Air Polution Control

Physical Chemistry
Presentation
Applied Chemistry 0505
HanHao
18thJune, 2007
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Air Pollution Control

Engineering
United Nations Environment
Programme
Air Pollution Control Engineering
Contents
1.Chief introduction
2.Air pollution meteorology
3.The concentration model of air pollution
4.Thinking of air pollution control
5.Particulate pollution and health.

K
Introduction
In our daily life, it is the fact that most of

people dont treat the air pollution as seriously
as water pollution or other kinds of pollutions.
But it is really easy for us to ignore the bad
effect on our health caused by air pollution
because it seems that there are few examples to
be seen directly.
* Now lets have a look at the report of the general condition of
our country in the year of 2005 which is written by State
Environmental Protection Administration of China.
Lead-in Diagram
Background knowledge
According to the report, we can see that the main

pollutant in the air is particulate. It is for sure that if we
want to make the sky over us clean, we must find some
efficient and possible ways to reduce the concentration
of particulate to a acceptable level.
* First of all, we have to get some information and background
knowledge about the meteorology
Knowledge of atmosphere

Vertical
movement
Density of the atmosphere
Stability of the atmosphere

Height of the mixed layer
Horizontal
movement
Wind
Polar heating and cooling
Atmospheric
layer
Rotation of the Earth

Land and Ocean
Smog &
Stranded
Atmospheric
inversion()
** I really want to share this part with you just because it is very interesting,
and maybe the next thing will even surprise you
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Vertical movement
The density of the atmosphere will change while

the temperature and humidity are changing.
According to the ideal gas equation:
Mp
=
RT
So, at certain height, the density is depended on M

and T. If we take the fundamental equation of
hydrostatic into consideration:
then we can get:
dp
= g
dz
dp
gM
=
dz
p
RT
(z is the height)
Vertical movement
Then we get an
important equation:
gM
dT
=
Cp
dz adiabatic ,ideal
65.840ft
Stratospheric
layer
20.061m
Adiabatic air
Standard air
36.150ft
11.021m
Tropospheric
layer
C p dT
dp
=
p
RT
dT/dz is just the slop of the line.
Height above the sea level, z
While a air block is

rising up, if we
ignored the heat
exchanged between it
and other air, the
process can be
regarded as adiabatic
and reversible. Of
course we are familiar
with such a process,
we have the equation:
-92.8
-56.5
15
-135
-69.7
59
Temperature
The stability of the air
Height above the sea level, z
Standard air: dT/dz=-6.5/km=-3.6/1000ft

6000ft
Adiabatic air: dT/dz=-9.8/km=-5.4/1000ft

3.00 P.M
1000ft
Dawn+4h
Dawn+2h
Dawn
Temperature
50
90
When z 1000ft, we can see that the temperature of the air will
rise up when it is higher and higher, such a phenomenon is called
temperature inversion.
Why should we know that?
Its very important for us to know how the atmosphere moves everyday, if we
want to find some available ways to solve the air pollution.
Hover
Fly
There
There is
is something
something interesting:
interesting: hovering
hovering is
is really
really different
different from
from flying,
flying,
because
because if
if you
you want
want to
to hover,
hover, you
you must
must keep
keep agitating
agitating your
your wings,
wings, but
but
if
if you
you are
are flying,
flying, you
you can
can feel
feel the
the real
real freedom.
freedom.
But
But it
it is
is impossible
impossible for
for angle
angle to
to fly
fly at
at dawn
dawn or
or cloudy
cloudy day.
day. It
It is
is also
also
very
very dangerous
dangerous for
for people
people to
to glide
glide in
in that
that situation.
situation. Do
Do you
you know
know why?
why?
What forms temperature inversion
Cooling air form

bottom to top
Heating air form
top to bottom
Making a warm air layer
over a cool air layer
Making a cool air layer
Under a warm air layer
Stable atmosphere
Temperature
Inversion
Reduce the energy

exchange between lower
and upper air layers
Smog & Stranded
If there is very strong surface temperature inversion at the disposal

of pollutants area, the plume of the pollutants will be stopped from
diffusing.
No temperature
inversion layer
9:00 A.M
Surface temperature rises.

