developed by Bureau Vert, and presented in'(1) (paper reference in (1.2.3. Details ofthe methodology and related criteria are given document NI 461 *Quati-dynamie mooring analysis". Since then, this methodology has been expanded in order to reflect progress of knowledge in the disciplines rated to mooring analysis, and to address the analysis of mooring in deep waters, that were inially not covered. ‘The present document i updating and complementing NUT in this pect and shuld be read in ojo Background information is presented in paper (2) quoted in 1231. Note 1: Unless otherwise speciied, documents quoted in (1.2.2) ate for general reference and may complement, but nat replace the requirements of the prevent document. 1.4 Review of design 44.1 For the granting of the notation POSA to a Floating Oifshore Unit, proposed design and supporting documenta: tion will be reviewed, including, but not limited to: ‘+ metocean data, soil data, and background information (bee Section 42 of the Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units) * Proposed mooring amangement and methedslgy for analysis * reports of design analysis + final arrangement proposed. Verification will be generally performed by independent analysis, following the methodology ofthis document. Note 1: Independent analysis is By no way intended o substitute to signer’ duty to ull document his.Fee ere TIMP TPT TPT FAX KASHAGAN 2608/04 6B8f4P Pg: 27/12 wee In the discretisation of spectrum, the minimum frequency, in Hz, is aut tobe taken less than the frequency correspond ing to a 1h period, Le: y= 27 10% “The upper frequency and the oumber of frequencies are to be selected so that: af < 01/7 Strong and sudden winds (squalls) occursing in equatorial areas are to be modelled by representative time series of ‘wind speed and direction. 34.3. Current A description of near-surface current by a constant speed normaly sufficient. The current may be averaged over the vescel det. Sudden changes (local surface currents, loop currents) ‘occurring in some argat may induce zignificant transient effects and are to be modelled by representative time series, ‘of current intensity and direction, 3.2 Actions 3.2.4 Wave drift load Consideration should be given to the use of “full QTY (Quadratic Transfer Function, see paper G) quoted in (1.2.3), in the case where the Newman approximation might not be sufficient (as a guidance: whan slow deft natu. sal poriod is less than 150 2, or in very shallow waters). 322 Wind and current loads Losd coefficients for wind and curent loads are to be ‘obxained from tunnel (or basi) tests. Consideration will be given 0 derivation of data from tests on a very similar ‘model. Note 1: Data in OCIME 2¥e elevant for tankers, and not applicable 1w diferent hl shapes or arrangement of superstucture. At inival dtign stage, load coefficients may be obtained from analytical expressions (eg. extended Duchernin For- ‘mula) of other heuristic expression, provided all three com- ponents of force are taken into account (i.@: along-flow (drag) force, cross flow force, and yaw moment). Reduction to the in-line component, as in AS of API2SK, is not consid ered adequate in this respect. 323° Riserloads Risers and other fluid carrying lines (eg. an export line) are enerally kept under tension (possibly resulting in perma- nent pull onthe vesseli, and ae subject to the action of cur- rent over the water column. The resulting forces may represent significant part ofthe (oa! load on the vessel. ‘The reactions on vessel may be obtained from a static anal- ysis ofthe lines. Attention should be given tothe effect of varying direction and intensity of cureent along the water column, ‘The mean static load, that is depending upon the instanta- neous low frequency position of the vessel, may be mod- elled by: sn 2008 N1483, Seca ‘+ either a static load, corresponding to a mean offset con- ition, and dummy lines to represent variations of load around this positon, or + wbulated loads, for a range of positions around the ‘expected mean position (se ref. 4 in paper (2) quoted in 1123p. 324 Damping a) Data in 2.5.7 of NI 461 are to be used, unless more accurate data is available from model test, oF fully cour pled analysis calibrated by model tests, 10 assist In the calibration of the siow-drift damping coefficients, For vessel moored by only surface linas, as a vessel on a single point mooring oF a shuttle tanker moored (0 a FPSO, the values from formula tn 2.5.7 of NI 461 for ‘anker should be multiplied by a factor 0,37. by) A direct astossment of damping terms requires that main contributing terms are seperately evaluated: * viscous damping on the hull is accounted for by the relative velocity formulation of the equations of manoouwability + wave dritt damping may be obtained from the drift forces and its derivates. Reference can be made to the formulation in papers (5) and (6) (see reference. jn (1.23). In these papers the quadratic transier function matrix is modified taking into account the slow drift velocity the current speed and the instan. taneous heading * damping due to lines (nsers and mooring lines) may be estimated from line Dynamic calculations, or inferred from a fully coupled analysis. 3.2.5 Wave frequency motions {fn motion analysis, account may be taken of hydrodynamic ‘damping on the floating body, (e.g. rll damping), by appro priate formulation, ‘The effec of suspended load of the mooring ines and of ris- «rs (vertical and hortzontal components), around the mean vessel position, is to be accounted for, not as mass, but a2 terms in the stifiness matrix, together with the stiffvess of thece systems. ‘Additional wave frequency dynamic effects of lines (prima rly damping) might be significant in some cates, and may ‘be estimated from line Dynamic calculations, or inferred from a fully coupled analysis 4 Line responso 44 Quasi-statle line response 444 General ‘he quasistatic line response is based on the equations of ‘the elastic catenary, which are developed in NI 461 ‘The elasticity properties of diferent materials are given in 14.1.2) 10 14.1.51. 412° Chai Data on Young modulus for stud chain are given In 2.2.3.2 of NI 461 Young modulus for stuclless chain is 10 to 20% lower, Sora vee 18Fee ere TIMP TPT TPT Ni 493, Sec 3 41.3 Wire ropes Specific data are to be obtained from the manufacturer since the stiffness properties depend upon the wire rope design. 41.4 Fibre rope mooring lines ‘A polynomial fit of the break load test load-etongation curve isnot appropriate [A model for the load-elongation characteristics of polyester deep water mooring lines i¢ given in paper (5) (ee refor- cence in (1.2.3). 41.5 Hawsers Hawsers and other fibre ropes are generally substantially more compliant than deep water mooring ropes. In the absence of beter data, the load-clongation curve corre: sponding to @ worked rope may be used, but may sil over. predict mean offset and underpredict maximum toad. ‘Material data taken from a new rope (rst extension) are not acceptable, 4.2. Dynamic line analysis, 4.2.1 The Dynamic line response Is obtained from a finite element model of the line, using cable elements, Table 1 : Hydrodynamic coefficients De | De | Aw | cA | ow o@} o | o Chain qed] 08 | 1 | 05 [use Wire rope 1 | 9 [om o | o7 Fibre rope @ 12 [| 02 [200m ()_Suffic Nis for Nowa (vansversal direction ‘Suffo Lis for Longitudinal tangential) diection (2) For fibre rope, CA, 2nd CA, ate inclusive of entrapped (8) CD ate specified as lower bound, to avoid unconserva- tive over-estimate of damping efiect. a) Hydrodynamic drag coefficient CD ard inertia coefi- cient CA may be taken as shown in Tab 1 CD, respectively CA, is given based on the reference diameter, respectively volume per unit length, of a rod withthe effective diameter Dye based on: nominal ciain diameter d. for chains * Tope outside diameter , for wire rope and fibre ope. Note 1: The force neficent CMy= 1 + CAy is also used to specify the normal cosficier. by Length of elements é, infinite element model should not ‘exceed, for each sogmont of line: “ uae Yrtae FAX KASHAGAN where: mq + Total wansversal (oormall_ mass pet unit length of he line segment, in water, n ky. ‘my may be obtained from Tab 1 based on the fn ai) mass per unit length mo the line segment Fey Mean lina tension, in KN, Note 2: A smaller Ingth of elements i generally necestary in the touchdovm ste, 4.2.2 The mean position is set to get the mean tension Fax from the vessel responee analysis, and the 3D fairlead motion is applied as an imposed displacement atthe top of the line, ‘Current and twite depending water particle kinematics are also applied, but this latter term gives a marginal contribu- tion and can be neglected. 4.2.3 Time domain analysis involves iterations at each time step, and the iteration parameters (particularly the maxi- ‘mum number of iterations) must be set so 25 to got an unspoiled solution. 4.3 Characterization of the line response 4.3.1 When the Quasidynamie ling response has besn obtained, a testrun of Dynamic response shall be per formed, inorder to characterize the Dynamic response, and evaluate, or confirm, ifthe Quasi-dynamic response can be used for the evaluation of extreme loads. Details of methodology and criteria for this evaluation are given in App 1 Such evaluation may be omitted for chain moorings in mod- ‘erate water depths (ess than 150 1m, fall the other condi ‘uons specified in NI461 are met, and accordingly the safety factors for Quasi-dynamic analysis are used, 44 Dynamic line reeponse 44.1. for a given simulation, the maximum tension over the duration of the simulation tat least three hours) is to be obtained. ‘This can be achieved by performing Dynamic analyses over a imited number of windows, each with a duration not less than Ty, the natural period of vesse! low irequency motion. Three to five windows are to be selected, based on the max- ima of dT_/ dt, oF of Ty ifrelovant (see App 1) Alternatively, when tho corclation of Tyg with dT / dts clearly ‘established, an option is to analyse only one window corre sponding othe expected maximum, 4A.2 The maximum tension for the simulation is then taken as the maximum over the several windows, or the ‘maximum in the selected one-windaw. as relevant331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN Fax enis par He 5 Design tensions 5.1 Intact condition 8.1.1. The design tension of a line in intact condition, fora specified set of vessel and metooean condivons, is defined from the mean and the standard deviation of the n maxima “Teach ebtained irom n simulations, using diferent “seeds”, ie. diferent sets of elementary waves and wind components, Each simulation isto be at least of 3 hours. ‘The maxima are either the maxima of the Quasi-dynamic tension, or the maxima of the Dynamic tension, obtained as defined in [4.4] above, ‘The design load T forthe condition analysed is given by: To= Tat aTs where: + Tas the mean of tyn ‘+ Tis the (a1) standard deviation, given by: ‘= a is a factoy, given in Tab 2, as 2 function of the typo of analysis actually performed and the number of simula- tions Table 2 : “a” factor EEA Number of simoationsn ma 3 [| 5 [22 Dyromie 060 [030 [070 | 0 ‘Dynamic 1 window 120 | 060] 055 | 045 ‘Quast dynamic 80 | 030 | 050 | 00. Note 1: For intermediate numbers, «can be obtained by interpolation with n [Note 2: For n=5,1,8- Tis the some as2.0-To in NI 461 5.2 Damaged condition 5.2.1 The design tension of a line in damaged condition is ‘obtained by the same method as the “intact” tension, con- sidering a system with any one line removed, oF 2 thruster fallure as specified in 2.7.4.1 of NL461 Note 1: The fiture ofan ancillary ine component (buoy or snkes, 1 is ah a damaged condition. However in mont cases such {oaditon is covered bythe above analysis. 