sản xuất axit sunfulric

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni
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MC LC
Trang
PHN M U:
Lch s pht trin ca axit sunfuric..3

PHN MT
C S HO L.
I. NHNG KHI NIM CHUNG
1. Khi nim chung.....5

2. Vi tnh cht ca axit v lum.......5
3. Tnh cht ca SO2 v SO3 ......9
4. Bo qun v vn chuyn axit.. ....10
5. Vt liu ch to thit b.....10
II. C S HO L QU TRNH SN XUT H2SO4.
1. Ch to kh SO2..11
2. Tinh ch kh.......12
3. Qa trnh xi ho SO2 trn xc tc V2O5.......13
4. Qa trnh hp th19
PHN HAI
CHN V BIN LUN DY TRUYN - THIT B
TON PHN XNG
I. La chn dy chuyn cng ngh.... .22.

II. Chn cc thit b trong dy chuyn sn xut....23
III. Thuyt minh dy truyn sn xut. ..26
PHN BA
TNH CN BNG CHT
TNH CN BNG NHIT TON H THNG
I. L lp si t pyrit......28
II. Ni hi nhit tha...34
III. Cyclon........36
IV. Lc in kh......38
V. Thp ra I.....41
VI. Thp ra II...47
VII. Lc in t I..52
VIII. Thp tng m..55
IX. Lc in t II......60
X. B xung khng kh......62
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XI.Thp sy kh........65
XII. Thp tip xc ..68
XIV.Thp hp th lum....82
XIV. Thp hp th mn hydrat.....86
PHN IV
TNH TON THIT B
I. L t qung lp si..90
II. Ni hi nhit tha..94
III. Thp sy....97
IV. Thp chuyn ho SO2 ...102
IV. Thp hp th lum.....117
V. Thp hp th mn hydrat....123
VI. Tnh ton , chn thit b ph....128
PHN V
TNH TON KINH T
I.Xc nh ch lm vic ca nh my..134

II. Tnh ton nhu cu v in134
III. Tnh ton nhu cu v nc .136
IV. Tnh gi thnh sn phm 138
PHN VI
PHN XY DNG

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PHN M U
LCH S PHT TRIN CA AXIT SUNFURIC
T lu loi ngi bit n axit sunfuric, t th k X ngi ta iu

tr axit sunfuric bng cch chng ct sunfat st nhit cao s thu c
SO2 v SO3. Sau khi lm lnh hn hp kh SO2 v SO3 cng vi hi nc s
to thnh H2SO4, nhng phng php ny c nng sut thp, gi thnh cao.
n cui th k XV ngi ta t Lu hunh v Dim tiu c thm nc
iu ch axit sunfuric cho y hc. Nm 1740 nh my sn xut axit sunfuric
c xy dng Anh. Nguyn tc sn xut, t Lu hunh v Mui nitrat
trong cc bnh kim loi sau hp th kh bay ra bng nc trong bnh thu
tnh. Nm 1796 ngi ta thay th bnh thu tinh bng phng php phng
ch. Qu trnh sn xut gin on, xit Nit thi ra ngoi nh hng n mi
trng. u th k XIX bt u t Lu hunh trong cc l ring, cn cc
xit Nit iu tr bng cch dng axit sunfuric phn hu cc mui Nitrat v
ngi ta t mt s thp trc phng ch tch mt s xit Nit ho tan
trong mt s sn phm v t mt s thp sau phng ch hp th xit Nit
bay theo kh thi. Do , tng c nng sut v gim gi thnh sn phm.
u th k XX ngi ta dng thp m thay cc phng ch. T , phng
php thp c hnh thnh c nng sut ln hn nhiu so vi phng php
phng tr. Nhng phng php ny ch iu ch c axit sunfuric c nng
75% v tinh khit ca sn phm khng cao.
Song song vi phng php thp nm 1931 P.Filit (ngi Anh) ngh
xi ho SO2 trc tip trn xc tc Pt bng xi khng kh. T hnh thnh
phng php tip xc. Trong cc cng trnh nghin cu, qu trnh xi ho
SO2 thnh SO3 c tin hnh trn cc xc tc nh xit st, xit ng
n cui th k XIX u th k XX ngi ta c bin php khc phc
xc tc ng c th phng php tip xc dng sn xut axit sunfuric
ngy cng tng ln khng ngng, u im ca phng php ny: Sn phm
tinh khit, c nng cao. C th sn sut c SO 3 lng v leum, nng
sut sn xut ln nhng gi thnh cao v tn ti h thng tinh ch kh.
Axit sunfuric l mt axit v c mnh , c s dng rng ri . nghnh
phn bn ho hc tiu th nhiu axit nht . sn xut mt tn P 2O5 hu
hiu trong phn bn cn 1,9 2,5 tn axit, mt tn amn sunfat cn 0,75 tn
axit sunfuric. Axit sunfuric c dng sn xut nhiu loi mui sunfat,
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mt s axit v c nh : axit photphoric, axit boric , axit flohidric, mt s bt

mu v c, sn hu c, si visco, tinh ch sn phm du m, cht n, ty g
kim loi, trong luyn mt s kim loi nh nhm, magi, ng , coban.
Niken, vng
nc ta, trong khng chin chng Php ng Phm nh A cng mt s
ngi t chc sn xut axit saunfuric quy m nh theo phng php
phng ch. Nm 1962 xng axit sufuric theo phng php tip xc i t
pirit cng sut 40000 tn /nm Lm Thao bt u hot ng. trong nhng
nm 60 v 70 hai xng axit sunfuric theo phng php tip xc i t S
c xy dng Tn Bnh v Th c. tip l xng axit sunfuric
40000 tn/nm ca nh my supephotphat long thnh. Ti nm 1992 tng
cng sut ca cc xng axit sunfuric nc ta l 240000 tn/nm. Hin
nay ch ring nh my supephotphat v ho cht Lm Thao cng c ti ba
dy chuyn sn xut axit sunfuric theo phng php tip xc i t S vi
cng sut ln ti 240000 tn /nm.
Khai thc ht cng sut thit k, ci tin nhng mt xch yu trong dy
chuyn cng ngh a nng sut ln cao thit k, gim tiu hao vt cht
v chi ph qun l cho mt tn sn phm, m bo cht lng sn phm theo
tiu chun quc t, ci thin iu kin lao ng v mi trng l nhng yu
cu cn thit i vi nhng ngi qun l vn hnh cc dy chuyn sn xut
axit sunfuric nc ta hin nay. nhng nhim v sng to trn i hi phi
nm vng bn cht cc l thuyt v nhng thnh tu mi nht ca cng
ngh, thit b sn xut axit sunfuric.

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PHN MT
C S HO L
I. NHNG KHI NIM CHUNG.
1. Khi nim chung:

Trong k thut, hn hp theo t l bt k ca SO3 vi H2O u gi l
axt sunfuric.
Nu t l SO3 : H2O < 1 gi l dung dch axt sunfuric
SO 3 : H2O > 1 gi l dung dch ca SO3 trong axt sunfuric hay
lum hoc axt bc khi.
Thnh phn ca dung dch axt sunfuric c c trng bng % khi
lng H2SO4 hoc SO3
2 - Vi tnh cht ca axt sunfuric v lum:
Axt sunfuric khan l cht lng khng mu, snh kt tinh 10,37 oC p
sut thng (760mmHg) n to = 296,2 oC axt sunfuric bt u si v b
phn hu cho ti khi to thnh hn hp ng ph chim 98,3 % H2SO4 v 1,7
% H2O. Hn hp ng ph ny si 336,5 oC .
Axt sunfuric c th kt hp vi nc v SO 3 theo t l bt k khi to
thnh mt s hp cht c tnh cht khc nhau.
a. Nhit kt tinh.
Dung dch c nng bt k ca H2SO4 v lum c th xem l hn hp
ca hai trong s cc hp cht khc sau:
H2O; H2SO4.3H2O; H2SO4.2H2O; H2SO4.H2O;H2SO4; H2SO4.SO3;
H2SO4.2SO3; SO3.
ng vi nhit kt tinh l :
0 oC ; - 22,4 ; -39,6 ; 8,48 ; 10,37 ; 35,85 ; 1,2 ; 16,8 oC
T th biu din quan h gia nhit kt tinh v nng axt
H2SO4

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Nhit , oC
7
G
2
3
B C
A
% H2SO4
% SO3 t do
Hnh 1: th kt tinh ca h nc v SO3
Nhit , oC
Ta thy rng:
Nhit kt tinh ca dung dch axt sunfuric v lum tng i cao,
thm ch ngay c nhit vi chc .
V vy, ngi ta qui nh rt nghim ngt nng axt sunfuric v
lum sao cho chng khng b kt tinh trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bo
qun.
T tnh cht ny gip cho ta la chn thnh phn axt sn xut ra phi
gn vi im cc tiu trn th kt tinh.
b. Nhit si v p sut hi:
Quan h gia nhit si v nng axt biu din trn th sau:
% H2SO4
% SO3
Hnh 2: Nhit si ca axit sunfuric v oleum 760 mmHg
Qua th ta thy rng:

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Khi tng nng th nhit si ca dung dch axt sunfuric tng t

cc i ( 336,5 oC ) 98,3 % H2SO4 sau li gim.
Khi tng hm lng SO3 t do th nhit si ca lum gim t
296,2oC ( 0% SO3 t do) xung 44,7 oC ( 100%SO3).
Khi tng nng p sut hi trn dung dch a xt gim t cc tiu
98,3 % H2SO4 sau li tng. p sut hi trn lum tng khi tng hm
lng SO3 t do.
C th tnh p sut hi trn dung dch axt sunfuric v lum theo cng
thc sau:
lgP A
Trong :
B
T
P: p sut hi mmHg.
A, B : H s ph thuc vo nng axt v lum.
p sut hi ring phn ca H 2SO4 trn dung dch axt sunfuric t o khc
nhau c th tch theo cng thc trn nhng gi tr A,B c khc i.
Ni chung hi trn dung dch axt sunfuric v lum c thnh phn khc
vi thnh phn pha lng. Ch trn dung dch 98,3 % H 2SO4 th thnh phn
pha hi nc mi bng thnh phn pha lng.
c.T trng:
Khi tng nng , t trng ca dung dch axt sunfuric tng, t cc i
98,3% H2SO4 sau gim.
Khi tng hm lng SO3 t do t trng ca lum cng tng t cc i

62% SO3 t do sau li gim.
Khi lng rimg, g/cm3

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% H2SO4
% SO3
Nhit dung, cal/g.oC
Hnh 3: Khi lng ring ca axit sunfuric v oleum 20 0C

Khi tng nhit , t trng ca axt sunfuric v lum gim. p dng tnh
cht ny trong k thut sn xut ngi ta xc nh nng ca dung dch
axt sunfuric c nng thp di 95% bng t trng ca trng k.
d. Nhit dung:
Khi tng nng , nhit dung ca dung dch axt sunfuric gim. Ngc
li, khi tng hm lng SO3 nhit dung ca lum li tng. Khi tng nhit
, nhit dung ca axt v lum tng.
% H2SO4
% SO3
Hnh 4: Nhit dung ca a xit sunfuric v oleum 20oC
e. nht:
nht ca axt sunfuric v lum c nh hng rt ln n tr lc ca
axt khi chy trong ng ng, mng dn, n tc truyn nhit khi un
nng hoc lm lnh axt, tc ho tan ca cc mui. V vy gi tr nht
c s dng nhiu trong tnh ton k thut.
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nht (cp)
nht ca axt sunfuric v lum c gi tr cc i nng 84,5%

H2SO4; 100% H2SO4 ; 50-55% SO3 t do.
% H2SO4
% SO3 t do
Hnh 5: nht ca a xit sunfuric v oleum 20 oC

Khi tng nhit , nht ca axt gim kh nhanh.
g. Nhit to thnh:
Nhit to thnh axt sunfuric nng khc nhau (tc l lng nhit to
ra khi thm nc vo 1 kg SO3 to thnh dung dch axt ).
C th tnh gn ng theo cng thc thc nghim sau:
H
2113
.M
2,99.M .(t 15)
M 0,2013
M 0,062
Trong :
H: Nhit to thnh axit sunfuric, kJ/kg SO3
M: Lng nc trong axit, kg/kg SO3
M
100 C
C
C: Hm lng SO3 trong axit, %

(Mun chuyn nhit to thnh t kJ/kg SO3 sang kJ/kg H2SO4 th chia
kt qu cho 1,225).
h. Nhit pha long v nhit hn hp:
Nhit pha long l lng nhit to ra khi thm nc vo a xt.
Nhit pha long dung dch axt sunfuric t nng ban u C 1 xung
nng C2 c th tnh nh hiu ca nhit to thnh cc a xt :
Qf = = H2 - H1
Nhit hn hp:

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L nhit lng to ra khi hn hp cc a xt c nng khc nhau. Nhit

hn hp c xc nh theo cng thc:
Qh = H3 + 2113 - H1 - H2
( KJ/ kgSO3)
Trong :
H1, H2, H3: Nhit to thnh cc a xt ban u c nng C 1, C2
v axt cui nng C3.
3. Tnh cht ca SO2 v SO3:
3.1. Anhydric Sunfur : SO2
SO2 nhit thng l cht kh khng mu, c mi xc c trng,
kch thch mnh mt v c quan h hp.
SO2 d ho lng ( p sut thng to ho lng SO2 l - 10,1 oC )
SO2 ho tan nhiu trong nc : 20 oC : 1 th tch nc ho tan 40 th
tch SO2. ho tan ca SO2 trong
axt nh hn trong nc. Khi tng
nng axt u tin ho tan SO 2 gim; t cc tiu 85% H2SO4 sau
li tng.
Khi tc dng vi nc, SO2 to thnh axt sunfur:
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
Axt sunfur ch tn ti trong dung dch.
3.2. Anhydrit Sun furic: SO3
SO3 iu kin thng l cht kh khng mu, trong khng kh n phn
ng mnh vi hi nc v to nn nhng git axt nh bay l lng gi l
m.
SO3k + H2Ol = H2SO4l + 131,1 KJ
SO3 lng hn hp vi SO2 theo t l bt k
SO3 rn ho tan trong SO2 lng nhng khng to thnh hp cht ho hc
SO3 kh tc dng vi HCl to thnh axt Closunfonic: SO2(OH)Cl
nhit to = - 44,75 0C th kh SO3 bin thnh cht lng khng mu.
4. Bo qun v vn chuyn axit.
4.1. Bo qun.
Sn xut axit sunfuric l qu trnh lin tc, v vy sn phm lin tc a
v kho. kho axt c cha trong cc thng cha ln kn trnh bi.
Thng cha axt c hnh tr t ng lm bng thp, c dung tch ln
m bo cha c lng a xt do dy chuyn sn xut ra trong ngy. Mi
kho bao gm vi thng cha tin cho vic lm v sinh, sa cha. Thng
cha axt tinh khit v axt lng phi lt gch chu axt bn trong.
4.2 Vn chuyn.
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vn chuyn khi lng ln axt i xa thng dng cc toa hng

ng st. Khi vn chuyn lng nh v gn thng dng t xi tc ng
can nha chu axt, chai thu tinh.
5. Vt liu ch to thit b.
Trong dy chuyn sn xut axt sunfuric nng axt khc nhau. Tc
n mn thit b ph thuc ch yu vo nng axt v nhit ca n.
Chn c vt liu thch hp ch to thit b c nh hng ln n ch
tiu kinh t, k thut. Khi chn ch cc yu cu sau:
Chu c mi trng n mn v nhit cao, c bn c hc ln, d
gia cng, c, hn v r tin.
Mt s vt liu cn quan tm:
5.1. Thp khng g.
Thp khng g c cha cc kim loi : Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Mo, Ti...chu c
axt c nhit cao nn thng ch to cc thit b vi phun, ng ng
trong thp sy v Mnhydrat.
5.2 Ch.
Ch bn trong mi trng axt long v trn b mt ca n to thnh lp
ch sunfat khng tan trong axt long. Ch thng dng lm hoc lt thit
b, ng ng c tip xc vi axt long(nh khu ra kh trong s c in
); a xt c nng 65-75% trong sn xut axt cho iu ch Supephotphat.
5.3. Gang.
Trong mi trng axt sunfuric gang bn hn thp li r tin, d gia cng
nn c dng nhiu lm ng ng dn, dn lm lnh, van, bm axt. Gang
khng chu c tc dng lu di ca lum v SO 3 v trong mi trng
d rn nt.
Ngoi ra cn mt s vt liu v c chu axt nh m snh s, vt liu
hu c nh faolit ...
II. C s ho l ca qu trnh sn xut H2SO4
Ta chn phng php sn xut axits theo phng php tip xc, theo
phng php ny th sn xut axits qua cc giai an sau :
Ch to kh SO2.
Tinh ch kh SO2.
Oxi ho SO2 thnh SO3.
Hp th kh SO3 to thnh axt H2SO4.
1. Ch to kh SO2
1.1. Phn ng chy ca qung Pyrt.
Khi t qung Pyrt c cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
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2FeS2 2FeS + S2 724,8 kJ.

S2 + 2O2 = 2SO2 + 724,8 kJ.
4Fe + 7O2 = 2Fe2O3 + 4SO2.
3FeS + 5O2 = Fe3O4 + 6SO2 + 2.438,2 kJ.
Trong qu trnh t qung pyrt sn phm chnh l kh l c cha SO 2 v
x qungl Fe2O3, Fe3O4, v 1 lng nh kh SO3. Trong hn hp kh l nng
ca oxi, SO2, SO3 c lin quan mt thit vi nhau qua phng trnh:
n.(m 1)
n.(m 0,5)
Co2 n m
.Cso2 m 0,5.
.Cso3
100
100
Trong :
n: Hm lng O2 trong khng kh a vo l t
m: T l gia s phn t O2 tham gia phn ng vi s phn t
anhydrit sunfur to thnh.
CO2, CSO2, CSO3: Nng ca O2, SO2, SO3 trong kh l, % th tch.
Thc t dng khng kh t nn n = 21 v theo phn ng chy th m = 1.
1.2. Lng v thnh phn x to thnh trong qu trnh chy pyrt.
Lng x to thnh khi t qung:
X
160 CSq
160 CSx
Trong :
X l lng x to thnh.
C sq, Csx : l hm lng lu hunh trong qung kh v trong x
%.
1.3. Nhit chy v nhit bc chy ca nguyn liu.
Nhit chy phc thuc vo dng nguyn liu v mc chy ca lng
hunh trong , c tnh theo cng thc:
Q
Trong :
q.Csch y
100
q: L nhit to ra khi chy hon ton 1 kg s trong nguyn

liu.
Cschy L hm lng lu hunh thc t chy.
Cschy = Csq - x.Csx.
Nhit bc chy ca pyrt 170 n 260 oC xy ra qu trnh oxi ho
chm FeS2 thnh SO2. Nhit chy ca cc loi qung pyrt khc nhau n
phc thuc vo thnh phn khong v mn ca qung, cc loi tp cht c
trong qung.
1.4. Tc chy.
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Tc chy ca qung pyrt phc thuc vo cc yu t nh : nhit ,

kch thc ht qung, nng oxi .... V vy, cn phi khng ch cc iu
kin k thut hp l t c tc chy tiu chun, tng c b mt
tip xc gia pha rn vi pha kh, trnh c hin tng kt khi.
2- Tinh ch kh.
Qu trnh lm sch kh:
Khi t qung pyrt kh l thu c c ln mt s tp cht c hi cho
qu trnh sn xut axt nh l bi x, As 2O3, HF, SiF4, SO3, H2O hi....., do
vy cn phi lm sch cc tp cht c hi trc khi hn hpkh n my tip
xc.
Hn hp kh sau khi b phn ra ( lm sch kh ) trong hn hp kh c
mang theo mt lng hi nc bo ho ln, vi lng hi nc ny nu
khng hp th ht s gy hin tng ngng t v gy n mn cc thit b. V
vy cn phi lm sch lng hi nc ny bng cch cho hn hp kh i qua
axt H2SO4, do tnh cht ho nc ca axt sunfurc kh i qua c mang theo
hi nc s b axt hp th hi nc v lm kh hn hp kh ny, qu trnh
gi l sy kh.
Qu trnh sy kh bng axt sunfuric v thc cht n l qu trnh chuyn
cht t pha kh vo pha lng. Cc phn t khi b hp th s khuch tn t
pha kh ny qua mng kh n b mt phn chia pha, sau li tip tc
khuch tn qua mng lng vo pha lng.
Tc ca qu trnh hp th ph thuc vo tc ca qu trnh no
chm nht ( qu trnh khuch tn qua mng kh, qu trnh khuch tn qua
mng lng, qu trnh phn ng ho hc trong pha lng ). Khi sy kh th tc
hp th hi nc do tc khuch tn n qua mng kh quyt nh :
Lng hi nc khuch tn qua mng kh c xc nh bng cng thc:
Q = k.F. P
[kg / h]
Trong :
k: H s hp th ( kg/m2 h.mmHg )
F: B mt tip xc pha ( m 2 )
P: ng lc qu trnh hp th (mmHg )
Pk Pl' Pk' pl
P
P P'
ln k' l
Pk Pl
Trong :
Pk, Pk : p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong pha kh trc v
sau khi sy [mmHg].
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Pl, Pl : p sut bo ho ca hi nc trn dung dch axt sunfuric

trc v sau khi hp th [mmHg].
qu trnh sy nhanh v trit c th p dng cc bin php sau
(nhm mc ch tng Q).
Tng b mt m F nhng khng tng v hn c v lm tng kch
thc thp, tr lc v u t xy dng.
Tng h s hp th k:
k = ko. m
Trong :
ko : Hng s.
: Tc gi ca kh trong thp rng [m/s]
m : h s ph thuc ch chuyn ng ca dng kh.
C th tng k bng 2 cch:
Tng tc kh:
Khi tng th nng sut thp tng, song tr lc v tia bn axt cng
tng. Tr lc tng bnh phng vi vn tc kh.
Tng hng s k:
Khng ph thuc vo nng axt sy. Nng a xt sy tng th tng
Ko, v tng ng lc ca qu trnh (do gim p sut hi nc bo ho trn
axt ) nhng tn tht SO2 trong a xt b xung s nhiu ln.
3. Qa trnh xi ho SO2 trn xc tc V2O5.
3.1. Phn ng.
a. Cn bng ca phn ng.
SO2 + 0,5 O2 SO3 + Q
( 2-1)
Phn ng l to nhit v gim th tch, hng s cn bng ca phn ng :
Kp
PSO
0,5
PSO .PSO
2
(2-2)
Trong :
PSO3 , PSO2 , PO2 : p sut ring phn ca cc cu t trng
thi cn bng.
Hng s cn bng ph thuc vo nhit theo phng trnh VanHof :
dlnKp/ dt = - Qp/ RT2
Qp : Nhit phn ng p sut khng i.
Nhit phn ng ph thuc vo nhit theo nh lut KiecKhop:
dQp/ dt = - Cp
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Cp : l hiu nhit dung ca sn phm v cc cht ban u:

