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Lab Report 520
Lab Report 520
To determine the change of standard Gibbs free energy for the decomposition of sodium
hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) from the change of standard enthalpy and the change of
standard entropy.
THEORY
Free energy is a state function that expresses the spontaneity of a chemical process in term of
enthalpy and entropy change of a system under conditions of constant temperature and
volume (Hemholtz free energy) and constant temperature and pressure (Gibbs free energy).
It is a quantity of non-pressure-and-volume work that a system can perform.
Gibbs free energy also known as Gibbs function.
G = H TS ,
where H, S and T denote enthalpy, entropy and temperature respectively.
Gibbs function for a chemical reaction system is based on differences in standard free
energies formation of products and reactants, in which, G < 0 means reaction proceeds to
the right, G > 0 means reaction proceeds to the left and G = 0 reaction is at equilibrium.
Gibbs function also expresses the escaping tendency of a reaction component in terms of
pressure of a gas, phase change and concentration of a solute.
When the state of the system changes at constant temperature :
dG = dH TdS (if the change at constant infinitesimal)
G = H TS (if t is measurable)
and at standard conditions of 25C and 1 atm
G = H - TS
By determining the quantity of H experimentally according to Hesss Law and extraction of
S from the data G of the reaction can be estimated easily.
In this experiment, the heat released/absorbed by decomposition of NaHCO 3 can not be
measured directly and need to be carried out in two separate experiments in determining the
quantities H for the reactions of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3.
[1]
H = Y kJmol-1
Na2CO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) +H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
[2]
H = Z kJmol-1
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
[1] [2]
2NaHCO3 (s) Na2CO3 (s) +H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
[3]
H = X kJmol-1
4.4318g
Mass of Na2CO3
3.3222g
1
2
3
4
NaHCO3 (C)
33.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
Na2CO3 (C)
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
Table 2 : Temperature after NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 were transferred into H2SO4 every 10s for 4
min respectively.
Time (s)
Temperature after
Temperature after
10
20
30
40
50
29.5
35.0
60
29.0
35.5
70
29.0
35.5
80
29.0
35.5
90
29.0
35.5
100
28.0
35.5
110
28.0
35.5
120
28.0
35.5
130
28.0
35.5
140
28.0
35.5
150
28.0
35.5
160
28.0
35.5
170
28.0
35.5
180
28.0
35.5
190
28.0
35.0
200
28.0
35.0
210
28.0
35.0
220
27.0
35.0
230
27.0
35.0
240
27.0
35.0
2NaHCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
qp
mCpT
+ 0.6348 kJ
qp / n
+ 12.034 kJmol-1
mCpT
- 0.1904 kJ
qp / n
- 6.077 kJmol-1
[1] [2]
2NaHCO3 (s) Na2CO3 (s) +H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
X kJmol-1
[1] [2]
[3] H = X kJmol-1
+5.957 kJmol-1
S[products] S[reactants]
33.89JK-1mol-1
H - TS
- 4435.37 Jmol-1
Gtheory
G[products] G[reactants]
-195.81 Jmol-1
CONCLUSION
Gexp (4435.37 Jmol-1) < Gtheory. (-195.81 Jmol-1)
While H > 0, S > 0 and Gexp < 0, the decomposition of NaHCO 3 can be considered as
spontaneous and forward reaction which more stable at higher temperature.
REFERENCES
Atkins, P, Paula, JE. (2006). Physical Chemistry. Ninth Ed. : Oxford University Press.
Lower, S. (2010). Free energy: the gibbs function (gibbs energy). Retrieved on March 27
2013 from http://www.chem1.com
QUESTIONS
1. Ti = 22.6 C
Tf = 26.3 C
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b) (d)
H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l)
(b)
(c)