5.8 Line failure (transient) condition 5.3.1. The design tension of a line in a failure transient) condition is obtained, as specified in 27.3 and 2.7.4 of NI 461, as the average over a set of possible failure instants, of the maximum transient tension (see also (8.6) NI 493, Seca 5.4 Design tension in line components ‘54.1. The tensions a different locations along the fines, as required for sizing of line components, are to be obtained by the same method as defined in (5.1) © 15.3) ‘When Quasi-dynamie analyse performed, design tension and other parameters (uplift angle at anchor poin) may tbe obtained fom the catenary with a faflead position cor- ‘esponding tothe situation leading to the design tension at failead. "Note 1: Thee may be several postions, with differen combinations ec and vera postion, tat are governing for diferent lacs Sons along te ne, 55 imum tension 5.5.4 When requited {fibre rope mooring), the minimum TeNSiON Tom is © be obtained from line Dynamic analysis, by the same method as maximum tension, ae: Tow = Tua Ts 6 Fatigue analysis 61 Tension range 8.1.1 The distributions of tension rangos are ta be obtained {from line Dynamic analyses, with a minimum duration of 20 to 30 min each. Both windward and feeward lines shall be analysed. Further guidance for analysis may be found in paper (2) quoted in [1.2.31 62 Fatigue damage 6.2.1 The fatigue damage, in each segment or component of the lines, is calculated by the Miner sum, taking Into account the fatigue capacity, as given in (7.3] below. From the fatigue damage D calculated for a reference dura. ion of exposure Ly, the fatigue fife FL, i.e. the duration of exposure for which the cumulative damage (Miner sum) ‘would be equa to 1, s obtained as: be Fa oe 7 Strength of tine 74 General TAA Arrangement of fine is to take duly into account the limitations of position with respect to surface/sea bottom. for certain line segment materials, as specified in Sec 4 7.2 Line segments and connecting devices should ensure an homogeneous ctrongth along the line, As a general rule, ‘no weak link isto be provided, 7.2. Breaking strength of 1e components 7.2.4 The reference load for the evaluation of safety factor is the minimum breaking strength (MES) ofthe mooring line ‘component (see Sec 4 eran vrs 6Fax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN Ni403, See 9 7.2.2 Strength reduction resulting from corrosion and wear, where applicable sto be taken into account ‘A.current practice for chains i to use the breaking strength cf the chain of the same grade, with a diameter reduced by the specified corresion (or wear) allowance. 7.3 Fatigue endurance 3A General ‘The fatigue endurance under Tension-Tension (1) cyclic loading ie given below for typical line components. Refer- ence should be also made to the relevant requirements of See 4, “The fatigue endurance (EN curve) of a line component is writen as: N-RP=K where: R= Ratio of tension range {double amplitude) T to a reference lead equal to the line minimum breaking strength, unless otherwise noted below N Allowable number of cycles under tension range T m Inverse slope parameter of FN fatigue curve K —£ Constant (fora given components. 732 Chain For chain, the reference load isto be taken 2c the minions beeaking strength of an clement of the same diameter but in ‘QRS quality, for both QRS and higher grades. For studlink chain common tink, the following parameters Of EN curve may be considered: 23,36 K=370 Note 1: see abo See, 2.5.11, This TEN curve may be assumed to be also applicable 10 ttondaed end links and to properly designed O shackles (sce APIRP 25K. ‘The fatigue endurance of Kenter and Baldk connecting links is about 25% of thet of common link (ie. K= 90). ‘The fatigue strength of studless chain ig lower: K = 170 may be considered, 733° Wire rope ‘The following parameters of TN curve may be considered: + for siximultestrand wire rope: m=4,09 21 © for spiral strand wire rope: 9 =5,05 66 Note 1: These data ate for a mean load of 20% af re nin ‘breaking srength. Fatigue endurance at higher ean lead lower luce raferencer in {12.2}. Ths should be gen consideration ‘where applicable, 16 7.34 Polyester fibre rope The fatigue endurance of polyester fbre rope may be con- sevvatively assumed to be a last five times that of a spiral strand wire rope of same minimum breaking strength ie: 5,05 0 Note 1s Otner published cures, vith large slope parameter m, ‘would lead to unconsenative evaluations and shal note wed Attention 4 drawn to the fat that ina fibre rope mooring, the adjacent steel components will generally have signi cantly lower fatigue stength than the ope itself 8 Selection of design conditions 8.4 General 8.1.1 A given set of time domain simulations provides a design tension that is a short-term extreme over the duration of the simulations (3 hour), and for the condition analysed. ‘The design tension for each line for component) is taken as the maximum of Ty over the possible combinations of met. ‘ocean parameters and canfigurations ofthe sytem, 8.1.2 The intact, transient, and damaged cases are sepa- rately analysed (for transient condition, see (6.6). 82 System configuration 8.2.1 A set of representative configurations af the system shall be selected for analysis, so as to cover all intended sit- vations of operations of the vessel, and to ensure that the conditions that are the most oneraus for the mooring system have been examined. ‘This may include: ‘+ vatiation of vescl dra, in relation with operations (e.g a Storage vessel) or weather considerations [operat ing/survival drat) + connectodidisconnected situations, with e.g. an export tanker, or between adjacent vessels (multhvessel sys- tems) ++ other relevant conditions. For the analysis of a vessel in the offloading conditions, fur- ther guidance is givon in paper OTC14311 by Morandini & al 8.3 Metocean conditions 8.3.1 Metocean deta The metocean data (See Section 4-2 of the Rules for the Classification of Offshore Lins are derribed by the dist butions ofthe intensity of each clement as function ofthe ‘turn period (marginal distibution of independent. ll direction extremes), and by associated parameters (eg spectral shape and peak period, for waves) Directional data may be used under the condition specified inthe Rules for the Classification of Orishore Units, and if Consistent with all-drection dats, understanding that the intensity defined for oe diction applies to any dizecton in the sector around that direction,Fax enis par + 33 1 40 97 42 38 FAX KASHAGAN 832 Design conditions The metocean conditions for a N-year return period (see {8.41 0 (BO) are to be defined 26 combinations of the direction and intensity f waves wind, cument and associ ated parameter. Depending on the climate, soveral sts ae tobe defined in which one ofthe parameter is governing, such as: + wove (swell governed conitions + current governed conditions + ee. ‘More detailed information is given in App 2. 83.3 Combinations of intensity and direction For each set, one parameter ic to be taken with intensity ‘corresponding to the N-year retum period. ‘Other parameters are to be taken as “associated valucs", with an imensty that will generally correspond to a lower return period, depending on the degree of correlation of ‘extremes, and the relative direction, but not less than one ‘year in principle. ‘The criteria in App 2. may be considered for guidance. unless more accurate data are available for the site under consideration. 834 Associated parameters Associated parameters are generally defined by a value that Js generally a best estimate / most ikely value. For the spectral pesk (or zero-crossing) period, a range is to be considered. A range of +15% around the specified value is recommended. Hs /Tp (or Tz} response contours {inverse FORM approach! may be used instead, when available. and shall be preferred ‘whan the response is found very censitive to the wave period. Contours shall be defined, having a plateau not less than a 10% range on period. The contour to the relevant return period shall be scanned forthe mast oneraus Hs / Tp ‘combination ‘Similar approach as for period may be applicable to other parameters, when relevant 835 Scanning ‘tn principle, scanning shall be performed over 360° for ‘each goveming parameter. The scanning interval may be reduced, depending on symmetry(es) of the mooring system (Same fines over a flat bottom), of the vessel ing load cooficients, e.g. for wind), and the accuracy (envelope oF results in individual lunes). such reduction will generally preclude the use of directional data. + In principle, scanning shall be performed, for each of the other efemenis, over a large enough interval 10 pro- vide the evidence that maximum responce have been aught. Generally, the relative diection between any ‘wo elements need not exceed 150°, A scanning interval of 15° will be generally sufcient to catch maximum 6712 NI 493, Sec3 response, taking into account the directional variations of intensities. + The scanning technique may be adjusted following the "ype of mooring (eg. spread or ture, and the relative contribution to the total tension of wind / current / wave slow dit wave frequency motions, as evidenced by test nuns (se also App 1) and split accordingly in appro. print stops 8.4 Extreme metocean conditions 8.4.1 For a permanent installation, the extreme metocean conditions are to be taken as the conditions with rotum period N of 100 year. 85 Operating conditions 8.8.4 The limiting conditions for particular operations (eg ofloading, maintenance) shall be specified. 