Cp = CpSO3 - CpSO2 - 0,5 CpO2
Trong thc t cho n gin tnh ton trong khong t o = 400 - 700oC
th c th tnh Kp, Qp theo phng trnh thc nghim sau:
Qp = 101420 - 9,26T [J/mol]
lgK P
(2-3)
4905
,5
4,6455
T
(2-4
Khi nhit tng th Qp v Kp u gim.
b. Mc chuyn ho.
Mc chuyn ho l t l gia lng SO 2 b xy ho thnh SO3 v
tng lng SO2 ban u.
x
PSO
PSO PSO
3
Khi phn ng t trng thi cn bng th mc chuyn ho t gi tr cc

i, gi l mc chuyn ho cn bng Xc v ta c cng thc sau:
x
PSO
PSO PSO
3
cn bng
( 2 5)
Gi P: L p sut chung ca hn hp kh
a,b : Nng ban u ca SO2 v SO3 ( %V)
Kt hp (2-2) v (2-5) ta c:
XC
KP
100 0,5.a.X C
Kp
P (b 0,5.a.X C
(2-6)
Do phn ng xy ho SO2 l phn ng to nhit v gim th tch nn khi
tng p sut v gim nhit th mc chuyn ho cn bng s tng ln.
Ngoi ra mc chuyn ho cn bng cn ph thuc vo t l SO 2/ SO3 trong
kh l tc l ph thuc vo dng nguyn liu v lng khng kh vo l t.
Nu nng SO2 thp, hm lng O2 cng cao th Xc cng ln.
c. Tc phn ng.
Trong sn xut, tc xy ho SO 2 c ngha rt ln, n quyt nh
lng SO2 xy ho c trong 1 n v thi gian trn 1 n v th tch xc
tc. Do n quyt nh lng xc tc cn dng, kch thc thp v cc ch
tiu kinh t k thut.
Tc phn ng c c trng bi hng s tc K:
k = k0. e - E/RT
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Trong :
k0: H s thc nghim c trng cho cht xc tc v
khng ph thuc vo nhit .
E: Nng lng hot ho ca phn ng (J/mol).
Khi tng nhit v gim E th hng s vn tc tng. Khi khng c xc
tc th phn ng xy ho SO 2 c nng lng hot ho ln l v phi tiu tn
nng lng ph v lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t O 2, do
tc phn ng rt nh. Khi c mt cht xc tc rn th nng lng hot ho
gim nhiu do tc phn ng tng ln rt nhiu.
3.2. Cht xc tc dng xy ho SO2.
C th chia cc cht xc tc cho qu trnh chuyn ho SO 2 thnh hai
loi: Xc tc kim loi v phi kim loi.
a. Xc tc kim loi.
Xc tc platin c hot tnh rt cao, nhit hot tnh thp ( 375-400oC)
nhng rt d b nhim c bi Asen v rt t. Ngoi ra cc kim loi khc
trong nhm platin hoc hp kim ca vng, bc platin, molip en chng c
hot tnh cao nhng nhn chung khng n nh do sau mt thi gian lm vic
chng d chuyn thnh dng sunfat hay oxyt.
b. Xc tc phi kim loi.
u tin l oxyt st ( x qung ) c u im r tin, d kim, t nhy c
vi tp cht trong kh l song do nhit hot tnh cao nn mc chuyn ho
thp ( khng qu 0,5).
Sau ngi ta pht hin ra oxyt Vanai phi hp vi hp cht kim loi
kim v SiO2 to ra xc tc Vanai : y l loi xc tc c hot tnh cao,
nhit hot tnh thp (430-440oC) bn nhit ln. V2O5 l thnh phn
hot tnh ca xc tc, chim t 5-12%, SiO 2 lm cht mang dng xp, cc
cht kim loi kim lm cht kch ng.
Cho n ngy nay xc tc Vanani vn c s dng rng ri trong sn
xut axit sunfuric do tnh u vit ca n l hot tnh cao ( mc d km
platin) v r tin. Xu hng ca cng ngh l nghin cu ch to xc tc
Vanai c nhit hot tnh thp xp x nhit hot tnh ca platin.
Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu nc sn xut xc tc Vanai cc dng
vin, vng khc nhau nh : Nga, Anh, M, an mch, Trung Quc....
h bin dy chuyn sn xut axt ca Vit Nam l xc tc ca Nga.
3.3. C ch ca phn ng gia O2 v SO2 trn b mt xc tc rn.
Tc dng ca cht xc tc rn khi oxy ho SO 2 l lm gim nng lng
hot ho so vi nng lng hot ho ca phn ng trong pha kh. Vic gim
nng lng hot ho l do phn ng xy ra theo mt con ng mi, nh c
tc dng ho hc trung gian gia cc cht tham gia phn ng vi cht xc
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tc. Hp cht trung gian to thnh trong qu trnh oxy ho SO2 l hp cht
b mt v khng lm thay i cu trc tinh th ca xc tc. Phn ng gm 4
giai on:
Hp ph SO2 ln b mt xc tc.
Oxyho SO2 bng xy trong cc phn t oxyt kim loi (xc tc) nm
ngay trn b mt xc tc.
Nh SO3 ra khi b mt xc tc.
Hp ph xy trong pha kh vo xc tc v hon nguyn xc tc.
V2O5 + SO2 = V2O4 + SO3
V2O4 + 1/ 2O2 = V2O5
3.4. ng hc qu trnh oxy ho SO2 trn xc tc Vanai.
Khi hiu bit c ng hc ca qu trnh mi gii quyt c cc vn
thc t sn xut nh xc nh c ng nhit thch hp, nng SO 2
thch hp, thit lp phng php hp l tnh ton thit b.
Ngi ta tm c ra phng trnh ng hc sau:
a.x
a.x
2 1
dx k.P
x
2 . 1 x 1
2
.
.
a.x 1 0,2.x
dt a
k P . 1 x b a.x
1
2
2
b
(2-7)
Trong :
K: Hng s tc phn ng ( s-1.at-1)

Kp: Hng s cn bng.
a,b: Nng ban u ca SO2 v O2.
P: p sut chung ca hn hp kh ( at).
x: Mc chuyn ho.
3.5. iu kin xy ho trn xc tc Vanai.
Qu trnh oxyho SO2 l mt giai on quan trng trong sn xut axt
sunfuric. V vy cn phi nghin cu nhng iu kin thch hp tin hnh
qu trnh t nng sut cao, gi thnh h ...
Rc ht hy xt tc phn ng xy ho SO 2 v n quyt inh thi
gian cn thit tip xc gia hn hp kh v xc tc do quyt nh lng
xc tc cn dng, kch thc thit b.
Rong iu kin sn xut, p sut lm vic P v nng ban u a,b l
quy nh v coi nh khng i. Nh vy ti 1 mc chuyn ho xc nh th
tc phn ng oxy ha SO2 ch ph thuc vo K v Kp ( theo phng trnh
2-7). Khi nhit tng, hng s vn tc K tng, cn hng s cn bng Kp
gim.
Xt s thay i ca vn tc phn ng theo nhit :
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Khi tng nhit xt nh hng ca gi tr K v Kp ti tc phn ng

ta c th bn. Nh vy tc phn ng t khi tng n lc bng 0 ( h
t trng thi cn bng ) th phi qua mt gitr cc i. Kt lun ny c
ngha quan trng trong vic chn ch nhit lm vic cho thp.
a. Nhit thch hp.
Nhit :
Tth
4905
x
lg
1 x. b 0,5.a.x 4,937
100 0,5.a.x
(2-8
Nhit thch h p C
580
540
500
1
2
460
420
380
75 80 85 90 95 100
Mc chuyn ho: %
Hnh6 : nh hng ca thnh phn hn hp kh v mc chuyn ho SO2 n

nhit thch hp
Trn hnh v ta thy khi mc chuyn ho SO 2 tng th nhit thch hp
gim. Do , giai on cui ca qu trnh xi ho SO 2 phi tin hnh nhit
thp va tng mc chuyn ho cn bng, va tng tc phn ng.
b. Nng thch hp.
Nng SO2 thch hp ng vi mi mc chuyn ho nht nh l nng
ti nng sut thp tip xc t gi tr cc i.
ng vi nng thch hp th tr lc cc lp xc tc trong my t gi
tr cc tiu. Khi nguyn liu ban u thay i ( tc s mol xy tiu tn
to thnh 1 mol SO2 thay i ) th nng SO2 thch hp cng b thay i.
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2,4
2,2
Nng sut thp tip xc,
n vquy c
92%
2,0
94%
1,8
1,6
96%
1,4
97%
5
10
Nng SO2
Hnh7: nh hng ca nng SO2 n nng sut thp tit xc.
Khi t SO2 : m=1, % SO2 thch hp l 8,5%. Khi nng SO2 thch
hp thay i th nng sut thp tip xc cng ch thay i t, do trong
thc t sn xut ngi ta c th s dng nng SO 2 ln hn nng thch
hp tng nng sut cc thit b khc ca dy chuyn sn xut v gim
in nng tiu hao cho vn chuyn kh.
4. Qa trnh hp th.
4.1. Qu trnh hp th SO3.
u tin SO3 ho tan vo axt sunfuric, sau phn ng vi nc trong
axt:
n SO3 + H2 O = H2 SO4 + ( n - 1) SO3
Tu theo t l gia lng SO3 v H2O m nng a xt thu c s khc
nhau:
Khi n > 1 : Sn phm l l um
Khi n = 1 : Sn phm l mn hydrat
Khi n < 1 : Sn phm l a xt long
C ch ca qu trnh hp th SO 3 cng tng t nh qu trnh sy kh.
Do ta cng c cng thc:
Q = k.F. p
Trong :
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Q: lng SO3 hp th c ( kg/h).

k: h s hp th kg/m2. h.mmHg.
p: ng lc ca qu trnh hp th ( mmHg).
Vi k = k0.0,8
Trong :
k0 : h s ph thuc vo nhit v nng ca a xt
: tc gi ca kh trong thp ( m/s)
Qu trnh hp th SO3 bng axit sunfuric ph thuc vo nng v nhit
, qu trnh hp th SO3 tt nht l nhit thp v nng axit ti l
98,3% H2SO4 v ti c hiu sut hp th v tc hp th u t gi tr
cc i.
Khi nng axit nh hn 98,3% th hi trn dung dch axit gm c hi
nc v hi axit khi ti axit ny ln hn hp kh SO 3 th ng thi vi qu
trnh hp th SO3 trong pha lng cn c qu trnh to thnh hi axit H 2SO4
trong pha kh so SO3 tc dng vi hi nc. Do vy, p sut ring phn ca
hi axit rt ln hi axit H2 SO4 to thnh cng nhiu s xy ra hin tng to
m. Do , hiu sut hp th SO3 v gy tn tht SO3 theo kh thi ra ngoi.
Nu dng axit c nng ln hn 98,3% th hi trn dung dch c c
SO3. Nng axit cng ln th sut ring phn ca SO 3 cng ln. Do ,
ng lc hp th v tc hp th gim. Mt khc, p sut ring phn ca
SO3 sau khi hp th tng lm tn tht SO3 theo pha kh tng v hiu sut hp
th gim.
Nhit cng cao th p sut ring phn ca SO3 cng ln. V vy, hiu
sut v tc cng nh.
nh hng ca nhit v nng axit ti n tc hp th v hiu
sut hp th SO3.
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1,00
Mc hp th
0,98
1- 40C
2- 60C
0,96
3- 80C
4- 100C
0,94
97
98
99
100
Nng H2SO4 tnh theo %
Hnh 8: nh hng ca nng v nhit axit n hiu sut hp th SO3
96
1,2
1,1
1,0
1
0,9
1- 30C
0,8
2- 60C
0,7
0,6
92 94
96 98 100 10
20 30
%H2SO4
%SO3
Hnh 9: nh hng ca nng v nhit axit n tc hp th SO3
T hai th trn ta thy qu trnh hp th SO 3 tt nht l nhit
thp v nng axit ti l 98,3 % H2SO4 v ti tc hp th v hiu
sut hp th u t gi tr cc i.
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PHN HAI
CHN V BIN LUN DY TRUYN - THIT B
TON PHN XNG
I. La chn dy chuyn cng ngh.

Do nguyn liu ta s dng l qung Pyrt, do vy c kh nguyn liu
sch n b phn oxi ho cn phi l sch hn hp kh ny. lm sch hn
hp kh chng ta s dng dy chuyn c in gm c 1 s thit b ch yu sau :
1. B phn kho cha nguyn liu.
- Cu trc gu ngom.
- My nghin qung.
- Sng rung.
- Thng sy qung.
- Bng ti vn chuyn qung ln l t.
2. B phn l t qung.
- L t qung, ta chn l lp si.
- Ni hi thu nhit tha.
- Xiclon
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- Lc in kh.
- H thng vn chuyn x qung.
3. B phn lm sch kh.
- Thp ra 1.
- Thp ra 2.
- Lc in t cp 1 v cp 2.
- Thp tng m.
4. B phn sy-tip xc-hp th.
- Thp sy 1.
- Tch tia bn .
- My thi kh.
- Thp tip xc.
- Trao i nhit ngoi tip xc.
- Thp lm lnh SO3.
- Thp hp th lum.
- Thp hp th Mn.
- Thp x l kh thi.
- ng khi kh thi.
5. B phn kho axt.
- Thng cha axt c.
- Thng trn.
- Thng ch axt 76%.
II. Chn cc thit b trong dy chuyn sn xut.
1. L t nguyn liu.
Ta chn l t kiu lp si v n c nhng u im ni bt nh sau:
Pha rn b o trn mnh lit do nhit v nng trong lp si
ng u, trnh cho cc ht cht rn khi b qu nhit cc b.
H s truyn dn nhit t lp si n b mt trao i nhit ( v ngc li
) rt ln v th gim c b mt truyn nhit v th tch ca thit b.
C kh nng s dng cc ht qung nh do gim c khuch tn
khng ch nng cao nng sut thit b.
Do lp si rt linh ng cho nn c th lin tc cho qung vo v lin
tc ly sn phm ra.
Tr lc ca lp si khng ln lm v trong gii hn ca lp si th
khng ph thuc vo tc thi kh.
Cu to thit b tng i n gin nn d c kh ho v t ng ho.
2. Thp sy
. Thp sy kh vi mc ch hp th hi nc trong hn hp kh, s dng
loi thp m v vi loi thp ny c din tch b mt m ln nn c b mt
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tip xc pha gia pha lng v pha kh ln, kh lu li trong thp lu nn kh

nng hp th hi nc trit .
3. Thp chuyn ho.
C nhiu loi thp chuyn ho:
a. Thp chuyn ho kiu tng si.
Hn hp kh thi t di ln ln lt qua cc li phn phi kh, trn
c xc tc. rt nhin liu phn ng ngi ta t cc b phn lm lnh
bng nc trong lp xc tc.
Loi thp ny c u im sau:
Do xo trn mnh gia kh v xc tc nn tng cng c qu trnh
khuch tn SO2 v O2 n b mt xc tc.
H s truyn nhit t lp si n b phn lm lnh ln, do c th tin
hnh xy ha hn hp kh c nng SO 2 ln m khng s xc tc qu
nng.
Nhc im:
Cu to phc tp, ch iu chnh vn hnh nghim ngt.
b. Thp chuyn ho kiu truyn nhit trung gian.
Loi ny dng cc ng trao i nhit sau mi lp xc tc h nhit
kh vo lp xc tc sau v nng nhit hn hp kh nguyn liu vo lp 1.
Loi ny c u im l d khng ch ch k thut.
Nhc im:
Cu to tng i phc tp.
Nu kh cha nhiu hi nc th khi vo b phn truyn nhit s ngng
t hi a xt gy n mn ng ng.
c. Thp chuyn ho kiu b xung khng kh v c truyn nhit ngoi.
Khng ch nhit vo cc lp xc tc bng b xung khng kh lnh
kh v rt nhit trao i nhit ngoi. Loi ny c cu to n gin, v do
t trao i nhit ngoi nn vic sa cha thay th thit b thun tin d
dng.
Nhc im:
Chim nhiu din tch mt bng xy dng.
Qua xem xt cc loi thp chuyn ho trn y ti chn loi thp chuyn
ho kiu truyn nhit trung gian v c trao i nhit ngoi v n c nhiu u
im ph hp.
4. Thp hp th.
hp th kh SO3 c mt s loi thp nh sau :
a. Thp m.
L loi thp dng kh ph bin, cu to tng t thp sy : hnh tr,v
thp trong xy lt bng gch chu a xt. C xp cc loi m bng snh s.
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Trn nc thp l h thng thit b ti a xt xung, kh i t di y thp

ln.
Loi ny c cu to n gin, nng sut ln.
Nhc im:
Tr lc thp tng i ln.
b. Thp hp th si bt kiu a l hay a chp.
Loi ny c hiu sut hp th cao, cu to n gin song tr lc ca thp
ln.N gm 4-8 tng a, tit din t do ca cc l chim khong 15% tit
din trong ton thp. Lm lnh trc tip a xt trn tng tng a.
c. Thp hp th lm lnh.
Loi thp ny c cu to nh bnh lm lnh lum gm c : cc ng
truyn nhit bng thp khng g. Hn hp kh thi t di ln i gia khe h
ca cc ng. Axt c ti t trn xung bn ngoi ng to thnh ci
mng hp th SO3. Nhit to ra trong qu trnh hp th c nc lm lnh
i trong ng thp khng g ly i.
u im:
Lm lnh ngay c axt nn hiu sut hp th ln.
Nhc im:
Cu to phc tp, kh sa cha thay th
Sau khi xem xt cc loi thp hp th trn y ti chn loi thp sy
hn hp kh v hp th kh SO 3 l loi thp c xp m cho cc thp sy 1 2, thp lum v thp Monohydrat.
5. Tch tia bn.
Sau thp sy v thp hp th Monohydrat trc khi phng khng, hn
hp kh c a qua cc b phn tch tia bn gi li cc tia bn axt
ko theo.
6. Thit b lm lnh axt.
lm lnh axt ca cc b phn nh : ra v hp th SO 3 hoc sy hn
hp kh, ta c th dng cc thit b kiu tm - dn ti - ng chm - ng
lng ng - ng xon rut g.
Thit b lm lnh kiu gin ti:
Gm c cc dn ng bng vt liu chng n mn ph hp u vo v
ra dn c ng gp, a xt i trong ng, nc lm lnh c ti bn ngoi
ng. H s truyn nhit K ph thuc nhiu vo tc chuyn ng ca axt
trong ng lm lnh.
k = A. 0,765
Trong :
: Tc a xt chy [m/s].
A : H s ph thuc vo kiu lm lnh.
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Tnh ton tng hp cc yu t nh hng ca vic tng ti tng h s

k, tng tr lc ca thit b, tng tc n mn. Ngi ta thy rng tc
thch hp ca a xt trong ng dn lm lnh l = 0,5- 0,7 [m/s].
Nhc im:
Hiu sut s dng nc lm lnh thp do khi ti 1 phn nc b vng
ra ngoi khng ti vo ng lm lnh tng di. khc phc hin tng
ny c th treo cc tm rng ca di mi hng ng.
Nhc im na l loi dn ti sinh ra nhiu hi nc lm m khng
kh xung quanh lm tng tc n mn cc thit b v cng trnh xung
quanh.
u im:
D ch to, d kim tra, d sa cha thay th.
Thit b lm lnh kiu ng chm:
Gm c v bng thp hnh tr,trong l cc ng trao i nhit c lp ghi 2
u v cc tm ngn gia, nc lm lnh i trong ng, a xt i bn ngoi
ng.
u im:
Din tch b mt trao i nhit ln, thit b gn gng, h s truyn nhit
ln.
Nhc im:
Cu to phc tp, kh sa cha thay th khi b hng ng trao i nhit
Thit b lm lnh kiu ng xon:
Cu to l cc ng c gia cng qun li theo cc bc nht nh, cc
dn ng xon c t vo trong cc b ( hoc thng cha ) nc lm lnh
i trong ng axt i ngoi ng.
Thit b c u im hiu sut truyn nhit ln, d gia cng ch to, d
sa cha.
Nhc im thit b cng knh, kh kim tra.
Qua phn tch xem xt cc kiu lm lnh axt trn y ti chn kiu lm
lnh gin ti cho axt s, lum v axt monohydrat ca dy chuyn sn
xut. Chn thit b kiu ng xon cho b phn ra.
III. Thuyt minh dy truyn sn xut.
Qung c gia cng t yu cu ( 6 mm ) c chuyn ln l t, ti
y qung pyrt b t to thnh kh SO2 v x qung l oxt st. X qung
c tho ra ngoi qua h thng thi x v a ra bi thi. Kh SO 2 c
my thi kh ca h thng ht theo ng cng ngh n cc b phn trong dy
chuyn nh qua Xiclon lng bi, qua ni hi h nhit sau qua b
phn lc in kh - ra 1 - 2 - tng m - lc in t tinh ch kh lc b
bi x v cc tp cht cng nh cc kh c hi cho xc tc.
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Hn hp kh ra khi b phn tinh ch kh n b phn sy kh sau

n my thi kh, t my thi kh hn hp kh c a n trao i nhit
ngoi sau qua cc trao i nhit trung gian ri n cc lp tip xc, qua
lm ngui SO3 sau qua thp hp th lum-mn qua x l kh ri theo
ng khi kh thi ra ngoi.
Axt ra khi thp sy v hp th c nhit tng ln do nhit hp th to
ra, axt hi lu v thng cha ri dng bm, bm ln qua cc thit b lm
lnh h to.
Axt ri ti vo trong thp.
Trong qu trnh lm vic th nng a xt sy gim dn do hp th hi
H2O c trong hn hp kh, nng a xt lum v Monohydrat tng dn do
hp th SO3, ngi ta b tr ng ng cng ngh b xung cho nhau duy
tr nng theo quy nh, ng thi gi n nh nng axt trong ton
dy chuyn ta lp t ng ng nc b xung vo thng cha monohydrat.
Lng a xt d trong dy truyn c a v kho cha, ti y axt 76%
c a vo 1 thng sau c bm cp cho xng sn xut supe pht
pht. Cn axt 95% c a vo 1 thng xut axt thng phm, nu cn
d th c a qua h thng trn, trn vi axt ra 1 gim nng
xung cn 76% cp cho sn xut supe.
Do hiu sut chuyn ho kh SO 2 SO3 t 98,0% v mc hp th t
99,90%, nn kh thi cn cha mt lng SO 2 v SO3 theo ng khi kh thi
ra ngoi gy nhim mi trng. V vy cn phi x l kh thi trc khi
phng khng ra ngoi mi trng.
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PHN BA
TNH CN BNG CHT
TNH CN BNG NHIT TON H THNG
*. Cc s liu cho:
- Nng sut : 60000 tn/nm.
- Nguyn liu : Qung pirit
+ Hm lng S trong qung : 40%
+ m :
4%.
* Cc s liu t chn:
- Nhit trung bnh nm : 25oC.
- Hiu sut s dng S ca c dy chuyn : 90%.
- Khng kh:
+ cha 79% N2 theo th tch.
+ Cha 21% O2 theo th tch
+ m trung bnh nm : 85%.
I.L lp si t pyrit
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A. cc s liu ban u :
Nng SO2 trong kh l
:14%.theo th tch
Theo quan h gia nng SO2 v SO3 ta c nng SO3
trong kh l l 0,1%
Hm lng S trong bi v trong x : 0,7%.
Nhit pyrit vo
: 25oC.
Nhit ca lp si
: 830oC
Nhit ca kh ra khi l
: 820 oC
Nhit ca x ra khi lp si
: 820 oC
Tn tht nhit ra mi trng xung quanh: 3%.
Trong tnh ton cc k hiu bng ch ca cc i lng c ghi ch s bn
tri pha trn c ngha nh sau:
1. lu hunh a vo theo pyrit.
2. pyrit m.
3. pyrit kh.
4. khng kh
5. SO2 trong kh l kh
6. SO3 trong kh l kh
7. kh l kh
8. kh l m
9. bi trong kh l
10.x qua ng tho
11.tn tht nhit vo mi trng xung quanh
12. nhit c ly i bi lm lnh.
B. Tnh ton cn bng vt liu:
Vi cc gi thit:
S ngy lm vic trong nm : 330 ngy
Hiu sut s dng S ca c dy chuyn : 90%.
Vi nng sut 60000 tn /nm ta tnh c lng S c trong axit sn phm:
60000.1000.32
2473,717
330.24.98
(kg/h)
Lng S a vo theo pyrit:

