Professional Documents
Culture Documents
REZULTATE N AMELIORAREA
OREZULUI LA FUNDULEA
GHEORGHE ALIONTE, DANIELA IORGA, ELIANA ALIONTE
Lucrrile de ameliorare a orezului au nceput n cadrul I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea
la Centrul Experimental pentru Cultura Orezului de la Chirnogi n anul 1961 i
au fost orientate n direcia crerii de soiuri care s ntruneasc principalele caracteristici agronomice, necesare pentru condiiile specifice Romniei, cunoscndu-se faptul c ara noastr se situeaz la limita cea mai de nord (45oN) a
culturii orezului, cu un climat tipic continental, i anume: precocitate (110-125
zile), rezisten la temperaturi sczute n fazele critice de vegetaie, rezisten la
boli i duntori, rezisten la cadere, capacitate ridicat de producie i de calitate (M e l a c h r i n o s i M e l a c h r i n o s, 1973).
Prin lucrri de hibridare, care au cuprins forme parentale diversificate, i prin
selecie individual repetat, primele soiuri create la Institut au fost: soiul Sidef,
omologat n anul 1975 i soiul Ariana, omologat n anul 1984 (autori: Andrei
Melachrinos i Florica Melachrinos). Cele dou soiuri au reprezentat un progres
semnificativ n privina reducerii perioadei de vegetaie, fiind mai precoce cu
peste 10 zile fa de soiul Krasnodar 424, soi ce se cultiva pe o suprafa de peste 90% din suprafaa total cultivat cu orez n ar n acea perioad. mpreun
cu alte 8 soiuri de orez omologate, create la centrele de ameliorarea orezului de
la Timioara i Brila, soiurile Sidef i Ariana au condus la diversificarea sortimentului soiurilor cultivate i la reducerea ponderii soiurilor strine de la cca
90% n 1980 la cca 40% n 1987 (tabelul 1). De asemenea, mbuntirea sortimentului de soiuri de orez a facilitat o valorificare mai bun a condiiilor pedoclimatice specifice fiecrei zone de cultur, constituind unul din factorii care
au permis obinerea n anii urmtori a unor producii medii de cca 4000 kg/ha
pe suprafee de peste 45.000 ha, fa de numai 2100-2400 kg/ha ct se obineau
pn atunci.
n continuare, lucrrile de ameliorarea orezului au fost orientate n direcia
obinerii unor soiuri semiintensive i intensive, cu o arhitectur perfecionat a
plantelor, care s permit realizarea unor desimi ridicate de tulpini fertile la unitatea de suprafa.
Rezultate semnificative n aceast direcie au nceput s fie obinute att prin
metoda hibridrii simple, ct i prin metoda mutaiilor induse (A l i o n t e i
colab., l985). Asfel, n anul 1988 a fost omologat primul soi de orez romnesc
cu bobul lung, soiul Cristal (autori: Gheorghe Alionte, Elena Oni i Eliana Alionte), soi ce se caracterizeaz printr-un coninut ridicat de protein (peste 11%,
fa de 7-8%, ct este normal) i o calitate culinar deosebit.
96
Tabelul 1
Soiurile de orez create n Romnia n perioada 1975-2007
(date I.S.T.I.S., 2007)
Nr.
crt.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Denumirea
soiului
Sidef
Bega
Polizeti 28
Diamant
Ariana
Brila
Cristal
Chirnogi
Oltenita
Speranta
Dunrea
Elida
Zefir
Magic
Anul
nregistrrii
1975
1978
1978
1984
1984
1985
1988
1989
1991
1994
1998
2001
2003
2005
Unitatea creatoare
I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea
U.S.A.M.V. a Banatului, Timioara
S.C.C.A.S.S. Brila
U.S.A.M.V. a Banatului, Timioara
I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea
S.C.C.A.S.S. Brila
I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea
I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea
I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea
I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea
I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea
I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea
I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea
I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea
Forma
bobului
rotund
rotund
rotund
semilung
rotund
lung
semirotund
rotund
semilung
rotund
rotund
lung
fusiform
97
Tabelul 2
Cultura comparativ cu principalele linii i soiuri obinute la I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea, Centrul
experimental pentru cultura orezului Chirnogi (2006)
50% Perioada de
nflorit, vegetaie
data
zile
1 Magic
14.08
122,0
2 Fundulea 44
09.08
116,0
3 Fundulea 42
16.08
124,0
4 Fundulea 36
15.08
121,0
5 Fundulea M 350 10.08
116,0
6 Fundulea 34
11.08
117,0
7 Speranta
11.08
118,0
8 Elida
13.08
120,0
9 Fundulea 40
16.08
122,0
10 Fundulea 43
17.08
119,0
11 Fundulea 45
30.07
107,0
12 Oltenita
09.08
115,0
13 Polizesti 28
12.08
119,0
14 Fundulea 38
07.08
113,0
15 Dunrea
14.08
121,0
16 Fundulea M 352 15.08
121,0
Nr.