Unstable layer comes out
8:00 A.M
6:00 A.M
The highest
pollutant density of ground
Strong inversion of terrestrial
surface radiation
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The concentration model
The ideal pollutant concentration model can predict the

discharge of any pointed pollutant and the pollutant
concentration under any climate condition, in any positions
and at any time area correctly.
We can use an equation to express the amount equilibrium
of some certain pollutant:
Accumulating rate = all flow of flowing into all flow of
flowing out + speed of producing speed of cutting down
Air pollutant concentration model
Two main kinds of air pollutant concentration model
Fixed
box
The
concentration
model of the
air pollution

f
Diffusion
model
Fixed box model
The fixed box model is the simplest model with the lowest reliability.
Before we use it to calculate the pollutant concentration of a city, we
have to make some necessary hypothesis.
z
y
speed
d
n
i
W
H
x
C ity
Fixed box model
8 hypothesis to the fixed box model:

1. The shape of city is rectangle with W and L as its width and length respectively. One
side of city parallels with the wind direction.
2. The atmospheric rapids makes the pollutants to mix completed under the mixed layer.
3. The pollutants over the city distribute uniformly.
4. The wind speed never changes.
5. The concentration of the pollutants which are just getting into the city is a constant b.
6. The speed of pollutant emission is Q. Q=qA, in which q means the speed of unit area
emission and A means the area of city.
7. No pollutant get through the top of box, nor passing the side paralleling with the wind
direction.
8. Pollutants stay in atmosphere for a long enough time.
Diffusion model
The fundamental model is Gauss
Plume Model, which is also a model
of mass equilibrium.
Win
i on
t
c
e
r
d di
X=y=z=0(at the bottom

of the chimney
Gauss Plume Model
In the picture, H is called the efficient height of the chimney, h

is the physical height of the chimney, h is the lifting
height of the pollutant plume.
H = h + h
We suppose that the wind speed wont change, then the
question is to calculate the pollutant concentration c at any
point (x,y,z,x0) caused by the point source.
b
0

Gauss Plume Model
c
c
cV ) = V = xyz
t
t
t
cn
K
c
K
n
xy x
Gauss Plume Model
- K c K c
yz
x x x x +x
:
K c K c
K c
K c K c
K c

c x x +x x x y y +y y y z z +z z z
+
+
t
x
y
z
K c
K c
2
K
x + x
x
lim
= 2 2
x 0
x
x
Gauss Plume Model
c
2c
2c
2c
= Kx 2 + Ky 2 + Kz 2
t
x
y
z
1 x2
X
c=
exp
1/ 2
1/ 2
2( t ) K x
4t K x
The model used in daily life
In fact, because the situation around us is so complexed that

none of the models we use nowadays can forecast the
concentration of the pollutants correctly.
So maybe we can only say :All of the models are wrong, but
some of them can be used in certain aspects.
It is impossible for us to use only one model to deal with all
kinds of pollutants. But if we take many different sorts of
models into consideration, we can get the result which is the
most efficient one.
Thinking of air pollution control
When we want to deal with the problems caused by air

pollution, we should know some common thinking of air
pollution control.
There are three kinds of available control plans when we
confronted with the air pollution
Promote diffusion
Change process of producing.
Cutting down the discharging to prevent from polluting.
Application of the downstream pollution control equipments.
Where will they finally go?

?
Burning them to be ashes
Pollutants
Stack them in the

landfill yard
?
?
Transform them
into other forms
Particle pollution
What is particle pollution?