1
m=
2473,717.
100
2748,574
90
(kg/h)
1. Tiu hao pyrit kh:

3
m.100 2748,574.100
6871,435
40
40
2.Tiu hao pyrit m:
29
(kg/h)

tt nghip
2
m.100
6871,435.100
7147,745
2
100 C H 2O
100 4
(kg/h)
3. Lng S trong pirit:

2
mS 3 mS
m.3 cs 6871,435.40
2748,574
100
100
(kg/h)
4. Tinh lng x to thnh:

Trong iu kin lp si ,phn ng xy ra:
2FeS2 +
11
O
2 2
Fe2O3 + 4SO2
Lng x to thnh t 1 kg pirit:

160 3CS 160 40
0,753
x=
160 9C S 160 0,7
T ta c tng lng x to thnh:

(kg/h)
m 10 m 3m.x 6871,435.0,753 5174,204
5.Tn tht s theo x:

m=
5174,204.0,7
36,194
100
(kg/h)
6. Lu hunh trong pirit chy to SO2 v SO3

5
mS 6 mS 2748,574 36,194 2712,380
(kg/h)
7. SO2 v SO3 to thnh theo th tch:

5
v v
6
( 5 mS 6 mS ).vso2
AS
2712,380.21,895
1852,041
32,066
(m3/h)
y vso 2 l th tch mol SO2

(m3/kmol).
AS l khi lng mol nguyn t S (kg/kmol)
8. SO3 to thnh theo th tch:
V 6V ).7 C SO3
C SO2 C SO3
7
1852,041.0,1
13,135
14 0,1
(m3/h)
Theo khi lng:

6
13,135.80,066
46,916
22,416
Trong 22,4 l th tch mol SO3

Lu hunh c trong SO3 l:
m = 18,789
9. Lu hunh to thnh SO2 :
5
(kg/h)
(kg/h)
mS 2712,380 18,789 2693,591
10. Lng SO2 c to thnh :
30
(kg/h)

tt nghip
5
5
ms .M SO2
AS
2693,591.64,066
5381,638
32,066
(kg/h)
5381,638
1838,619
2,927
(m3/h)
Trong 2,927 l khi lng ring ca SO2

11. Th tch kh l kh thu c
7
v.100 1838,619.100
13132,993
C SO2
14
(m3/h)
12. Nng O2 trong kh l:

CO2 n (m
n.( m 1)
n(m 0,5)
).C SO2 (m 0,5.
).C S 03
100
100
N: nng oxi trong khng kh thi vo l t: 21%.

M t l gia s phn t O2 tham gia phn ng v s phn t SO2 to thnh
Theo phng trnh chy m = 1,375
CO2 21 (1,375
21.(1,375 1)
21(1,375 0,5)
).14 (1,375 0,5.
).0,1
100
100
= 2,710 %
13. Lng O2 trong kh l :
7
vo2
13132.2,710
335,904
100
(m3/h)
mO2 335,904.1,429 480,007
(kg/h)
14. Th tch kh N2 trong kh l:

7
v N2 7 v ( 7 vS 02 7 vS 03 7 v02 ) 13132,335 (1838,619 13,135 335,904)
(m3/h)
(m3/h)
= 10945,335
7
m N2 10945,335.1,257 13758,286
(kg/h)
15. Tiu hao khng kh kh kh chy ;

7
4
vkkk
v N 2 .100
100 CO2
10945,335.100
13854,854
100 21
(m3/h)
mkkk 13854,854.1,295 17942,036
(kg/h)
16. Lng m vo theo khng kh

T s liu chn to = 25oC , = 85% ta c
d = 17.10-3 (kg/kgkkk) (bng XV) [ 1 205]
4
mH 2O 4 m.d 17942,036.17.10 3 305,015
17. Lng khng kh m

m = 17942,036+305,015 = 18247,051
v = 13854,854 +
305,015
0,804
= 14234,226
31
(kg/h)
(kg/h)
(m3/h)

tt nghip
vi 0,804 l khi lng ring ca hi nc iu kin tiu chun

18. Lng hi nc trong kh l :
m = 7157,745.0,04 + 305,015 = 591,325
(kg/h)
v
591,325
735,479
0,804
(m3/h)
19. Lng tng cng kh l:

m = 5381,638+46,916+480,007+13758,286+591,325
= 20258,172
(kg/h)
V = 13132,993 + 735,479 = 13868,472
(m3/h)
20. Lng bi v x thu c:
Tha nhn 90% x b cun theo kh :
a) Lng x b cun theo kh :
m = 0,9.5174,204 = 4656,784
(kg/h)
b) Lng x to ht ln :
m = 5174,204 -4656,784 = 517,420
(kg/h)
Bng 1 : Cn bng cht l lp si:

Lng vo
Lng ra
3
Thnh phn
Kg/h
m /h
Thnh phn
Kg/h
m3/h
%v
Pirit
Pirit kh
6817
Kh
SO2
5381
1838
13,3
m
l
m
340
SO3
46
13
0,1
tng
7157
O2
480
335
2,4
Khng Kk kh
17942 13854
N2
13758 10945
78,9
kh
m
305
380
H2O
591
735
5,3
m
Tng
18247 14234
Tng
20256 13868 100,0
x
Bi
4656
Ht ln
517
Tng
5172
Tng
25404 14234 Tng
25429 13868 100,0
C. Tnh ton cn bng nhit.
32

tt nghip
1. Nhit vo:
1.1 Nhit do pirit kh mang vo:
Q = C.m.t
3
m = 6871,435
Nhit dung ca qung 25oC
CFeS 2 = 14,84 (cal/mol. )
(bng XVII) [ 1 - 208]
Hay C = 5,018 (kJ/kg. )
3
Q = 6871,435.0,518.25 = 88985,083 (kJ/h)
1.2.Nhit do nc trong pirit mang vo:
Q = m.iH 2 O
Ta c i = 104,8( kJ/kg)
(bng I.249) [ 2 - 310]
2
3
Q Q = (7157,745 -6871,435).104,8
= 30005,288 (kJ/h)
1.3. Nhit do pirit m:
2
Q = 3Q + ( 2Q 3Q )
= 88985,083+30005,288 = 118990,371
(kJ/h)
1.4. Nhit vt l ca khng kh:
Nhit hm ca khng kh m i = 16,53 (kcal/kg kkk)
(bng XV) [ 1 - 205]
hay i = 69,211 (kj/kg)
4
Q = 69,211.17942,036 = 1241786,254 (kJ/h)
1.5. Nhit do pirit chy:
4 FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 + 3415,7 KJ
nhit to ra khi t chy 1 kg S l :
q=
3415,7
.1000
4.2.32
= 13342,578 (kJ)
Q = 2693,591.13342,578 = 35939448,020
(kJ/h)
1.6. Nhit do phn ng oxi ho to ra :
SO2 + 0,5 O2 SO3 + q
Theo phng trnh 3-19 [ 1- 96] ta c
q = 101420 9,26 .T (kJ/mol)
q = 101420 9,26.1103 = 91206,220
= 7296,497 (kJ/kg SO3)
6
Q = 7296,497.46,916 = 342322,452
(kJ/h)
1.7 Tng nhit vo:
QV = 2Q+ 4Q+ 5Q+ 6Q
= 118990,371 +1241786,254+35939448,020+342322,453
= 37612571,780
(kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra :
33

tt nghip
2.1. Nhit do kh l mang ra :

Ti 820oc ta tra c Cp ca cc kh
Kh (i)
SO2
O2
N2
SO3
H2O (i )
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,2034
0,2633
0,2804
0,2502
1004,2
CP
0,852
1,102
1,174
(kJ/kg.)
1,055
4205,585
BngX [1-193]
1
QR = ( 5381,638.0,852+480,007.1,102+13758,286.1,174+46,916.1,055).820
+591,325.4205,585
= 19965862,405
(kJ/h).
2.2 . Nhit do x mang ra :
a) Nhit ca x theo kh l :
Q = C.m.t
Ta c nhit dung ca x 820oC :
C = 33,65 (cal/mol. ) (bng XIX) [ 1 - 209]
Hay C = 0,881 (kJ/kg. )
Q = 4656,784.0,881.820 = 3364153,897
(kJ/h)
b) nhit ca x qua ng tho:
Q = 517,420.0,881.820 = 373794,556
(kJ/h)
Tng nhit theo x :
Q 2R = 3737984,453
(kJ/h)
2.3. Tn tht nhit ra mi trng xung quanh :
Q 3R = 0,03.QV = 0,03.37612571,780
= 1128377,153
(kJ/h)
2.4. Nhit ly ra khi lp si :
Q = QV ( Q 1R + Q 2R + Q 3R )
= 37612,571,780 (19965862,405 +3737984,453 +1128377,153)
= 12780383,770
(kJ/h)
Bng 2 . Cn bng nhit l lp si
Nhit vo
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Theo pirit
89015
Theo khng kh
1241786
Do pirit chy SO2 35939448
Do pirit chy SO3
342322
%
0,24
3,30
95,55
0,91
34
Nhit vo
Thnh phn
Theo kh l
bi theo kh
X ht ln
Trao i nhit
Tn tht
kJ/h
%
19965862 53,08
3364153
8,94
373794
0,1
12780383 33,98
1128377
3,90

tt nghip
Tng
37612571 100,00 Tng
37612569 100,00
II. Ni hi nhit tha.

A. iu kin lm vic:
Nhit hn hp kh vo : 820oC.
Nhit hn hp kh ra : 400oC.
Nhit x thi
: 400oC.
Hiu sut lc bi
: 20% (theo tng x).
Nhit tn tht
: 3% nhit vo
B. Cn bng cht.
1- Lng vo.
Lng cc cht vo ni hi bao gm:
SO2
:
5381,638
(kg/h)
SO3
:
46,916
(kg/h)
O2
:
480,007
(kg/h)
N2
:
13758,286
(kg/h)
Hi nc :
591,325
(kg/h)
X kh l :
4656,784
(kg/h)
Tng
:
24914,956
(kg/h)
t mkh = mSO 2 + mO 2 + mN 2
= 5381,638+46,916+480,007 = 19619,931
(kg/h).
2. Lng ra.
2.1. Lng x lng .
Ta thit k ni hi c khng gian lng 20% bi x theo kh.
m1R 0,2.4656,784 931,357
(kg/h)
2.2. Lng x theo kh sang cycln .
(kg/h)
m2R 4656,784 931,357 3725,427
2.3. Lng kh ra.
m3R mSO mSO mO mN mH O
2
= 19619,931+46,916+591,325
=
20258,172
(kg/h).
Bng 3. Cn bng cht ni hi nhit tha

Lng vo
Lng ra
35

tt nghip
Thnh phn
Kh l .
X theo kh
kg/h
20258
4656
Cng
24914
%
Thnh phn
82,45 Kh l
17,55 X theo kh
X lng
100,00 Cng
kg/h
20258
3725
931
24914
%
82,40
13,60
4,00
100,00
C. Cn bng nhit.
1. Nhit vo.
Nhit ca kh l:
19965862,405 (kJ/h). (theo bng 2)
Nhit ca bi trong kh: 3364153,897 (kJ/h). (theo bng 2)
Tng nhit vo:
Qv = 19965862,405+3364153,897=23330016,302
(kJ/h).
2. Nhit ra.
2.1 Nhit do hn hp kh mang ra.
Ti 4000c ta tra c Cp ca cc kh
Kh (i)
SO2
O2
N2
SO3
H2O (i )
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1870
0,2445
0,2584
0,2200
782,6
CP
0,783
1,023
(kJ/kg.)
1,082
0,921
3276,746
BngX [1-193]
1
QR = ( 5381,638.0,783+480,007.10,23+13758,286.1,082+46,916.0,921).400
+591,325.3276,746
= 9791439,750
(kJ/h).
2.2 Nhit do x theo kh mang ra.
Khi lng x theo kh: m = 3725,427
(kg/h)
o
Nhit dung ca x ti 400 C : Cp = 35,215 cal/mol. (bng XIX) [1-209]

Hay Cp = 0,921
( kJ/kg.)
Q 3725,427.0,921.400 1372447,307
2
R
(kJ/h).
2.3Nhit do x lng mang ra:

Theo gi thit nhit ca x lng l 400oC ta c:
Q R3 931,357.0,921.400 343111,919
(kJ/h).
2.4. Nhit tn tht.

Nhit tn tht ly 3% tng nhit vo.
QTT 0,03.23330016,302 699900,489
2.5. Tng lng nhit ra.

36
(kJ/h).

tt nghip
QR Q1R Q2R Q3R QTT
= 9791439,750+1372447,307+343111,919+699900,489
= 12206899,470
(kJ/h).
2.6. Nhit sn xut hi nc.( nhit rt)
Q = 23330016,302-12206899,470= 11123116,832 (kJ/h)
Bng 4: Bng cn bng nhit ni hi nhit tha.
Nhit vo
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Kh l
19965862
X theo kh
3364153
%
85,58
14,42
Tng
100,00
23330015
Nhit ra
Thnh phn
kJ/h
%
Kh l
9791439 41,97
X theo kh
1372447
5,88
X lng
343111
1,47
Tn tht
699900
3,00
Sn xut hi nc 11123116 47,68
Tng
23330013 100,00
III. Cyclon
A. iu kin lm vic:
Hn hp kh vo : 400oC
Hn hp kh ra
: 385oC (gi thit)
Nhit bi lng : 380oC
Hiu sut lng bi : 90%
Nhit tn tht : 4% nhit vo
B. Cn bng vt cht cyclon.
1.Lng vo:
1.1. Hn hp kh .
mkh
= 19619,931
(kg/h).
mSO 3
= 46,916
(kg/h).
mhi nc = 591,325
(kg/h).
Tng lng kh v hi nc:
m = 19619,931+46,916+591,325 =20258,172
1.2. Bi theo kh:
m
= 3725,427
(kg/h).
(kg/h)
2.Lng ra
2.1.Kh v hi nc ra:
37

tt nghip
lng kh ra khi cyclon ging nh kh vo:

m = 20258,172
(kg/h)
2.2. Bi ra theo kh:

m = 0,1.3725,427=372,452
(kg/h)
2.3.Bi lng :
m = 3725,427- 372,452 = 3352,975
(kg/h)
Bng 5. Cn bng cht cyclon

Lng vo
Thnh phn
Kh l
X theo kh
Lng ra
Kg/h
Thnh phn
Kg/h
20258
84,47
Kh l
20258
84,47
3725
15,53
X theo kh
372
1,55
3352
13,98
23982
100,00
X lng
Cng
23983
100,00
Cng
C. Cn bng nhit cyclon.

1. Nhit vo.
1.1. Nhit do kh v hi nc mang vo:
Bng nhit do kh v hi nc mang ra khi ni hi:
Q 1V =9791439,750
(kJ/h)
1.2 Nhit do bi mang vo:
Q V2 = 1372447,307
(kJ/h)
1.3. Tng nhit vo:
QV = 9791439,750+1372447,307 = 11163887,067 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do kh v hi nc mang ra mang ra.
Gi thit nhit kh ra bng 3850C
Ti 385oC ta c nhit dung ca cc kh:
( bng X ) [1-193]
SO3
O2
N2
H2O (i )
Cp (kcal /kg.) 0,1860
0,2190
0,2435
0,2576
775,175
CP
0,917
1,019
1,078
3245,658
Kh (i)
SO2
(kJ/kg. ) 0,778
38

tt nghip
m
(kg/h)
5381,638
46,916
480,007 13758.286 591.325
Q1R (5381,638.0,778 46,916.0,917 480,007.1,019 13758,283.1,078).t R 591,325.3245,658
= 19550,493.tR +1919238,717
(kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do x theo kh mang ra.

Nhit gi thit 385oC.
Nhit dung ca x 385oC :
Cp = 35,002 (cal/mol.)
Hay Cp = 0,916
Q 2R = 372,452.0,916.tR = 341,151.tR
2.3.Nhit do x lng mang ra
(bng XIX) [1-209]

(kJ/kg.)
(kJ/h)
Gi thit nhit x lng l 380 C.

Cp = 34,730 (cal/mol.)
(bng XIX) [1-209]
Hay Cp = 0,909
(kJ/kg.)
3
Q R = 3352,975.0,909.380 = 1158184,625
(kJ/h)
2.4. Nhit tn tht.
Nhit tn tht ly = 4% nhit vo
QTT = 0,04.11163887,067 = 466555,482
(kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit.
QV QR
19550,493.tR +1919238,717+341,151.tR +1158184,625+466555,482

=11163887,067
hay
19891,644.tR = 7691908,236
tR = 386,6 C
Tnh:
QR1 19550,493.385 1919238,717 9446178,522
QR2 341,141.385 131343,135
(kJ/h)
(kJ/h)
Bng 6. Cn bng nhit xyclon

Nhit vo
Thnh phn KJ/h
Thnh phn
39
Nhit ra
KJ/h

tt nghip
Kh l
X theo kh
Tng
9791439
1372447
87,71 Kh l
12,29 X theo kh
X lng
Tn tht
11163886 100,00 Tng
Sai s:
9446178
131343
1158184
446555
11182260
84,47
1,17
10,35
4,01
100,00
11163886 11182260
.100 0,16%
11163886
IV.Lc in kh
A. iu kin lm vic.
Nhit hn hp kh vo : 385oC
Nhit hn hp kh ra : 375oC ( gi thit)
Nhit x lng
: 370oC
Nhit tn tht :
3% nhit vo
B.Cn bng vt cht .
1. Lng vo.
1.1 Lng hn hp kh v hi nc vo :
m = 20258,172
(kg/h)
1.2 Lng x theo kh vo
:
m = 372,543
(kg/h)
2. Lng ra.
2.1.Kh v hi nc ra:
m = 20258,172
(kg/h)
2.2. Lng x theo hn hp kh.
3
Sau lc in, yu cu lng bi trong kh phi 0,1(g/m ). Ta c:

Lng kh sau lc in kh:
3
V = 13868,472 (m /h). ( theo bng 1)

Lng bi trong kh ra :
-3
m = 0,1.10 .13868,472 =1,387 (kg/h)

2.3.Lng x lng
m = 372,543-1,387 =371,156
(kg/h)
Bng 7. Cn bng cht lc in kh

Lng vo
Lng ra
40

tt nghip
Thnh phn
Hn hp kh
X theo kh
Kg/h
20258
372
%
98,19
1,81
Cng
20630
100,00
n
Thnh phn
Hn hp kh
X theo kh
X lng
Cng
Kg/h
%
20258 98,19
1
-371
1,81
20630 100,00
C. Cn bng nhit lc in kh.

1. Nhit vo.
1.1 Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc mang vo :
Q 1V
=9446178,522
(kJ/h) (theo bng 6)
1.2 Nhit do x theo kh mang vo :
Q V2 = 131343,135
(kJ/h)
1.3. Tng nhit vo :
QV = 9446178,522 +131343,135 = 9577521,657 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do hn hp kh mang ra.
Ga thit nhit hn hp kh ra l 375oC, ta c nhit dung ring Cp
ca cc kh.
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1852
0,2157
0,2420
0,2565
770,25
CP ( kJ/kg.)
0,775
0,903
1,013
1,074
3225,036
Kh
m
Q 1R
H2O (i )
(kg/h)
5381,638 46,916 480,007 13758,286 591,325
(Bng X ) [ 1- 192]
= (5381,638.0,775+46,916.0,903+480,007.1,013+13758,286.1,074).tR
+591,325.3225,036
(kJ/h)
= 19475,781.tR + 1907044,856
(kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do x lng mang ra.

o
Gi thit nhit x lng l 370 C.