3¢ either. an envelope of possible combinations of elements, or es dis. crete 20 of conditions tn the latter case, the acceptable envelope shall be deter mined at alter stage, for incorporation in the vessel operat ing exter, ‘When the limiting conditions are infrequent, such as one year conditions or above, combinations of metocean Parameters shall be considered as per (6.31, taking into account the specified return period. For more frequently accurring conditions, the divections of elements will be assumed 35 independent, unlese ethene specified in the above criteria, Im both cases, the range of wave period i to be selected bated on a 100.year contour, unless otherwise specified in ereria, {8.522 For operations not requiring particular conditions, the ‘operating motocean conditions, when needing consider. ation, are to be taken as the metocean conditions with one ‘year eeurn period conditions, 86 Tra nt conditions 86.1. A transient analysis is to be performed in the follow: ing eases: a) When the vescel is moored in close proximity to a fixed installation, or another floating structure ase, analysis may be however limited tothe crite ‘cal lines line type lin 3.2.1.1 of NI 460). by For operating conditions with specified metocean lite ing conditions as defined in (8.5.11 above (e.g. offload. ing). In this case, analysis may however be omited in case of a system with Farge redundancy, as demonstrated by ‘analysis in damaged condition for the samo operating Situation boing fa fom critica Im other cases transient analysis can generally be omitted. Bema veiog 7Fax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN Ni 49a, See 3 9 Criteria 9.1 Line tension 9.1.4 Maximum line tension ‘The minimurn Safety Factors for line components are speci fied below, as 2 function of the condition analysed, the type ‘of analysis, and other factors as indicated in the notes of Tabs 3. [Note 1 This table isnot applicable to hawsers. The relevant safety factors can be found in NR 434 “Rules forthe Classtication of OF- shore Loading and Oifloading Buoys". Table 3 : Minimum safety factore for line components tnccompenene cng) | _Meed fama Condition ofsystem | Quast-dynamic | _ Dynamic Tract 175 a7 Damaged @ 125 73 Transient 125 120 A) Base ctor are Tor ine ype W fee NUAGI) Le vot including the ase of structures in close proximity. See notes (4) and 6) below (2) For fibre copes, an increme ofthe safety factor in the ‘pe ise (eno including other pars ofthe ine) by 10% for polyester ropes, and 20% for ater materials, isrecommended. 2) Following methodelogy io NI A63, and whan required. (@) Safety Factor tobe increazed by 25% for in ype ) Safety Factor 10 be ineeased by 40%, for the most Ioaded lin, following the breakage ofa line ype (6) The Safety Factor for Dyramic analysis may also be sed with the etule of | Quasi dynamic analy, ator the Society wen the characterization of the line tepurse as povided 9 ewidance of 2 ‘éynamic amplification factor (DAF) below 1,0 nal ret evant conditions (ee App 1) 91.2. Minimum line tensfon For deep-water fibre rope mooring, the following minimum tensions may be considered. in lieu ofa more refined analy- + Potyesten 23% of rope minimum breaking strong, in intact condition (Ste may be sed a5 pudance for quas-sae analysis ofthe inact sem) ‘+ HMPE: 5% of rope minimum breaking strength, in intact Condition (criteria subject to possible relaxation, with progress of knowledge on thie material) 4 Aramid 10% of rope minimum breaking strength, in both intact and damaged conditions + Other fibres: same as Aramid, unless otherwise docu- ‘mented. 1’ revere 9.2 Anchors 92.1 Drag anchors “The minimum safety factors for drag afchars are specified in Tab 4, ‘The factors gives Tab 4 apply only in the cate of no uplift atthe anchor. Aktematively the criteria in App 4 may be applied, Table 4 : Minimum safety factors for drag anchore ‘Minimum safety faces | Method of analysts ‘anchors (1) Condition ofsyster | Quasiaynemic | Dynamic Intact @) 1.60 150 Damaged @) 135 105 Transient @) is 105 {Base facion are for ne ype W hee NAOT) Le ok including structures in close proximity. See notes 3) and @ Below (2) Following methodology in NIA6!, and when required. (2) Safety Factor to be increased by 25%, fr tne type | (@) Safety Factor to be increased by 40%, forthe most loaded lie, folowing th breakage of line ype (5) The Safety Factor for Dynamic analysis may also be see with the esuls of Quasi-dynamic analysis afer Society agement when the characterization of the line response as provided a frm evidence of a ‘dynamic amplticaton factor (DAF) below 1,0 all rel ‘evant conditions ee Aep 1) 9.22 Anchor piles For long (sft) piles, the safety factors given in Tab 4 also anply to axial pull out capaciy, when the angle a of the ‘maximum tencion at ple (including inverse catenory eect, if any) docs not exceed 15° with horizontal. Othenvise the ‘required pull out capacity isto be increased by a factor K, equal to (1 + 0.33 sin. ‘The factors given in Tab 4 also apply to lateral strength _assessment s09 Sec 4, (6.2.8). 9.23 Suction anchors and vertleal load anchors ‘The partial factor verification format ia App 4. 93 Fatigue 9.8.1. The factor of safety in fatigue is specified as a factor on fatigue ie ‘The Safety Factor is defined as the ratio between calculated fatigue life and design service life ofthe system (as defined in Ch 5, Section 5-3.1.2.2 ofthe Rules forthe Classification ‘of Oifshore UnitsFax enis par + 33 1 40 97 42 38 ES CURES FAX KASHAGAN 9.2.2 The minimum safety factors, for cach lr 6, forall Fine segments under T-T fatigue loading and ‘other components of the Fines ‘+ 10, or anchors and buried parts ‘© 3, for on vessel-end item. Note 1: The factor 6 is taking ino account the difficulty ofan eff- ier inspection of meoring systems in most cates [Note 2: The misiowin aelety later of 3 ip alo applicable 1 1p segments at support points (ee Sec 4 12.5.2) and Sec 4, 7.26), wher the effect of out of plane bending or other local actions is taken into account, in addition to TT fatigue loading Higher safery factors may be appliod, i spacified by the ‘Owner component 9.4 Test loading of anchor and lines ‘9.4.4 Tho load (at firlead) forthe test loading of anchor is 1 be taken not less than the following, depending an the type of the anchor: 26/08/04 «88:42 Pg: 8/12 N49, Seca a) Drag anchors: 80% of the design tension Tp at fairlead, in intact conditions Vertically loaded anchor (VLAX: as required to achieve ‘target penetration and related holding capacity ‘1 Anchor piles and suction piles: a forthe ine, 3¢ spec: fied below. 9.0.2 The load for the tec loading of lines isto be taken not {es than the following, depending on the type of the line: 2), Stee! lines: the specified pretension, with some increase 110% minimum is recommended) in order to ensure ‘correct setting ofthe assembly bre rope (for rope preseting): a least 30% ofthe rope minimum breaking strength (or an appropriate cycling) ‘without exceeding 50% of the rope minimum breaking strength, lee ‘rene Vee 19ERI Fax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN 1499, See 4 SECTION 4 1 General 14 Subject 1.1.1 The purpose of this Section is 10 provide Class requirements related to the components of a mooring sys- tem, with a view to the assignment of the POSA notation to a floating unit. 1.2. Scope 4.2.4. The components under consideration in this Section include: a) main line components, such as: ‘+ chain cables and standard fitings ‘+ steel wire ropes and terminationé + fibee ropes by non-standard fitings and connectors anchors 4) items at the onwvessel end, such as farleads and stop pers ©) ancillary components (buoys, sinkers, J. 1.22 Deck appliances (winches and windlasses) are ‘excluded from the scope ofthis Guidance Note. Winches or swindlasses that are uted 9s stoppers will be given special ‘consideration. 4.2.2 The compliance withthe requirements ofthis Section are mandatory or the assignment of the POSA notation. 1.3. General requirements 4.34 General ‘The present [1.3] gives general requirements for all mooring components. The particular requirement: for each type of ‘mooring components are given in [2] to (8, in terms of + design * fabrication and testing (at works or on board) ‘+ inctallation and arviee conditions. 1.32 Rules and related documents Reference is made to the following Rules and related docu- ments, as applicable to particular items, depending on its COMPONENTS OF MooriNG LINES ‘ype of construction (such as forged or cast of fabricated, etc): ‘+ NR216: Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships and Orfshore Installations - Materials + Chapter 5 of the Rules forthe Classification of Offshore Units + NR 426: Construction eurvey of steel structures of off- shore units ad installations +Other Rules and publications of the Society, a¢ applica ble, 183 Designation ‘The components of a mooring line are to be specified by the ‘minimum breaking strength for which the item is designed ‘and tested, and other relevant parameters as specified in 12110 18), 1.34 Manufacturing, testing and certification ‘The manufacturing and testing of the components of a ‘mooring system are to be performed following the applica- ble provisions of Rules, and under Survey by the Society ‘When load tests are performed, a Surveyor of the Society shall witness these tests. 138 Type approval ‘When specified i [2] to (8), tems are to be type approved by the Society according to the requirements of the present Section. For type approval, the documentation of design i to be sub mitted for teview and the manufacturing and texting of pro- fotype items ate to be performed under Survey by the Society, 5 required for the item under consideration, [Note 1: The rango of size or ether parameters for which approval ia granted wl be specified ot time of approval. For a particular project, once an item is holding 3 type approval: + the documentation of design may be limited to project, specific information, and to documentation of the ade- ‘qUacy ofthe item forthe intended project * the provisions of {1.3.4} are applicable to manufactur- ing and testing of items forthe intended project. 