1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1
1
2
3
2
1
2

12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

12.5

3
2
3

4.14.24.3 4.4

14

p.10

A.
1.D

2.B

3.B

4.A

5.C

6.C

B.
1(1)
(2) (a)
(b)

(3) W
(4)

2(1) A:

B:

(2) CD
4

(3)

(4)
,

Exercise
1.A 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.B
6.(1) (a)

(b) It absorbs the light that photoreceptors have not absorbed and
prevents its reflection back to the rods and cones,which would

causethevisualimagetobeblurred.
(2) (a) Many rod cells share the same relay neurones (synaptic
convergence)toincreasesensitivitytolowlevelsoflight.
(b)Individualconecellshavetheirownrelayneurone,hencegiving
greatervisualacuity
7.(1) Eustachiantube
(2)detectschangesofmovementin allthreedimensions.

4.1

1
2
3

4.2

1
2
3
4
5
6
4.3

1
2
3
4

1
2
3

>

4
5
6
7

>

2
3

2
3.

4.4

1.

2.

4.a

b
c

5.

10

600800
1

12.1

11

12.1

10

348
A

11-
(cis-retinal)
-
(trans-retinal)

11-

12.2

12

12.2

12.3

12.3
13

150
35 (nm)

14

570nm530nm 445nm

560nm
12.4

12.4

15

cm

10

20

10

30

15

40

25

50

40

60

100

70

400

16

16

10

17

()

(a)

(b)

35

12.5

(c)
12.5
18

20

19

12.6

12.7

20

(a)

(c)

12.7

(b)

21

(a)

(b)

12.8
22

12.8

23

12.9

( 12.9)

24

12.10

12.10

HCL

25

12.11

26