Cp = 34,370 (cal/mol.)
(bng XIX) [1-209]
Hay Cp = 0,899
(kJ/kg.)
2
Q R = 371,156.0,899.370 = 123457,620
(kJ/h)
0
2.3. Bi theo kh mang ra 375 C.
Nhit gi thit 3750C.
41

tt nghip
Cp = 35,576 (cal/mol.)
Hay Cp = 0,905
(kJ/kg.)
3
Q R = 1,387.0,905.tR = 1,255.tR
(kJ/h)
R
2.4. Nhit tn tht. ( Q4 )
Nhit tn tht ly bng 3% tng lng nhit vo.
Qtt = 0,03.9577521,657 =287325,649
3. Xt cn bng nhit.
(bng XIX) [1-209]
(kJ/h).
QV = QR
19475,781.tR +1907044,856 +123457,620+1,255.tR +28325,649
=9577521,657
19477,036.tR
= 7259693,532
(kJ/h)
tR =373 C
Nhit mang ra do hn hp kh:
Q = 19475,781.375 =7303417,875
(kJ/h)
Nhit mang ra do hi nc:

Q = 1907044,856
(kJ/h)
Bng 8. Cn bng nhit lc in kh

Thnh phn
Hn hp kh
X theo kh
Cng
Nhit vo
KJ/h
9446178
131343
9577521
Sai s
%
98,63
1,37
100,00
Nhit ra
Thnh phn KJ/h
%
Hn hp kh
9210462 95,73
X lng
123457
1,28
Bi theo kh
470
-Tn tht
287325
2,99
Cng
9621714 100,00
9577521 9621714
.100 0,46%
9577521
V.Thp ra I
A. iu kin lm vic.
Nhit kh ra yu cu : 80oC
42

tt nghip
Nhit a xt ti
: 40oC
Nng a xt ti
: 40%H2SO4
Hiu sut hp th SO3
: 20%
Nhit axit chy
: 58 oC (gi thit)
Nhit tn tht
: 3% nhit vo
B. Cn bng vt cht.
1. Lng vo.
1.1. Kh vo.
SO2
: 5381,638
(kg/ h)
SO3
: 46,916
(kg/ h)
O2
: 480,007
(kg/ h)
N2
: 13758,286
(kg/ h)
H2O : 591,325
(kg/ h)
Lng kh kh :
mkh = 5381,638 + 480,007 + 13758,286 = 19619,931 (kg/ h)
1
mv =
mkh + mH 2 O + mSO 3
= 19619,931 + 591,325 + 46,916= 20258,172
(kg/ h)
1.2 Lng bi theo kh:
m v2 = 1,387
(kg/h).
1.3. Lng axt ti vo thp.
Chn lu lng ti i vi thp rng lu lng ti t 2- 4m3/1000m3
kh iu kin tiu chun.
[ 2 - 491]
Ta c :
Th tch kh vo V = 13868,472 (m3/h)
(theo bng 1)
3
3
Chn lu lng ti: 4 m /1000m kh
vaxt
4.13868,472
55,474
1000
(m3/h)
iu kin 40%H2SO4 , nhit 400c ta c

dH 2 SO 4 = 1,3028 (g/cm3).
(Bng I) [ 1 - 177]
3
mv 1,3028.1000.55,474 72271,527
(kg/h).
Lng SO3 c trong a xt ti vo thp l:
mSO3
40.80.72271,527
23598,866
100.98
Lng nc trong axit ti: m = 72271,527- 23598,866

= 48672,661
2. Lng ra.
2.1.Lng SO3 to m, lng m.
43
(kg/h).
(kg/h)

tt nghip
Ton b lng SO3 cn li s tc dng vi hi nc bay ra trong axit

ti v to thnh m axit.
Lng SO3 to m axt:
mSO3 46,916 9,383 37,533
(kg/h)
Lng m a xt to thnh:
ng vi nng ht m: 40%H2SO4.
%SO3 40.
80
32,65%
98
Lng m ra:
m1R 37,533.
100
114 ,955
32,65
(kg/h)
Trong c:
mH 2 O = 114,955- 37,533= 74,422 (kg/h)
2.2. Tnh lng nc bay hi.
Da vo quan h gia th tch v p xut ta lp ra cng thc sau:
vHhoi2 O
vk .PH 2 O
P P PH 2 O
Trong :
vk : L th tch kh kh
PH O : p sut ring phn ca nc trn dung dch H2SO4.
P : Chnh lch p sut trong thp.
P : p sut kh quyn = 760 mmHg.
Ta c:
vK (vSO vO vN ) 13119 ,858 (m3/h)
2
chn khng trc thp: 120 mmH2O

chn khng sau thp : 150 mmH2O
P
Hay P =
PT Ps 150 120
135 ( mmH2O)
2
2
760.135
10330
= 9,93
PH 2 O = 87,3 (mmHg)
V
Hoi
H 2O
mH 2
(mmHg)
(Bng IV) [1 - 183]
13119,858.87,3
= 760 87,3 9,93 = 1728,146
(m3/h)
1728,146.18
2
= 1388,689 (kg/h)
O = mR =
22,4
2.3. Bi ra.
Sau thp ra I c th ci lng bi cn li s ra theo axit chy:
44

tt nghip
mR3 1,387
(kg/h)
2.4. Lng axt ra khi thp.

R
Lng SO3 ra trong axit chy ( mSO )
Ta c:
Lng SO3 trong kh c hp th :
3
HT
mSO
46,916
3
20
9,383
100
(kg/h)
Lng SO3 trong axit chy:

R
HT
mSO
mVSO3 mSO
3
3
23598,866 9,383 23608,249
Lng nc:
Lng nc trong axit ti:
Lng hi nc trong kh ra:
Lng nc to m:
Lng hi nc c sn trong kh:
k
max
hoi
mRH O (maxt
H O mw ) (mH O mH O )
2
48672,661
1388,689
74,422
591,325
(kg/h)
(kg/h).
(kg/h).
(kg/h).
(kg/h).
= 48672,661+ 591,325 74,422- 1388,689= 47800,875 (kg/h).

Lng axit chy :
m 4R = 23608,249 + 47800,875 = 71409,124
Nng SO3 trong axit chy:
(kg/h)
23608,249
.100 33,06%
71409,124
% H 2 SO4 33,06.
98
40,5%
80
2.5. Kh ra.
mR5 mSO2 mO2 mN 2
= 19619,931
Bng 9: Cn bng cht thp ra I
Lng vo
Thnh phn
Hn hp kh
Hi nc
A xt ti
Kg/h
19667
591
72271
Cng
92529 100,00
%
21,25
0,64
78,11
(kg/h)
Lng ra
Thnh phn
Hn hp kh
Hi nc
A xt chy ra
M axit
Bi
Cng
45
Kg/h
19619
1388
71409
114
1
92531
%
21,20
1,50
77,17
0,13
-100,00

tt nghip
92529 92531
.100
92530
Sai s :
0,00%.
C. Cn bng nhit thp ra I.

1. Nhit vo.
1.1 Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo.
QV1 QK QBui
= 9210462,731+470,625 = 9210933,356 (kJ/h) (Bng 8)

1.2. Nhit do a xt ti mang vo.
Theo iu kin lm vic ca thp yu cu nhit a xt ti vo ca
thp l t = 400C.
Ta c nhit dung ring ca a xt 40%H2SO4 400C l:
C H SO = 0,683 (kcal/kg.)
(Bng II) [1-181].
hay C = 2,860
(kJ/kg.)
Nhit do axt ti vo thp:
Q V2 = 72271,527.2,860.40 =8267862,689
(kJ/h)
1.3. Nhit to ra do to m a xt.
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
SO3K +H2O(H)
H2SO4 (H) + 124,988 (kJ)
H2SO4 (H
H2SO4 (L) +50,196 (kJ)
Ta thy rng c 1mol SO3K cho 1mol H2SO4L to ra mt nhit lng
l:
124,988 + 50,196 = 175,184 (kJ).
Ta c:
2
QV3
QV3
m SO3
M SO3
.10 3.175,184
(kJ/h)
46,916
.10 3.175,184 102736,657
80
1.4 Nhit pha long a xt t 100% xung 40% H2SO4.

T cng thc
H
2113
.M
2,99.M .(t 15)
M 0,2013
M 0,062
Trong :
H: Nhit to thnh axt
M: Lng nc trong a xt
M
100 CSO3
(kJ/kg SO3).
(kg/kgSO3).
CSO3
C: Hm lng SO3 trong a xt.

Vi :
H2SO4 = 100% %SO3 =81,63%
46
(kJ/h)

tt nghip
H2SO4 = 40%
n
%SO3 =32,65%
100 81,63
0,225
81,63
100 32,65
2,060
32,65
M 100
M 40
Gi thit khi pha long axt nhit m axt ra bng nhit kh ra t = 80 C

t
tV t R 40 80
60 (0C)
2
2
2113 .2,06
2,99.2,06.(60 15)
2055,535
(kJ/kg SO3).
2,06 0,2013
2,06 0,062
2113 .0,225
2,99.0,225.(60 15)
1220,735
(kJ/kg SO3).
0,225 0,2013
0,225 0,062
H H 40 H 100 2055,535 1220,735 834,800
(kJ/kgSO3)
H 40
H 100
Q4 mSO3 .H 46,916.834,800 39165,477
(kJ/h)
1.5 Tng nhit vo:

Qv = 9210933,356 + 8267862,689 + 102736, 657 + 39165,477
= 17620698,180
(kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
0
2.1. Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc mang ra 80 C.

Ta c nhit hn hp kh ra khi thp ra I l t = 800C, ta tra c
nhit dung ring ca cc kh ti ph lc
O2
N2
H2O (i)
Cp (kcal /kg. ) 0,1554
0,2221
0,2467
631,14
Cp
0,930
1,033
2642,416
Kh (i)
(kj/kg. )
SO2
0,651
(Bng X) [1 - 192]
Qkh = (m.c.t)kh
= ( 5381,638.0,651+ 480,007.0,930 + 13758,286.1,033). 80
= 1452972,983
QHi = 1388,689. 2642,416 =3669494,033
Q 1R = Qkh + Qhi =
5122467,016
(kJ/h)
0
2.2. Nhit do m axt mang ra nhit l t = 80 C.

Ta c:
47

tt nghip
mm = 114,955 (kg/h)
(bng 9)
o
Nhit dung ca axit 40% nhit 80 C
C = 0,685
(kcal/kg.) (bng II) [1 181]
hay C = 2,868 ( kj/kg.)
Q 2R =m.c.t = 114,955.2,868.80 = 26375,275
2.3 Nhit do axt chy mang ra.
0
Gi thit nhit a xt chy ra l t = 58 C.

Ta c:
Nhit dung ca axit chy:
C = 0,684 (kcal/kg.)
(Bng II) [ 1-181]
Hay C = 2,868 (kj/kg. )

maxchy = 71409,124 (kg/h)
Q3R max .C H 2SO4 .t r 71409,124.2,868.t r 204801,367.t r (kg/h)
2.4. Nhit tn tht.

Nhit tn tht ly 3% tng nhit vo.
QR4 0,03.17620698,180 528620,945
(kJ/h)
2.5 Nhit do bi mang ra :

mbi = 1,387 kg/h
o
Nhit ca bi bng 60 C
Cbi = 26,87 cal/mol.
(Bng XIX) [1 -209]
Hay C = 0,703 kj/kg.
QR5 1,387.0,703.58 58,504
3. Xt cn bng nhit.
(kJ/h)
QV QR
Qr 5122467,016 26375,275 204801,367.t R 528620,945 58,504
204801,367.tr = 11943167,440
r
t = 58,3 C
48

tt nghip
Bng10: Cn bng nhit thp ra I

Nhit vo
Thnh phn
Hn hp kh .
Hi nc
A xt ti.
Nhit pha long
Nhit to m
kJ/h
7303888
1907044
8267862
39165
102736
%
41,45
10,82
46,92
0,22
0,59
Nhit ra
Thnh phn
Hn hp kh.
Hi nc
A xt chy.
M axt
Bi
kJ/h
1452972
3669494
11878479
26375
58
%
8,28
20,90
67,66
0,15
--
528620
3,01
17555998
100,00
Tn tht.
Cng
17620695
Sai s:
100,00 Cng
17620695 17555998
.100 0,36%
17620695
VI. Thp ra II.

A. iu kin lm vic.
Nhit kh hn hp kh vo : 80oC
Nhit kh ra thp
: 40oC
Nhit axt ti
: 35oC
Nhit axt chy
: 44,5oC (gi thit)
Nng axit ti
: 20% H2SO4
Hiu sut hp th m axit: Thm 10% tng lng SO3 u.
Nhit tn tht
: 3% nhit vo
B. Cn bng cht.
1. Lng vo.
1.1. Lng hn hp kh vo.
Lng hn hp kh vo thp ra II bng lng hn hp kh ra thp ra I
mkh = 19619,931
(kg/h)
mm = 114,955
(kg/h)
mhi = 1388,689
(kg/h)
(Theo bng 9)
m 19619,931 114 ,955 1388,689 21123,575 (kg/h)

1
V
49

tt nghip
1.2. Axit ti.

Lu lng ti i vi thp m:
3
Vax = 10 15 (m /m h)
(Bng IX) [2-487]
Vi vn tc kh trong thp: 0,8 1 (m/s)

Chn = 0,8 [m/s]
VV VSO2 VO2 VN 2 VH 2O
3
= 13119,858 +580,856 = 13700,714 (m /h)

(Theo bng 1 v bng 9)
Ta c:
Fthap
vkhi
13700,714
4,76
0,8 3600 0,8 3600
(m 2 )
Chn lu lng ti bng 13 (m3/m2h)

Vaxti = 13.4,76 = 61,88 (m3/h)
Khi lng ring ca axit 20% ti 35oC
d = 1139,4 (kG/m3)
(Bng I) [1 -177]
mV2 61,88.1139,4 70506,072
(kg/h)
80
Vi nng 20% H2SO4 %SO3 = 20. 98 = 16,33% SO3

Lng SO3 trong axit ti:
mSO3 0,163.70506,072 11492,489
(kg/h)
Lng H2O trong axit ti:

mH 2 O = 70506,072-11492,489=59013,583 (kg/h).
2. Lng ra.
2.1. Lng hn hp kh ra.
Lng hn hp kh ra thp ra II bao gm:
m1R mSO2 mO2 mN2 19619,931
(kg/h)
(Theo bng 1)
2.2. Lng hi nc ra.
Da vo quan h gia th tch v p xut ta lp ra cng thc sau:
vHhoi2 O
vk .PH 2 O
P P PH 2 O
50

tt nghip
Trong :
vk : L th tch kh kh
PH O : p sut ring phn ca nc trn dung dch H2SO4.
P : Chnh lch p sut trong thp.
P : p sut kh quyn = 760 mmHg.
Ta c:
vK (vSO vO vN ) 13119 ,858 (m3/h)
2
chn khng trc thp: 150 mmH2O

chn khng sau thp : 220 mmH2O
P
Hay P =
PT Ps 150 220
185
2
2
760.185
10330
= 13,61
PH 2 O = 40,3 (mmHg)
V
Hoi
H 2O
( mmH2O)
(mmHg)
(Bng IV) [1 - 183]
13119,858.40,3
= 760 40,3 13,61 = 748,804
748,804.18
2
= 601,717
O = mR =
22,4
(m3/h)
mH 2
(kg/h)
2.3. Lng m axt ra.
Gi thit thp ra II m a xt hp th thm 10% SO3. Nh vy, lng
SO3 cn li to m ra nh thp l 70% SO3 u.
mSO 3 = 0,7. 46,916 = 32,841 (kg/h)
ng vi nng dung dch a xt 20% H2SO4 ta c % SO3 = 16,326% ta
c lng m ra khi thp:
m R3 32,841.
100
201,159 (kg/h)
16,326
Lng nc trong m a xt: 201,159 32,814 = 168,345 (kg/h)

2.4. Lng a xt chy ra.
mSO = 11492,489 + 0,1.46,916 = 11496,781 (kg/h)
Lng nc trong a xt ti vo
: 59013,583 (kg/h)
Lng m vo
: 1388,689 (kg/h)
Lng nc trong m a xt vo
:
74,422 (kg/h)
Lng m ra
: 601,717 (kg/h)
Lng nc trong m ra
: 168,345 (kg/h)
3
mH 2 O mVH 2O mHR 2O
= 59013,583 + 1388,689 + 74,422- 601,717 -168,345

51

tt nghip
= 59706,632 (kg/h).
Lng a xt chy ra.
m R4 mSO3 m H 2 0 11496,781 59706,632 71203,413 (kg/h)
11496,781
.100 16,15%
71203,413
98
98
ch
% H 2 SO4 ax % SO3 . 16,15.
19,78%
80
80
ch
% SO3 ax
Bng11: Cn bng cht thp ra II

Lng vo
Thnh phn
Hn hp kh
Hi nc
M axt
A xit ti
Cng
kg/h
19619
1388
114
70506
91627
%
21,41
1,51
0,12
76,96
100,00
Lng ra
Thnh phn
Hn hp kh
Hi nc
M axt
A xt chy
Cng
kg/h
%
19619
24,41
601
0,65
201
0,22
71203
74,72
91624
100,00
C. Cn bng nhit thp ra II.

1. Nhit vo.
1.1. Nhit do hn hp kh,hi nc ,m axit mang vo.
Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo:
Qkh = 1452972,983
(kJ/h)
Qhi = 3669494,033
(kJ/h)
Qm = 26375,275
(kJ/h)
1
Q V = 1452972,983+366949,033+26375,275 = 5148842,291
52
(kJ/h)

tt nghip
1.2. Axt ti mang vo.

Nhit dung ca axit 20% ti 35oC :
C = 0,842 (kcal/kg.)
(bng II) [1 - 181]
Hay C = 3,525 kJ/kg.
maxti = 70506,072 (kg/h)
QV2 m.C.t 70506,072.3,525.35 8698686,633 (kJ/h)
1.3. Nhit pha long a xt t 40% xung 20%.
T cng thc:
H
2113 M
2,99 M (t 15)
M 0,2013
M 0,062
100 C
M
C
Trong :
Vi:
H: nhit to thnh a xt (kJ/kg SO3).

M: lng nc trong a xt (kg/kgSO3)
C: hm lng SO3 trong a xt.
H2SO4 = 40%
%SO3 =32,65%
H2SO4 = 20%
%SO3 =16,33%
100 32,65
2,06
32,65
100 16,33
5,12
16,33
M 40
M 20
mr
TB
t = 35 C, t = 40 C t = 37,5 C
Thay s vo cng thc trn ta c:
2113 .5,12
2,99.5,12.(37,5 15)
2099,537 (kJ/kg SO3).

5,12 0,2013
5,12 0,062
2113 .2,06
2,99.2,06.(37,5 15)
H 40
1990,211 (kJ/kg SO3).

2,06 0,2013
2,06 0,062
H H 20 H 40 2099,537 1990,211 109,326 (kJ/kg SO3).
H 20
QV3 mSO3 .H 32,841.109,326 3590,375 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1- Nhit do hn hp kh mang ra.
Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 400C
Kh (i)
SO2
O2
N2
H2O (i)
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1502
0,2203
0,2464
613,5
CP ( kJ/ kg. )
0,629
0,922
1,032
2568,724
53

tt nghip
n
(Bng X) [1-192]
Qkh =(m.c.t)kh
= ( 5381,638.0,629+ 480,007.0,922 + 13758,286.1,032). 40
= 721046,716
QHi = 601,717. 2568,724 =1545645,200
Q 1R = Qkh + Qhi =
2266691,916
(kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do a xt chy mang ra.
Gi thit nhit a xt chy ra t = 44,5 oC ta c CP ca a xt l
CP = 0,842 ( kcal/kg. ) (Bng II) [ 1- 181]
Hay Cp = 3,525 kJ/kg.
maxch= 71203,413
(kg/h)
ch
QR2 max
.C P .t 71203,413.3,525.t R
= 250992,031.tR.
(kJ/h)
2.3. Nhit do m axt mang ra.

Ta c: mm ax = 201,159 (kg/h)
Nhit m a xt ra bng nhit hn hp kh ra: t = 400C
QR3 mmu ax .C p .t 201,159.3.525.40 28363,419 (kJ/h)
2.4. Nhit tn tht.
Nhit tn tht ly bng 3% tng nhit vo.
Q4R 0,03. QV 0,03.13851119 ,300 415533,579 (kJ/h)
3.Xt cn bng nhit:

Qv QR
2266691,916+28363,419+415533,579+250992,031.tR =13851119,300
250992,031.tR = 11140530,39
0
tr = 44,4 C
Bng 12: Cn bng nhit thp ra II.
Nhit vo
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Hn hp kh
1452972
Hi nc
3669949
M axit
26375
Axit ti
8698686
Nhit pha long
3590
%
10,49
26,49
0,19
67,80
0,03
54
Nhit ra
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Hn hp kh
721046
Hi nc
1545645
M axit
28363
Axit chy
11169145
Tn tht
415533
%
5,19
11,34
0,20
80,47
3,00

tt nghip
Cng
13851572
100,00 Cng
Sai s =
13879732
100,00
13851572 13879732
.100 0,20%
13851572
VII. Lc in t I.
A. iu kin lm vic.
Nhit kh ra
: 37oC (gi thit)
Hiu sut lc m
: 90% m
Nhit m lng
: 35oC
Nhit tn tht
: 3% nhit vo
B. Cn bng vt cht.
1 Lng vo
Lng kh vo
mk = mSO 2 + mO 2 + mN 2 = 19619,931 (kg/h).
Lng hi nc vo:
mH 2 O = 601,717
(kg/h).
Ta c:
m 1V = 19619,931 + 601,717 = 20221,648 (kg/h).
1.2. M vo.
m V2 =
201,159
(kg/h).
2. Lng ra
2.1 Lng kh v hi nc ra
mkh = 19619,931
(kg/h)
mhi = 601,717
(kg/h)
1
m R = mkh + mhi =
20221,648
(kg/h)
2.2. Lng m lng.
Theo gi thit lng m cn li theo kh bng 10% lng m . Lng
m lng l
mm = 0,9.201,159 =181,043
(kg/h)
2.3. Lng m theo hn hp kh ra.
m = 201,159 181,043 = 20,116
Trong mSO3 = 20,116.0,163
= 3,279
55
(kg/h)
(kg/h)

tt nghip
mnc = 20,116 3,279 = 16,837
(kg/h)
Bng 13: Cn bng cht lc in t I.