2 Chains and standard fittings 24° General 24-4 The items covered in the present [2] are chain com- mon links, connecting common links, enlarged links, end links, detachable connecting links, end shackles, swivels, and swivel shacides,Fax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN 2.4.2. Ruloe and related doouments + NR-216: Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Shing and Offshore Installations — Materials ~ Section 10-4, 218° Standards * 180.1704: “Stud-tink anchor chains’, 2.2 Designation 224 Chain and accessories shall be specified by their inimum Breaking Strength and grade, or by nominal diameter and grade [Note 1: For accessories, the nominal dtameter is the nominal ya) siameter of the coresponding chain. 222 The specified nominal diameter / MBS shall include ‘an adequate margin for corrosion and wear over the intended service lie see See 3, 172) 23° Design 2.3.1 Design documentation to be submitted, Drawings giving the detailed design of chain and accesso- ‘nes shal be submitted for review at the time of approval 232 Dimensions ‘The dimensions of stud chains and standard fittings shall be a per the Rules (NR 216), typical designs). Alternatively, reference may be made to ISO 1704. For studless chains, dimensions shall be in accordance with the Manufacturer's specification. 23.3 Materiais Chains and standard fittings shall be made of materials in grade QR3, or QR3S, or QR4, as specified in the Rules (NR. 216, Section 10-4, “The use of ORQ grade is generally not permitied within the ‘framework of the POSA notation, Grades higher than QR4 will be given special consider- ation, 2.4 Manufacturing and testing 2.4.1 Manufacturing (Chains and standard fittings shall be manufactured accord ing to the criteria specified in the Rules (NE 216, Section 10-4), CChains and standerd fittings shall be manufactured only by ‘Manufactuters approved by the Society for the intended product. 242 Load Tests ‘The chain cables and their fitings are to be tested and ‘examined as required in Section 10-4 of NR 216. ach chain link or standard fting shall be tested at a proof load PL depending on the required Breaking Strength MBS and the specified material grade, as per the Rules. The ratio Of proof load to Minimum Breaking Strength is given for ref- erence in Tab 7 Pg: 10/12 NI 499, Sec Table 1 : Ratlo PL/ MBS Typeotchain | ORS QRS ORs Stud ink 066 O72 079 Studless 088) 0,70) a70 Break load tests chall be carried out in the conditions speci fied in the Rules. Note 1: ems that have been subject to break load test ae fo be sReneally crapped. 2.5 Installation and service conditions 2.5.1 The deployment of lines shall be performed in such a ‘ay 25 1 avoid jamming on the bottom, and accumulation of tn, that may rest in damage tothe chain itself oF to ‘other components, when the line is tensioned. 2.5.2 Atenions drawn othe fat thatthe fatigue petor- mance of sualink chain might be sgnifcaty decresocd ro the case of loowe stu. The TN curve given it See 3, (721 open ook wit Ught suds 2.5.3. Attention isto be also given to the risks of bending fatigue of chains over stoppers, bending shoes of fairleads (Gee abo 172.60). Where possible, regular and frequent adjustments of mooring lines are to be carried Out in order ‘to mitigate accumulation of fatigue damage in the line at these locations. 3 Steel wire ropes 3.4 General 94.1 Scope The present [3] covers steel wire ropes intended for moor ing fines and associated termination fitings 3.4.2 Standards Reference may be made othe following standards: + AP Spec 9A: "Wire ropes* + 150 2232:1990: “Round drawn wire for general purpose nomally stel wire ropes and for large diameter steel wire ropes Specifications” + API Recommended Practice 25K. 3.2 Designation 3.241 Steel wire ropes shall be specified by their Minimum Breaking Suength, and by the type of construction and nominal diameter 3.22 The specified nominal diameter / MES chall include, where applicable, 2 margin for additional corrosion and wear allowance (ee 13.3.5). 3.3 Design of etcol wire rope 3.8.1 Design documentation to be submitted 44s a minimum, the following documents or information are tobe submitted for review: Sree Veine 21Fax enis par \ | I | 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN Ni a93, Sec 4 reference standards + Tope construction drawing and specificstion + specification of wires + specification of other materials (galvanic coating, com- pound, sheathing) + calculation of wire rope static strength documentation of torque properties (lesion induced: torque and torque compliance} + cathodic protection calculations ‘fatigue analysis, forthe imended application. 332 Construction Rope constructions considered in the present document fnclude: > sixstrand construction (with stel core) = muliistrand constructions + spiral-stand construction including half locked and full focked coil. 33.3 Protection Protection against corrosion and resistance to wear shall be provided, including at least: ‘wire galvanisation, or equivalent + standing compound. Complementary protection by one or several adequate: means shall be provided as necessary, considering service conditions and intended life time. This may include means such ae: ‘+ selection of the ype of construction and wire profile ‘improved galvanic coating ‘+ anerifieial anode wires sheathing *+ additional corrosion and wear allowances. Note 1: EN data in See 3, £73.31 are valid only when a suitable cotosion protection is provided, 224 Strength ‘The calculated breaking suength shall not be less than the specified minimum breaking stength (see also (3.5.2) below). 3.4 Design of Terminations 3.41 Design documentation to be submitted A a minimum, the following documents or information are to be submitted for ceview: ‘+ drawings of termination fitings ‘+ specification of materials ‘© siength and fatigue evaluations ‘+ corrosion prataction drawings and ealevlations + details of electrical insulation and data sheets of rele- vant materials + drawings of connection to ropes, with specification of socketing matertal, 3.42 Design requirements Termination shall’ be designed in accordance with the requirements given in (51. Pg: 11/12 The strength of termination shall be not les than the speci- fied evnimum breaking strength ofthe wire rope (sce also 12.521 below. Terminations shall provide an efective electrical isolation between the wir rope and the rest ofthe mooring line. ‘Termination fittings shall be fitted with cathodic protection. to lve consent with that ofthe wire rope. 3.5 Manufacturing and testing 3.5.1 Manufacturing The following documents of information are to be submit. ted in due course: reference standards * quality and test plans with proposed witness points for the Surveyor Proce monitoing and recording Gnchaing acca iy © acceptance criteria + steel rod raw material certeates ‘sheathing procedure + procedure for connection of terminations to rope, ‘individual wires records + manufacturing documentation of termination Gee 153.N below) records of connection of terminations to rope + rope sample test procedures = rope sample load test repos. 352 Testing [A break load test shall be carried out on a sample of the ‘wire rope and its terminations, taken off the production under Survey, ‘The sample shall withstand the specified MBS, 3.6 Installation and service conditions 2.6:4 The deployment of lines shall be performed in such a way as to avoid + damage by over-bending or chafing over ebstacles + overbending in fee span, by maintaining a suttable ‘minimum tension + excessive bending at terminations: Bending restricts shall be provided as necessary * accumulation of twist, particularly in case of 2 ndn- torque compliant structure + any damage 10 sheathing (when provided 3.62 the use of wie rope is generally not allowed inthe touchdown area. ‘Unless periodical renewal is planned, the use of wire ope {5 10 be also avoided inthe splash zone of long term moor. ings. ‘tention is also to be given fo the rks of bending fatigue of rope over fairleads. Where possible, regular and frequent adit f mooring ines ato be eared ut in ender to mitigate the accumulation of figue damege in the line at these locations, mi ne 2004Fax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN 4 Fibre ropes 4.1 General 414 scope ‘The preseat [HI is applicable to fibre ropes intended for use as anchoring lines, and covers both fibre rope and terming- tion thimbtes Note 1: For mooring hawsers, See Section 3 of NR 498 “Rules for ‘he Classification of Oshore Loading and Cloading Buoy. 442° Rules and related documents, = N1432: "Centificalion of synthetic five ropes for moor ing systems" 443° Designation Fibre sopes shall be specified by a Minimum Breaking ‘Strength, and the type of material 41.4 Approval Fibre ropes are to be Type Approved by the Society accord- ing to the requirements of NI 432. [Note 1: ype approval is based on fullsize testing of protolype rape, ofthe specified MES. Termination thimbles other than steel roller thimbles {spools} shall be in accordance with tho requirements of 5h 42 Design 4.2.1 Fibre rope shall be identical to the approved rope. Termination thimbles shall be made of the tame type of material (steel, same groove profile and same inside diame- ter (within -0/ +10 %} of those used for prototype testing, 422 The service conditions of the fibre rope shall be as specified in NI432 No contact with the seabed tion and operation) lowed at any stage finstalla- 4.3 Manufacturing and testing 43.1. Manufacturing and testing of fibre rope shall be per- formed in accordance with the requirements of NI 432, under Survey by the Society. 4.3.2. Thimbles shall he manufactured and tested in accor. dance with the provisions of [5] However, load tests may be omitted for steel roller thimbles ‘pools, when a thimble of same material, and with same ‘oF proportional dimensions, has been tested together with the rope, at time of rope approval, for 2 simular or higher MBs. 4.4 Installation and service conditions 441 The deployment of fnas call be performed in such a way as to avoid damage by chatfing,cuting, or ovebend- ing over obstacles, as well as contamination by solid or by Pg: 12/12 NI 499, Sec 4 liquid projections. Any contact with the seabed shall be avoided. Seixing of line, or of ancillary installation devices on line: shall be performed by soft rope seizing oily, To avoid the risks of local over-bending, lines shall be deployed under 4 low tension, with a suitable minimum, tension being maintained. The accumulation of twist shall be avoided. 