Particle pollution is a mixture of
microscopic solids and liquid
droplets suspended in air. This
pollution, also known as
particulate matter, is made up of
a number of components,
including acids (such as nitrates
and sulfates), organic chemicals,
metals, soil or dust particles, and
allergens (such as fragments of
pollen or mold spores).
The size of particles

The size of particles is
directly linked to their
potential for causing
health problems. EPA is
concerned about particles
that are 10 micrometers
in diameter or smaller
because those are the
particles that generally
pass through the throat
and nose and enter the
lungs.
The size of particles
Once inhaled, these particles can affect the

heart and lungs and cause serious health effects.
EPA groups particle pollution into two categories:
PM10 "Inhalable coarse particles," such as those found near
roadways and dusty industries, are larger than 2.5 micrometers and
smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter.
PM2.5 "Fine particles," such as those found in smoke and haze, are
2.5 micrometers in diameter and smaller. These particles can be
directly emitted from sources such as forest fires, or they can form
when gases emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles
react in the air.
Primary and Secondary particles
*
These particles come in many sizes and shapes and can
be made up of hundreds of different chemicals. Some
particles, known as primary particles are emitted directly from
a source, such as construction sites, unpaved roads, fields,
smokestacks or fires.
*
Others form in complicated reactions in the atmosphere
of chemicals such as sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides that
are emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles.
These particles, known as secondary particles, make up
most of the fine particle pollution in the country.
How can particles affect your health?

Particles
Long-term exposures,
such as those experienced
by people living for many
years in areas with high
particle levels, have been
associated with problems
such as reduced lung
function and the
development of chronic
bronchitis and even
premature death.
Short-term exposures to
particles (hours or days)
can aggravate lung disease,
causing asthma attacks and
acute bronchitis, and may
also increase susceptibility
to respiratory infections. In
people with heart disease,
short-term exposures have
been linked to heart attacks
and arrhythmias.
How can you avoid unhealthy

exposure?
Your chances of being affected by particles increase the more

strenuous your activity and the longer you are active outdoors. If your
activity involves prolonged or heavy exertion, reduce your activity time
or substitute another that involves less exertion. Go for a walk instead of
a jog, for example. Plan outdoor activities for days when particle
levels are lower. And don't exercise near busy roads; particle
levels generally are higher in these areas.
Particle levels can be elevated indoors, especially when outdoor
particle levels are high. Certain filters and room air cleaners can help
reduce indoor particle levels. You also can reduce particle levels
indoors by not smoking inside, and by reducing your use of other

particle sources such as candles, wood-burning stoves, and
fireplaces.
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PDF "pdfFactory Pro" www.fineprint.com.cn

Air Pollution Control

PDF "pdfFactory Pro" www.fineprint.com.cn

Air Pollution Control Engineering

PDF "pdfFactory Pro" www.fineprint.com.cn

Air Pollution Control Engineering

In our daily life, it is the fact that most of

PDF "pdfFactory Pro" www.fineprint.com.cn

Air Pollution Control Engineering

PDF "pdfFactory Pro" www.fineprint.com.cn

Air Pollution Control Engineering

According to the report, we can see that the main

PDF "pdfFactory Pro" www.fineprint.com.cn

Air Pollution Control Engineering

Density of the atmosphere

Stability of the atmosphere

Polar heating and cooling

Rotation of the Earth

Air Pollution Control Engineering

The density of the atmosphere will change while

So, at certain height, the density is depended on M

PDF "pdfFactory Pro" www.fineprint.com.cn

Air Pollution Control Engineering

dT/dz is just the slop of the line.

Height above the sea level, z

While a air block is

PDF "pdfFactory Pro" www.fineprint.com.cn

Air Pollution Control Engineering

The stability of the air

Height above the sea level, z

Standard air: dT/dz=-6.5/km=-3.6/1000ft

Adiabatic air: dT/dz=-9.8/km=-5.4/1000ft

Why should we know that?

Air Pollution Control Engineering

What forms temperature inversion

Cooling air form

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Air Pollution Control Engineering

Reduce the energy

Air Pollution Control Engineering

Smog & Stranded

If there is very strong surface temperature inversion at the disposal

Surface temperature rises.

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The concentration model

Air Pollution Control Engineering

The ideal pollutant concentration model can predict the

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Air pollutant concentration model

Air Pollution Control Engineering

Two main kinds of air pollutant concentration model

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Air Pollution Control Engineering

Fixed box model

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Fixed box model

Air Pollution Control Engineering

8 hypothesis to the fixed box model:

Air Pollution Control Engineering

X=y=z=0(at the bottom

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Gauss Plume Model

Air Pollution Control Engineering