Lng vo
Thnh phn
Kg/h
Hn hp kh vo 19619
Hi nc
601
M axt
201
Cng
20421
Sai s :
%
96,07
2,94
0,99
100,00
Lng ra
Thnh phn
Kg /h
Hn hp kh
19619
Hi nc
601
M axt lng
181
M axt theo kh
Cng
%
96,07
2,94
0,89
20
20421
0,1
100,00
20421 20421
.100 0,00%
20421
C. Cn bng nhit lc in t I.
1. Nhit vo.
1.1 Nhit do kh v hi nc mang vo;
Nhit do kh mang vo:
Qkh = 721046,716
(kJ/h)
(theo bng 12)
Nhit do hi nc mang vo:
Qhi = 1545645,200
(kJ/h)
1
Q V = 721046,716 + 1545645,200 = 2266692,432
(kJ/h)
1.2 Nhit do m axit mang vo:
Q V2 = 28363,419
(kJ/h)
(Theo bng 12)
1.3 Tng nhit vo
QV = 2266692,432 + 28363,149 = 2295055,581 (kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do kh v hi nc mang ra :
Ta gi thit nhit kh ra lc in t t = 37 oC .Ta c nhit dung ca
cc kh 37oC
SO2
O2
N2
H2O (i)
Cp (kcal /kg. )
0,1498
0,2202
0,2463
613,05
CP (kJ/kg. )
0,627
0,922
1,031
2566,840
Kh (i)
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Qkh =(m.c.t)kh
56

tt nghip
QHi
Q 1R
= (5381,638.0,627+480,007.0,922+13758,286.1,031).tR
= 18001,646.tR
= 601,717.2566,840 =1544511,475
(kJ/h)
= Qkh + Qhi = 18001,646.tR + 1544511,475
(kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do m lng mang ra.

0
Gi thit m lng 35 C v 20%H2SO4

Nhit dung ca m lng Cp = 0,842 kcal/kg.
hay Cp =
(bng II)[ 1- 181]
3,525 kJ/kg.
lang
Q mmu
.Ci .t 181,043.3,525.35 22336,180 (kJ/h)
2
R
2.3 Nhit do m theo kh :

Ta c nhit dung ca axit 37oC l :
Cp= 3,525 kJ/kg.
QR3 = 20,116.3,525. tR = 70,909.tR
2.4. Tn tht.
Tn tht nhit ly bng 3% QV:
( kJ/h)
QR4 0,03.QV 0,03.2295055,581 68851,667

(kJ/h)
1.5 . Tng nhit ra :

QR = 18001,646.tR + 1544511,475 + 22336,180+ 70,909.tR +68851,667
= 18072,555.tR + 1635699,322
(kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit.
QV QR
18072,555.tR + 1635699,322 =2295055,581

18072,555.tR =659356,259
tR = 36,5oC
(kJ/h)
So snh gia nhit gi thit v nhit tnh ton mc chnh lch v

o
nhit dung khng ln vy nn chp nhn ly nhit kh ra = 37 C
57

tt nghip
Bng 14: Cn bng nhit lc in t I

Nhit vo
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Hn hp kh
721046
Hi nc
1545645
M axt
28363
Cng
2295054
Sai s =
Nhit ra
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Hn hp kh
666060
Hi nc
1544511
M theo kh
2623
M lng
22336
Tn tht
68851
Cng
2304381
100,00
%
28,90
67,02
0,11
0,97
3,00
100,00
2304381 2295054
.100 0,40%
2295054
VIII. Thp tng m.

A. iu kin lm vic.
Nhit a xt ti
: 30oC.
Nhit a xt chy
: 30,5oC.(gi thit)
Nng a xt ti
: Dng axt 5% H2SO4 .
Nhit tn tht
: 3% nhit vo
B. Cn bng cht.
1. Lng vo.
1.1. Lng hn hp kh v hi nc vo.
Lng hn hp kh vo :
mkh = 19619,931
(kg/h)
mH 2 O = 601,717
(kg/h)
mm = 20,116.
(kg/h)
1
m V = 19619,931+ 601,717+ 20,116 = 20241,764 (kg/h)
1.2. Lng axt ti.
Lu lng ti i vi thp tng m : 8-10 m3/m2.h (bng IX) [2 - 487]
Chn lu lng ti:
V = 8,0 [m3/m2.h]
Chn tc kh i trong thp: = 0,8 (m/s)
Lu lng kh vo thp tng m l:
v = vkh + vhi nc = 13119,858 +748,804 = 13868,62 (m3/h).
Ta c din tch tit din thp: (m2)
58

tt nghip
Fthap
v
13868,662
4,81( m 2 )
0,8.3600
0,8.3600
3
Vax = 8,0. 4,81 = 38,48 ( m /h)

Khi lng ring ca axit 5% :
3
d = 1031,7
( kg/m )
(Bng I) [1-177]
m 1031,7.38,48 39699,816
2
V
(kg/h)
vi nng 5% ta c
%SO3 = 4,08 %
Trong c:
m SO3
39699,816.4,08
1619,752
100
(kg/h)
Lng nc trong axit ti:

39699,816-1619, 752 = 38080,064 (kg/h)
2. Lng ra.
Lng hn hp kh ra:
mkh = 19619,931
2.2. Lng hi nc ra.
Tnh th tch hi nc theo cng thc
vHhoi2 O
(kg/h).
vk PH 2O
P P PH 2 O
Trong :
VK
PH
H2SO4.
: L th tch kh .
O : p sut ring phn ca nc trn dung dch
P: Chnh lch p xut trong thp.

P: p sut kh quyn 760 mmHg.
Ta c:
v K (vSO2 vO2 v N 2 ) 13119,858 (m 3 /h)
PH 2 O = 35,57 mmHg
p sut trc thp : 310 (mmH2O)
p sut sau thp: 350 (mmH2O )
PTb
310 350
330 (mmH 2O ) P 24,28
2
59
(mmH2O)

tt nghip
13119,858.35,57
666,533( m 3 /h)
760 35,57 24,28
18
m2R 666,533.
535,607 ( m 3 /h)
22,4
VHhoi
2O
2.3. Lng m axt ra.

Ta c lng SO3 vo thp :
mSO 3 = 3,279 (kg/h).
Lng m a xt ng vi nng H2SO4 trong ht m = 5% l:
mR3 3,279.
100
80,368 (kg/h)
4,08
Trong c:
mnc
= 80,368 30279 =77,088 (kg/h)
2.4. Lng axt chy.

mSO 3 = 1619,752
Lng nc:
Lng nc trong axt ti vo thp
Lng nc trong m axt vo thp
Lng nc trong m vo thp
Lng nc trong m axt ra
Lng m ra
(kg/h).
: 38080,064
: 16,837
: 601,717
: 77,088
: 535,607
(kg/h).
(kg/h).
(kg/h).
(kg/h).
(kg/h).
Lng nc trong axit chy:

mnc = 38080,064+16,837+601,717-77,088-535,607
=38085,923 (kg/h).
Lng axt chy ra:
m 4R = 38085,923 +1619,752 = 39705,675 (kg/h).
Nng axit chy:
1619,752
.100 4,08%
39705,675
98
98
% H 2 SO4 % SO3 .
4,08
5,00%
80
80
% SO3
Bng 15: Cn bng cht thp tng m
60

tt nghip
Lng vo
Thnh phn
Kg/h
Hn hp kh
19619
Hi nc
601
M axit
20
A xt ti
39699
Tng
59939
%
32,73
1,00
0,03
66,23
100,00
n
Lng ra
Thnh phn
Kg/h
Hn hp kh
19619
Hi nc
535
M axit
80
A xt chy
39705
Tng
59939
59939 59939
0,00%
59939
Sai s
C. Cn bng nhit thp tng m.

1. Nhit vo.
1.1. Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc mang vo.
Qk +hi = 702064,194 + 1544511,475 =2246575,669
Qm = 2694,542
( kJ/h).
QV1 2246575,669 2694,542 2249270,211
( kJ/h).
( kJ/h).
1.2. Nhit do a xt ti mang vo.

Nhit dung ca axit ti vi nng axt = 5%, nhit = 300C
C H SO 0,957 (kcal/kg.) (Bng II) [1-181]
Hay C = 4,007 (kJ/kg.)
2
QV2 ( m.c.t ) axittuoi 39699,816.4,007.30 4772314,881
( kJ/h).
1.3. Nhit to ra do pha long m a xt t 20% xung 5%.

T cng thc:
2113
M
2,99M (t 15)
M 0,2013 M 0,062
100 C
M
C
Trong :
H: Nhit to thnh axt
(kJ/kg SO3).
M: Lng nc trong a xt (kg/kgSO3)
C: Hm lng SO3 trong a xt.
Vi :
H2SO4 = 20% %SO3 =16,326%
H2SO4 = 5% %SO3 = 4,08%
61
%
32,73
0,89
0,13
66,25
100,00

tt nghip
100 16,326
5,125
16,326
100 4,08
M5
23,51
4,08
M 20
Gi thit khi pha long axt nhit m axt ra bng nhit kh ra l

o
35 C, nhit axit ti l 30 C.
tTb = 32,50C
H 20
2113 .M 20
2,99.5,125.(32,5 15)
M 20 0,2013
M 20 0,062
(kJ/kg SO3).
2,99.5,125.(32,5 15)
2113 .5,125
2084,841
5,125 0,2013
5,125 0,062
2,99.23,51.(32,5 15)
2113.23,51
H5
2147,248
23,51 0,2013
23,51 0,062
H 2147,248 2084,841 62,407
(kJ/kg SO3).
H 20
(kJ/kg SO3).
(kJ/kg SO3).
QV3 m SO3 .H 4,692.62,407 292,814 ( kJ / h)
1.4. Tng nhit vo:

QV = 2249270,211+4772314,881+292,814=7021877,906 (kJ/h).
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc mang ra.
Ta gi thit rng nhit hn hp kh ra thp tng m l: 35 oC, ta c
nhit dung ca cc kh
Kh (i)
SO2
O2
N2
H2O (i)
Cp (kcal/kg.)
0,1495
0,2200
0,2463
611,2
CP (kJ/kg.)
0,626
0,921
1,031
2559,094
5381,638
480,007
13758,286 535,607
( Bng X) [1-192]
(kg/h)
Qkh =
(m.c.t)kh
= (5381,638.0,626+480,007.0,921+13758,286.1,031).35
= 629852,464
(kJ/h)
QHi = 535,607.2559,094 = 1370668,660 (kJ/h)
Q 1R = Qkh + Qhi = 629852,464 + 1370668,660 (kJ/h)
= 2000521,124
(kJ/h).
2.2 Nhit do m axit mang ra :
Nhit dung ca axit 5% 35oC l: 0,957 kcal/kg. (Bng II) [1-181].
62

tt nghip
Hay C = 4,007
(kJ/kg. )
Q 80,368.4,007.35 11271,210
2
R
( kJ/h).
2.3. Nhit do axt chy mang ra.

Theo gi thit nhit a xt chy ra = 30,50C.
Ta c Cp ca a xt 5,0% = 0,957 (kcal/kg.) (Bng II) [1 - 181]
hay C = 4,007 (kJ/kg. )
3
Q R = 39075,675.4,007.tR = 156576,229.tR
2.4. Nhit tn tht.
Qtt = 0,03.7021877,906= 210656,337 (kJ/h)
3. Tnh li nhit a xt chy.
Xt cn bng nhit:
Qv Qr
156576,229.tR +2000521,124+11271,210+210656,337 = 7021877,906

156576,229.tR = 4799429,235
o
tR = 30,6 C
Bng 16: Cn bng nhit thp tng m
Nhit vo
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Hn hp kh
702064
Hi nc
1544511
A xt ti
4772314
Pha long
292
Cng
7019181
Sai s
%
10,00
22,00
68,00
-100,00
:
Nhit ra
Thnh phn
kJ/h
%
Hn hp kh
629852
9,01
Hi nc
1370668 19,62
Axt chy
4775574 68,35
Tn tht
210656
3,02
Cng
6986750 100,00
7019181 6986750
.100 0,46%
7019181
IX. Lc in t II.
A. iu kin lm vic.
Nhit hn hp kh vo: 35oC
Nhit hn hp kh ra : 33oC (ga thit)
Hiu sut lc m axt
: 100%
1. Lng vo.
1.1 Kh kh vo:
mkh = 19619,931
(kg/h)
(bng 15)
1.2. M v hi nc:
63

tt nghip
mm = 80,368
(kg/h)
(bng 15)
mhi = 535,607 (kg/h)
(bng 15)
1.3. Tng lng vo:
mV = 19619,931 + 80,368 + 535,607 = 20235,906 (kg/h)
2. Lng ra.
2.1. Kh kh :
mkh = 19619,931
(kg/h)
2.2. Lng m ra.
mhi = 535,607
(kg/h)
c. Lng m axit ng.

mm = 80,368
(kg/h)
Bng 17: Cn bng vt cht lc in t II.

Lng vo
Thnh phn
kg/h
Hn hp kh 19619
Hi nc
535
M vo
80
Cng
20234
%
96,96
2,64
0,40
100,0
Lng ra
Thnh phn
kg/h
Hn hp kh
19619
Hi nc
535
M lng
80
Cng
20234
%
96,96
2,64
0,40
100,0
C. Cn bng nhit.
1. Nhit vo.
1.1 Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc mang vo
Qkh = 629852,464 (kJ/h)
(theo bng 16)
Qhi = 1370668,660 (kJ/h)
1.2. Nhit do m axit mang vo:
Qm = 11271,210
(kJ/h)
(Bng 16)
1.3. Tng nhit vo:
QV = 629852,464 +1370668,660+11271,210
=2011792,334
(kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
Ta gi thit nhit kh ra lc in t t = 33 oC .Ta c nhit dung ca
cc kh 33oC
64

tt nghip
SO2
O2
N2
H2O (i)
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1496
0,2200
0,2463
610,05
CP (kJ/kg. )
0,626
0,921
1,031
2554,279
5381,638
480,007
13758,286
535,607
Kh (i)
m ( kg/h)
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Qkh =(m.c.t)kh
= (5381,638.0,626+480,007.0,921+13758,286.1,031).tR
= 17995,785.tR
QHi = 535,607.2554,279 = 1368089,712 (kJ/h)
Q 1R = Qkh + Qhi = 17995,785.tR + 1368089,712 (kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do m lng mang ra.
o
Gi thit m lng 33 C
Nhit dung ca m lng Cp = 0,957 kcal/kg.
hay Cp =
(bng II)[ 1- 181]
4,007 kJ/kg.
Q C.m.t 4,007.80,368.33 10627,032(kJ/h)

2
R
2.3. Tn tht nhit.

Nhit tn tht ly bng 2% tng lng nhit vo.
Qtt = 0,02.2011792,334 = 40235,847 (kJ/h)
Xt cn bng nhit.
Qv QR
17995,785.tR +1368089,712+10627,032+40235,847 =2011792,334

17995,785.tR = 592839,743
o
tR = 32,95 C
Nh vy nhit tnh ton v gi thit chnh lch khng ln do vy chp
o
nhn ly nhit kh ra: t = 33 C.

Nh vy nhit do kh mang ra :
Q = 17995,785.33 = 593860,905
Bng18: Cn bng nhit lc in t II
65
( kJ/h)

tt nghip
Nhit vo
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Hn hp kh
629852
Hi nc
1370668
M vo
11271
Cng
2011792
Sai s
Nhit ra
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Hn hp kh
593860
Hi nc
1368089
M lng
40235
Cng
2002184
%
31,31
68,13
0,56
100,0
%
29,66
68,33
2,01
100,0
2011792 2002184
.100 0,48%
2011792
3. Kim tra nng SO2 trong kh l

B qua lng m trong hn hp kh:
% SO2
v SO2
v SO2 vO2 v N 2
1838,619
.100 14%
13119,858
X. B sung khng kh
(Pha long nng SO2)
hiu sut chuyn ho SO2 thnh SO3 t cc i th nng SO 2 yu
cu t 7% n 7,5%, do vy phi b sung khng kh. Tuy nhin nu ta b
sung ngay t l t th kch thc thit b tng, tn thm cng vn chuyn.
Do vy phi b sung khng kh sau thp lc in t II trc thp sy kh
(v trong khng kh b sung c mt lng m nht nh) bng cch m 1 van
trn ng ng dn kh vo thp sy.
A. Cn bng cht.
Theo cng thc :
VSO2
CSO 2 = V V .100
kh
kk
VKK =
VSO2 .100
C SO2
- Vkh
Trong :
CSO 2 :L nng SO2 cn khng ch. Chn CSO 2 =7%
VSO 2 :Th tch kh SO2 sau lc in t 2.
VKK : Th tch khng kh b sung.
Ta coi nh thnh phn khng kh ch bao gm O 2 v N2 b qua cc thnh
phn khc nh Co2; H2 vv. V lng ca chng trong khng kh nh.
Thnh phn khng kh cn b sung:
Vkk =
1838,619
7
.100 13119,858 = 13146,128 (m3/h)

66

tt nghip
Lng kh nit b sung. Coi nit trong khng kh chim 79% cn li

xi chim 21%.
Lng nit trong kh b xung.
VN 2 = 0,79.13146,128 = 10385,441 (m3/h)
10385,441
mN 2 =
.28 = 12981,801 (kg/h)
22,4
Lng xi b xung
VO 2 = 0,21.13146,128 = 2760,686 (m3/h)
mO 2 =
2760,686
22,4
.32
= 3943,838
(kg/h)
Lng m theo vo khng kh b sung:

Vi m khng kh = 85% , nhit 25oC ta c
d = 16,29 (gH2O/m3 kk)
Lng m vo theo khng kh l:
mH 2 O = 16,29.10-3. 13146,128 = 214,150 (kg/h)
214,150
.22,4 = 266,498
VH 2 O =
18
Bng 19: Tng kt lng kh vo thp sy.
Thnh
phn
Lng sau lc in
t II
Kg/h
m3/h
5381
1838
480
335
13758
10945
535
666
20154
13784
SO2
O2
N2
Hi nc
Cng
(m3/h)
Lng b sung
Kg/h
0
3943
12981
214
17138
m3/h
0
2760
10385
266
13411
Lng vo thp
sy
Kg/h
m3/h
5381
1838
4423
3096
26740 21330
749
933
37293 27197
B.Cn bng nhit .

1.Nhit vo:
1.1 Nhit do kh v hi nc t lc in sang:
Qkh = 593860,905
Qhi = 1368089,712
Q1
(kJ/h)
(kJ/h)
= 593860,905 + 1368089,712 = 1961950,617
1.2. Nhit do khng kh b xung mang vo:

67
(kJ/h)

tt nghip
Q = (3943,838.0,2196.4,187+12981,802.0,2463.4,187).25
+ 214,150.2539,834 = 969250,707
(kJ/h)
1.3. Tng nhit vo:

Qv = 1961950,617 + 969250,707 = 2931201,325
(kJ/h)
2.Nht ra:
2.1. Nhit do hi nc mang ra:
o
Ga thit nhit ca hn hp ra l : 29 C
o
Nhit hm ca hi nc 29 C : i = 608,0 kcal/kg. (bng I.250) [ 2 - 312]

Hay i =
2545,696 ( kJ/kg )
QHoi = 749,757.2545,696 = 1908653,396 (kJ/h)

2.2 Nhit do kh mang ra:
Nhit dung ca cc kh:
SO2
O2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1489
0,2198
0,2463
CP (kJ/kg. )
0,623
0,920
1,031
5381,638
4423,845
26740,087
Kh (i)
m ( kg/h)
N2
(bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Nhit do kh mang ra :
Qkh = (5381,638.0,623+4423,845.0,920+1,031.26740,087).tR
= 34991,727.tR
3.Xt cn bng nhit:
QV = QR
34991,727.tR
tR =
+ 1908653,396 = 2931201,325
29,2 C
Vy nhit do kh mang ra:

Qkh = 34991,727.29 = 1014760,083
Tng nhit ra:
68
(kJ/h)

tt nghip
QR = 1014760,083 + 1908653,396 = 2923413,479 (kJ/h)

Sai s:
2931201 2923413
.100 0,26%
2931201
Bng 20 . Tng kt nhit vo thp sy

Thnh
phn
Nhit sau lc
in t II
(kJ/h)
Nhit do khng
kh b sung
(kJ/h)
Kh
Hi nc
Cng
593860
1368089
1961949
425345
543905
969250
Nhit vo
thp sy
(kJ/h)
1019205
1911994
2931199
XI.Thp sy kh.
A. iu kin lm vic.
Nhit axit ti:
40oC
Nhit axit chy :
51oC (gi thit)
Nhit kh ra :
40oC
Nng axit ti:
95% H2SO4
Nng axt chy yu cu: 94% H2SO4
Nhit tn tht
: 2% nhit vo
B. Cn bng vt cht thp sy.
1. Lng vo.
1.1. Lng kh vo thp sy kh bao gm hn hp kh: SO2, O2, N2
(kg/h) (theo bng
mV1 5381,638 4423,845 26740,087 36545,570
19)
1.2. Lng hi nc vo thp sy.
mV2 749,757
(kg/h)
1.3. Lng a xt ti vo thp.
Gi lng axit ti l m V3 (kg/h)
69
(Theo bng 19)

tt nghip
Ta c lng nc trong axit ti l 0,05.m V3
(kg/h)
2. Lng ra.
m1R mV1 36545,570
(kg/h)
2.2. Lng hi nc theo kh ra.