442 The service conditions of the fibre rope shall be as specified in NI 432 ‘No contact with the seabed is allowed in any condition of operation. Fibre ropes shail not be used in fines including six-strand wire rope or other non-torque-balanced components, unless a torque matched constuction is provided. 5 Non standard fittings 5.1 General BAA Scope ‘The present (5) addresses fittings for connection between line elamonts, having gencral dimensions or use deviating from those given in the Rules or recognised standards, such as: + special links and enlarged shackles (e.g. for connection 1a fibre rope thimble) # tiplates connectors for underwater connection) + termination tings for wire ropes ‘+ termination thimbles (pecial type) for fibre ropes (see un. 5.1.2 Rules and related documents ‘The present [S] primarily addresses fitings that are made of cceat steel, forged steel, or machined from steel plates, for Which reference is made to: = NR 216: Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships and Offshore Installations — Materials — Section 104. 512 Designation Firings shal be specified by a Minimum Breaking Strength and, a8 relevant, the nature and nominal dimensions of the itoms they are intended to connect. For items connecting ancillary line elements, the Minimury Breaking Strength of arachod elements shall be also speci fied 5.1.4 Type Approval Fittings that are not purpose-designed for a specific system shall be type approved by the Society according to the requirements of the present Section, Fittings that are purpose-designed for 2 specific system shall be approved following the requirements ofthe present [5Fax enis par + 33 1 40 97 42 38 FAX KASHAGAN i498, See 4 52 Design $2.1 Design documentation to he submitted [As a minimum, the following documents or information are to be submited for review: + drawings, with the detailed design of fitings and all parts made by or supplied through the manufacturer ‘+ specification of materials + strength and fatigue evaluations ‘+ corrosion protection drawings and calculations. where relevare. 522 Material Fittings in. cast or forged steel, or machined from steel plates, chall be mad of materials meeting the requirements ‘of one of the following Rules grades: QR3, or QR3S, or QRa, Where applicable, steel with yield and tensile strength Jower than QR3 may be used, provided other mechanical properties of grade OR3, in table 10-4b of NR 216, are met ‘The specification of material shall also Include reference 10 2 recognised material Standard, with details of chemical ‘composition and heat treatments. In the case of a welded assembly, the provisions of 17.2.3} shall also be met, with a design temperature of 4°C, unless otherwise specified, Note 1: Any welding onto QRe steels generally prohibited. 523° Strength ‘The Strength shall be documented by appropriate calcula tions, in accordance with the provisions of App 3. [Note 1: Elastosplastc analysis is generally required when a verics- Sion bya break load arti not performed cee (53D. 524 Fatigue ‘The Resistance to fatigue shall be documented. ‘he fatigue resistance shall be established with reference to data for line components (see Sec 3, [7-3]} and, as a rule, ‘hall be not lower than the fatigue resistance of a chain of the came broaking strength in grade QR3, except a: fallow: © the fatigue resistance of wire rope termination fitting should be not lower than that a wire rope (six strand or spiral strand, 98 applicable) ‘+ for detachable links, the fatigue resistance shall be at least that of a Kentor link, Batides, for a particular project. the achieved fatigue life shall be documented, and shall meet the relevant require ments of Sec 3. 525 Protection Protection against corrosion and wear shall be provided by adequate means. For high yield strength materials, atention is however to be given to risk of hydrogen-induced cracking, Electrical isolation of connectors shall be provided as appli- cable. (26/08 04 5.26 Functional requirements Designer shall ensure that all detachable pans are ade- ‘quately locked in position by passive means, Connectors shall maintain a positive stability under 2 low tension, and shall be fited with a locking system. Note 1: Where applicable, 2 minimum tention shall be specifiod, and the device shall not be alowed for use on 803 tom nor in touch down area 5.3 Manufacturing and testing 5.3.1 Manutseturing The following documents or information are to be submit ted in due course: + reference standards + quality and test plans with proposed Bureau Veritas wit- ‘ess points + fabrication and testing procedures anid records. 53.2 Break load tests Proof and break load tests shall be carried out on a proto- ‘ype item, as per Rules ‘Consideration will be given to tests made on items of difer- ent sizes, with proportional dimensions. For shackles, detachable links, and similar items, break toad tess shall be caried out a for standard items (see (3.52). For large items, where load test might not be achievable, the test may be dispensed, with prior agreement with the Soct- ty, subject to adequate documentation of strength, by anal- ys ‘of 1: tems that have heen subject to a brs oad test are gene allyto be serappod 533 Proofload teste, Each item shall be tested at a proof load depending on the required Breaking Stength and the specified material grade, as given for studless chain in Tab 1 For large Hes, replacement ofthe proof load text by other suitable examinations may be considered on a case by case basis by the Society. 6 Anchoring devices 64 General 1 Scope ‘The present (6] covers anchoring devices such as: ‘+ drag anchors (except as quoted below) ‘+ vertically loaded anchors (VLA's) + suction anchors + anchor ples The present [61 does not address conventional (chip type) drag anchors, that are dosigned, manufactured and tested in accordance withthe relevant provisions ofthe Rules forthe Classiicaton of Steel Ships, Such type of anchor isnot nor mally used in permanent moorings. (Other types of anchoring devices wil be given special con- sideration, on a case by case basis. ABN era)Fax enis par + 33 1 40 97 42 38 sree FAX KASHAGAN 61.2 Designation “Anchoring devices are to be defined, a5 @ minimum, by the required ultimate holding capacity and related uplift angle atanchor ig When required to verity the design (see [6.2), the details of loads in each design condition shall be also specified 64.3 Approval ‘Drag anchors and VLA's shall be type approved by the Soci- ety on the basis ofthe present document. Note: The pe approval is generally delivered for a speciied ‘ange of seabouorncondiions. [Note2: Other ype of anchoring devices ae generally approved fer ‘he particular application for which they ate specifically designed, 62 Design 62.1 Design documentation to be submitted ‘Asa minimum, the following documents or information are to be submitted for review, as applicable t0 the type of anchoring device: + specification of design soil conditions (for ype approval), and documentation of condiions at testing site see (62.7) ‘+ documentation of ste conditions (see Chapter 4 of the Rules for the Classification of Offshore Unis, including the study of possible geo-hazards design loads ar anchor lug. with details of derivation from loads inline at ea-bottom + loads/design conditions at ime of installation + drawings, withthe detailed design ofall parts made by ‘or supplied through the manufacturer + geotechnical strength evaluations. and supporing test reports * spectication of materials 1+ strongth and fatigue evaluations ‘+ corrosion protection drawings and calculations. 622 Geotechnical design The geotechnical ultimate capacity of an anchoring device shall be documented (see [6.2.7] to [6.2.9] below). The effects of cyclic loading shall be assessed. Behaviour during installation and related loads shall also be: assessed and documented, For a particular application, an evaluation of the feasibility ‘of the proposed type of anchoring device with respect to the ‘il profile shall Be provided, and the geotechnical ultimate capacity of proposed device shall satisfy the requirements of Sec 3, (921, Note 1; For most types of anchoring devices, the full design geo. ‘echnical capacity may be not avatable ummediatly ater instala- ‘ion, due to the time required for setup effec of sis (panicuarly ays). Ths should he given consideration in the overall scheduling: of 2 project, taking into account the risk oF occurence of high fad Abr thar period. 623 Matorialo ‘Materials shatl conform to the relevant sections ofthe Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units and NR 216 (off. 26/68/04 «68 4E Pg: 27/14 N49, Sec 4 shore grades), taking into account design temperature and structural categories, as defined in [6.3.21 624 Strength ‘The strength shall be documented by appropriate caleula- tions, in accordance with the provisions of App 3. Anchor pad-eye, shanks, and adjacent structure shall be ‘designed to withstand the minimum breaking strength of the Hine. ‘The anchor body shall be able to withstand the ultimate capacity ofthe anchoring device, with deformations within uch Tits as not to impair anchor geotechnical capacity (see (6.2.9) however 625 Fatigue ‘The resistance to fatigue shall be documented, The data referenced in 5.2.4] may be used az guidance for the purpose of type approval. For a particular project, the achieved fatigue life shall be documented, and in accordance with the relevant requiee. iments of See 3. 626 Protection Frotection against corrosion shall be provided by adequate means. ‘When the geotechnical capacity of the anchor is relying on ‘kin friction between soil and steel, the surface condition of steel shall be consistent with the assumptions made at time of design. "Note 1: Where approprate, protective coating shouldbe avoided in {We relevant area ofthe anchor. 