GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW OUTLINE CamsripGE TestPRep™ GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW CouRsE CONCEPT OUTLINE: WHAT YoU ABSOLUTELY Must Know I. Parts of Speech (p. 53) A. Nouns (p, 53) B. Pronouns (p. 53) C. Verbs (p. 53) D. Modifiers (p. 54) E, Conjunetions (p.s4) Prepositions (p, 54) Exercise 1—Parts of Speech (Items #1-36, p. 5) 11, Common Grammatical Errors (p. 58) A, Subject-Verb Agreement (p. 58) |, Material Inserted Between Subject and Verb (p. $8) 2. Inverted Sentence Structure (p, 58) 3. Use of Compound Subjects (p. 59) B. Pronoun Usage (p. 60) 1. Pronouns Must Have Antecedents (p. 60) 2. Antecedents Must Be Clear (p. 61) 3, Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement (p. 62) 4, Pronouns Must Have Proper Case (p. 63) C. Adjectives vs, Adverbs (p. 66) 1. Adjectives Modify Nouns, Adverbs Modify Verbs (p. 66) 2. Linking Verbs (p. 67) 3. Watch for Adjectives Posing as Adverbs (p. 68) D. Double Negatives (p. 68) E. Nouns and Noun Clauses (p. 69) Exereise 2—Common Grammatical Errors (Items #1-41, p. 71) 49GRAMMAR AND MecHanics Skits Review © Parts of Speech A.noum is « word that refers to any one ofthe following jtems: persons, animals, plants, object, times, places, and ideas. Examples: Persons Animals: Plants: Objects: Times: Places: Ideas: Bob, woman, niece, student, doctor, men, brothers, teachers dog, mouse, cow, cats, elephants, birds 27085, tree, bushes, oaks love, car, building, sidewalk, desks, buses hour, 8 o’clock, Thanksgiving, Mondays, weekends home, office, city, Puerto Rico, Poland, Africa democracy, love, youth, sisterhood, dreams ‘A pronoun is a word that can substitute for a noun. Examples ‘Hemandez hit a home run, He waved to the crowd. ‘The woman went into the store. She bought a book. ‘My sisters live in St. Louis. They are coming to visit, ‘The bull escaped from the pasture. The farmer caught him. ‘The plant seems dry. Julie should water it. A.verb is a word that expresses activity, change, feeling, or existence. Examples: ‘The dog is running down the street. Mary wrote a letter, Kevin sewed button on the shir. ‘The weather became cold. ‘The sky darkened. John likes Mary. Carl worries that he might not pass the test The house is green. ‘The letter was several days late.FE conerranceren skits A modifier gives further detail to nouns and verbs. Examples; ‘The blue car ran into the red car. . ‘The tall woman was carrying an expensive umbrella, ‘The farmer patiently waited for the cows. Margaret walked quickly into the kitchen. A conjunction joins together nouns or ideas. Examples: Paul and Mary ate dinner. I like coffee, but George likes tea. You can take the subway or the bus. Harry played while Sam sang. Although Ed had not arrived, we ate anyway. Prepositions A preposition shows the relationship between an idea and a noun in the sentence, Examples: Patty sat on the chair. Cliff gave the apples to Tom. Geneva isthe owner ofthe diner. ‘The mop is in the closet beside the broom,GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS Review © Parts of Speech EXERCISE 1 DIRECTIONS: In items #1-20, identify each undertined word's part of speech. Use the following ey: C=Conjunction Prep = Preposition Answers are on page 687, 1. The ambulance weaved in and out of traffic as it hurried to the hospital, ambulance traffic it hnurtied hospital __ 2, The movers unloaded the sofa and put it in the living room. movers____unlonded _and it in 3. The dark clouds completely blocked our view of the mountains and the lake. dark, our clouds and. blocked 4, After dinner, we cleared the dishes from the table, ‘put them in the kitchen sink, and sat down to watch the game, dinner _ and cleared sat table__ 5. One room in the library was filled with books ‘written by authors of Polish ancestry. was filled with Polish _— authors 6. Some of the frst television shows were adaptations of earlicr radio versions ofthe same programs. first__ earlier shows programs were 10, 12 13. 14 When the waiter artived, Vietor ordered pie with {ce cream, chocolate syrup, anda chery. waiter arrived _—Victor ordered and ‘The building inspector finally approved the plans and allowed the construction fo continue. inspector __ finally. approved and allowed ‘The superintendent notified the tenants in the building that the water would be off for two hours. notified in would be hours water Just as the band finished the number, the crowd Durst into loud applause, band finished burst loud crowd Carlos telephoned Iris to tll her that he late for their date. telephoned ___her their date would be. ‘The cat was sleeping on the windowsill in the warmth of the afternoon sun, cat was sleeping. of, _ warmth __ As the train pulled into each station, the conductor called out the name of that station and. the name of the next station, train____pulled name and called By the time we got to Woodstock, the children ‘were sound asleep in the rear of the cat we children in — rear _ 55-S cone/ranceren sxuu.s 15, Before they leave the camp, the guides teach the hikers how to identify poison ivy and warn them toavoid i they leave teach hikers and 16, Chuck covered the steaming hot pancakes with plenty of melted butter and sweet, sticky syrup. covered steaming__melted_ sticky syrup _ 17. Last weekend, we made a special trip to the ‘mountains to see the brilliant colors of the ‘beautiful fall leaves. ‘weekend ___ mad briliant beautiful special 18, After that eventful aftemoon, Art wrote to Cathy several times, but his letters all came back unopened eventfil__wrote but his seopened 19, Through the morning mist, we could just barely ‘make out the headlights ofthe bus as it tumed off ‘the highway. barely make out bus as it 20, Our host offered us a choice of coffe or tea and served some litle cakes, which were delicious. offered us or were delicious DIRECTIONS: In items #21-36, correct the underlined preposition if necessary. If the original ‘sentence is correct, choose (A); ifthe sentence requires ‘no preposition, choose (D). Answers are on page 687. 21, ‘This class is different than the other. ‘A. NO CHANGE, B of . from 1D, OMIT the underlined portion. 22, Where are you going to? ‘A. NO CHANGE B. from Cin D, OMIT the underlined portion. -56- 23. 24, 25, 26. 21, 28. 29. 30. He has not yet taken advantage off the sale. ‘A. NO CHANGE, B. of C. from D. OMIT the underlined portion. "The teacher broke the news to the student. ‘A, NO CHANGE, B. too ©. two . D. OMIT the underlined portion. Due to decreased sales, the workers were laid off by the company. ‘A. NO CHANGE, B. of C. down D. OMIT the underlined portion. ‘The manager promised to look jn.to the customer’s complaint. ‘A, NO CHANGE, B. into C. unto D. OMIT the underlined portion. He took it up on himself to schedule the meeting. ‘A. NO CHANGE B. on . upon D, OMIT the underlined portion. She found it below her to clean her own house, A. NO CHANGE, B. beneath C. be neat D. OMIT the underlined portion, ‘The office will open sometime in a half hour, ‘A. NO CHANGE, B. within . inside D. OMIT the underlined portion, ‘Are you under the weather? ‘A. NO CHANGE, B. below CC, beneath 1D, OMIT the underlined portion.Grammar AND Mrcmantcs Skits Review © 31. There are many students waiting on the instructor uring her office hours. ‘A. NO CHANGE B. for Cito D. OMIT the underlined portion. 32._ Please save energy by turning of the lights before ‘you leave the house, ‘A. NO CHANGE B. off Cin D. OMIT the underlined portion 33. ‘The dancers swung in motion when the music started. ‘A. NO CHANGE B. into C. into - D, OMIT the undertined portion. 34, Iwork at the bank in the comer of Main and Packard. ‘A. NO CHANGE, D. OMIT the underlined portion. 35. The lawyer voiced his objection on the recount of the votes. A. NO CHANGE B. to C. about D. OMIT the underlined portion. 36, Ralph had difficulty getting to sleep till very late. ‘A. NO CHANGE B. upto ©. until D. OMIT the underlined portion. -s7-FS conerrarceren skis Common Grammatical Errors Subject-Verb Agreement One common grammatical error is lack of agreement between subject and verb. The simplest subject-verb disagreements are usually obvious, asin the following examples. Examples: The books ison the shelf “The books até onthe shell, ‘The teacher admonish the cass to clin down, € ‘The teacher admonished the class to calm down. V7 In order to test your ability to spot such errors, test-writers may use one of the three following tricks: WHAT OBSCURES SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT |. Material Inserted Between Subject and Verb 2, Inverted Sentence Structure 3. Use of Compound Subjects ‘Material Inserted Between Subject and Verb Examples. ‘Star performers in the movies or on television usually ears substantial income from royalties. One schoo! of thought maintain thatthe federal deficit, not exorbitant corporate profits or excessively high ‘wages, cause most of the inflation we are now experiencing, A recent survey shows that a household in which both the wife and the husband ate pursuing careers stand a better chance of surviving intact than one in which only the husband works, In each of these three sentences, the subject and verb do not agree: “performers,..eamns,” “deficit,..cause,” and “household...stand.” However, the errors may not be immediately evident because ofthe intervening material. In the first sentence, the subject is separate from the verb by prepositional phrases. In the second sentence, the subject and the vetb are separated by a parenthetical expression, In the third sentence, a clause intervenes between the subject and the verb, ‘The plausibility of the incorrect verb choice, and therefore the chance that the error will go unnoticed, is strengthen« when test-writers place a word or phrase near the verb that might be mistaken for the subject: “television...eamns, “profits and wages,,.cause,” and “carcers.,.stand.” If the first word of each of these pairs had been the subject, then there would have been no failure of agreement.(GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW €e Inverted Sentence Structure ‘A second common problem of subject-verb agreement is inverted sentence structure. In an inverted sentence, the verb precedes the subject. You should pay careful attention to the agreement between subject and verb, no matter how those ‘elements are ordered. Examples: Although the first amendment to the Constitution does guarantee freedom of speech, the Supreme Court has, long recognized that there has to be some restrictions on the exercise of this right. Jennifer must have been doubly pleased that day, for seated in the gallery to watch her receive the award was ier brother, her parents, and her husband. % In both of these sentences, the subjects and verbs do not agree. The relationships are obscured by the order in which the elements appear in the sentence—the verbs come before the subjects. These sentences should read: Although the first amendment to the Constitution does guarantee freedom of speech, the Supreme Court has Tong recognized that there have to be some restrictions on the exercise of this right. Jennifer must have been doubly pleased that day, for seated in the gallery to watch her receive the award were her brother, her parents, and her husband. V7 WATCH FOR INVERTED SENTENCE STRUCTURES Regardless of the order of the sentence—subject-verb or verb-subject—the verb must always agree with its subject. Ifa sentence has a complex structute, it often helps t0 Jodk at each element in isolation, Use of Compound Subjects Finally, be alert for compound subjects. Usually, when the subject of a sentence consists of two or more elements joined by the conjunction “sand,” the subject is considered plural and requires a plural verb. Consider the following example: Bxample: | Ofte seven candidates, only John, Bill, and Jim was past office holders. ‘The subject, “John, Bill, and Jim,” is compound (joined by “and”) and requires the plural verb “were"—even though the individual nouns are singular. WATCH FOR COMPOUND SUBJECTS Compound subjects, typically two or more subjects joined by “and,” ate plural and need a plural verb, "Be careful not to confuse the compound subject withthe disjunctive subject. When clements of the subject are joined by “or” the verb must agree with the element nearest to it. Replacing “and” with “ot” changes our previous example: 59S consrtarceren skis Example: Of the seven candidates, John, Bill, or Jim jg likely to win, 7” } ‘The elements are joined by “or,” so thé verb must agree with “John” or “Bll” or “Jim.” The verb “is” correctly agrees with the disjunctive subject, ‘Additionally, watch out for subjects that are designed to look like compound subjects but which are actually singular. | ‘Typically, these subjects are disguised using pronouns. Bxample Neither one of those fools even know how to change a light bulb. ‘The subject is not “those fools; instead, it is the singular subject “Neither one.” Thus, the singular verb “knows” is required. | WATCH FOR DISJUNCTIVE AND SINGULAR SUBJECTS 1. Ifthe elements of the subject are joined by “or,” the subject is disjunctive, The verb | must agree with the closest element of the subject. 2. Be alert for singular subjects that appear to be plural (typically pronouns), | ‘The rules for pronoun usage are summarized below. PRONOUN USAGE RULES | 1. Apronoun must have an antecedent (referent) to which it refers. | 2. The pronoun mus refer clearly ote antecedent | 3. The pronoun and antecedent must agre. | 4m in ogee Pronouns Must Have Antecedents A pronoun is used as a substitute for a noun, The noun that it replaces is called the antecedent (referent). With the exception of certain idioms such as “It is raining,” a pronoun that does not have an antecedent is used incorrectly. Examples; ‘Although Glen is president of the student body, he has not yot passed hiis English exam, and because of it, he will not graduate with the rest of his class. ~60~Grammar aNp Mrcnantcs Sxnuts Review (© ‘The damage done by Senator Smith’s opposition to the policy of equal employment is undeniable, but that exactly what he attempted to do in his speech on Thursday. In the first example, what is the antecedent of “it”? It isnot “he has not yet passed his English exam,” because that is ‘complete thought, oF clause, not just a noun. “I” is nota pronoun substitute for that entire thought. Rather, “it” refers to Glen's “failure” to pass the exam, thereby providing “it” with the required antecedent. However, “failure” does not appear in noun form inthe sentence. In other words, “it” wants to refer to a noun, but there is no noun to function as its point of reference. The sentence must be rewritten: “because ofthat fat, he will not graduate...” In the second example, “that” functions as a relative pronoun—it relates something in the first clause to the second clause, However, to what does “that” refer? Test possibilities by substituting them for “that” in the second clause. The sentence should make sense when you replace the pronoun with its antecedent. Is the antecedent “damage? ‘but damage is exactly what he attempted to do... Perhaps, then, the antecedent is opposition or undeniable: but opposition is exactly what he attempted to do.... but undeniable is exactly what he attemptéd to do.... ‘There are no other candidates for the antecedent, so we must conclude that the use of “that” is incotrect. Most likely, ‘what the writer intended to say was that the Senator attempted to deny the damage: The damage done by Senator Smith's opposition to the policy of equal employment is undeniable, but he attempted to deny that damage in hs speech on Thursday, PRONOUNS MUST HAVE ANTECEDENTS Except for a few idiomatic expressions ("t” is getting late, “IC” will be sunny today), every pronoun must have an antecedent, An antecedent must be a noun, not a thought or phrase, Identify a pronoun’s antecedent and then check that it is correct by substituting it for the pronoun in the sentence. Antecedents Must Be Clear ‘The antecedent ofa pronoun must be made clear from the structure of the sentence, Consider these examples: Examples: Edward's father died before he reached his 20” birthday, so he never finished his education, Jnich made it casier for some students to In 1980, the University Council voted to rescind Provision 3, graduate. In the first example, it is not clear whether the father died before he reached the age of 20 or before Edward reached the age of 20. Furthermore, it is not clear whose education remained unfinished. Similarly, in the second example, the antecedent of “which” is not clear. “Which” may refer to Provision 3 or it may refer to the University Council's vote to rescind Provision 3. 61FS conrtanceren sxns WATCH FOR UNCL ‘The antecedent of a pronoun must be clearly identified by the structure of the sentence, Example: | The leter is onthe desk that we received yesterday. ‘The leter that we received yesterday ison the desk. ¥7 | Examples [nemo atom ‘The manual says to make three copies. 7 They predict we ae infor a cold, wet winter. The almanac predicts a cold, wet winter, Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement “The pronoun must agree with its antecedent, Consider the following example: Example Historically the college dean was also a profesor, but ody thoy are usally administrators, Tn the example, “they” must refer to “dean,” but “dean” is singular and “they” is plural. The sentence can be corrected in cone of two ways: by changing the first clause to the plural or by changing the second clause to the singular Historically, college deans were also professors, bu today they are usually administrators. Historically, the college dean was also a professor, but today the dean is usually an administrator. ¥/ WATCH FOR PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT If the antecedent is singular, the pronoun must be singular; if the antecedent is plural, the pronoun must be plural Finally, it is incorrect to use different forms of the same pronoun to refer to an antecedent. This error results in the } sentence having different antecedents and therefore a shifting subject. | WATCH FOR SHIFTING SUBJECTS Watch for shifting subject errors, These errors occur if different forms of the same pronoun are used to refer to the antecedent.GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW, € Example: ‘The teacher told Jobn that he thought his work was improving. ‘Does the teacher think that his own work is improving or that John’s work is improving? The correct sentence reads: “The teacher told John that John’s work was improving.” Pronouns Must Have Proper Case ‘A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in case, number, and person. The pronoun’s function in a sentence determines which case should be used. You should be familiar with the following three categories of pronoun case: nominative (or subjective), objective, and possessive. ‘TYPES OF PRONOUN CASE. 7 Nominative (subjective) case pronouns are used as subjects of sentences. /_ Objective case pronouns are used as objects: direct objects, indirect objects, and objects ~ of prepositions, Ifa prepositional phrase ends with a pronoun, it must be an objective pronoun, A Possessive case pronouns are used to show possession, Use a possessive pronoun preceding a gerund. A gerund is the “-ing” form of a verb that is used as a noun, Interrogative pronouns stand in for the answer to a question, ‘The following examples illustrate correct usage of pronoun case. Examples: ‘Nominative: 1 thought hs would like the gift we bought. ¥ Ofjective: The choice for the partis berween Bob and me v/ (The object pronoun me follows the preposition between ) Possessive: Do you mind my sing your computer? ¥ (The possessive pronoun my. precedes the gerund sing.) Interrogative: Who isthe starting pitcher forthe Orioles today? EXAMPLES OF PRONOUN CASE Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case Singular Plural Singular _ Plural Singular Plural P" Person: 1 we meus my our 2 Person: you you you you your your 3*'Person: he, she, it they him, her, it them his, her, its their Interrogative: ‘who who ‘whom — whom whose whose The following are additional examples of the nominative, or subjective, pronoun case, 6.FE conustanceren sens Examples John and him were chosen. John and he were chosen, v (He isthe subject ofthe verb; we certainly would not say that him was chosen.) It was her who was chosen, ‘She was chosen. V7 Us student-workers decided to organize into a union. tudent-workers decided to organize into a union. W” He is as witty as her. % | heiss way ste Whom do you suppose will win the election? Who do you suppose will win the election? v/ ‘The following are additional examples of the objective pronoun case, Examples ‘They accused Tom and he of stealing, x ‘They accused Tom and him of stealing. ¥ (Hin is the object of the verb accused; they accused him, not he.) The tickets were given to Bill and [. x ‘The tickets were given to Bill and me. v’ (Me isthe object of to; the tickets were given to me, not to 1.) Who did you see? x Whom did you see? v/ (Hint: Make this a declarative sentence: “You saw him.” You would not say, “You saw he”) An easy way to remember when to use “who” versus “whom? is that in those situations that “him” (or “her") would be appropriate, “whom” should be used; in those situations that “he” (or “‘she”) would be appropriate, “who” should be used, inally, personal pronouns that express ownership never require an apostrophe. Also, a pronoun that precedes a gerund ng” verb form used as a noun) is usually the possessive case. Examples This book is your's, not her's. This book is yours, not hers. v7 He rejoiced at him going othe party. He rejoiced a his going to the party. v7 Some pronouns are either singular or plural, while others can be both. The structure and intended meaning of the sentence indicate whether the pronoun is singular or plural. 64GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW c pe SINGULAR AND/OR PLURAL PRONOUNS. Singular: anybody, another, everybody, everything, somebody, something, nobody, ‘one, anyone, everyone, someone, no one, each, every, neither, either, much Plurat: both, few, many, most, several Singular & Plural: all, any, half, more, none, some td ‘Technically, pronouns are divided into eight formal categories: FORMAL CATEGORIES OF PRONOUNS Personal: 1, we, my, mine, out, ours, me, Us, You, Your, yours, he, she, it, they, his, hers its, ther, theirs, him, her, them Demonstrative: this, these, that, those Indefinite: all, any, anything, both, each, either, one, everyone, everybody, everything, few, many, more, neither, none, somebody, someone, something Relative: who, whose, whom, which, of which, that, ofthat, whet, of what Interrogative: who, whose, whom, which, of which, what, of what Numerical: one, two, three, first, second, third ReflexivelIntensive: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves Reciprocal: each other, one another pot Example: Many of the students which were participating in the spelling bee had been finalists last year. X In the above exaimple, the pronoun “which” refers to “Many of the students" and it is the incorrect pronoun choice. Instead, the sentence should read: “Many. ..who were participating...”€ (CoRE/TARGETED SKILLS ‘Adjectives vs. Adverbs Adjectives Modify Nouns, Adverbs Modify Verbs Adjectives are used to modify nouns, while adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs: Example: ‘No matter how quick he played, Rich never beat Julie when playing the card game “speed.” In the above example, “quick” is intended to modify the speed with which Rich played cards. However, “quick” is an adjective and therefore cannot be used to modify a verb. By adding “ly” to the end of “quick,” we can transform it into aan adverb and the sentence reads: “No matter how quickly he played...” ‘The following examples further illustrate the proper use of adjectives and adverbs. Examples: Adjectives:. Mr. Jackson is a good teacher. V He is a bad driver. W There has been a considerable change inthe weather. My sisters a superb dancer, V7 ‘The teacher gave a quick explanation of the problem. V7 This isa slow exercise. ¥” Adverbs: Mr Jackson teaches well. W He drives badly. v7 ‘The weather has changed considerably. V7 My sister dances superbly. 7” ‘The teacher explained the problem quickly. V7 This exercise must be done slowly. 7 ‘The first three of the following examples underscore that adjectives, not adverbs, must be used to modify nouns. The remaining examples show that adverbs, not adjectives, must be used to modify verbs and adjectives. Examples: | “He said thatthe medicine tasted teribly. aaa ‘The dog remained faithfully to its master until the end. | ‘The dog remained faithful to its master until the end. ¥” [felt badly about forgetting the appointment. % 1 felt bad about forgetting the appointment. ¥V He can do the job easier than you can. He can do the job more easily than you can. ¥”GRAMMAR AND MecHtANics SkuLLs Review © ‘The problem seemed exceeding complex to me, ‘The problem seemed exceedingly complex to me. W Itrained steady all day yesterday, It rained steadily all day yesterday. W ‘The professor presented an obvious important point in class. ‘The professor presented an obviously important point in class. ¥” ‘We all agreed that the new film was rel funny. We all agreed that the new film was really funny. ¥7 ‘The students found the physics examination extreme difficult. X ‘The students found the physics examination extremely difficult. V Ifyou speak fim, he will listen to you. % Ifyou speak firmly, he will listen to you. v7 He made considerable more progress than I did. % ‘He made considerably more progress than I did. W” Linking Verbs Linking verbs are followed by adjectives, not adverbs. The following i alist of eommon linking verbs. ‘COMMON LINKING VERBS appear smell Note that some of the verbs listed as linking verbs may sometimes function as verbs of action. The following examples illustrate this point. Examples: Adjectives: (feel tted V7 He looked angry. ¥” The pie tastes delicious. Adverbs: felt my way slowly inthe darkness. v7 He looked about the room angrily. v7 She tasted the pie cautiously. 61e CORE/TARGETED SKILLS Watch for Adjectives Posing as Adverbs WATCH FOR ADJECTIVE-ADVERB SWITCHING Be alert for adjectives posing in place of adverbs and vice versa. Adjectives can usually be transformed into adverbs by adding “ly.” However, verbs must be modified by adverbs, not simply an adjective posing as an adverb. Examples: ‘The gir! looks intelligently, ‘The git! looks intelligent. V7 ‘That perfume smells sweetly, doesn't it? ‘That perfume smells sweet, doesn’t it? vv ‘The physician appeared nervously when he talked to the patient. ‘The physician sppeared nervous when he talked tothe patient. V7 This bed seems Very comfortably. This bed seems very comfortsble. 7 Several people arrived too lately to be admitted to the performance. % (“Lately” is not an adverb for “late.” Instead, “lately” means “as of late.”) ‘Several people arrived too late to be admitted to the performance. V7 ‘The horse ran fastly enough to win the race. X (“Fastly” is not a word!) ‘The horse ran fast enough to win the race. ¥” ‘The architect worked hardly to finish his drawings by the next day. X (“Hardly” is not an adverb for “hard.” Instead, “hardly” means “barely”) ‘The architect worked hard to finish his drawings by the next day. 7” Double Negatives ‘ It is true that we all hear and sometimes say double negatives in daily conversation. However, double negatives are NOT acceptable in standard written English. Example: | Thadn’t hardly begun to understand Spanish when I had to move again. ‘The phrase “hadn't hardly” is « double negative. The sentence should read: “I had hardly begun to understand...”GRAMMAR AND Mecuanics Sxrtts Review WATCH FOR DOUBLE NEGATIVES Watch for double negatives (“not barely,” “hardly nothing”)—they are always incorrect. Nouns and Noun Clauses ‘Nouns are names of people, places, things, ot ideas; they are used to indicate the subject of a sentence. Like pronouns, ‘nouns have a case ‘TYPES OF NOUN CASE Nominative (Subjective) case is used when the noun is the subject of the sentence, Objective case is used when the noun is an indirect or direct object or is the object of a preposition. Possessive case is used when nouns are intended to show possession, Sometimes the place of the noun in a sentence is filled by a noun clause instead of a single noun. A noun clause is @ dependent clause. Example: ‘That Judy was chosen for the promotion is not surprising. 7 ‘The failure to properly introduce a noun clause is an error of sentence structure. “That” by itself isnot the noun, nor is “Sudy was chosen for the promotion” a noun. However, the two combined create a noun clause and function as the RULE FOR INTRODUCING NOUN CLAUSES ‘Anoun clause is a group of words that functions as the subject (or another noun usage) ‘ofa sentence. “That” is often the best word to use to introduce noun clauses. Examples: ‘The reason the saxophone is popular is because its timbre can approximate that of the human voice. ‘The reason the saxophone is popular is tha its timbre can approximate that of the human voice. v7 Why American car manufacturers did not reduce car sizes earlier than they experts, ‘That American car manufacturers did not reduce car sizes earlier than they did is a mystery to most market experts. v7 is a mystery to most market -69-F conertanceren sxstas ‘The preceding examples make the eror of introducing noun clauses with because and why. In both sentences, a noun clause is required; that should be used in both cases. WATCH FOR “BECAUSE” AND “WHY” AS NOUN CLAUSE INTRODUCTIONS ‘Noun clauses must be introduced by “that,” not “because” or “why.” ‘Additionally, DO NOT use “where” for “that” in object clauses. | Example: 1 saw in the bulletin where Mrs. Wagner's retirement was announced. % | saw in the bulletin that Mrs, Wagner's retirement was announced. ¥/ ‘However, ifthe subject ofthe sentence actually is about where something is, then use “where.” Examples: “Where the wedding hiad initially been scheduled is not where it ended up being held. ¥” All T want to know is where we are supposed to go for homeroom attendance, ¥7 | | | =10-GrawMtar AND MECHANICS SkILLS Revinw © EXERCISE 2, Common Grammatical Errors DIRECTIONS: For items #1-25, circle the letter of | the underlined part of the sentence containing the ‘grammatical etor. Answers are on page 687. 1. The professor deals hi with students who are A B ‘ot prepared, and he is even more severe with B c D those who plagiarize 2. A recent study indicates that the average person A ignores most commercial advertising and does B c not buy products because of them, c D 3. Despite the fact that New York City is one of the A B ‘most densely populated areas in the world, there B c ate many parks where one can sit on a bench under the trees and you can read a book. D 4, Charles Dickens wrote about the horrifying A B conditions in the English boarding schools that he c leamed about on one of his trips to Yorkshire. with the publication of a manifesto, and it B c incorporated the theories of Freud as well as his D ‘The review of the concert published in the A ‘momning’s paper mentioned that the soloist is a B vvery promising talent and that the orchestra c Javed capable, . During the war, there were many people in the nN Polish countryside that sheltered'those who had B c D «escaped from concentration camps. D The dean lectured fo we students on the privilege A B c and responsibilty of attending the university. c D ‘You taking the initiative inthe negotiations will A B c profit the company to a great degree. c D ‘The members of the club insisted that I be the representative of the organization tthe conference which was something [had hoped to avoid. © p No one knows for sure whether there was a real A B person about which Shakespeare wrote his c D sonnets, TeFS conerranceren Sxauts 12, Although the director of the 200 takes great pains A B to recreate the natural habitats ofthe animals, few c of the exhibits is completely aoouate in every D detail 13. Climatic differences between the north and south of some countries helps to account for the A B Cc «differences in temperament ofthe inhabitants of Cc D the two regions. D 14. The month of August was particularly cold: OA hardly no daily temperatures were recorded above B c 80 degrees, and only one was recorded above 90 D degrees. 