Yu cu lng m sau khi sy phi 0,01% theo th tch
th tch hi nc ra:
hi
= 0,0001.26265,985 = 2,626 (m /h)
mhoi
2,626
.18 2,110
22,4
(kg/h)
2.3. Lng axt chy ra.

m R3 mV3 (749,757 2,110 ) mV3 747,647
(kg/h)
Nng H2O trong axit 94% H2SO4

Lng H2O trong axit chy bng 0,06 .( mV3 747,647 ) (kg/h)
Mt khc, lng H2O trong axit chy bng lng H 2O trong axit ti +
lng m trong kh hp th c.
Lng nc trong axit chy bng: 0,05. mV3 749,757 (kg/h)
Xt cn bng H2O trong axit chy:
Ta c:
0,06.(mV3 747,647) 0,05.mV3 749,757
mV3 70489,818
(kg/h)
m 70489,818 747,647 71237,465 (kg/h)

3
R
Vi dH SO 95% = 1833,7
Lu lng ti:
2
(kg/m3)
VT
mV3
70489,818
38,441
1833,7
1833,7
(m3/h)
Bng 21: Cn bng cht thp sy.

Lng vo
Thnh phn
kg/h
Hn hp kh.
36545
Hi nc.
749
A xt ti
70489
Cng
107783
%
33,91
0,69
65,40
100,0
Lng ra
Lng ra
kg/h
Hn hp kh.
36545
Hi nc.
2
A xt chy
71237
Cng
107784
70
%
33,91
-66,09
100,0

tt nghip
C. Cn bng nhit.
1. Nhit vo
1.1. Nhit do hn hp kh v hi nc t lc in mang vo.
a. Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo.
QV1 593860,905
(kJ/h)
(bng 18)
b. Nhit do hi nc mang vo.
QV2 1368089,712
(kJ/h)
1.2. Nhit do khng kh mang vo.

a. Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo.
QV3 425345,256
(kJ/h)
b. Nhit do hi nc mang vo.

QV4 543905,451
(kJ/h)
1.3. Axit ti mang vo.

Nhit dung ca axit 95% , nhit 40oC
CP = 0,364 (kcal/kg.)
hay C = 1,524
(bng II)[ 1 - 181]
(kJ/kg.)
maxti = 70489,818 (kg/h) (Bng 20)

Q = 70489,818.1,524.40 = 4297059,305
(kJ/h)
1.4. Nhit pha long a xt t 95% xung 94% H2SO4.

V nhit sinh ra (H) ca axit 94% v 95% khng chnh lch ln nn
H = 94% - 95% l rt nh so vi nhit tn tht do vy b qua.
1.5. Tng nhit vo.
QV = 7228260,629
(kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
Ta gi thit nhit kh ra t = 40oC .Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 40oC
SO2
O2
N2
H2O (i)
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1502
0,2203
0,2464
613,5
CP (kJ/kg. )
0,629
0,922
1,032
2568,724
5381,638
4423,845
26740,087
2,110
Kh (i)
m ( kg/h)
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Qkh =(m.c.t)kh
71

tt nghip
Q 1R
= (5381,638.0,629+4423,845.0,922+26740,087.1,032).40
= 1402384,207
(kJ/h)
QHi = 2,110.2568,724 = 5420,007 (kJ/h)
= Qkh + Qhi = 1402384,207 + 5420,007 = 1407804,214 (kJ/h)

Gi thit nhit axt chy t = 51oC.
Nhit dung ca axit 94% , nhit 51oC
CP = 0,374
(kcal/kg. )
hay C = 1,567
(bng II)[ 1 - 181]
(kJ/kg.)
max chy = 71237,465 (kg/h)
(Bng 20)
Q = 71237,465.1,567.tR = 111629,108.tR
2.3. Nhit tn tht.
Q3 = 0,02.QV = 0,02. 7228260,629 = 144565,213 (kJ/h)
2.4. Tng nhit ra.
QR = 111629,108.tR + 1522369,427
(kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit.
Qv = QR
111629,108.tR + 1522369,427 = 7228260,629 (kJ/h)
tR = 51,1oC
(chp nhn )
Bng 22: Cn bng nhit thp sy.
Nhit vo
Thnh phn
KJ/h
Hn hp kh
1019206
Hi nc
1911992
A xt ti
4297059
Cng
7228257
%
14,10
26,45
59,45
100,00
Sai s =
Nhit ra
Thnh phn
KJ/h
Hn hp kh 1402384
Hi nc
5420
A xt chy
5693084
Tn tht
114565
Cng
7215453
7228257 7215456
.100 0,18%
7228257
XII. Thp tip xc (Thp xi ho SO2 SO3).

72
%
19,43
0,08
78,90
1,59
100,00

tt nghip
tnh ton thp xi ho ta chn mt s thng s k thut thch hp vi

tng lp xc tc theo bng 3-13 [1-117]
Ta c:
Nng SO2 vo thp: a = 7%
Nng xi vo thp: b =
3096,590
26265,985
.100 = 11,8%
Chn cc thng s i vi nguyn liu ta c: a = 7%; b = 12%

Bng 23. Bng cc thng s v iu kin lm vic ca thp tip xc.
Lp xc
tc
I
II
III
IV
Nhit
kh vo
thp
440
463
438
432
Nhit
kh ra thp
Xvo
Xra
585
501
448
434
0
0,725
0,918
0,970
0,725
0,918
0,970
0,980
1. Lp th nht.
1.1 Cn bng vt liu ca lp th nht:
1.1.1 Lng vo lp th nht bao gm:
mSO 2 = 5381,638
(kg/h)
mO 2 = 4423,845
(kg/h)
mN 2 = 26740,087
(kg/h)
1.1.2 Lng ra:
Vi mc chuyn ha 0,725.
Lng SO2 b oxy ha:
mSO2 oxh mSO2 .x 0,725.5381,638 3901,687(kg/h)
a, Lng SO2 trong hn hp kh ra khi lp th nht:

mSO2 5381,638 3901,687 1479,951(kg/h)
b, Lng SO3 c to thnh:

mSO3 mSO2 oxh .
M SO3
M SO2
3901,687.
80
4877,108(kg/h)
64
c, Lng xi cn li:
Lng oxy lin kt vi SO2 to thnh SO3:
mO2 lk mSO3 mSO2 oxh 4877,108 3901,687 975,421(kg/h)
Lng oxy cn li trong hn hp kh:
mO2 4423,845 975,421 3448,424(kg/h)
Bng 24: Cn bng cht lp xc tc 1

73

tt nghip
Cu t
Lng vo
Kg/h
m3/h
SO2
O2
N2
Tng
5381
4423
26740
36544
%v
1838
3096
21330
26264
7,00
11,79
81,21
100,00
Cu t
SO3
SO2
O2
N2
Tng
Lng ra
Kg/h
m3/h
4877
1365
1479
517
3448
2413
26740 21330
36544 25625
%v
5,33
2,02
9,42
83,23
100,00
1.2. Cn bng nhit ca lp th nht:

Hn hp kh trc khi vo lp th nht c gia nhit n nhit 440oC.
Sau lp th nht nhit ca hn hp kh tnh theo cng thc :
tr = tv + .x ,
tv = 440oC
H s tng nhit xc nh theo cng thc (3-37) [ 1- 114]
= 2329.0,70,91 7,92 = 199
tr = 440 + 199.0,725 = 584,3oC
1.2.1. Nhit vo:
a) Nhit ca kh vo lp 1:
Nhit kh vo t = 440oC .Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 440oC
SO2
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1894
0,2469
0,2607
CP (kJ/kg. )
0,793
1,034
1,091
5381,638
4423,845
26740,087
Kh (i)
m ( kg/h)
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Qkh = (m.c.t)kh
= (5381,638.0,793+4423,845.1,034+26740,087.1,091).440
= 16726745,020.
(kJ/h)
b) Nhit ta ra khi oxy ha SO2:
Q V2 = q.mSO2oxh
q: Nhit oxy ha ring nhit trung bnh trong lp:
(440 + 584)/2 = 512oC.
Ta c q = 93,978 ( kJ/mol)
(bng 3-5) [1 - 95]
Hay q = 1468,406 (kJ/kg)
74

tt nghip
Q V2 = 1468,406.3901,687 = 5729261,576 (kJ/h)

Tng nhit vo:
Qv = 16726745,020 + 5729261,576 = 22456006,600 ( kJ/h).
1.2.2. Nhit ra:
Nhit theo kh ra: Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 585oC :
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1964
0,2372
0,2545
0,2690
CP ( kJ/kg.)
0,822
0,993
1,065
1,126
Kh
(kg/h)
1479,951 4877,108 3448,424 26740,087

(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
QR ( mSO2 .cSO2 mO2 .cO2 mN 2 .c N2 mSO3 .cSO3 ).t R
= (1479,951.0,822+4877,108.0,993+3448,424.1,065+ 26740,087.1,126).585
= 23307217,53 kJ/h.
Hiu gia nhit vo v nhit ra:
Q = 23307217,530 22456006,600 = 874714,93 kJ/h
Hiu ny qu ln .
Ga thit nhit ra l 568oC.
Nhit theo kh ra: Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 568oC :
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1957
0,2358
0,2537
0,2681
CP ( kJ/kg.)
0,819
0,987
1,062
1,122
Kh
(kg/h)
1479,951 4877,108 3448,424 26740,087

(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
= (1479,951.0,819+4877,108.0,987+3448,424.1,062+ 26740,087.1,122).568
= 22544141,160 kJ/h.
Sai s =
22456006 22544141
.100 0,39%
22456006
C th chp nhn nhit ra lp 1 l 568oC

Bng 25 : Cn bng nhit lp 1
Nhit vo
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Kh vo
16726745
Phn ng
5729261
Nhit ra
%
Thnh phn
kJ/h
%
74,49 Kh ra
22544141 100,00
25,51
75

tt nghip
Tng
22456006
100,00 Tng
22544141 100,00
2. Lp th hai:
2.1 Cn bng vt liu ca lp th hai:
2.1.1 Lng vo:
mSO 2
=
1479,951
(kg/h)
mSO 3 =
4877,108
(kg/h)
mO 2
=
3448,424
(kg/h)
mN 2
=
26740,087
(kg/h)
Hn hp kh sau lp th nht c nhit 568oC cn c lm lnh xung
463oC.
2.1.2. Lng ra
Gi thit hiu sut chuyn ha sau lp th hai l 0,918 ta c
Lng SO2 b oxy ha:
mSO2 oxh mSO2 .x (0,918 0,725).5381,638 1038,656(kg/h)
a) Lng SO2 trong hn hp kh ra khi lp th hai:

mSO2 1479,951 1038,656 441,295
(kg/h)
b)Lng SO3 c to thnh:

mSO3 mSO2 oxh .
M SO3
M SO2
1038,656.
80
1298,320
64
(kg/h)
mO2 lk mSO3 mSO2 oxh 1298,320 1038,656 259,664
(kg/h)
Lng oxy cn li trong hn hp kh:
mO2 3448,424 259,664 3188,760
(kg/h)
Bng 26: cn bng cht lp xc tc th hai.

Cu t
SO3
SO2
O2
N2
Lng vo
Kg/h
m3/h
%v
Cu t
4877
1365
5.31 SO3
1479
517
2,01 SO2
3448
2413
9,39 O2
26740 21392
83,29 N2
76
Lng ra
Kg/h
m3/h
6175
1729
441
154
3188
2231
26740 21392
%v
6,78
0,60
8,75
83,87

tt nghip
Tng
36544
25687
100,00 Tng
36544
25506
100,00
2.2. Cn bng nhit ca lp th hai:

Hn hp kh vo lp th hai nhit l 463oC.
Sau lp th hai nhit ca hn hp kh :
tr = tv + .x
o
tv = 475 C
tr = 463 + 199.(0,918-0,725) = 501oC.
2.2.1. Nhit vo:
a) Nhit ca kh vo lp hai:
Nhit theo kh vo : Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 463oC :
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1908
0,2263
0,2482
0,2620
CP ( kJ/kg.)
0,799
0,947
1,039
1,097
Kh
(kg/h)
1479,951 4877,108 3448,424 26740,087

(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
QV1 (mSO2 .cSO2 mO2 .cO2 mN 2 .cN 2 mSO3 .cSO3 ).tV
= (1479,951.0,799+4877,108.0,947+3448,424.1,039+ 26740,087.1,097).463
= 17926383,120
( kJ/h. )
Q V2 = q.mSO2oxh .
(463 + 501)/2 = 482oC.
q = 94,4 (bng 3-5) [ 1 - 95]
hay q = 1475,000 (kj/kg)
Q V2 = 1475.1038,656 = 1532017,600 ( kJ/h. )
Tng nhit vo:
Qv = 17926383,120 + 1532017,600 = 19458400,720 kJ/h.
2.2.2. Nhit ra:
Nhit theo kh ra:
Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 501oC :
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1930
0,2300
0,2504
0,2641
CP ( kJ/kg.)
0,808
0,963
1,048
1,106
Kh
(kg/h)
441,295 6175,428 3188,760 26740,087

77

tt nghip
n
(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
= (441,295.0,808+6175,428.0,963+3188,760.1,048+ 26740,087.1,106).501
= 19649149,970 ( kJ/h.)
Q = 19649149,970 19458400,720 = 190749,250
( kJ/h.)
o
Ga thit nhit ra lp 2 l 497 C
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1928
0,2296
0,2500
0,2639
CP ( kJ/kg.)
0,807
0,961
1,047
1,105
Kh
(kg/h)
441,295 6175,428 3188,760 26740,087

(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
= (441,295.0,807+6175,428.0,961+3188,760.1,047+ 26740,087.1,105).497
= 19471038,200 kJ/h.
Q = 19471038,200 19458400,720 = 12637,476 ( kJ/h.)
Sai s =
19471038 19458400
.100 0,06%
19458400

Nhit vo
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Kh vo
17926383
Phn ng
1532017
Tng
19458400
Nhit ra
%
Thnh phn
kJ/h
%
92,13 Kh ra
19471038 100,00
7,87
100,00 Tng
19471038 100,00
3. Lp th ba
3.1 Cn bng vt liu ca lp th ba:
3.1.1 Lng vo:
mSO 2
=
441,295
mSO 3 =
6175,428
mO 2
=
3188,760
mN 2
=
26740,087
(kg/h)
(kg/h)
(kg/h)
(kg/h)
78

tt nghip
Hn hp kh sau lp th 2 c nhit 497oC cn c lm lnh xung

438oC.
3.1.2. Lng ra
Gi thit hiu sut chuyn ha sau lp th ba l 0,970 ta c
Lng SO2 b oxy ha:
mSO2 oxh mSO2 .x (0,970 0,918).5381,638 279,845
(kg/h)
a) Lng SO2 trong hn hp kh ra khi lp th ba:

mSO2 441,295 279,845 161,450
(kg/h)

mSO3 mSO2 oxh .
M SO3
M SO2
279,845.
80
349,806
64
(kg/h)
mO2 lk mSO3 mSO2 oxh 349,806 279,845 69,961
(kg/h)
c) Lng oxy cn li trong hn hp kh:
mO2 3188,760 69,961 3118,799
(kg/h)
d) lng N2 khng thay i trong qu trnh tip xc

Bng 28 : cn bng cht lp xc tc th 3
Cu t
SO3
SO2
O2
N2
Tng
Lng vo
Kg/h
m3/h
%v
Cu t
6175
1729
6,78 SO3
441
154
0,60 SO2
3188
2231
8,75 O2
26740 21392
83,87 N2
36544 25506 100,00 Tng
Lng ra
Kg/h
m3/h
6525
1827
161
56
3118
2182
26740 21392
36544 25457
3.2. Cn bng nhit ca lp th ba:

Hn hp kh vo lp th 3 nhit l 438oC.
tr = tv + .x
o
tv = 438 C
tr = 438 + 199.(0,970-0,918) = 448,3oC.
3.2.1. Nhit vo:
Kh
SO2
SO3
79
O2
N2
%v
7,18
0,22
8,57
84,03
100,00

tt nghip
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1892
0,2238
0,2467
0,2605
CP ( kJ/kg.)
0,792
0,937
1,033
1,091
(kg/h)
441,295 6175,428 3188,760 26740,087

(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
= (441,295.0,792+6175,428.0,937+3188,760.1,033+ 26740,087.1,091).438
= 16908247,880 ( kJ/h. )
Q V2 = q.mSO2oxh .
(438 + 448)/2 = 443oC.
q = 94,704 (bng 3-5) [ 1 - 95]
hay q = 1479,759 (kj/kg)
Q V2 = 1479,759.279,845 = 414103,262 ( kJ/h.)
Tng nhit vo:
Qv = 16908247,880+414103,262 = 17322351,14 (kJ/h.)
3.2.2. Nhit ra:
Nhit theo kh ra:
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1898
0,2248
0,2473
0,2611
CP ( kJ/kg.)
0,795
0,941
1,035
1,093
Kh
(kg/h)
161,450 6525,234 3118,799 26740,087

(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
= (161,450.0,795+6525,234.0,941+3118,799.1,035+26740,087.1,093).448
= 17348114,560 (kJ/h.)
Q = 17348114,56 17322351,14 = 25763,42
(kJ/h.)
Sai s =
25763,420
.100 0,15%
17322351,14
Vy ta ly nhit kh ra lp 3 l 448oC.
80

tt nghip
Nhit vo
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Kh vo
16908247
Phn ng
414103
Tng
17322351
Nhit ra
%
Thnh phn
kJ/h
%
97,61 Kh ra
17348114 100,00
2,39
100,00 Tng
17348114 100,00
4. Lp th t
4.1 Cn bng vt liu ca lp th 4:
4.1.1 Lng vo:
mSO 2
=
161,450
(kg/h)
mSO 3 =
6525,234
(kg/h)
mO 2
=
3118,799
(kg/h)
mN 2
=
26740,087
(kg/h)
Hn hp kh sau lp th ba c nhit 448oC cn c lm lnh xung
432oC.
4.1.2. Lng ra
Gi thit hiu sut chuyn ha sau lp th t l 0,980 ta c
Lng SO2 b oxy ha:
mSO2 oxh mSO2 .x (0,980 0,970).5381,638 53,816
(kg/h)
a) Lng SO2 trong hn hp kh ra khi lp th hai:

mSO2 161,450 53,816 107,634
(kg/h)

mSO3 mSO2 oxh .
M SO3
M SO2
107,634.
80
134,542
64
(kg/h)
mO2 lk mSO3 mSO2 oxh 134,542 53,816 80,726
(kg/h)
c) Lng oxy cn li trong hn hp kh:
mO2 3118,799 80,726 3038,073
(kg/h)
d) lng N2 khng thay i trong qu trnh tip xc

Bng 30 : Cn bng cht lp xc tc th 4
Cu t
SO3
Lng vo
Kg/h
m3/h
%v
Cu t
6525
1827
7,18 SO3
81
Lng ra
Kg/h
m3/h
6659
1864
%v
7,33

tt nghip
SO2
O2
N2
Tng
161
3118
26740
36544
56
2182
21392
25457
0,22
8,57
84,03
100,00
n
SO2
O2
N2
Tng
107
3038
26740
36544
37
2126
21392
25419
0,14
8,36
84,17
100,00
4.2. Cn bng nhit ca lp th t:

Hn hp kh vo lp th 4 nhit l 432oC.
tr = tv + .x
o
tv = 432 C
tr = 432 + 199.(0,980-0,970) = 434oC.
4.2.1. Nhit vo:
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1889
0,2232
0,2464
0,2602
CP ( kJ/kg.)
0,791
0,934
1,032
1,089
Kh
(kg/h)
161,450 6525,234 3118,799 26740,087

(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
= (161,450.0,791+6525,234.0,934+3118,799.1,032+ 26740,087.1,089).432
= 16658278,910 ( kJ/h. )
Q V2 = q.mSO2oxh .
(432 + 434)/2 = 433oC.
q = 94,776 (kJ/kmol) (bng 3-5) [ 1 - 95]
hay q = 1480,875 (kJ/kg)
Q V2 = 1480,875.53,816 = 79694,769 ( kJ/h. )
Tng nhit vo:
Qv = 16658278,910 + 79694,769 = 16737973,679 kJ/h.
4.2.2. Nhit ra:
Nhit theo kh ra:
Kh
Cp (kcal /kg.)
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
0,1890
0,2234
0,2465
0,2603
82

tt nghip
CP ( kJ/kg.)
m
(kg/h)
0,791
0,935
1,032
1,090
107,634 6659,776 3038,073 26740,087

(Bng X) [ 1 - 192]
= (107,634.0,791+6659,776.0,935+3038,073.1,032+26740,087.1,090).434
= 16749802,610 kJ/h.
Q = 16773973,679 16749802,610 = 24171,060
( kJ/h. )
Sai s =
24171,060
.100 0,14%
167733973
Vy ta ly nhit kh ra lp 4 l 434oC.
Nhit vo
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Kh vo
16658278
Phn ng
79694
Tng
16737973
Nhit ra
%
Thnh phn
kJ/h
%
99,52 Kh ra
16749802 100,00
0,48
100,00 Tng
16749802 100,00
XIII. Cn bng nhit thit b lm ngui sau lp 1.