627 _Particutar provisions - Drag anchors and VLA's The geotechnical behaviour of drag anchors and VLA's isto be documented by testing of a prototype anchor in repre. sentative soil conditions. Compiementary analysis, where applicable, may be used. ‘The relations between achieved penetration (and related ‘oat, soit parameters, and ultimate capacity of the anchors are o be established and dacumanted by these texts, 8.28 Particular provisions - Suction piles ‘The geotechnical capacity of suction piles may be estab- lished by analysis, with due consideration of the potential modes of failure under the combination of vertical load, horizontal load, and overturning moment. In stength evaluation, due attention shall be given to the buckling resistance of the anchor body with respoct to the undetpressures gencrated by suction effect, at installation 629 Particular provisions - Anchor piles The design of ong (soft anchor piles may be documented in accordonce with recognised procedures, such as those species in API Recommended Practice RFZA., where: + the pull-out capacity (vial oad) and the stength under Intral load can be evaluated seperately >the strength of pile under lateral load is assessed consich ttng factored loads (ag. pac APL RP2ALRFD), with load factors taken as per Sec 3, Tab 4 sine 2008 Sure Veter 5Fax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN NL 493, Sec 4 63 Manufacturing 6.2.1 Manufacturing ‘The manufacturing of anchoring devices shall be performed under Survey by the Society, in accordance with the rele- vant requirement of Chapter 5 of the Rules forthe Classification of Ofshore Units + Chapters 5 and 6 of NR2I6 + NR 426: Consruction survey of steel syuctures of of shore units and installations. 63.2 Structural estegorles and design temperature For the selection of materials, and the definition of fabrica- tion and NDT requirements, the following categortes of construction (as defined in Section 5.2 of the Rules for the Classification of Offthore Units) chall be considered: + pad-eye, shank, and adjacent structure shall be consid- cred as “Special Category elements” + the rest of Anchor body, shall be considered as “First ‘Category’ elements ‘+a design temperature of 4°C shall be generally consid cred for anchoring devices in deep waters. In other cases, the design temperature shall be specified. 6.4 Installation 6.4.1. The installation at site of anchoring devices sholl be ‘performed under Survey by the Sociey (98 Sec 2, 125). Installation procedures for anchor setting and pre-loading shall be submitted in advance for review by the Society. Anchor and fine test loading shall be performed as required in Sec 3, (9-4) Installation records, with elated analyses, as needed, shal provide evidence that target penetration/holding capacity have been achieved. 7 items at the on-vessel end 7. General TAA Scope ‘The present [7] cover itoms at the on.vessel end, that are: intended for guiding and securing anchoring lines to vessel, such as sade or bending shoet ‘= stoppers ‘+ supporting structures forthe connection to vassal hull of above items. Note 1: The foundations of these items into the hull (or tet at applicable) are covered by the main Class ofthe unit see however 7251 below, Note 2: For winches, windlasses and other dack appliances, see 22 7A2 Designation hems shall be specified by the nature and nominal dimen- sions of the line segment they are intended to suppor, and the related Minimurn Breaking Strength. Note 1: When the on-vesel end ofthe line includes an oversized upper segment, 2 design BS may be taken as the load at fairead corresponding to the MBS ofthe next segment 74.2 Approval i Items are generally approved for the particular application for which they are specifically designed. Standard items may be type approved by the Society an the bavi of the roquirements of the prosont [7] and relevant sections of the Rules and related documents, 72 Design 7.21 Design documentation to be submitted ‘Asa minimum, the following documents o¢ information are tobe submited fr review, as applicable to the type of item + drawings of arrangement, construction, and mechanical ‘Components, withthe detailed design ofall pars made by or supplied through the manufacturer + desig loads and other elevane design conditions + deniled arctural drawings + specification of materials *+ strength ad fatigue evaluations ‘+ documentation of mechanical eomponents + documentation of ntrace loads + merce deawings + corrosion protection drawings and calculations, 7.22 Design conditions tome shell bo designed to withstand the line segment they are intended to support, when loaded to: + Design Breaking Strength, equal to the Minimum Breaking Strength of the line segment (Gee however Note 1 below) + the design tension Ty in linc, in each condition of the ‘mooring system (intact, damaged, transtent, as relevant Note 1: When the on-resel end ofthe line includes an oversized tupper segment, the Design Breaking Swength may be taken asthe load at faklead corresponding toa lad in the next segment equal tothe MBS of that segment, Nowe 2: For ype approval, Tp i510 be taken a the Design 8S dvd ed by the minimum required safety factor as specified in Sec 3. For items supporting the fee spanning line, due attention is to be given to the range of orientation of line load that wil result from folerances in system geometry, vessel offset and vessel motions, in adddtian to those resulting from possible ‘configurations or predicted by mooring analysis. For fatigne, due attention is to be given to cyclic loadi reculting from angular variations of line load il 7.23 Materials Materials shall conform to the relevant sections ofthe Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units and NR 216 (off shore grades), taking into account design temperature and structural categories, a defined in (7321Fax enis par + 33 1 40 97 42 38 FAX KASHAGAN Ta Strength ‘The Strength thall be documanted by appropriate calcula- tions, in accordance withthe provisions of App 3. items shall be designed to withstand the loads specified in 22. farts supporting mechanical components shall have, under the highest design tension TD, deformations within such limits 36 not to impair the integrity of mechanical compo~ rents 725 Interface with vessel structure Loads and load distribution at interface with vessel sructure shall be documented. Interface arrangement and weld details shall be specified, in ‘a manner consistent with the arrangement of undemeath vessel structure, in order to ensure suitable structural conti- ruity. Atention Is to be given to thickness tansttions between materials of different strength. 7.26 Fatigue ‘The vesistance to fatigue of iterns and interface connection= shall be documented. ‘The data referenced in [5.2.5] may be used as guidance for the purpose of type approval For a panicular project, the achieved fatigue life shall be documented, and in accordance withthe relevant require- ments of Se 3. Possible dtvimental interaction withthe mooring line shall be assessed and taken inte account forthe design of the upper segment ofthe Fine, a3 well as forthe design of the item iself In this respect, attention isto be given to minimise out of plane bending in chain, and to locked-in modes that may ise i relation with friction between pats within the load path between free spanning ne and vessel body. 7.2.7 Mechanical components ‘Mechanical components shall be of a suitable type with respect to functional requirements (e.g. low friction proper- ties) and durability in marine environment / seawater. Mechanical components shall be able to withstand internal loads induced by the Design Breaking Strength inthe line, and operate under the highest design tension To in tine. Parts requiring replacement shall be identified, and criteria specified. 728 Protection Protection against corrosion and wear shall be provided by adequate means. For submerged items, consideration may be given to com- plementary cathodic protection {when electrical bonding is ewided to banafit from Mull CP system), or independent protection, e008 ait NI 493, Seo. 7.3 Manufacturing and testing 7.24 Manufacturing ‘The manufacturing of items shall be performed in accor dance with the relevant requirements of ‘Chapter 5 ofthe Rules for the Classification af Oftshore: Units + Chapters 5 and 6 of NR.216 ‘+ NK 426 (welded construction) 7.82 Structural categories and Decign temperature For the selection of materials, and the definition of fabrica. tion and NDT requirements: * principal load bearing tems and adjacent structure shall be considered as special category" elements + the rest ofthe body of items may be considered as “fist category" elements * the design temperature shall be specified, and taken not Figher than the design air temperature for the vessel. ‘The (nearsurface) seawater design may be however ‘considered for permanently submerged parts. 733 Testing and on-board installation ‘The onboard installation of items shall be performed under Survey by the Society. Interface welds shall be considered as “special category” ‘elements (100% NDT). Functional testing shall be performed, in workshop as far as practicable, and after on-board installation, following. an ‘greed program, 8 Ancillary elements 81 General 8.41 The present (8) fs addressing ancillary tems such as, bbuoys, sinkers and their connections, that are permanent parts of the mooring system see Sec 2, [1.3.1]. 8.4.2 Ancillay items shall be designed, manufactured and tested according w the general principles set out in this Guidance Nate 8.1.3 Design criteria, materials, surveys during manufactur- ing and testing, as applicable, shall be carrie out ta the sat- 'sfaction ofthe Society 8.2 Service conditions B24 The hilure of any of these components to fulfl is function shall be considered in the design of the mooring system as a damaged case. 8.2.2 Dispositions shall exist in order to ensure the integrity fof the mooring system at any time. These dispositions shall bbe submited to the Society for review. ute Yertas aFax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN M1483, App 1 | APPENDIX 1 CHARACTERISATION OF THE LINE RESPONSE i} 1 based on the above tension criteria: 1.9 DAF Gury 12 1:2 DAF any 1.4 Test run 3,2 log Ts where 44.4 A characterisation of the line response i to be per IIL formed in order to obtain information on the respective TMi eetenane NTT contribution of mean load, slow drift, and wave frequency ‘motions to the fine tension, the level of dynamic tensions, To Largest natural period defined in Sec 3, and to evaluate if Quasi-Dynamic analysis can be sufficient. Baa. ‘Accolatively short run (10 to 15 mn real time} will be gener. 1m that case, the low frequency part of the tension Is gov- ally suticiet ‘ening over the wave-requency part. Conditions of run should be taken as close as possible t@—b) of those of the ‘wave governed” case leading to maximum (Quasi-Dynamic tensions 2 farlead (or other point of intr. 1S in the governing (intact or damaged) situation. 