15. ‘The diaries of Stendhal, which make entertaining A reading, also provides a great wealth of A B ‘information about musical taste and performance c practice in the last century. D 16. Given the evidence of the existence of a A ‘complicated system of communication used by B whales, itis necessary to acknowledge its B c D intelligence, 17. Him being atthe rally does not necessarily mean A B that the congressman agrees with the president's D c entire platform, 18, 19. 20. 21 2, Although there is no perfect form of government, representative democracy, as its practiced in A America, isa system that is working well and A B c ore than satisfacto D George hired a caterer, who he ater A BCD ccommended, after tasting her specialty —spring D rolls. ‘After driving past Trinity Church, the bus stopped A B atthe recent constructed Exposition Tower, the B tallest building in the city, to allow the passengers c D 10 take the special elevators to the observation D tower, ‘The student senate passed the resolution banning A B smoking in the cafeteria with scarcely any. B c dissenting votes which angered many members of D the faculty, Most employers assume that one’s professional A personality and work habits are formed as @ result B c ‘of your early work experience. cDGRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW e 23. Only a small number of taxi drivers fail to insure A B their vehicles, but usually these are the ones who c need it most 24, Angered by the double standard society imposed A B ‘on Women, Edna St. Vincent Millay wrote candid B c about her opinions and her personal life. cD 25, Unless they hire players who are better hitters, the A BC fans will gradually lose interest in the team. D espite the fine effoits of the pitching staff. each answer choice as an adjective or adverb, determine whether the blank should be filled in with the adjective choice or the adverb choice. Answers are ‘on page 687. 26, Kathy does her homework __. slow slowly 27. We understand each other really well____ reat good — 28,” Students should be —__ at all times, to their professors polite politely 29, Paula has adjusted to her new school, She is. doing well good 30, Ithink the cake is done. It smells, ‘200d well a1, 32, 33, 34, 36. 36, 37. 38. 39. ‘Your room is a__ mess. Clean it up at terrible____ terribly When I found out that the accident was my fault, felt awfully______ awful ‘The movie we saw last night wasn’t__ exciting. terrible____ terribly Doing a job ___ right away saves time in the long run, well 00d Cats have a developed sense of smell. They can smell well ‘2008 “Mrs. Chang, your son works —_____ in class. You can be proud of him.” hard_______ hardly. In order to deliver the package on time, the ‘messenger biked __. fast quick __ The college I will be attending in September is nearly near ‘After contracting the disease, Mare’s symptoms appeared stow slowlyS consrtanceren skis 40, Doctors need to remsin__ even during «an epidemic healthy —___ healthily 41, Leo's stomach felt after the terific ‘Thanksgiving feast. heavy. heavily, ae(GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW e alyzing Sentence Structure ‘When analyzing the structure of a sentence, ask yourself the following four questions, (CHECKLIST FOR ANALYZING SENTENCE STRUCTURE. 1. Is the sentence a run-on sentence? 2 Ae the elements of the sentence parallel? 3. Are there any incomplete split constructions? 4, Do the verb tenses correctly reflect the sequence of events? Be aware of sentences that carelessly run main clauses together without appropriate pusctuation or connectors. Run-on sentences can be corected in one of tee ways: end-siop punctuation, a semicolon, or a connector. ‘The most common way to correct a run-on sentence is to divide the sentence using end-stop punctuation. Examples: ‘The lecture was dull you almost fell asleep. ‘The lecture was dull. You almost fell asleep. V7 Was the lecture dull you almost fell asleep. ‘Was the lecture dull? You almost fell asleep. ‘The lecture was incredibly dull you almost fell sleep. % ‘The lecture was incredibly dull! You almost fel asleep. “The comma is not an end-mark, DO NOT use a comms by itself to separate two sentences. Example. Close the window, there is a draft in the room. 3 Close the window. There is a draft in the room. ¥ ‘Sometimes, two sentences are very closely related in meaning, and full end-stop punctuation may seem too strong. A semicolon can then be used to divide the two sentences. Example: It was a beautiful day there was not a cloud in the sky. % Tewas a beautiful day; there was not a cloud in the sky. 5-© contrtanceren seas AA third way to cortect the run-on is to use a connector (conjunction) such as “and,” “but,” “for” “on” and “nor” ifthe two sentences are equally important, It is usually advisable to place a comma before these connectors Example; I ike to ski, my friend prefers to sit by the fire, ike to ski, but my friend prefers to sit by the fire, ¥7 Particular problem words that may cause run-ons are “however,” “therefore,” “consequently,” and “moreover.” These words are not sentence connectors, and when they follow a complete thought, either a period or a semicolon should recede them, Faulty Parallelism Fanty parateliom isa common grammatical ero for writers. Whenever elements ofa sentence perform sinilar or equal Rincon, they shuld have the same focm. Consider the fllowing faulty sentences they are missing necessary words Examples At most colleges, the dominant attitude among students is that gaining admission to professional graduate schoo! is more important than to obtain a well-rounded education. ‘To demand that additional seasonings be placed on the table is insulting the chef's judgment on the proper balance of ingredients. The review was critical ofthe film, citing the poor photography, the weak plot, and the dialogue was stilted. % In the first example, “gaining admission” and “to obtain” must both have the same form. Either both must be in the gerund form ot both must be in the infinitive form. For example: “gaining admission...is more important than obtaining...” In the second example, the subject ("to demand”) and the predicate complement (“insulting”) must both have the same form: “To demand...is to insult...” In the last example, the last element of the list of film criticisms is not of the same form as the other two elements, The sentence should read: “...cting the poor photography, the weak plot, and the stilted dialogue.” CHE K THAT ALL ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE ARE PARALLEL Check that all elements of a sentence are parallel—including verb forms, noun forms, and word pairs such as “this...tha,” “either. ..or,” and “neither. ..nor.” Examples: He spends his time playing cards, swimming, going to the theater, and at school. % He spends his time playing cards, swimming, going to the theater, and going to school. ¥” He manages his business affairs with knowledge, ease, and confidently. He manages his business affairs with knowledge, ease, and confidence,GrawMan ano Mrcnasics Sis Review He was requited by the instructor to goto the library, to take out several books on the Vietnam Wat, and that he should report tothe class on what he had leamed. He was required by the instructor o goto the library, to take out several books on the Vietnam Wa, and to report to the class on what he had learned. v7 1am studying the sources of educational theory and how educational theory has evolved. am studying the sources snd the evolution of educational theory. ¥” He was not only sympathetic but also knew when to be consi He was not only sympathetic but also considerate. Not only did he enjoy the movie but also the play. He enjoyed not only the movie but also the play. ¥/ 1 was concemed about the price ofthe car and if twas Gomfortable, 1 was concemed about the price and the comfort of the car. V7 Neither does he speak Spanish nor Helen, ‘Neither he nor Helen speaks Spanish, Tomy ‘Split constructions refer to phrases in which a thought, interrupted by intervening méterial, is completed later in the sentence Example ‘The officials were not only aware of, but actually encouraged, the misreporting of scores. v7 ‘This sentence contains a perfectly acceptable split construction, Ordinarily, the object of a preposition closely follows the preposition: “aware of the misreporting.” Here, the object of the preposition is separated from the preposition by the phrase “but actually encouraged.” This is unobjectionable as long as the thought is properly completed. There is a danget, however, that the intervening material will throw something off in the sentence. (CHECK THAT SPLIT CONSTRUCTIONS ARE COMPLETED A split construction is a sentence structure in which two otherwise separate ideas are joined together by a later element, Be alert for split constructions and check that any interrupted thought is correctly completed. Consider the following faulty sentences; they are incomplete split constructions. Examples: Her colleagues always speak of Professor Collins as a person who has and will always be sensitive to the needs of ‘younger students. Judging from the pricing policies of many large corporations, maintaining a stable share of the market is as ‘important, if not more important than, making a large profit. a€ ‘CoRE/TARGETED SKILLS In the first sentence, the error is in the verb, The auxiliary verb “has” needs the verb “been,” but “been” does not appear in the sentence. The sentence could be corrected by completing the construction: “has heen and will always be...” In the second sentence, the error is an incomplete comparison, The sentence should read: “.,.as important as, if not more important than...” RULE FOR CHECKING FOR SPLIT CONSTRUCTIONS ‘The intervening material makes it difficult to spot errors of split construction. Therefore, when checking for split constructions, read the sentence without the intervening material—it should make sense, be grammatically correct, and be a complete sentence. ‘Tense ‘The same verb tense should be used whenever possible within a sentence or paragraph. Avoid shifts in verb tense unless there is a valid reason, Example: Joan came home last week and goes to her summer cottage where she spends the last weekend of het vacation. Joan came home last week and went to her summer cotage where she spent the last weekend of her vacation, v7” Principal Part of Verbs ‘Verb