1. Nhit vo:
1.1. Nhit do kh sn phm vo :
Q = 22544141,160
(kJ/h).
1.2. Nhit do kh nguyn liu vo:
Q = 11719808,590
(kJ/h).
1.3. Tng nhit vo:
QV = 22544141,160 + 11719808,590 = (kJ/h).
2. Nhit ra:
2.1. Nhit do kh sn phm mang ra :
Q = 17926383,120
2.2. Nhit do kh nguyn liu mang ra:
Ga thit nhit kh nguyn liu ra l: 430oC. .
Ta c nhit dung cc kh 430oC nh sau:
Kh
SO2
O2
83
N2

tt nghip
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1888
0,2463
0,2601
CP (kJ/kg.)
0,790
1,031
1,089
5381,638
4423,845
m (kg/h)
26740,087
(bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Q = (5381,638.0,790+4423,845.1,031+26740,087.1,089).tR
= 37932,433.tR
(kJ/h)
2.3. Nhit tn tht:
Ly 0,5% nhit vo:
Qtt = 0,005.34263949,750 = 171319,745 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit :
QV = QR
34263949,750 = 17926383,120 + 37932,433.tR + 171319,745 (kJ/h)
tR = 426,2oC
Nhit do kh nguyn liu mang ra:
Q = 16166246,88
(kJ/h)
XIV. Cn bng nhit thit b lm ngui sau lp 2.
1. Nhit vo:
Q = 19471038,200
(kJ/h).
Q = 9295414,785
(kJ/h).
1.3. Tng nhit vo:
QV = 19471038,200 + 9295414,785 = 28766452,985
2. Nhit ra:
Q = 16908247,880
(kJ/h).
SO2
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1812
0,2395
0,2541
CP (kJ/kg.)
0,759
1,003
1,064
5381,638
4423,845
Kh
m (kg/h)
84
26740,087
(bng X) [ 1 - 192]

tt nghip
Q = (5381,638.0,759+4423,845.1,003+26740,087.1,064).tR
= 36971,005.tR
(kJ/h)
2.3. Nhit tn tht:
Ly 0,5% nhit vo:
Qtt = 0,005.28755452,985 = 143777,265 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit :
QV = QR
28766452,985 = 16908247,880 + 36971,005.tR + 143777,265 (kJ/h)
tR = 316,8oC
Q = 11719808,590
(kJ/h)
XV. Cn bng nhit thit b lm ngui sau lp 3.
1. Nhit vo:
Q = 17348114,560
(kJ/h).
Q = 8715023,168
(kJ/h).
1.3. Tng nhit vo:
QV = 17348114,560 + 8715023,168 = 26063137,73
2. Nhit ra:
Q = 16658278,910
(kJ/h).
SO2
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1755
0,2342
0,2514
CP (kJ/kg.)
0,735
0,981
1,053
5381,638
4423,845
Kh
m (kg/h)
26740,087
(bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Q = (5381,638.0,735+4423,845.0,981+26740,087.1,053).tR
= 36452,607.tR
(kJ/h)
2.3. Nhit tn tht:
Ly 0,5% nhit vo:
Qtt = 0,5.26063137,73 = 130315,689 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit :
85

tt nghip
QV = QR
26063137,73 = 16658278,910 + 36452,607.tR + 130315,689 (kJ/h)
tR = 254,4oC
Q = 9295414,785
(kJ/h)
XVI. Xt cn bng nhit thit b trao i nhit ngoi
Thit b ny trao i nhit gia kh nguyn liu ra t my nn (Sau thp
sy) vi kh sn phm ra khi lp tip xc IV.
1. Phn kh nguyn liu i ngoi ng.
Ta c th coi khng c nhit tn tht khi hn hp kh ra thp sy qua
thp tch git, qua my nn, ri vo trao i nhit 1.
1.1. Nhit do kh nguyn liu vo trao i nhit.
Q = 1402384,207 (kJ/h) (bng 21)
1.2. Nhit do kh nguyn liu mang ra.
Kh nguyn liu ra khi trao i nhit c nhit 240oC.
SO2
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1740
0,2330
0,2507
CP (kJ/kg.)
0,728
0,976
1,050
m (kg/h)
5381,638
4423,845
Kh
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg. )
0,1748
0,1974
0,2336
0,2510
CP (kJ/kg. )
0,732
0,826
0,978
1,051
Kh
26740,087
(bng X) [ 1 - 192]
Q = (5381,638.0,728+4423,845.0,976+26740,087.1,05).240
= 8715023,168
(kJ/h)
2. Phn kh sn phm i trong ng.
2.1. Nhit vo.
L lng nhit do kh sn phm mang t lp tip xc IV mang vo .
Q = 16749802,610 (kJ/h)
2.1. Nhit ra.
Gi thit nhit kh sn phm ra c nhit 248oC.
Ta c nhit dung ca cc kh 248oC
86

tt nghip
m (kg/h)
107,634
6659,776
3038,073
26740,087
Q= (107,634.0,732+6659,776.0,826+3038,073.0,978+26740,087.1,051).tR
= 36654,43.tR
3. Nhit tn tht.
Ly nhit tn tht bng 2% tng nhit vo.
QV = 1402384,207 + 16749802,610 = 18152186,817 (kJ/h)
Qtt =
0,02.18152186,817 = 363043,736
(kJ/h)
4. Xt cn bng nhit.
QV = QR
36654,43.tR + 8715023,168 + 363043,736 = 18152186,817
36654,43.tR = 9074119,906
tR = 247,6oC
5. Tng nhit ra:
QR = 8715023,168+363043,736+9090298,64 = 18168365,540 (kJ/h)
Sai s:
18168365 18152186
.100 0,09%
18152186
XVII. Cn bng nhit thit b lm ngui kh sn phm

1- Kh sn phm.
1.1. Nhit vo.
Q= 9090298,640 (kJ/h)
1.2. Nhit ra.
Ta khng ch nhit kh vo thp hp th: t = 80oC.
Vy ta c nhit dung cc kh 80oC
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1554
0,1650
0,2221
0,2467
CP ( kJ/kg. )
0,650
0,691
0,930
1,033
107,634
6659,776
3038,073
26740,087
Kh
m (kg/h)
QR = (107,634.0,650+6659,776.0,691+3038,073.0,930+26740,087.1,033).80
= 2809582,806
1.3. Nhit tn tht : ly 2% nhit vo:
Qtt = 0,02.9090298,640 = 181805,973
(kJ/h)
1.4. Nhit cn trao i vi khng kh.
QTD = 9090298,640 2809582,806 181805,973
87

tt nghip
= 6098909,861 (kJ/h)
2. Xt phn khng kh.
XVII.Thp hp th lum.
A.iu kin lm vic.
Nhit hn hp kh ra : 60oC
Nhit axt vo
: 40 oC.
Nhit axt chy ra
: 57oC (gi thit).
Nng Oleum ti
: 20% SO3 t do.
Nng Oleum chy
: 21% SO3 t do (yu cu).
Hiu sut hp th SO3
: 40% .
Nhit tn tht
: 2% nhit vo
B. Cn bng cht.
1. Lng vo.
mSO 3 = 6659,776
(kg/h)
mSO 2 = 107,634
(kg/h)
mO 2 = 3038,073
(kg/h)
mN 2 = 26740,087
(kg/h)
Tng lng hn hp kh vo thp hp th Oleum:
m V = 36545,570 (kg/h)
1.2. Axit ti vo thp.
Ta c:
Lng SO3 trong oleum 20%: 0,853 (kg SO3/kg Oleum)
Lng SO3 trong oleum 21% = 0,855 (kg SO3/kg Oleum)
Lng SO3 hp th c thp hp th Oleum :
mSO 3 = 0,4. 6659,776 = 2663,910 (kg/h)
Gi x l lng oleum ti vo thp ta c :
Lng SO3 trong oleum ti: 0,853.x
(kg/h)
Lng oleum chy ra: (x + 2663,910)
(kg/h)
Lng SO3 trong oleum chy l: 0,855. (x + 2663,910)
(kg/h)
Suy ra:
0,855.(x + 2663,910) = 0,853.x+2663,910
(kg/h)
Gii phng trnh trn ta c:
Lng Oleum ti: mOleum = x = 193133,475
(kg/h)
Vi nng dung dch oleum 20% t do ta c khi lng ring ca
oleum
88

tt nghip
d = 1896,8 (kg/m3). (bng III) [ 1 - 182]

Th tch Oleum ti vo thp :
Vti =
193133,475
101,821
1896,800
(m3/h)
2. Lng ra.
Lng kh SO3 cn li:
mSO 3 = 6659,776 2663,910 = 3995,866 (kg/h)
Cc kh khng thay i:
mSO 2 = 107,634
(kg/h)
mO 2 = 3038,073
(kg/h)
mN 2 = 26740,087
(kg/h)
2.2. Lng oleum chy.
Lng Oleum chy:
m = x+ 2663,910 = 193133,475 = 195797,385
(kg/h)
Lng SO3 trong Oleum chy:
m = 0,855.195797,385 = 167406,764
(kg/h)
Lng H2O trong Oleum chy:
m = 195797,385 167406,764 = 28390,621
(kg/h)
Bng 32: Cn bng cht thp hp th Oleum
Lng vo
Thnh phn
SO3
Hn hp kh
Oleum ti
Cng
kg/h
6660
29885
193133
229678
%
2,90
13,01
84,09
100,00
Lng ra
Thnh phn
kg/h
%
SO3
3996
1,74
Hn hp kh.
29885 13,01
Oleum chy
195797 85,25
Cng
229678 100,00
C. Cn bng nhit.
1. Nhit vo.
1.1. Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo 80oC.
Q 1V = 2809582,806 (kJ/h) (bng 28)
1.2 Nhit do oleum ti mang vo 40oC.
Ta c nhit dung ca oleum 20% SO3 50oC
C = 0,3395 cal/g. (bng III) [ 1- 182]
hay C = 1,421 (kJ/kg.)
mOleum ti = 193133,475 (kg/h)
89

tt nghip
Q V2 = 193133,475.1,421.40 = 10977706,720
(kJ/h)
1.3. Nhit to ra khi hp th SO3.
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
SO3K + H2OL = H2SO4L + 131,105 (kJ )
Ta c s mol SO3 c hp th =
2663,910
33,300
80
(kmol)
Q V3 = 33,300.103.131,105 = 4365796,500 (kJ/h)

1.4. Tng nhit vo.
Q V = 18153086,060
(kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do hn hp kh mang ra 60oC.
Ta c nhit dung cc kh 60oC
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (cal /g. )
0,1528
0,1600
0,2212
0,2466
CP (kj/kg. )
0,640
0,670
0,926
1,033
107,634
3995,866
Kh (i)
m (kg/h)
3038,073
26740,087
(bng X) [1-192]
Q 1R
=(107,634.0,640+3995,866.0,670+3038,073.0,926+26740,087.1,033).60
= 1990091,887 (kJ/h)
2.2. Nhit do oleum chy mang ra. ( gi thit 57oc)
Ta c nhit dung ca oleum 21% SO3 57oC
C = 0,3395 cal/g. (bng III) [ 1- 182]
hay C = 1,421 (kJ/kg.)
mOleum chy = 195797,385 (kg/h)
2
Q V = 195797,385.1,421.tR = 278228,084.tR
(kJ/h)
2.3. Nhit tn tht.
Nhit tn tht ly = 2% nhit vo.
Q 3R = 0,02.18153086,03 = 363061,721 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit.
QV = QR
1990091,887 + 363061,721 + 278228,084.tR = 18153086,03
278228,084.tR = 15799932,42
tR = 56,8oC
90

tt nghip
Nh vy nhit oleum chy ra gia tnh ton v gi thit l khng khc xa

nhau nh vy ly nhit oleum chy ra = 66oC
Bng 33: Cn bng nhit thp hp th oleum.
Nhit vo
Thnh phn
KJ/h
Hn hp kh.
2809582
leum ti
10977706
Nhit hp th
4365796
Cng
18153086
Sai s:
%
15,48
60,47
24,05
100,0
Nhit ra
Thnh phn
KJ/h
%
Hn hp kh.
1990091 10,93
Oleum.
15859000 87,07
Tn tht.
363061 2,00
Cng
18212152 100,0
18212152 18153086
.100 0,33%
18153086
XIX. Thp hp th mn hydrat.

A. iu kin lm vic.
Nhit axt ti
: 40oC.
Nhit axit chy
: 50oC
Nng axt ti
: 98,3% H2SO4
Nng axt chy
: 98,6% H2SO4.
Hiu sut hp th SO3
: 99,99%.
Nhit tn tht
: 2% nhit vo
B. Cn bng cht.
1. Lng vo.
mSO 3 = 3995,866
(kg/h)
mSO 2 = 107,634
(kg/h)
mO 2 = 3038,073
(kg/h)
mN 2 = 26740,087
(kg/h)
Tng lng hn hp kh vo thp hp th Oleum:
m V = 33881,660 (kg/h)
1.2. Lng a xt ti vo thp.
Lng SO3 hp th c thp mn:
mSO 3 = 0,999.3995,866 = 3991,870 (kg/h)
Nng SO3 trong a xt 98,3% : 80,24 %
Nng SO3 trong a xt 98,6% : 80,49%
91

tt nghip
Gi x l lng axt ti (kg/h)

Lng SO3 trong axt ti:
m = 0,8024. x
(kg/h)
Lng SO3 trong axt chy ra:
m = 0,8049.x +3991,870
(kg/h)
Mt khc lng SO3 trong axt chy: 0,8049.( x +3991,870) .
Ta c phng trnh.
0,8024.x + 3991,870 = 0,8049.(x + 3991,870)
x = 311525,535
(kg/h)
Khi lng ring ca axit ti :
d = 1,8358 (g/cm3) (bng I) [ 1- 180]
lu lng axit ti:
V=
311525,535
169,695
1835,8
(m3/h)
2. Lng ra.
Lng kh SO3 cn li:
mSO 3 = 3995,866 3991,870 =3,996 (kg/h)
Cc kh khng thay i:
mSO 2 = 107,634
(kg/h)
mO 2 = 3038,073
(kg/h)
mN 2 = 26740,087
(kg/h)
2.2. Lng a xt chy ra.
m = 311525,535 + 3991,870 = 315517,405
(kg/h)
Bng 34: Cn bng cht thp hp th mn hydrat.
Lng vo
Thnh phn
Kg/h
Kh SO3
3995
Kh SO2
107
Kh O2
3038
Kh N2
26740
A xt ti
311525
Cng
345405
%
1,16
0,03
0,88
7,74
90,19
100,00
Lng ra
Thnh phn
Kg/h
Kh SO3
4
Kh SO2
107
Kh O2
3038
Kh N2
26740
Axt chy
315517
Cng
345406
Bng 35: Tng kt lng kh sau thp mn

Thnh phn
m3/h
92
%V
%
--0,03
0,88
7,74
91,35
100,0

tt nghip
Kh SO3
Kh SO2
Kh O2
Kh N2
Tng
1,12
37,45
2426,60
21392,00
23857,17
0,0047
0,1570
10,1714
89,6669
100,0000
C. Cn bng nhit thp hp th mn.

1. Nhit vo.
1.1. Nhit do hn hp kh mang vo.
Theo bng 30 ta c:
Q 1V = 1990091,887 (kJ/h)
1.2. Nhit do axt ti mang vo 40oC.
Ta c: Nhit dung ca axit 98,3% , nhit 40oC
CP = 0,350 (kcal/kg.)
(bng II)[ 1 - 181]
Hay C = 1,465
(kJ/kg.)
maxti = 311525,535 (kg/h)

Q = 311525,535.1,465.40 = 18255396,350 (kJ/h)
1.3. Nhit to ra khi hp th SO3.
Theo phn ng:
SO3K + H2O L= H2SO4 + 131,105 (kJ)
Lng SO3 hp th l: 3991,870 (kg/h)
Q V3
= 131,105.
3991,870
80
.1000 = 6541926,454 (kJ/h)
1.4. Tng lng nhit vo.

QV = 26787414,69
(kJ/h)
2. Nhit ra.
2.1. Nhit do cc kh mang ra.
Kh ra khi thp hp th Mono c nhit =55oC.
Ta c CP cc kh 55oC.
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
Cp (kcal /kg.)
0,1521
0,1587
0,2210
0,2465
CP (kJ/kg.)
0,637
0,664
0,925
1,032
107,634
0,4
Kh (i)
(kg/h)
Q 1R
3038,073 26740,087
(bng X) [ 1- 192]
= (107,634.0,637+0,4.0,664+3038,073.0,925+26740,087.1,032).55
93

tt nghip
= 1676114,867 (kJ/h)
Gi thit nhit axt chy ra l 53oC.
Nhit dung ca axit 98,6% , nhit 53oC
CP = 0,351 (kcal/kg. )
Hay C = 1,470
(bng II) [ 1 - 181]
(kJ/kg.)
max chy = 315517,405 (kg/h)

Q = 315517,405.1,470.tR = 463810,585.tR
2.3. Nhit tn tht:
Ly 2% nhit vo
Q 3R = 0,02.26787414,690 = 535748,294 (kJ/h)
3. Xt cn bng nhit .
QV = QR
463810,585.tR + 535748,294 + 1676114,867 = 26787414,690
463810,585.tR = 24575551,530
tR
= 53 C
Bng 36: Cn bng nhit thp hp th Mono hydrat

Nhit vo
Thnh phn
kJ/h
Hn hp kh
1990091
Axt ti
18255396
Nhit hp th
6541926
Cng
26787413
Sai s:
Nhit ra
Thnh phn kJ/h
Hn hp kh
1676114
A xt chy
24581961
Tn tht
535748
Cng
26793823
%
7,43
68,15
24,42
100,00
26793823 26787413
.100 0,02%
26787413
94
%
6,25
91,75
2,00
100,0

tt nghip
PHN IV
TNH TON THIT B
I. L t qung lp si.
1. Chn cc thng s, ch tiu k thut ban u.
Cng t qung:
Theo li phn phi :
ks = 8000 (kg/m2 .24h)
Theo th tch l t :
kv =1500 (kg/m3 .24h).
Kch thc ht qung chn:
2. Tnh cc chi tit c bn ca l t qung lp si.
2.1. Lng qung t trong 1 ngy.
Theo phn tnh cn bng vt cht l lp si, ta c lng qung cn t
trong 1 gi l:
m = 6871,435
(kg/h).
Suy ra, lng qung t trong 1 ngy l:
95

tt nghip
mq = 6871,435.24 = 164914,440 (kg/ngy m)

2.2.Tnh din tch li phn phi kh.(F)
F
mq
Ks
164914,440
20,614
8000
(m2)
Din tch ghi trong bung cp liu: Fdl thng bng 10% tng din
tch ghi gi
F1 = 0,1.20,614 = 2,061
(m2)
Din tch ghi chnh:
F2 = 20,614 2,061 = 18,553
(m2)
2.3. ng knh phn tr di l:
D=
4.F2
=
4.18,553
= 4,86 (m)
2.3. Lng gi cung cp ln th nht.

Tng lng gi : Phn cn bng cht l lp si tnh.
VGi = 14234,226 (m3/h)
hay
VGi = 3,954 (m3/s)
Lng gi cung cp ln th nht bng 80% tng lng gi:
V1 = 0,8.3,954 = 3,163 (m3/s).
Lng gi ca ghi cp liu:
v .l = 0,2.V1 = 0,2.3,163 = 0,633 (m3/s)
2.4. Tng din tch tit din cc ng gi:
Tc cho php ca khng kh trong cc ng gi : 12,5 (m/s)
Fo.ghi =
0,633
12,5
= 0,0506 (m2)
2.5. S lng ng ca ghi gi:

i vi ghi gi ta ly cc ng bng thp c ng knh 70mm. Tit din
ca ng l:
F .ghi = .
D2
4
= .
7 .7
4
= 38,484 (cm2)
= 38,484.10-4 (m2)
T ta c s ng :
n=
0,0506
38,484.10 4
= 13,15 (ng)
Ta chn n = 14 ng
2.6 . B rng ca bung np qung:
Ly khong cch gia cc ng bng mt thn ng = 0,07 (m) = 70 (mm).
2 ng st thnh, cch thnh 35 (mm) .
B rng bung np qung:
96

tt nghip
b= 2.n.D = 2.14.0,07 = 1,96 (m)

Chiu di bung np qung :
L=
F1
b
2,061
1,96
= 1,052 (m)
2.7. S l trn ng ghi :

Ta ly ng knh l d = 10(mm)
Tc gi cho php trong l : 8(m/s)
n =
v
0,633
72
f lo ..no. ghi
0.785.10 4.8.14
(l)
Trong :
L : Chiu di bung np qung.
n : S l trn 1 ng ghi.
Cc l c b tr thnh 2 dy , mi dy 36 l . tha nhn mp l ngoi cng
Cch tng 2mm. khi tng khong cch gia cc l l:
L (n-1).10 2.2 = 1052 10.35 4 = 698 (mm).
khong cch gia cc l :
698
35
= 19,94 (mm) .
Nh vy ta c bc l : 19,94 + 10 = 29,94 (mm).

2.8. Lng gi di ghi chnh:
v = V1 v .l = 3,163 0,633 = 2,53 (m3/s) .
2.9. M gi.
Vn tc gi trn l m gi: l m.gi= 8 (m/s)
Trn mi m gi khoan 8 l vi dl= 7 [mm] = 0,007 [m]
d2lo 3,14 (0,007)2
fl =
3,86 105 (m2)

4
4
S m gi:
n m gi=
v.
f ..8
2,53.
3,86.10 5 8.8
= 1024 ( m gi)]
V din tch ca ghi khng c l bng 18,553 m2 , do vy mi m2 c

1024
18,553
= 55,2 m ( lm trn thnh 56 m)
Ton b ghi c : 18,553. 56 = 1039 (m)

Tc trong l gi ca cc m :
v
f .8.n
2,53
3,86.10 5.8.1039
= 7,89 (m/s)
Tc ny l ph hp
Cch b tr m gi theo hnh lc gic tm c mt m . Vi s m l 1038
ta b tr thnh 18 hnh 6 cnh :
97

tt nghip
Nh vy tng s m trn hnh 6 cnh l:

3.18.(18-1) + 1 = 919 m
Cn li cc m ta b tr trong cc hnh vin phn:
Chn s m dy th nht trong hnh vin phn l 13, dy th hai l 7
Ta c tng s m :
919 + 6.(13+7) = 1039
(m)
2.10. Tnh phn tr trn ca l.
Ly din tch phn tr trn: FTrn = 1,5.FDi
FTr = 1,5.18,553 = 27,829
(m2)
Dtrn =
4.F
4.27,829
= 5,953 (m)
2.11. Tnh th tch , chiu cao l lp si .

Cng t qung tnh theo th tch kv = 1500 [kg/m3 .24h]
Lng qung em t: mq = 164914,440 (kg/24h)
Th tch bung t:
V=
164914,440
1500
= 109,943 (m3)
Chn chiu cao bung np liu h = 3m

Th tch bung np qung :
Vnp.qung = 1,96.1,052.3 = 6,186 (m3)
Th tch cn li:
V = 109,943 6,186 = 103,757 (m3)
Chiu cao phn tr di :
H=
103,757
18,553
= 5,592 (m)
Phn hnh cn ( nghing vi gc = 300):

Ta c chiu cao phn hnh cn (H2).
H2 =
DT DD
2.tg 30
5,953 4,860
2.tg 30
= 0,947 (m)
Th tch phn hnh cn.
V=
.H 2
.0,947
.( DT2 D D2 DT .D D )
.(4,86 2 5,953 2 5,953.4,860) 27,47
9,1
9,1
(m3)
Tnh th tch phn chm cu nc l.(H4)
Ly H4 = 0,14. Dtrn = 0,14 . 5.953 = 0,833 (m)
Th tch chm cu.
Vch.cu = 6 .H 4 .( 4 .DT2 H 42 )
3
.0,833.( .5,953 2 0,833 2 )
6
4
Phn trn:
98
= 11,895 (m3)

tt nghip
. 1
.
273
VTr = v0
Trong :
Vo : L th tch kh ra iu kin tiu chun, theo bng 1:
Vo = 13868.472 (m3/h) = 3,852 (m3/s)
t : Nhit kh l ra = 8200c .
: Thi gian lu ca kh trong l.
=
109,943.273.3600
14234,226.1093
= 6,945 (s)
820
vtrn =3,852.(1+ 273 ).6,945 = 107,106 (m3)

Nh vy th tch phn tr trn:
V = 107,106 - 27,47 11,895 = 67,741
Chiu cao phn tr trn (H4):
H3 =
67,741
27,829
(m3)
= 2,434 (m).
Tng th tch l t :
Vl =107,106 + 109,943 = 217,049 (m3)
Tng chiu cao l t :
Hl=5,592 + 0,833+0,947 + 2,434 = 9,806 (m)
Tnh ng knh ng dn kh .
Ta c:
Fng =
Vi:
V = Vo .(1+ 273 ) = 3,852(1 +
Chn tc kh i trong ng = 14
Fng
15,442
= 14
820
283
) = 15,442 (m3/s)
(m/s)
= 1,102 (m2)
ng knh ng :
Dng =
4.F
4.1,102
= 1,185 (m)
II- Ni hi nhit tha.