crt.
ll*)
Soiul /
linia
l = f. rezistent
7 = slab rezistent
Talia Rezistena la
Nr.de
cdere
plante/ plantei
2
cm
*)
m
496,0
95,0
1
580,0
92,0
2-3
492,0
87,5
1
444,0
10,5
2
600,0
101,5
1-2
496,0
96,5
1-2
444,0
99,0
1
492,0
103,5
2-3
530,0
105,5
1
486,0
103,0
1
696,0
92,0
3-4
566,0
96,5
3-4
496,0
80,5
2
544,0
91,5
2-3
500,0
88,5
1
444,0
89,0
1
MMB
g
19,0
33,2
31,2
34,4
36,0
32,0
35,2
33,6
45,6
29,6
40,4
29,2
35,2
35,6
36,0
36,4
Proaducia
kg/ha
10650
10600
10550
10500
10450
10450
10250
10250
10000
9800
9750
9500
8300
8250
8050
8000
%
114,5
114,0
113,4
112,9
112,4
112,4
110,2
110,2
107,5
105,4
104,8
102,6
0
99,5
97,3
96,8
DL = 435 kg/ha
98
The rice breeding works started in 1961 at the Rice Experimental Center Chirnogi, belonging
to NARDI Fundulea, aiming to release varieties with the main agronomic traits useful to Romania
conditions. By crossing diverse parents and by repeated individual selection, the first varieties
obtained at NARDI were Sidef and Ariana, registered in 1975 and 1984 respectively (authors:
Andrei Melachrinos and Florica Melachrinos).
Starting with 1990, by using various parents from different world areas (Asia, America,
Africa and Australia) and selection in material obtained by induced mutations, five new rice
varieties were registered: Sperana (1994), Dunrea (1998), Elida (2001) and Zefir (2003),
obtained by classical method (crossing followed by individual selection) and Magic (2005)
obtained by induced mutations (authors: Gheorghe Alionte, Daniela Iorga and Eliana Alionte).
These varieties produce yields up to 8.0 t/ha and have different grain shapes and superior quality.
For the first time in Romania, a variety obtained by induced mutation was released, namely
Oltenita, registered in 1991 (authors: Gheorghe Alionte, Elena Onit and Eliana Alionte).
For the future, the rice breeding program is directed to releasing new varieties able to
successfully compete with the foreign ones. One has in view:
` releasing intensive varieties with high yielding ability and high quality, able to use modern
technologies;
` releasing early and very early varieties with high yielding potential, which allow harvesting
during optimum time before the occurrence of unfavourable conditions;
` cumulation of favourable genes for high yielding potential and increased stability.
REFERINE BIBLIOGRAFICE
ALIONTE, GH., 1983 Noi aspecte privind tehnologia de cultur a orezului. Probleme agricole, 3.
ALIONTE, GH., MELACHRINOS, FL., ONI, E., TEFAN, D., 1985 Rezultate obinute n
ameliorarea orezului prin metoda mutaiilor induse. An. I.C.C.P.T. Fundulea, LII: 59-70.
MELACHRINOS, A., MELACHRINOS, FL., 1973 Linii noi de orez. An. I.C.C.P.T. Fundulea,
XXXIX, C: 87-96.
MELACHRINOS, A., MELACHRINOS, FL., ALIONTE, GH., 1979 Erbicide graminicide la
cultura orezului nsmnat direct n uscat. An. I.C.C.P.T. Fundulea, XLIV: 303-312.
Prezentat Comitetului de redacie la 2 mai 2007