tense is indicated by changing the verb or by combining certain verb forms with auxiliary verbs. The principal parts are the verb tenses from which all verb forms are derived: present, past, present perfect, future perfect, and past perfect. VERB PRINCIPAL PARTS 1. Present Tense: talk, write 2, Past Tense: talked, wrote 3. Present Perfect Tense: have talked, has writen 4. Future Perfect Tense; will have talked, will have written 5. Past Perfect Tense: had talked, had written Verbs are classified as regular (or weak) and irregular (or strong), according to the way in which their principal parts are fortied. Regular verbs form their past, present perfect, future perfect, and past perfect tenses by the addition of “-ed” to the infinitive, :Grammar AND McHantcs Skits Review ‘© Examples: Present Tense Past Tense Present Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense talk talked has (have) talked will have talked hhad talked help helped thas (have) helped will have helped had helped walk walked hhas (have) walked will have walked hhad walked ‘The principal parts of irregular verbs are formed by changes in the verb itself: Examples: Present Tense Past Tense Present Perféct Tense Future Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense see saw ‘has (have) seen will have seen hhad seen, say said hhas (have) said will have said had said g0 went thas (have) gone will have gone hhad gone Examples: Present Tense We were taught that vitamins were important for our well-being. We were taught that vitamins are important for our well-being. V7 Past Tense When he spoke, all the people cheer him. ¥ When he spoke, all the people cheered him. 7” Since he is late, he did not receive a gift. Since he was late, he did not receive a gift. W Present Perfect Tense 1 am told that you had completed the job. am told that you have completed the job. Future Perfect Tense have eared enough money for the car by the end of the month. % 1 will have earned enough money for the car by the end of the month. ¥7 Past Perfect Tense 1 was told that you have completed the job before you left. 1 was told that you had completed the job before you lef. ¥” In the first example, the verb tense “are” is used because when expressing a permanent fact, the present tense is used. ‘The following chart contains a summary of the present tense, past tense, and past participles of many common imegular verbs, The past participle is a word that typically expresses completed action, that is traditionally one of the principal parts of the verb, and that is traditionally used in the formation of the perfect tenses in the active voice and of all tenses in the passive voice.S conertarceren Sxsuis Present Past Past Participle be sive 20. grow. hang (a person). PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS hang (an object) hear. hide hold hurt keep. know been bome ‘heeome begun bid, bidden ‘Blown broken «brought built ‘bought caught chosen clung voadone ‘raven ‘drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled ‘ung flown «forgotten forgiven frozen “gotten given ‘gone ‘grown hanged ung, heard hidden saheld “hut kept ‘known Present Tead leave lend lie Tight tase... ‘make meet read ride ring. weite Past Hay on iit Tighted, ost. ‘made. vmet. vated rode ang sprang, sprung stood stole stung. ‘swore. sng swam 100k. taught. tor. tol. thought threw it tighted lost ‘made camet ead ridden nung risen, sent cake fat vneshot sani, shrunken vlan slept slid spent spun sprung stolen (Atta cmeanantcnaninae ehGRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW € When to Use the Perfect Tenses Use the present perfect for an action begun in the past and extended to the present, Example: cannot have any more turkey or stuffing; already [have eaten too much food. ¥ In this case, ate would be incorrect. The action have eaten (present perfect) began in the past and extended to the present. Use the past perfect for an action begun and completed in the past before some other past action Example ‘The foreman asked what had happened to my eye. ¥7 In this case, “happened” would be incorrect. The action “asked” and the action “had happened” (past perfect) are used ‘because one action (regarding the speaker's eye) is “more past” than the other action (the foreman’s asking). Use the future perfect for an action begun at any time and completed in the future. When there are two future actions, the action completed first is expressed in the future perfect tense. Example: ‘When I reach Chicago tonight, my uncle will have left for Los Angeles. v ‘The action “will have left” is going to take place before the action “reach,” although both actions witl occur in the future, The Subjunctive Mood ‘The subjunctive expresses a condition contrary toa fact, a wish, a supposition, or an indirect command, WHEN TO USE THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD |. To express a wish not likely to be fulfilled or impossible to realize . Tn a subordinate clause after a verb that expresses a command, a request, or a suggestion To express a condition known or supposed to be contrary to fact ‘After “as if” or “as though” ‘The most common subjunctives are “were” and “be.” “Were” is used instead of the i used instead of the indicative form “am.” tive form “was,” and “be” is 81] cconsrtanceneo sears Examples: | wish it were possible for us to approve his transfer at this time, v7 | ItT were in St Lous, should be gla to attend, If this iveree simple case, we would easly agree ona solution. ¥ | If were you I should not mind the assignment. 7 | He asked that the report be submited in duplicate, Itis recommended that this office be responsible for preparing the statements. We suggest tha he be relieved ofthe assignment. ¥7 In formal writing and speech, “as if” and “as though” are followed by the subjunctive since they introduce as supposition something not factual. In informal writing and speaking, the indicative is sometimes used. Examples: He talked as ifhe were an expert on taxation. (He is not) ‘This report looks as though it were the work of a college freshman. 7 ‘Avoid ‘shifts in’ mood. Once you have decided on the mood that properly expresses your message, use that mood throughout the sentence or the paragraph. A shift in mood is confusing to the listener or reader; it indicates that the speaker or writer himself has changed his way of looking at the conditions. Example: Itis requested that a report of the proceedings be prepared and copies should be distributed to all members. ("Be is subjunctive; “should be” is indicative.) Its requested that a report of the proceedings be prepared and that copies be distributed to all members. 7 8Grammar ano Mecitantes Skis Review © EXERCISE 3 Analyzing Sentence Structure DIRECTIONS: In sentences #1-30, circle the correct verb choice, Answers are on page 688, 1, Each year, many people who did not graduate from high schoo! (receive, receives) GED diplomas, 2, The books on the top shelf (was, were) all written, by Emily Bronte 3. The stores in the downtown sector's newly renovated mall (offer, offers) brand name fashions at reduced prices. 4, Only a few dust-covered bottles of the vintage ‘wine (remain, remains) in the cellar 5. Each tourist who visits the caverns (is, are) given 2 guidebook. 6. Underneath the leaf covering (was, were) several different species of insects. 7. ‘The young boys, who had never before been in trouble with the law, (was, were) worried about ‘what their parents would say. 8, ‘Several barrels containing a highly toxic liquid (has, have) been discovered at the abandoned factory. 9. The sponsors of the arts and crafts fait (hope, hhopes) that it will attract several thousand visitors. 10. Dawn, Harriet, and Gloria, who have formed their own singing group, (is, are) auditioning for jobs. ML 12. 13, 14, 15. 16, 17, 19. 20, 21. According to insiders, the mayor, whose administration has been rocked by several crises, (worry, worries) that more layoffs are inevitable, ‘There (has, have) been several acts of vandalism in the cemetery in recent months. Rock musicians who perform in front of large speakers often (loses, lose) part of their hearing. The leaves from the branches of the tree that hang over the fence (falls, fall) into the neighbor's yard. ‘The computer and the printer, which are sitting on. James desk, (has, have) never been used, Theresa, wearing her hip-length waders, (was, ‘were) fishing in the middle of the stream, ‘The film critic for the New York Times (waite, writes) that the film is very funny and entertaining. .. Several of the ingredients that are used in the dish (has, have) to be prepared in advance. ‘The computer that controls the temperature of the living quarters of the ship (was, were) ‘malfunctioning. ‘There (has, have) been some support for a proposal to build a new courthouse in the center of town, Bill and Jean (is, are) going to the game tomorrow.ES conertanceren SKuts 2, ‘There (was, were) several students absent last week. 23. Thope that no one has let (his or her, their) homework at home. 24, Each of the sisters celebrated (her, their) birthday atthe Plaza, 25, ‘The music of Verdi’s operas (is, are) filled with 26, All the musicians tuned (his, their) instruments, 27. Biter Mrs. Martinez or Carlos (go, goes) 10 ‘church each week 28. [told you to (have, have had) the dog walked and fed by the time I got home from work. 29, Last month, the storekeeper, having lost most of his business to a conglomerate retail store, (can, could) not pay the monthly rent bill. 30. Once the weather (became, becomes) cold, Jim could no longer ride his bicycle to work. DIRECTIONS: For items #31-58, choose the verb form that completes the sentence correctly. Answers are ‘on page 689, 31, Agentleman is __ to see you. (A) comes = (B) came (©) come (D) coming (®) will come 84 32. 33. 34. 35 36, 31. Bill was __ to telephone you last night. (A) to suppose (B) supposed (C) suppose (©) supposing () will suppose My fiend has ___ to get impatient. (A) to begin (B) begen (C) begin (D) beginning () begun Hehas__a serious cold. (A) catched (B) caught (©) cate (D) catching (E) will eatch He could _ before large groups if he were asked. (A) sing @) sang (C) sung (D) singed ( singing She has ___ before large groups several times. (A) sing (B) sang (©) sung (D) singed ©) singing ‘They have already __ to the theater. (A) go (B) goes (©) going (D) gone ©) will goGRAMMAR AND Mecmantcs SkrLts Review 38. 39. al. 2, He has me excellent advice, (A) give (B) gave (© gived ©) giving ) given Heis to his parents. (A) to devote (B) devote (© devoted () devoting () will devote 1. The engineer has designed and___ his ‘own home, (A) to build (B) builes (©) building ©) built (B) had built He ___ ashe ran onto the stage following the clown and the magician, (A) to laugh @) laughing (C) laughed ©) laughs (E) had laughed She _the high-jump so well at trials that she is going to the Olympics this summer. (A) had jumped ) ‘0 jump (©) jumping (©) jumps @) jumped 48. 