98 ‘Chapter 2: Transmission Line Theory Solution From (2.32) the characteristic impedance of the coaxial line is ox ap Zo= an In a ‘Then, using the incremental inductance rule of the form in (2.106), the attenuation due to conductor loss is Ry di _ Rs [dlndfa dinb/al Be (1,1 ~ 2en dé db da Zo a)’ which is seen to be in agreement with the result of Example 2.7. The negative sign on the second differentiation in the above equation is because the derivative for the inner conductor is in the —p direction (receding wall). ° Regardless of how attenuation is calculated, measured attenuation constants for prac- tical lines are usually higher. The main reason for this discrepancy is the fact that realistic transmission lines have metallic surfaces that are somewhat rough, which increases the Joss, while our theoretical calculations assume perfectly smooth conductors. A quasiem- pirical formula that can be used to correct for surface roughness for any transmission line is [7] z al=ae [+2 2 ant 14(2) |: 2.107 where a is the attenuation due to perfectly smooth conductors, a, is the attenuation corrected for surface roughness, A is the ms surface roughness, and 4, is the skin depth of the conductors. REFERENCES [1] S. Ramo, J. R. Winnesy, and. Van Duzer, Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics, Thitd Edition, Jobn Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1994. [2] J. A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1941 13] H. A. Wheeler, “Reflection Charts Relating to Impedance Maiching,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-32, pp. 1008-1021, September 1984, [4] P. H. Smith, “Transmission Line Calculator.” Electronics, vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 29-31, January 1939. [5] P.J. Nahin, Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude, IEEE Press, N.Y. 1988. (6] H.A. Wheeler, “Formulas for the Skin Effect,” Proc, IRE, vol. 30, pp. 412-424, September 1942. (71 T. C. Bdwards, Foundations for Microstrip Cireuit Design, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1987. PROBLEMS 2.1 A transmission line has the following per unit length parameters; L = 0.2 H/m, © = 300 pF/m, R=S5Qim, and G = 0.01 Sim. Calculate the propagation constant and characteristic impedaiice of this line at 500 MHz, Recalculate these quantities in the absence af loss (R = G = 0).Problems 2.2 Show tha the following 7-model of a transmission Tite also yields the telegrapher equations derived in Section 2.1 24 For the parallel plate line of Problem 2.3, derive the telegrapher equations using the field theary approach. 2.5 A certain coaxial line has eopper conductors with an inner conductor diameter of {num and am ‘outer conductor dlameter of 3 mn, ‘The dielectric fling has ¢- = 2.8 with loss tangent of 005. ‘Compute the R, £,G, and C* parameters of this line al 3 GHz and the characteristic impedance ‘and phase velocity. 2.6 Compute and plot the attenuation of the coaxial line of Probleni 2.5. in dBi, over 4 frequency range of 1 MHz to 10 GHz, Use log-log graph paper. 27 A lossless transinissiom line of elecrigal length / = 0.3 is terminated with a complex Toad ‘impedance as shown below. Find the reflection coefficient at the load. the SWR om the Tine, and the input impedance t the line 4-40-4209 | 28. A lossiess transmission line is terminated with a 100 (load. If the SWR on the line 4s 1.5, find the two possible values for the characteristic impedance ofthe line.100 Chapter 2: Transmission Line Theory 2.9 A radio tinsmiter is connected 10 an antenna having an impedance 80 + j40 9 with a 50 @ coaxial cable. If the 50 €2 transmitter ean deliver 30 W when connected to a 50 £2 load, how much power is delivered to the antenna? 