1.4.2 The time series ofthe quasi-dyramic tension Ty and } ofthe dynamic tension Tg ar 1 be writen as: Tog = Tron + Ty + Tat Tams = Toe 4 Tu # Tote where: ; Ten | Mean tension Te Low frequency tension variation, Tug a0 Tata ae respectively the Quast-Dynamic and the dynamic wave frequency variations thus obtained by difer- cence between the total signal and the previous ferms. Ty, “Twig 29d Tue CaN be characterised by their standard devia- ion i. Sip PE Sr 4.2 Characterisation 1.21 Trem and Ty are to be checked for consistency between dynamic and static response analyses, 1.2.2 The significance of dynamic tension can be assessed from: DAF = Gass! Gui [Note 1: The ratio of total maxima) tension Tau e/Toang om time | {domain simulation is nota proper indication, and canto be called a"DAF 1.2.8. The Quasi-Oynamic analysis is sufficient, if one the following condition is satisied: 1,75 (M~ 1,85) 2 1,67 (M#0,75) ‘and, ifthe analysed case is a damoged condition M+1B5>M 4078) Ml ‘+ Mand 3 are the mean and the (n= 1) standard devi- ation of the maximum tension over 5 simulatione, the came conditions + Mi and 5° are estimators of the same quantities in cease of dynamic simulation, that are oblained by. AF-S =M=Tan +264) M2 M+ B(DAF=1) 1.24 inthe case of [1.2.3] 2) above, and only when DAF is undoubtedly below 1, the Safery factors for dynamic analy sis may be used with the results of a Quasi Dynamic analy 2.5 When line dynamic is prevailing, plot of Tyy versus Tog td Ty VersuS dT / ct will indicate to which of these Toy is comelated, a8 needed forthe selection of windows for dynamic analysis, 1.2.6 For the scanning through combination of vescel con. ditions and metecean parsmetars, the following tension cxi- teria (based on API 25K and the above data) may be used, with the results of a single Quasi-Dynamic simulation for ‘each combination: a)_when Low Frequency is prevailing over Wave Freque for tension variations: willl Tat = Ton + 6.9~ 0,9 0g Te) ig +? Gr, 1) otherwise: Taw = Tyan +2 Gige + 3,7 DAF OyFax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN APPENDIX 2 re Pan NI 493, App 2 COMBINATION OF INTENSITY AND DIRECTION OF METOCEAN PARAMETERS 1 General 1.1. Metocean conditions Atel The metocean conditions far a Neyear return period (N = 100 for permanent installations) are to be defined as combinations ofthe direction and intensity of waves, wind, and current. and of associated parameters, Depending on the climate, several sets are to be defined in which one of the parameter is governing. This is intended to take into account that extremes may not result all fram the same meteorological conditions, or not all from the same storm event, nor atthe same time within the same event 1.1.2 For each set, the “governing” parameter isto be taken ‘with an intensity cortesponding to the N-year return period. Other parameters are fo be taken as “associated value”, with an intensity that will ganeraly correspond to 2 lower return poriod, depending on the degree of correlation of extremes, and the relative direction, but generally nat less than one year. Generally, tho relative direction between any two elements feeds not be taken more than 150". 1.4.9. The following crtera are given for guidance and may need adjustment when more accurate dala are available for the site under consideration. 1.4.4 Scanning chall be performed over a large enough interval to provide the evidence that maximum response have been caught. A scanning interval of 15° will be gener- ally suficient to catch maximum response 1.2 Notations 1.2.1 The following notations are used in this Appendix, 4 Waves 8 Swell w Wied see v wind c Curent HAV Relative direction henween waves and sind CW Relative direction between anearh sure cure rent ang wing Re Retuen period &r, Relerence return period : Reduction factor wee [7.4.1P, Nu 1 Retswe headings ase betsoen taval dicectons gid ave taken pastive when rlnckacive ies fem above. inthe Neste fre ennphoes 1.3. Return period 1.8.1. The return period RP is to be taken as follows: + RP —N for the governing element + RP= RPC 10’ for other elements [Note 1: When RP is less than one year its move epessontative to {gute the number af exceadance por year nd = 18 Dr the probability of exceedance in af He: = 100 ox2 3000 4.32 The metocean data ate normally available as the intensity of each element, asa function of the return period: independent all-directions or directional extremes) Note 1:The intensity for imermegiate return periods may be obtained by lingar interpolation of intensity as a function of the fog ‘of tum period i. of he actor 1.33 When directional data are used. intensity for any one clement is taken as the intensity in the sector where thet ‘loment i lying. 2 Extra-tropical areas 2.1 Applicability 2.141 The combinations in [2.21 to [2.4] below are applica ble to areas with storm conditions in which wind driven ‘s¢05 and wind driven current are governing over other come ponents 2.2. Typical conditions 2.2.1 Two typical conditions may be defined, as follaws: + wave governed, with relative heading H-Y between ~60" and +60" and C-V between ~€0° and +60" + curent governed, with relative heading H-Y beawaen «30 and +30" and (-¥ benwaen = #0" ang 90°. 2.3. Reduction factors 294 Reduction factor r, The redaction fact r, ie given by 20 when tas 30° when 30" ... =e @ 6 w . @ = 8 © w relative decon H-¥ ‘elie crecton CV 2 een tnFee ere TIMP TPT TPT FAX KASHAGAN | 1498, App 2 “bo types conditions maybe defied a follows Figur 2: Reduction factor gy «ave govemed, with relate headings vt between 45° and +45° and C-H between +30° and -30° 125 «arent governed, wih lave heading VI between SG5s and. a9" and CH between “80” and 120" Il In addition, conditions for wintevfmonsoon seasons, and: a thowe for local caret fe eddy curent) are tobe separ ately considered, a8 defined above, when relevant. min 4.2 Reduction factors 050 42.1. Reduction factor a, i The reduc fa is given by: an on facto 4, hen by: z t : 1 gel when nerissot tain rection 4 g.22-WEH when 30" sn 45" ‘The reduction factor q, is shown in Fig 2. ‘Table 2 : Intensity of the elements: 4.3 Data for the intensity of the elements. Tropicale |, {43.1 Dataforiensiyof elements ae gen in ab3 Teall ear Mbit Mf needed, the factors ¢,, ¢, and c, for intermediate situa- ‘combination ii Mm) dn (CH betwen “30° and 60" ay be ebained by [ Hgoemed ; interpolation between those of the H govemed and the C Pari Os ‘governed case. Cgovemed OF a 06a, 7Fax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN L493, App > APPENDIX 3 1 1.4 Subject 1.1.1 This Appendix is applicable to the stee! components cof a mooring systom such as: ‘+ non standard connection and termination fittings # anchors + supporting suuctures in vessel hull or turret ancillary components. 1.4.2 Guidance is given on structural strength criteriay as a ‘complement to the criteria specified in Chapter 4 and 5 of the Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units, and con- cerning: = design loads 1 assessment of strength based on non-linear analysis. 1.1.3. Fatigue strength and, where relevant, buckling strength are not adchressed below and are to he daly consid ‘ered following the applicable requirements of tho Rules for the Classification of Ofishore Unis and those of the present Guidance Note, 1.2. Design loads 4.2.1 As specified in 43.42 of the Rules for the Classifica ton of Offshore Units, and in Sec 4, the reference load for design of steel components is the specified breaking strength that shall be considered 2c “load eato 3" (acciden. tal), with respect to the strength eriteria of the Chapter 5 of the Rules for the Classification of Offshore Unk. 1.2.2 In addition to the above requirements, the following, design loads are to be considered, as necessary: = design tension To, in the intact conditions of the moor ing system, asa “load case 2° (design) ‘design line tension To, in the damaged condition of the mooring system, also as. "load cave 2” idesign) © design line tension To, in the transient line failure} con- dition of the mooring systorn, as 2 “load cate 3" (aeci- onto. 4.2.3 The line of action of the design load is generally dic- tated by the geometry of the component. 1.24 for items fixed to the vessel or to the anchor, the angular variations resulting from tolerances in system geom- ‘etry, vessel offeet and vessel motions are to be duly consid- cred. Suitable ranges of orientation are 10 be specified, wrth Consideration ofthe loads induced in each part ofthe iter, 1.28 For structures on the vessel end, that may be subject to loads from several adjacent lines, combinatione of leads ‘may be derived from mooring analysis. In each of the con- STRUCTURAL STRENGTH CRITERIA dition of the mooring system, load combinations shall be catogorised asin [1.2.2] above, Several combinations of line loads in each case may be needed to assess strength, 1.26 Other loads acting simultancously as the line loads are to be considered where applicable (e.g. soil reactions, for anchors) Generally self weight i negligible and can be omitted. 1.3. Elastic design 1.3.1 When assessment of strength is hased on clastic anal- ysis, the atrength criteria in Section 5-3 of the Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units are applicable. 1.8.2 The following criteria shall be satisfied: %S11GR and aca, where: So + Equivalent stress (as specified in Section 5.3.5.3, of the Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units), under the design loads as defined in na + Axial stress, under the same conditions (pure tension case) & Allowable stress factor, as defined in Section $- 3.5.42 of the Rules forthe Classification of Off. shore Units, for the case considered (see 22 R Reference sess (as specified in Section 5.3.5.2 Of the Rules for the Classification of Offshore. Units 1.8.8 In case of assembly with contact between several ele- ments, non-linear contact analysis may be omitted, prou -vided the distribution of stresses In the body ofthe element 's not sensitive tothe distribution of pressure over the con- tact area, 1.84 Local high compressive ctrzzes in contact areas cant be gencrally ignored, ifthe geometry ensure confinement of the area, so that shear fllure is not foreseenable, and if the above condition is also satisfied. 