45. 46. 47 |. The man 1t____that she continued to blame me even after she knew it wasn’t my fault (A) burt (B) hurts (©) has hurt (D) hurting ©) will hurt the murder oceur if he had really been on that street comer when he said he was. (A) see B) sees (©) would have saw (D) seen (E) would have seen The child everywhere now that she is able to stand up by herself (A) to walk (B) walks (©) walked (D) walking (©) had walked ‘Tomorrow moming, Sam. his sister, (A) was calling (B) called (© calling (D) has called ©) will call After she had completed her investigation, the state trooper her report. (A) was writing (B) wrote (©) has written, (D) writes (©) will writeS contrrarceren sxurs 48, When I was growing up, we _____every summer at my grandmother's home in the country. (A) spend (@) will spend (©) have spent (D) were spending © spent 49. Whenever we get a craving fora late night snack, we ___apizza, (A) order (B) ordered (© had ordered (D) have ordered (© were ordering 50. For years now, John his milk at the ‘comer grocery. (A) buys (B) will buy (© has bought (D) is buying (B) bought 51, We were just leaving when the telephone (A) rang (B) will ring (© was ringing (D) has rang () had rung. 52. We arrived at the house by noon, but the wedding over. (a) (B) will be (© had been (D) has been © was -86- 33 34, 55, 56. 97. We to drive to the game, but the car stalled, (A) plan (B) will plan (©) had planned (D) are planing (&) have planned ‘The roofers were putting the last shingles on the house while the plumber the water lines. (A) is testing (B) was testing (© tests (©) will test (B) had tested ‘A large flock of Canadian Geese _____ over the meadow and landed in the pond. (A) will fly (B) were flying (©) fly (D) flew (E) are flying Hui worked very hard to complete her ‘coursework before the baby _ due. (A) is (B) are (©) was (D) will be ©) were We ____to drive from Wisconsin to ‘Washington in two days, but we were late. (A) want (B) are wanting (©) were wanted (D) wants (B) had wantedGRAMMAR AND MecHantcs SkILLs Review (© 58. Earland1 to eat lunch together ‘outside if it doesn't rain (A) will hope (B) had hoped (©) hope (D) did hope (B) hoped DIRECTIONS: For items #59-81, circle the lever of | the underlined part of the sentence containing the error. Answers are on page 689. 59. The owner of the collection requested that the - A museum require all people with a camera to leave B D them at the door. 60, ‘The young comic found that capturing the A audience's attention was easy, but to maint B their interest yas difficult c D 61. ‘The whale had been laying on the beach for over A two hours before the rescue teams were able to B ‘begin moving it back into the water. BOC D 62. ‘The praying mantis is welcomed by homeowners A for its ability to control destructive garden pests, B c unlike the cockroach, which serves no useful D D 63, ‘The newly purchased picture was hanged on the AB c back wall nearest the bay window. D 64, 65, 66, 61 68, 69, "The opening scene of the film was a grainy, A B e shot ofan empty town square in B c hich an outlaw was hung. c D We spent an exhausting day shopping we could B A cl hardly wait to get home, c D ‘The fact that she is bright, articulate, and has A charisma will serve her well in her campaign for AB governor, particulary since her opponent has c D none of those qualities. D Pati 1 such as William Bradford displaying the A courage and piety needed to survive inthe New B World, a world both promising and threatening, c which offered unique challenges to their faith, D ‘The woman to whom I take my clothes for A B tailoring has sowed the hem on this skirt B c perfectly. D Unfortunately, before cures are found for diseases A such as cancer, many lives would have been lost B and million of doltars in medical services spent to ¢ {teat symptoms rather than to provide a cure. D “87S conertaxceren sens 70. ‘The house on the comer was completely empty, A BOC no-one came to the doors cm) 71, ‘For many people, its difficult to aceept A ‘compliments graciously and even more diffc B taking criticism graciously. c D 72. Ducto the extremely warm weather this winter, A B the water has not froze on the pond sufficiently. c D 73. ‘The French poet Artaud believed that, following. A BOC the climax of a drama, the audience experienced a A B ‘violent catharsis and is thereby “reborn.” 74, Where had everyone gone all the lights were off. A BOC D 78. After he had Jearned of her suicide, he drunk all AB c ofthe poison fiom she vil. D 79, Ding yn sh spent scshing ora. forthe see, De. Thompson ites hundreds of patients, ran thousands of tests, and croshssking mili bi ofa c > 80. After struggling with the problem for most of the sferoon, be ally Hinge he per a the desk and ran out of eno, © D 81. Suddenly, | felt that something was going to A B ‘happen my heart began to beat furiously. c D DIRECTIONS: For sentences #82-96, correct the faulty parallelism if one exists. Answers are on page 75, Rather than declaring bankruptcy, he applied fora iso A B c - Tan, and the bank Joaned him the money. Dp ‘82. When at school, he studies, goes to the library, and he works on the computer. 76, Wagering on the Kentucky Derby favorite is a A B ‘bad betting proposition, for inthe last fifteen c the horse that has been the crowd favorite = ca tha oe fe 83. In order to get eight hours of sleep, the student prefers sleeping in late inthe morning to goto at pst time ofthe Kentucky Derby loses the race " ky Dey lone bed early in the evening 77, Weeentered the cave very slowly almost aftaid of ‘OB ‘what we might find there. c oDr GRAMMAR AND Mecnianics Sxri.ts Review © I still ned to pass Math 252, English 301, and return two overdue books before [am allowed to graduate. ‘You need to talk to either the teacher or the counselor, \. Dr. Smydta is not only a captivating lecturer, but also an engaging conversationalist. will either graduate this fll of lose out on a ‘great opportunity with IBM. Our instructor suggested that we study the assignment carefully, goto the library to research the topic extensively, and we should conduct a survey among 20 subjects, The increase of attrition among community college students is caused by a lack of family support and students have a limited income while sutending school, 90. ou 93, 94. 95, Many non-smokers complained about the health risks associated with second-hand smoke; as a result, smoking is banned in the library, in the cafeteria, and smokers have to leave the building to light a cigarette, After talking to financial aid and see your advisor, return to the registrar's office. Professor Walker not only helped me, but many of my classmates as well, In his communications class, he can either work in groups or in pairs I prefer that other geography textbook because of the clear explanations, numerous exercises, and ‘Mrs. Patrick's vivid teaching style ‘The question is whether to study tonight or should I get up earlier tomorrow morning? -89-FE consrtanceren sxatis Vi 96. Reasons for the latest tuition increase are the i upgraded computers, new library and, last but not i least, inflation has increased to 6.5%. 90Granmwan ano Mercnantcs Sxmtts Review © Problems of Logical Expression Ask yourself the following five questions when checking the logical expression of sentence, (CHECKLIST FOR LOGICAL EXPRESSION ERRORS |. Does the sentence contain a faulty or illogical comparison? . Does the sentence maintaii consistent verb tenses? . Does the sentence actually convey the intended meaning? |. Is the sentence clear and concise? = Does the sentence contain any misplaced modifiers? (One problem of logical expression is faulty or illogical comparisons. A faulty comparison is the attempt to compare two things that cannot logically be compared. Consider the following faulty examples. Examples: ‘Today, life expectancies of both men and women are much higher compared to the tum of the century when living ‘conditions were much harsher, X ‘The average salary of a professional basketball player is higher than the top-level management of most corporations, ‘A comparison can only be made between like items. Yet, in the first sentence we see an attempt to compare “life expectancies” with “the turn of the century”—two dissimilar concepts. The sentence is corrected by simply adding the phrase “those of" before “the turn of the century.” Now we have life expectancies compared to life expectancies, and that isa logical comparison, The same error occurs in the second sentence. An attempt is made to compare “average salary” to “management.” The error can be corrected in the same way as in the first example: “...is higher than those of the top-level management....” WATCH FOR ILLOGICAL COMPARISONS Be alert for sentences that attempt to make an illogical comparison between two dissimilar concepts. When two things are being compared, the comparative form of the adjective is used. The comparative is formed in one of the two following ways. 1S consrtanceren sxnas RULES FOR COMPARISONS BETWEEN TWO OBJECTS 1. ‘Two objects can be compared by adding “er” to the adjective. 2, Two objects can be compared by placing “more” before the adjective. Examples: She is more prettier than her sister. She is more pretty than her sister, ¥/ She is prettier than her sister. Jeremy is more wiser than we know. Jeremy is wiser than we know. ¥” Jeremy is more wise than we know. ¥/ If three or more things are being compared, then the superlative form of the adjective is used. The superlative is formed in one ofthe two following ways. RULES FOR COMPARISONS AMONG THREE OR MORE OBJECTS 1. Three or more objects can be compared by adding “-est” to the adjective. 