240 A 75 2 coaxial transmission line has a fength of 2.0 cm and is terminated with a loud impedance of 37.5-+ J752. If the dielectric constant of the line is 2.56 and the frequency is 3.0 GHz, find the input impedance to the line, the reflection coefficient at the load, the reflection coefficient at the input, and the SWR on the Fine 2.11 Calculate SWR, reflection coefficient magnitude, and retum loss values to complete the entties in the following table: SWR [T| RL (AB) 1.00 0.00 °° 11 = — — oor = los — = = = 30.0 0 = - 120 — — 0.10 _ 150 — — - - 100 2000 — - 2500 = = 2.42 The transmission line circuit on the next page has V, SV mms, Z, = 752, Z = 752, 2, = @ — j402, and é = 0.7. Compute the power delivered to the load using three different techniques: (a) find P and compute {b) find Ze and compute (© find Vi and compute Discuss the rationale for each of these methods, Which of these methods can be used if the line is not lossless?Problems 104 2.13 For a purely reactive load tinpedanee af the form Zi = jX, show that the reflection coeicient magnitude [P| is alway’ unity, Assume the characteristic impedance 2 is eal, ‘244. Consider the transmission line eireuit shown below. Compute the incident power, the reflected power, and the power transmitted imo the infinite 75 $2 fine. Show that power conservation is satisfiod. Ra ap. iow f along the transmission line, Plot the magnitude of this voltage for ~/ <= <0. 109.2 St wy Z,= 80-00 216 A load impedance of Z, = 80+ j20 0 is to be matched 1 a Zy — 100 line using a length & of Jossless line of characteristic impedance Z|. Find the required 2; (real) and ¢. 2.17 Use the Smith chiar t find the following quantities for the transmission Fine eireuit below: 4a) The SWR on the ine, (b) The reflection coefficient at the load. (©) The load admittance. (@) The input impedance of the line, () The disiance from the load 10 the fst voltage minimam, (© The distamoe from the load tthe frst voltage maximum 04 25> q=08 7.260458102 218 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 Chapter 2: Transmission Line Theory Repeat problem 2.17 for Zz, = 40 — 730.9. Repeat problem 2.17 for &= 18A, Use the Smith chart to find the shortest lengths of a short-circuited 75 © line to give the following input impedance: @) Zq=9. ) Zig = 00. (©) 4. = 575 ©. (@) Zin = —J50 2. (©) Zs = 100. Repeat Problem 2.20 for an open-cireuited length of 75 9 line. A slotted-line experiment is performed with the following results: distance between suecesive minima = 2.1 om; distance of first voltage minimum from load = 0.9 cm; SWR of load = 2.5. If % = 50 2, find the load impedance. Design a quarter-wave matching transformer to match a 40 0 load to a 75 0 line, Plot the SWR for 0.5 < f/fo <2.0, where f, is the frequency at which the line is A/4 long. Consider the quarter-wave matching transformer circuit shown below. Derive expressions for V* and V~, the amplitudes of the forward and reverse traveling waves on the quarter-wave line section, in terms of V*, the incident voltage amplitude. Vin ye a4 —————> % VZoRL Ry Derive equation (2:71) from (2.70). In Example 2.7, the attenuation of a coaxial line due to finite conductivity is acm ie (3 +4): Show that Gu is minimized for conductor radii such that x In ar = 1 +a, where 2 this equation for sc, and show that the corresponding characteristic impedance for e- = b/a. Solve is 79. Compute and plot the factor by which attenuation is increased due to surface roughness, for rms roughness ranging from zero to 0.01 mm, Assume copper conductors at 10 GHz. A 50 0 transmission line is matched to a 10 V source and feeds a load Z;, = 1009. If the line is 2.3) long and has an attenuation constant «: = 0.5 dB/A. find the powers that are delivered by the source, lost in the line, and delivered to the load. Consider a nonreeiprocal transmission fine having different propagation constants, 3* and 8. for propagation in the forward and reverse directions, with corresponding characteristic impedancesProblems 103 Zand Z-. (An example of such 2 line could be & microstrip transmission line on a magnetized ferrite substrate.) If the line is terminated as shown below, darive expressions for the reflection ‘Sefton and ingedarce son at he inp of te ne ee => 25.25 de +— +: t 0