1.4 Elastic plastic design 1.41 In elastic-plastic analysis, a sessstrain relation is assumed as; o=Ee fer lolsR, [e/SR/E lelarve The load is applied by increment, until instability, or the onset of large deformatione, or a manimum, is observed. Contacts are to be modelled adequately o HR forFax enis par 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN The strength criterion is: Ben where: lp + Design load ly + Lond resulting in plastic flare (analysis does not need to be continued beyond 1,05 Ly/ ‘ hiluro ie net obcorved). 1.42 In some cases, the capacity of the structure can be assessed by assuming one or more plastic hinges at discrete locations, and failure is observed as an instability of the ructure, In such case, the strength criterion i, forall hinges: foce, @ hee: fo Inemal Force at a plastic hinge, under the daign load Fe Capacity ofthe plastic hinge Note 1: Fy end Fr can be a single intemal force compomint (2g & plastic momend, 02 vecor of several Components eg. axa force and moment) acing tages, taking into account a suable iter action formula, NL435, App 3 1.5. Design based on elasto-plastic analysie 1.5.1 In elasto-plastic analysis, the stress strain relation cor responding tothe actual type of material is considered. This relation isto be rescaled so that the yield stess, the ulimate stress, and the elongation at rupture aro equal to the minimum gusrantced properties oF the material ‘Analysis is accounting for the effects of large deformations. Contacts ae to be modelled adequately ‘The load is applied by increment, until a maximum, or the ‘onset of largo deformations, oF excessive local strains, is observed, The stengh eteon Bio, ve niga CS teeing pe tue 8: tauribe clon egal + 1,05 for ine components + L15 for on-vessel supporting structure and fer anchors {enalysis does not need to be continued beyond B Le / cif failure is not observed). ee eas 33Fax enis par | 331 40 97 42 FAX KASHAGAN GEOTECHNICAL CAPACITY OF ANCHORING Devices (PARTIAL FACTOR FORMAT). 1N1499, App 4 APPENDIX 4 ‘Symbols To + Design tension inline at lg, calculated accord- ingto See 3,1 Ty + Line pretension (se (2.2.10) F Force in fine resulting from environmental actions at ug see 2.2.3) Fe Static free at lg S00 [2.2.21 = + Angleofline alg Gee (2.1.30) ip + Patti! load factor for line pretension (sce 23.) the = Pal load factor for static tension (600 (2.3.21) te = Paria load factor for tension given in Tab 2 C= Ukimate capacity ofthe anchoring device (see wD Submerged deadweight ofthe anchoring device (oce B21 4 + Genetic soil parameter (see (3.1). £ Factor for suction effect ee 13.2.4) e+ Material factor (oe 131.20) A Model factor (ee (4.11) Ke Uplift factor oo 42). 1 General 1.1. Scope of application 4.4.4 The present Appendix is addreszing the geotachnical capability of anchoring devices for an offshore permanent mooring, and applies to such devices as suction anchors, ‘dag anchors, VUAS, clumps and short ples, 4.1.2 The criteria in this Appondix are only valid for anchoring devices in adequately known soil profiles and in the absence of detrimental geo-hazard (see Sec 4, [62.2)), 14.3. Eifects associated with creep and cyliciepeated loading are tobe investigated, if anticipated as detrimental 1.2 Format 4.2.4 The criteria in this Appendix follow a limit state (par tial factors) formal, with distinct partial factors for actions and soil properties, and a set of global factors (model factor ‘and safety factor) on the right side of the imequalities in (5) 4.22 The uncertainties on parameters not explicitly quoted in the following should be accoumed for in an appropriate way, such as +a range is defined and the less favourable value is con- sidered (¢, for out of plane loading of the anchor) * a sultable partial factor is considered, when a statistical description is possible (eg. the rate of increase of chear strength with dopth). 2 Actions 24 General 2.44 The actions at anchor hige ate o be evaluated for the possible combinations of metocean parameters and config ration of the system (see Sec 3, [8)), and for the following conditions ofthe mooring system: + static (intact system intact system + damaged © transient condition, whee requi (Gee See 2, (8.6). 2.4.2 The actions at anchor lugs in each of the design con- dition tobe considered, are defined on the basis of: + the angle of fine at log + the components ofthe design tension To at lug. 2.4.3. The angle a of line at lug is the angle of line with respect ta horizontal. 22 Design tensions 224 Pretension ‘The line pretension T, is the static tension in the mooring line at lug in the absence of environmental loads [Note 1: Ty including te effec of permanently apped loads such 25 tensions rom nse or expor lies attached to the floating body (see ec 3, B23), 222. Static condition In the static condition, the static force at lug, noted F, 1s the environmental permanent force resulting from eg. a persise tent general circulation current, if any. sts given by: Fe-Tan Te where: Tn ‘Mean (static) line tension under permanent met- ‘ocean actions. In the absence of specific information, Fs may be taken equal to,par : 33 1 40 97 42 38 Pr Te 2.23 Dynamic forces For each condition of the mooring system (intact. damaged, ‘and transient condition when equited) the force in line at |g F resulting from environmental actions only (ue. exclud- ing pretension) is evaluated for both extreme (10-year return period) and operating metocean conditions (1-year return petiod, if not otherwice specified: see Sec 3, 18.5] and Sec 3, (5). F is given by: FeT-T ‘The notations in Tab 1 are used to describe comesponding forces and the azzociated loed factors. Table 1 : Dynamic force in line and associated Toad factor - Notations: ‘Caniiion of mooring system Toiact | Damege | ee Yer Falter Fas Design condition = Extreme condone [ity Fes Gperating conditions tea Fas 2.3 Partial load factors 23.4. The patil foad factor for Hine pretension isto be: taken equal to 1,15. 23.2 The partial load factor 1, isto be taken equal to 1.25. 2.3.3. The partial load factor for dynamic forces is to be taken as per Tab 2 below. ‘Table 2: Load tactor % “Condition of mooring system Design condition Twiact | Oamaged | Tansient Exiveme conditions | ter= 135 | cee= "A | ter 15 ‘Operating conditions| = 125 | ne= 13 | utd Note 1: in intact and damage conditions. x are for forces ‘evaluated tough dynamic analysis (see Sec 3, (2-4). Note 2: The forces in transient conditions are usually evalu- ated through quasi-dynamic analysis ee Sec 3, (23). dynamic analysis is performed, Yas and Yr Tay be taken 35 for damaged cases 3 Capacity 3.1 Ultimate capacity 3.1.1 General ‘The ultimate capscity C of the anchoring deviee is defined 4s the ultimate capacity inthe direction of the line atiug, as defined by angle a in [2.1.3] above, and isa function of soit strength parameters, 26/68/04 «8 +4E Pg: 12/14 Ni 493, App a The evaluation of capacity isto account for any misverticale lty ofthe anchoring device. The ulumate capacity ¢ 1s 0 be evaluated considering the main soil parameter q {appropriate shear strength or tan @) booing divided by o material factor %e. The ultimate capaci- ties are thus noted as C (q / 7) in the criteria given in [5] below. 2.1.2 Material factor The values of jy ate given in Tab 3. Table 3 : Material factor iy Condition ww ‘State Ts Intact arene and Operating) Damaged 1 Transient ()_Yurmay be taken equal to 12 for sands. 3.2 Components of ultimate capacity 3.21 Deadweight ‘The deadweight ofthe anchoring device P” isto be taken as the submerged weight in soil 3.22 Ultimate capacity C, and C, ‘The ulimate capacity C is to be evaluated for both static (permanently applied load) and dynamic situations, and are noted respectively Cand Ce. For suction anchors or similar anchoring devices that may develop such phenomenon, C; and C- are the capacities not considering any suction effect. 323. Additional eapacity C, For suction anchors or similar devices an additional wt. mate capacity C,, resulting from the davelapment of in-ser- viee (normally passive] suction may be taken Inio account, in dynamic situanon. 3:24 Factor for suction effect Gis tobe factored by a factor e, varying fram 0 40 1. The factor € 1s depending on particular soil condition and device, and shall reflect = the confidence on the development of in-service suction {as proven by experience or through experiments, et.) "ls anticipated mobilisation, specially under dynamic actions Wher the possibility of in-service suction is established, « may be taken as the ratio of the double amplitude wave fre- {quency Inad de to waves to the design tension in the situa ton considered, or may be derived by other appropriate metFax enis par + 33 1 40 97 42 38 1N1499, App 4 4 Other factors at 4.1.1 The factor A is a model facior A is to be taken as 067. For drag anchors, depending on experiance on the type of, anchor for the particular soll conditions and the possibilty of gaining additional capacity when more deeper burying, the factor A may be taken as low as 0.55, Factor A 4.2 uplift factor 42:1 The uplift factor K. isto be taken as: Kyo 1 +023 sina Where a is taken as defined in (2.1.31 43° Safety factors AAA. Basic minimum safety factors are specified in 1S) below, om the right side of inequalities, for each relevant ‘condition, FAX KASHAGAN 6/68 /e4 8684 Pg: ‘These factors are for anchoring devices of line type Il (sce Ni461), In the case of a siructure'in close proximity, the safety fac tors for anchoring devices of fine type | isto be increased in accordance with See 3, Tab 3 (Gee notes (3) and (4) of th table). A specific Risk Analysis may be considered to help i defining appropriate facors for a particular situation. 5) Criteria 5.1 General ‘5.1.1 The inequalities to be satisied in each design condi- tion are given in Tab 4 below. ‘The set of inequalities is to be simultaneously satisfied, however those for trancient conditions need not be consice cred when transient analysis is not applicable (see Sec 3, (een [Note {: The citera given in the present) are checking formats, ot equilib equations Tanto 4: free conduons TT noon yr Operating cont ie eee 0.970, il rita aA tact lain) 28C6g/ng) + 0.97 ne Calan ##Ccaly) + 0.97 sna eee acee TTT =e alt OFF ne, A5AK, Patel Slat Ela) 6 SP HOE 99 Geta’ ecart)+0.9P sina Te YeaFes ii yee 21,3AKy Transient Calor ear) +0. 9Fsn WAT Wht tetes “eC 19F SNE 184K, seo zm 114Fee ere TIMP TPT TPT FAX KASHAGAN Pg: 14/14 6 For the benefit of business and people Marine Division 92077 Patis-La-Défense Cedex — France Tel, : 33 (0) 142 91 52.91 — Fax: 33 (0) 1 42 9153.20 Corporate website : hitp:/bureauveritas.com Marine website: htipy/www.veristar.com E-mail : veristarcom@bureauveritas.com