2. Three or more objects can be compared by placing “most” before the adjective. Examples: ‘Mary is the shorter of all of her friends. ‘Mary isthe shortest ofall of her fiends. ‘This is the most sharpest knife I have. ‘This isthe sharpest knife I have. v7 Calculus is the most difficult class that I have this year, ¥” Some comparative and superlative modifiers require changing the words themselves. A few of these irregular ‘comparisons are given below; consult your dictionary whenever you are in doubt about the comparisons of any adjective or adverb.GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW € ‘MODIFIERS THAT DO CHANGE Positive ‘Some adjectives and adverbs express qualities that go beyond comparison. They represent the highest degree ofa given, anality and, asa result, they eannot be improved. Some ofthese words are listed below. MODIFIERS THAT DO NOT CHANGE complete preferable horizontally supreme totally ‘correct round secondly immortally ‘unique dead deadly square infinitely uniquely perfectly exact squarely perfect universally perpendicularly ‘The use of the comparative in such an expression as “This thing is better than any other” implies that “this thing” is separate from the group or class to which itis being compared. In these expressions, a word such as “other” or “else” is required to separate the thing being compared from the rest of the group of which itis a par. Example: Our house is cooler than any house on the block. Since “our house” is one of the houses on the block, it should not be included in the comparison, The sentence should read: Our house is cole than any oer house on the block. ¥ Example: He has a better record than any salesman in our group. ‘Since “he” should read: ‘himself one of the salesmen in the group, the comparison must separate him from the group. The sentence He has a better record than any other salesman in our group. ¥” Finally, be aware of incomplete comparisons. The results illogical and confusing, 9FS conesranceren skis Examples ‘The plays of Shakespeare areas good as Marlowe. ‘The plays of Shakespeare are as good as those of Marlowe. V7 ‘His skill in tennis is far better than other athletes his age. X is skill in tennis is far better than that of other athletes his age. ¥/ His poetry is as exciting, ifnot more exciting than, the poctry of his instructor. His poetry is as exciting as, if mot more exciting than, the poetry of his instructor. ¥7 ‘A second common problem of logical expression is poor choice of verb tense, The choice of verb tense in a correctly ‘ytitlen sentence reflects the sequence of events described. The following examples contain verb tense errors. Examples: 'As soon as Linda finished writing her dissertation, she will take a well-earned vacation in Paris. ‘A recent study shows that many mothers re-enter the labor force after their children left home. % In the first example, both “writing” and “vacation’” must be placed in the same time frame, As written, the sentence places the two actions in different, unconnected time frames. Depending on whether Linda has already completed the dissertation, the sentence could be corrected in either of two ways: ‘As soon as Linda finishes writing her dissertation, she will take a well-earned vacation in Paris, 7 {As soon as Linda finished writing her dissertation, she took a well-earned vacation in Paris. 7 ‘The first corrected version of the first example states that neither event has yet occurred and that the writing will precede the vacation, The second corrected version of the first example states that the events are completed and that the \writing preceded the vacation. In the second example, the verb “left” is incorrect because the verb “re-enter” is describing a present, ongoing action. “The sentence can be corrected by making it clear that “children leaving home" is also a present phenomenon: ‘A recent study shows that many mothers re-enter the labor force after their children leave ‘home, ¥ ‘Arecent study shows that many mothers e-enter the labor force after ther hiren have left home, Either sentence is acceptable since both make it clear that leaving home is not a completed past action but an ongoing ‘phenomenon, WATCH FOR SHIFTING VERB TENSES Make sure that verb tenses properly reflect the sequence, as well as the duration, of any taction described in the sentence.GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW € Examples: Charles came to town last week and goes toa resort where he rests for three days. Charles came to town last week and went to a resort where he rested for three days. v7 Joan came home last week and goes to her summer cottage where she spends the last weekend of her vacation. Joan came home last week and went to her summer cottage where she spent the last weekend of her vacation. ¥” ‘Another problem in the category of logical expression relates to whether the sentence actually says what it intends to say. Often, sentences will intend to say one thing but actually say another. Examples: A childless charwoman’s daughter, Dr. Roberts was a self-made woman, % 1 the present interest rates fll, the dollar will lose some of its value on the foreign exchange. % At first, both of these sentences may seem plausible, but a closer reading will show that each contains an error of logical expression, The first example is actually self-contradictory. As written, it asserts that Dr. Roberts was the daughter of a childless charwoman, In that case, Dr, Roberts would indeed have been a self-made woman! The sentence intends to say that Dr, Roberts was both childless and the daughter of a charwoman: “A charwoman's daughter and childless, Dr. Roberts was a self-made woman.” “The second example isa bit subtler, It suggests that present intrest rates ean change, but that i internally inconsistent, since if the interest rates change, the result is new interest rates, not changed “present” rates. The sentence is corrected by deleting the word “present.” In this category, there are as many possible examples as there are possible errors in human reasoning. Therefore, when ‘checking for intended meaning, just ask yourself what the logic of the sentence implies. (CHECK THAT THE SENTENCE STRUCTURE HAS INTENDED MEANING Determine if the sentence says what it intends to say from the sentence’s logical RO oad ‘There are endless possibilities for conciseness errors. Several examples ar illustrated below. Avoid Awkward Sentences and Passive Verbs ‘Assentence may be grammatically and logically correct yet be in need of correction because itis awkward.FS consrtanceren sxaurs Examples; The giant condor is abl to spread its wings up to 25 feet. The giant condor has a wingspan of upto 25 fect. ¥ Although most students would benefit from further study of the sciences, doing so is frightening 10 most of them in that science courses are more difficult than liberal ars courses. X Although most students would benefit from further stady of the sciences, most of them are afaid to take science courses because they are more difficult than liberal arts courses. ¥7 Given that the Incas lacked the wheel the buildings at Machu Picchu are more astonishing than any Greek temples that are comparable as an achievement. Given that the Incas lacked the wheel, the buildings at Machu Picchu are more astonishing than any comparable Greek temple. ¥7 In each case, the second sentence is less awkward and more clearly renders the intended thought by being more direct, and concise. ‘A common ertor among writers is the use of the passive verb. Each of the following examples illustrates that by replacing weak passive verbs, sentences are rendered both clear and concise. Examples: COne-fourth ofthe market was captured by the new computer firm, ‘The new computer firm captured one-fourth ofthe market. ¥” ‘The lottery prize being 110 million, there ae almost as many tickets sold as there are prize dollars. X When the lottery prize is $110 million, there are almost as many tickets sold as there are prize dollars. 7 The teacher, having finished the day’s lesson, let us leave class early. Because the teacher finished the day's lesson, she let us leave class early. v7 AVOID PASSIVE VERBS Any verb construction using a form of the verb “be” or “have" in addition to the active verb is called a passive verb. Passive verbs are not often used and should be avoided, ‘The active voice is stronger and more direct. Avoid Needlessly Wordy Sentences Occasionally an original sentence will be incorrect simply because it is needlessly wordy. Bxamples: j ‘The protracted discussion over what route to take continued for a long time. X ‘The discussion over what route to take continued fora long time. 7 4 | An aim of the proposal is chiefly to ensure and guarantee the academic freedom of students. An aim of the proposal is to guarantee the academic freedom of students. W” |GramMar aND MECHANICS Skits Review (© ‘To be protracted is to be continued for @ long time; an aim is a chief concer, and to ensure is to guarantee, Therefore, each original is needlessly wordy. Misplaced Modifiers Another error of logical expression is the infamous misplaced modifier. Generally, a modifier should be placed as close ‘to what it modifies as possible, A modifier that is (00 far from what it intends to modify or to0 close to some other important clement will seam to modify the wrong part of the sentence. Consider the following faulty sentences. Examples: Stuffed with herb dressing, trussed neatly, and baked to a golden hue, Aunt Fannie served her famous holiday turkey. ‘The doctor said gently tothe patient that there was nothing wrong with a smile, Atthe party, Fred served cold lemonade to his thirsty guests in paper cups. Consider the first example—poor Aunt Fannie! The proximity of the introductory modifier to Aunt Fannie suggests that she was stuffed, trussed, and baked, The sentence can be corrected by relocating the modifying phrase: “Aunt Fannie served her famous holiday turkey, stuffed with herb dressing, trussed neatly, and baked to a golden hue.” ‘The second example is ambiguous and it could mean either that there is nothing wrong with smiling ot that the doctor said, with a smile, that nothing was wrong with the patient, The corrected sentence reads: “With a smile, the doctor said gently to the patient that there was nothing wrong.” Finally, in the third example, the location of the prepositional phrase “in paper cups” implies that the guests are actually inside the papet cups! The sentence is corrected by moving the modifying phrase so that it is closer to what it is intended to modify: “AC the party, Fred served cold lemonade in paper cups to his thirsty guests.” WATCH FOR MISPLACED MODIFIERS Be alert for sentences with ambiguous or incorrect modification. Correct misplaced ‘modifiers by placing them as close as possible to what they modify. Examples: | bought a piano from an old lady with intricate carvings. bought a piano with intricate carvings from an old lady. ¥7 I read about the destruction of Rome in my history class. In my history class, I read about the destruction of Rome. ¥ ‘The word “only” often causes confusion. Examine the following confusing sentences, Examples: Only he kissed her. V7 He only kissed her. V7 He kissed only her. 7 _97-FS conssranceren sxrxs All three sentences are possible, but a different meaning is conveyed in each, depending on the positioning of “only.” Finally, problems may be created by the placement of a participle phrase. Example: Answering the doorbell, the cake remained in the oven, It sounds as though the cake answered the doorbell! Correct this sentence by adding a subject to which the phrase can refer: Answering the doorbell, we forgot to take the cake from the oven, ¥” Example: Falling.on the roof, we heard the sound of the rain. ‘We heard the sound of the rain falling on the roof.€ GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW, EXERCISE 4 Problems of Logical Expression DIRECTIONS: Read the following passage. In items 1-14, choose the best answer that corrects the sentence without changing its meaning or intent, When correcting the sentences, look at them in the context of the passage in order to check for consistency and logical expression. If the sentence is correct as written, choose (A), Answers are on page 690, (1) When 1 was a child, my grandmother's kiteben was the scene of feverish activity during the early fall (@) Each momiing, she would go to the farmers’ market and returns with beskets of fruits and vegetables. (3) Then, she would spend the rest ofthe day preparing the food for the wide-mouthed canning jers that would preserve them through the winter. (4) By late fall, the pantry shelves are lined with rows of jars containing pickled peaches, creamed corn, and many varieties of jams and jellies. (5) Today, we are able to buy fresh fruits and vegetables at the local grocery store even during the winter, (6) Indeed, years ago, home-canning was a practical solution to one of nature's dilemmas. (7) On the one hand, the harvest produced more fruits and vegetables than could be consumed immediately, so ‘without some way to preserve the produce, they would spoil (8) On the other hand, during the winter months, fresh produce was not available, soit was important to have preserved foods available. (9) There are nothing mysterious about home: canning. (10) Fruits or vegetables aro packed into special canning jars, fited with self-sealing lids, and you submerge them in boiling water. (11) The sustained high heat kills dangerous organisms causing the food t0 spoil. (12) As it gradually cools, a vacuum pulls the lid own against the mouth of the jar to make an airtight seal. (13) Unless the seal is broken, no organisms can enter the jar fo cause spoilage. (14) Although we no longer depend on home canning, home-canning can be fun. (15) Jams and Jellies spread over hot toast on a cold winter moming seems to taste better when you have made them yourself: (16) You also enjoy giving homemade reserves to fiends and relatives as gifts. (17) Al one needs to do to get started isto find a book about home- canning at the local library or bookstore and follow the directions, 1. Sentence (2): Each morning, she would go to the farmers’ market and returns with baskets of fruits and vegetables, (A) NO CHANGE (B) isretuming (©) would return (D) was reuming (B) hhave returned 2. Sentence (3): Then, she would spend the rest of the day preparing the food for the wide-mouthed ‘canning jars that would preserve them through the winter (A) NO CHANGE (B) would preserve it (C) preserved them (D) was preserving them (B) preserves it 3, Sentence (4): By late fall, the pantry shelves are lined with rows of jars containing pickled peaches, creamed corn, and many varieties of jams and jellies. (A) NO CHANGE (B) is ined (©) were lined (D) was lined (B) might be linedF cone/ranceren sxsas 4, Sentence (6): Indeed, years ago, home-canning ‘was a practical solution to one of nature's diternmas (A) NO CHANGE (B) Indeed (©) Furthermore, (D) Moreover, (©) However, 5. Sentence (7): On the one hang, the harvest produced more fruits and vegetables than could be consumed immediately, so without some way to preserve the produce, they would spoil {A) NO CHANGE @) it would spoil © they spoil (©) it spoils (E) it spoiled 6. Sentence (8): On the other hand, during the ‘winter months, fresh produce was not available, 50 it was important to have preserved foods available, (A) NO CHANGE (B) is (O) has been (D) could be (B) canbe 7. Sentence (9): There are nothing mysterious about hhome-canning. (A) NO CHANGE @) is (©) was (D) were (B) has been 8, Sentence (10): Fruits or vegetables are packed into special canning jrs, fitted with self-sealing lids, and you submerge them in boiling water (A) NO CHANGE (B) you submerge i (©) you submerged them (B) you submerged it (E) submerged =100- 9, 10. 12. Sentence (11): The sustained high heat ki ‘dangerous organisms causing the food to spoil (A) NO CHANGE, (B) that caused (©) that could eause (D) 10 cause ©) which caused Sentence (12): As it gradually cools, a vacuum pulls the lid down against the mouth of the jar to make an airtight seal, (A) NO CHANGE (B) As they gradually cool, (©) Gradually cooling, (D) Gradually cooled, (B) As the jars gradually cool, Sentence (13): Unless the seal is broken, no organisms can enter the jar to cause spoilage. (A) NO CHANGE (B) arcentering (©) entered () have entered (E) had entered Sentence (15): Jams and jellies spread over hot toast on a cold winter morning seems to taste ‘better when you have made them yourself (A) NO CHANGE (B) seem to taste (©) seams tasting (D) will seem to taste @) seemed to taste |. Sentence (16): You also enjoy giving homemade preserves to ftiends and relatives as gifts. (A) NO CHANGE (B) will enjoy giving (©) enjoyed giving (D) enjoy to give (©) enjoys givingGRAMMAR AND MECHANICS SKILLS REVIEW € 14, Sentence (17): All one needs to do to get started is to find a book about home-canning at the local library or bookstore and follow the directions. (A) NO CHANGE (B) your needs (©) younced (©) people need (E) the reader needs DIRECTIONS: In items #15-29, circle the leter of the underlined part ofthe sentence containing the error. “Answers are on page 690. 15, Wi m ion from the world, A Emily Dickinson spoke of love and death in her B c D poems. 16, Barly in hs career, the pianist entertained A thoughts of becoming a composer; but after B receiving bad reviews for his own work, he hed cD sven up. D 17. The baseball game was halted due to rain and A rescheduled forthe following day, even though B c the fans would not leave the stadium. D 18, Being highly qualified for the position, the bank A president will conduct a final interview of the B new candidate tomorrow, after which he will cD make her ajob offer, D 19, ‘The literature of Native Americans has been veroake by mos scolar andthe eason eesue most university courses in literature are such as French, 20. Inbroken English, the police officer patiently A Listened to the tourist ask for directions to Radio City Music Hall, after which she motioned the tis and hi fy nl te suede nd eve them to their destination, D 21. Bullfighting remains a controversial sport and ‘many are repulsed by it sine Hemingway was an sfeionso oF he sport sn lorie tin bis writing. ° 22, Following the recent crash of the stock market, A Peter bought a book on portfolio managemen B c ‘order to learn methods to protect his investments c from a well-known investment banker. D 23, ‘Since we have a broader technological base, A B American scientists believe that our space Program will ultimately prove superior to the c D Soviet Union, D -101-S conerranceren Skis 24. Although a person may always represent himself A in a judicial proceeding, licensed lawyers only B tag epresent ster in uch proceedings fora fee. 25. Unlike the pale and delicate in A romantic ballet, Judith Jamison’s movement B ‘seems more African than European-American, c and her physical appeararice reinforces the D ‘contrast. 26. Market experts predict that in ten years, when the bam ees of xn beome mae sneak, th number fons of sete soft sna Anes ceach year will excoed coffee containing caffeine. D 27, literacy, a wi .d problem in the Unit A States, undermines productivity because many A OB ‘mistakes are made by workers who do not know c how to read on the ob. D 28. As sailors are often assigned to ships that remain . A B at sea for months at a time, men in the Navy ‘spend more time away from home than any c D branch of the service. D 29. Like A. J. Aver, much of Gilbert Ryle's A philosophical argumentation relies on analysis of B the way people ordinarily use language. cD DIRECTIONS: For sentences #30-44, correct the faulty comparison if one exists, Answers are on page 690. 30. The life of my generation is easier than my parents. 31. My two daughters enjoy different TV shows; the ‘oldest watches game shows, while the youngest prefers alk shows, 32. Her present instructor is better ofall the ones she hhas had so far. 33, Inthe technology lab, I choose the computer with the more greater memory. 34, According to the counselor, taking these classes inthis order is much beneficial than the other way nd. :Granar ano Mecnantcs Smits Review 35. Our school is very unique in many aspects 43, She is doing so badly in her art class that she could not do any worst. 36. The fraternity he joined is better than all fraternities. 44, ‘This exercise seems more difficult than all of them. 31, Professor Baker’s explanations are tio as clear a5 Professor Thomas’ explanations, DIRECTIONS: Rewrite sentences #45-54 so that the ‘modified word in each is clear. Answers are on page 691 45. He tripped on a crack in the pavement going to 38, You can learn just as much, if not more, online as ‘school. in a regular classroom. 46, Mary only filed the test; everyone else in her 39, Which ofthese three sections is better? class passed, 40. am spending more time on the assignments in ‘ ‘my management class than all my other classes 47. Did you see the film about the five people on the combined. boat on television? 41. You will receive your grades no latest than 48. The police officer ordered the man to stop in his tomorrow at 2 p.m. patrol car. 49. Upon picking up the phone, the noise became muted, =103-&S conerrancersn sks 50, While swimming, a fish nibbled on my toe. 57, Ifyou want to succeed, one must be willing to work hard. 51, He went to the old church to pray for the people (on Cemetery Hill 58, Jeffs taller than any boy in his class. 52. Ofall his admirers, his wife only loved him, 59, To get to school, we nearly walked two miles 53, Upon entering the class, the blackboard came into 60. was unbelievable naive. 61, Drive carefully. There may be ice on the roads. 54, ‘The baby was pushed by his mother in a stroller. 62, Leaning out the window, the garden could be seen. DIRECTIONS: Some of sentenc’s #55-64 are below. correct, but most are incorrect. Rewrite each incorrect sentence correctly. Answers are on page 691. 55. She likes tennis, golf, and to go swimming 63, ‘The hotel room was clean and comfortable that ‘we had reserved, 56. He could not deliver the supplies. Because the roads had not yet been plowed. 64, This book is heavier in weight than that one. =104—