1. Chn cc thng s ban u.
m bo b mt truyn nhit tt v an ton cho ni hi ta dng nc
mm cp vo ni hi. Dng ni hi kiu ng nc t bn trong l t .
Cc thng s ban u:
- Nhit nc mm cp cho ni hi
: 25oC
- Nhit hi ra ni hi
: 220oC
99

tt nghip
- Nhit kh ra khi ni hi
: 400oC
- Hiu sut ni hi
: 95%
- p sut hi nc
: 23,66 at
- Nhit rt b phn ni hi
: 11123116,832 (kJ/h)
- Nhit rt t l lp si
: 12780383,770 (kJ/h)
Tng lng nhit em sn xut hi nc :
Q = 11123116,832 + 12780383,770
= 23903500,602
(kJ/h)
2. Lng hi hc sn xut c.
T cng thc:
Q = m.(C2 t2 - C1 t1 + qhh)
Q
mlt
C2 .t2 C1.t1 qhh
Trong :
m: Lng hi nc sn xut c theo l thuyt.
Q: Lng nhit cn sn xut hi nc.
t1: Nhit nc mm cp cho ni hi.
t2: Nhit hi nc.
C1,C2: Nhit dung ring ca nc nhit t1 v t2.
C1 = 0,996 (kcal/kg. ) (bng I.149) [2 - 168]
Hay
C1 = 4,170 (kJ/kg. );
C2 = 4,518 (kJ/kg. )
qhh: nhit ho hi ca nc 220oC.
qhh = 1860 ( kJ/kg)
Thay cc s liu vo cng thc trn ta c lng hi nc l thuyt sn
xut c:
mLT =
23903500,602
4,518.220 4,170.25 1860
= 8950,912 (kg/h)
Lng hi nc thc t sn xut c l:

mtt = .mlt = 8950,912.0,95 = 8503,367
(kg/h)
o
o
Lng nhit cn un nng nc t 25 C n 220 C (Qun).
Qun = 8503,367.(4,518.220 4,170.25)
= 7565530,654
(kJ/h)
o
Lng nhit cn ho hi nc 220 C (Qhh).
Qhh = 8503,367.1860 = 15816262,620 (kJ/h)
3. Xc nh b mt truyn nhit cn thit .
B mt F1 un nng nc t 25oC ln 220oC c t ton b trong
ni hi.
100

tt nghip
Gi F2 l b mt cn thit ho hi hon ton lng H 2O 220oC, b

mt 2 gm hai phn, F21 c t trong l t, F22 c t trong ni hi.
Theo cng thc tnh b mt truyn nhit:
Q
F
k.t
Trong :
F: Din tnh b mt tip xc.
Q: Nhit lng truyn qua F.
K: H s truyn nhit
t: chnh nhit gia hai b mt tip xc.
3.1. Tnh b mt F1.
830oC
400oC
220oC
25oC
Ta c:
tmax = 830 220 = 610oC

tmin = 400 25 = 375oC
Ta thy rng:
t max
t min
610
375
= 1,63
1
( t max t min )
2
1
.(610 375) =
2
t tb
t tb
492,5 (oC)
V F1 t trong ni hi nn ta c: k1 = 167,48 (kJ/m2.h.oC)

F1 =
7565530,654
492,5.167,48
= 91,72 (m2)
3.2. Tnh b mt F22.

Lng nhit trong ni hi dng bc hi nc:
Q = 11123116,832 7565530,654
= 3557586,18
(kJ/h)
820oC
400oC
220oC
220oC
101

tt nghip
Ta c:
t1 = 820 220 = 600oC
t2 = 400 220 = 180oC
Ta thy rng:
Nn:
t1 600
3,33 >2
t 2 180
t tb
t1 t 2
600 180
t
600 = 350 (oC)
2,3. lg 1 2,3. lg
180
t 2
Ta c: k1 = 167,48
F22 =
3557586,18
167,48.350
= 60,7 (m2)
3.3. Tnh b mt F21.

Ta c t21 = 610oC.
B mt F21 t trong l t nn:
K21 = 1000 (kJ/m2.h.)
F=
12258676,44
1000.610
= 20,1 (m2)
4.Tng b mt truyn nhit trong ni hi:

FTr.nh = F1 + F22 = 60,7 + 91,72 = 152,42 (m2)
Cn c vo b mt truyn nhit FTr.nh ta chn loi ni hi sau:
III. Thp sy.
1. iu kin lm vic.
- Nng axt ti:
95% H2SO4
- Nng axt chy:
94% H2SO4
- Tc qua ca kh i trong thp:
w = 0,8 (m/s)
2. Tnh din tch m.
Theo sch gio trnh axt ta thy din tch m c tnh theo cng thc:
Q
F
(1- 137)
k.p
Trong :
F: B mt tip xc pha (b mt m m2)
102

tt nghip
Q: Lng hi nc hp th c
k: H s hp th.
k = ko.wm
ko: Hng s ph thuc nng axt.
Khi axt sy 95% ta c k0 = 3,8.10-2 khi p sut tnh bng mmHg
m = 0,8 khi ch dng chy ca kh l chy xoy:
PK P1' PK' P1
P
PK P1'
(mmHg)
ln '
PK P1
Trong :
Pk: p sut ring phn ca hi nc trc khi sy.
Pk: p sut ring phn ca hi nc sau khi sy.
P1: p sut bo ho ca hi nc trn dung dich axt
Sunfuric 95%.
P1: p sut bo ho ca hi nc trong dung dich axt
Sunfuric 94%.
P1 = 0,0015 (mmHg) ttb = 40 oC
P1 = 0,0066 (mmHg) ttb = 40oC
p sut m trc thp sy: 360 mm H2O
p sut m sau thp sy : 410
Ta ly trung bnh p sut m trong thp sy l:
360 410
2
= 385
Hay 28,325 mmHg

Pchung = 760 - 28,325 = 731,675
749,757.22,4
.731,675
18.27197
PK =
P k =
P =
2,626
.731,675
26266,6
= 25,101 (mmHg)
= 0,073
( 25,101 0,0066) (0,073 0,0015)

( 25,101 0,0066)
ln
(0,073 0,0015)
(25,101) Pk
(mmHg)
= 4,27 (mmHg)
(0,073) Pk
(0,0066)P1
(0,0015) P1
Lng nc hp th c:
103

tt nghip
Q = 747,647 (kg/h)
Din tch m:
747,647
3,8.10 2.0,8 0 ,8.4,27
F=
= 5508,243 (m2)
Ly h s d l 1,2.
F = 5508,243.1,2 = 6609,892 (m2)
3. Tnh tit din thp.
Ta c:
Fthp =
VO .(273 t tb )
3600..273
(m2)
Vi:
Vo = 27197
tv = 29oC, tr = 40oC ttb = 34,5oC
W = 0,8 (m/sec)
FThp =
Dthp =
27197.( 273 34,5)

3600.0,8.273
4.F
4.10,637
= 10,637 (m2)
= 3,680 (m)
4. Xp m.
Chn s dng 5 loi m v cch xp m nh sau:
Xp ba hng loi m n 150x150x15 c 1 = 40 (m2/m3)
h1 = 0,45 (m);
f1 = h1. Fth. 1 = 0,45.10,637.40 = 191,466 (m2)
h2 = 0,36 (m);
f2 = h2. Fth. 2 = 0,36.10,637.50 = 191,466 (m2)
h3 = 0,30 (m);
f3 = h3. Fth. 3 = 0,30.10,637.60 = 191,466 (m2)
h4 = 0,24 (m);
f4 = h4. Fth. 4 = 0,24.10,637.80 = 204,230 (m2)
Cn li loi m n 50x50x5 c 5 = 110 (m2/m3)
f5 = 6609,892 3.191,466- 204,230
= 5831,264 (m2)
f
5831,264
5
h5 = F . 10,637.110 4,984
th
5
104
(m)

tt nghip
5. Chiu cao thp.

- Chiu cao m
H = 4,984 + 0,24 + 0,30 + 0,36 + 0,45 = 6,334 (m)
- Ly chiu cao t y n gi m: 2,0 (m)
- Chiu cao khong trng trn nh: 3,0 (m)
Chiu cao thp:
Hth = 6,334 + 2,0+ 3,0 = 11,334 (m)
Kch thc thp:
th = 3800x12000 (mmxmm)
6.Vn tc kh trong thp:
Vt
3600.F
Trong :
Vt : l lu lng kh qua thp iu kin lm vic
Vt =
VO .T .PO
TO .P
Vi :
Vo = 27197 m3/h
Po = 760 mmHg
To = 273 oK
T=
1
(302 313) 307,5 O K
2
Vt
27197.307,5.1
31910,4
273.0,96
( m3/h )
Tnh tc kh :
31910,4
0,78
3600.11,34
(m/s)
7.Tr lc ca thp m :
7.1 Tr lc kh:
H .
Pk . d k 3 d
8
Vtd
2
Trong :
H = 6,334 m l chiu cao m
K = 0,78 m /s l tc kh trong thp
Vtd = 0,79 m3/ m3 l th tch t do ca m 50.50.5
k
mK
37293
1,17
Vt
31910,4
(kg/m3)
: l h s ma st, ph thuc vo chun s Reynol ca kh:
105

tt nghip
4. k . k
k . d
Re =
K: l nht ng lc ca hn hp kh, c tnh :

C SO . SO . M SO .TSO C O . O . M O .TO C N . N . M N .TN C H O . H O . M H O .TH O
2
C SO2 . M SO2 .TSO2 C O2 . M O2 .TO2 C N 2 . M N 2 .TN 2 C H 2O . M H 2O .TH 2O
Trong :
C SO2 , C O2 , C N 2 , C H 2O
l nng phn th tch ca cc thnh phn kh

M SO , M O , M N , M H O l khi lng phn t ca cc cu t
TSO , TO , TN , TH O l nhit ti hn ca cc cu t
SO , O , N , H O l nht ng lc ca cc cu t
2
Ta c:
M SO2 .TSO2 116
M O2 .TO2 70,2
M N 2 .TN 2 59,5
M H 2O .TH 2O 108
nhit trung bnh ca kh l

(29 + 40) /2 = 34,5oC ta c:
H2Ohi = 1,05. 10 - 5 Ns/m2
SO2 = 1,48 x 10- 5 Ns/m2
O2
= 2,27 x 10- 5 Ns/m2
N2
= 1,95 x 10- 5 Ns/m2
CSO2 = 7 %
CO2
= 11,4 %
CN2
= 78,4 %
CH2O = 3,2%

0,07.1,48.10 5.116 0,114 .2,27.10 5.70,2 0,784.1,95.10 5.59,5 0,032.1,05.10 5.108

0,07.116 0,114 .70,2 0,784.59,5 0,032.108
= 1,88.10-5 N/m2
Vy :
Re =
4.0,78.1,17
1,88.10 5.95
= 2043,89
V Re > 40 nn xc nh theo cng thc sau:
16
16
3,5
0, 2
Re
2043,89 0, 2
Vy tr lc ca m kh l
106

tt nghip
k =
3,5.6,334.0,78 2.95.1,17
8.0,79 3
= 380 ( N/m2)
( y ta tnh cho loi m 50.50.5 c tr lc ln nht trong cc loi m

xp trong thp)
7.2. Tr lc t:
= K. k
Trong K l h s c k n tng tr lc do ti a xt c xc nh nh
sau :
K
1
(1 A) 3
A=
3.3
b GX 2
.(
) . 3
2g X
VTd
Trong :
b
Vi :
1,745
Re x 0,3
4.G X
Re = .
d
X
Trong :
GX l lu lng axit ti:
Gx =
70489
1,73
3600.11,34
(kg/m2.h)
X = 12.10 -3 Ns/m2 l nht ng lc ca a xt 95% H2SO4

4.1,73
6,07
Re =
95.12.10 3
b=
1,745
1,02
6,07 0 ,3
Vy ta c :
A 3.3
1,02.1,73 2.95
0,06
2.9,81.1833,7 2.0,79 3
Vy:
K=
1
(1 0,06) 3
= 1,204
Ta c : tr lc t l :
P = 1,204.380 = 457,51 ( N/ m2)
Hay P = 47,3 mmH2O
107

tt nghip
III. Thp tip xc.

1. Xy dng ng cn bng v ng nhit thch hp:
Xy dng quan h:
xcb = f(t) hoc t = F(xb)
Theo cng thc :
KP
xCb
KP
100 0,5.a.xCb
P.(b 0,5.a.xCb )
(1)
(3 22) [ 1 - 97]
Mt khc, theo cng thc thc nghim (3-20) [ 1 - 96]:
lg K P
4905,5
4,6455
t 273
(2)
Kt hp (1) v (2) ta c quan h tcb = F(Xcb) sau:

4905,5
t cb
lg
100 0,5.a.x cb
x cb .
P.(b 0,5.a.x cb )
1 xcb
273
(3)
4,6455
Trong :
xcb: Hiu sut chuyn ho cn bng.
tcb: Nhit ng vi mc chuyn ho cn bng.
a: Nng SO2 trong kh. a = 7%.
b: Nng O2 trong kh. b = 11,8%.
P: p sut lm vic. P = 1 [at].
Theo phng trnh (3-33) [ 1 - 112]:
Tth
4905,5
x
lg
4,937
b 0,5ax
1 x .
100 0,5ax
(4)
ng vi mi nhit s thu c mt hiu sut chuyn ha cn bng.

Tnh theo cng thc (3) ta thu c bng kt qu sau:
to C
400
425
450
475
500
ToK
673
695
723
748
773
Kp
440,1
258,7
137,9
81,8
50,2
108
xcb thu c
0,993
0,987
0,976
0,960
0,937

tt nghip
525
550
575
600
625
798
823
848
873
898
n
31,7
20,7
13,8
9,4
6,6
0,904
0,862
0,807
0,743
0,672
Nhit thch hp ng vi mi mc chuyn ha cn bng xc nh theo

cng thc (4).
Ta c bng sau:
xcb
Tcb
Tth
0,993
673
644
0,987
695
667
0,976
723
693
0,960
748
716
0,937
773
739
0,904
798
762
0,862
823
784
0,807
848
807
0,743
873
830
0,672
898
852
T bng s liu trn ta xy dng th t x :
109

tt nghip
2.Tnh thi gian tip xc, lng cht xc tc:

2.1 Thi gian tip xc:
Vn tc qu trnh oxy ha SO2 thnh SO3 trn xc tc vanadi lp tnh
c biu th bi phng trnh:
ax
ax
2
1
dx kP
x
2 . 1 x . 1
2
.
K .(1 x)
ax 1 0,2 x
ax
d
a
p
1
b
2
2
Trong :
: thi gian tip xc,s.
k: hng s vn tc phn ng, s-1.at-1.
a,b: nng ban u ca SO2, O2 trong hn hp kh
ax
2
ax th phng trnh trn tr thnh:

1
2
b

dx
k .P 1 x
x

.
.

d
a 1 0,2 x
K
.(
1
x
)
p
2.2 Lng cht xc tc cn thit:

Lng cht xc tc ph thuc vo thi gian tip xc theo cng thc:
110

tt nghip
CV
3
: th tch xc tc,m .
C: h s d tr.
V: th tch kh, m3/s.
: thi gian tip xc,s.
Thi gian tip xc tnh theo cng thc:
d
dx
a (1 0,2 x)
k .P.(1 x).
K p .(1 x )
n gin trong tnh ton mi lp xc tc chia ra nhiu lp. i vi mi

on coi
x dx
trong : thi gian tip xc trn phn on, s.

x = xcui xu
Do ta c:

1 0,2 x
.
k .P.(1 x )
ax
K p .(1 x )
(9)
Tng thi gian tip xc: =

3.Tnh ton cho tng lp xc tc :
3.1 Thi gian tip xc v lng cht xc tc lp th nht:
Chia lp th nht ra lm 8 on. Mc chuyn ha mi on ly nh
sau:
0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; 0,6; 0,7; 0,725.
+) i vi on 1:
a = 0,07; b = 0,118; x = 0,1; x = 0,15; = 199;
tr = 440 + 199.0,1 = 459,9oC.
nhit ra tr = 459,9oC ta c: k = 1,19 (bng 3-10) [ 1 - 107]
Kp = 111,63.
ax
0,07.0,15
0,118
2
2
0,115
ax
0,07.0,15
1
1
2
2
b
1 0,2.0,15
.
1,37.1 0,15
0,07.0,15
0,15
0,113
90
,
81
.(
1
0
,
15
)
0,056 s
+) i vi on 2:
a = 0,07; b = 0,11,8; x = 0,2; x = 0,1; = 199;
tr = 459,9 + 199.0,1 = 479,8oC.
111

tt nghip
nhit ra tr = 479,8oC ta c: k = 1,53
Kp = 74,13.
= 0,112
= 0,049s.
+) i vi on 3:
x = 0,3; x = 0,10
tv = 479,8oC
tr = 499,7oC.
Kp = 50,47.
= 0,109
= 0,044s.
+) i vi on 4:
x = 0,4; x = 0,10
tr = 519,6oC.
Kp = 34,96.
= 0,105
= 0,041s.
+) i vi on 5:
x = 0,5; x = 0,1
tr = 539,5oC.
Kp = 24,66.
= 0,102
= 0,045s.
+) i vi on 6:
x = 0,6; x = 0,1
tr = 559.4oC.
Kp = 17,69.
= 0,099
= 0,06s.
+) i vi on 7:
x = 0,7; x = 0,1
tr = 579,3oC.
Kp = 12,89.
= 0,096
112

tt nghip
= 0,114s.
+) i vi on 8:
x = 0,725; x = 0,025
tr = 579,8oC.
Kp = 11,93.
= 0,095
= 0,042s.
Tng thi gian tip xc lp th nht:
1 = 0,056+0,049+0,044+0,041+0,045+0,060+0,114+0,042
= 0,451 ( s )
Lng cht xc tc dng trong lp th nht:
1
1 = 4.0,451.27197. 3600 = 13,629 m3

3.2 Thi gian tip xc lp th hai:
Chia lp th hai ra lm 8 on.
Mc chuyn ha mi on ly nh sau:
.
+) i vi on 1:
x = 0,75; x = 0,025
tr = 467,975oC.
nhit ra tr = 467,975oC ta c: k = 1,340
Kp = 94,37.
= 0,094
= 0,048s.
+) i vi on 2:
x = 0,775; x = 0,025
tr = 472,95oC.
nhit ra tr = 472,95oC ta c: k = 1,420
Kp = 85,20.
= 0,093
= 0,050s.
+) i vi on 3:
x = 0,8; x = 0,025
tr = 477,925oC.
nhit ra tr = 477,925oC ta c: k = 1,50
Kp = 77,11.
= 0,093
113

tt nghip
= 0,055s.
+) i vi on 4:
x = 0,825; x = 0,025
tr = 482,9oC.
Kp = 69,84.
= 0,092
= 0,061s.
+) i vi on 5:
x = 0,850; x = 0,025
tr = 487,87oC.
nhit ra tr = 487,87oC ta c: k = 1,68
Kp = 63,34.
= 0,091
= 0,069s.
+) i vi on 6
x = 0,875; x = 0,025
tr = 492,85oC.
nhit ra tr = 492,85oC ta c: k = 1,80
Kp = 57,52.
= 0,09
= 0,085s.
+) i vi on 7:
x = 0,90; x = 0,025
tr = 497,825oC.
nhit ra tr = 497,825oC ta c: k = 1,90
Kp = 52,15.
= 0,089
= 0,127s.
+) i vi on 8:
x = 0,918; x = 0,018
tr = 501,4oC.
Kp = 48,71.
= 0,089
= 0,175s.
Tng thi gian tip xc lp th hai:
2 = 0,048+0,05+0,055+0,061+0,069+0,085+0,127+0,175
114

tt nghip
= 0,67(s)
Lng cht xc tc dng trong lp th hai:
1
2 = 2.0,67. 25625. 3600 = 9,538 m3

3.3Thi gian tip xc lp th ba:
Chia lp th ba ra lm 5 on.
+) i vi on 1:
x = 0,930; x = 0,012
tr = 440,4oC.
nhit ra tr = 440,4oC ta c: k = 0,902
Kp = 170,15.
= 0,088
= 0,132s.
+) i vi on 2:
x = 0,940; x = 0,01
tr = 442,4oC.
nhit ra tr = 442,4oC ta c: k = 0,928
Kp = 162,78.
= 0,087
= 0,130s.
+) i vi on 3:
x = 0,950; x = 0,01
tr = 444,38oC.
nhit ra tr = 444,38oC ta c: k = 0,955
Kp = 155,77.
= 0,087
= 0,163s.
+) i vi on 4:
x = 0,96; x = 0,01
tr = 446,37oC.
nhit ra tr = 446,37oC ta c: k = 0,981
Kp = 149,16.
= 0,087
= 0,235s
+) i vi on 5:
x = 0,970; x = 0,010
tr = 448,36oC.
115

tt nghip
nhit ra tr = 448,36oC ta c: k = 1,008
Kp = 142,84.
= 0,087
= 0,522s
Tng thi gian tip xc lp th ba:
3 = 0,132+0,130+0,163+0,235+,0522 = 1,182(s)
Lng cht xc tc dng trong lp th ba:
1
3 = 1,3.1,182.25506,95. 3600 = 10,887(m3 )

3.4. Thi gian tip xc lp th t:
Chia lp th t ra lm 5 on.
+) i vi on 1:
x = 0,972; x = 0,002
tr = 432,4oC.
nhit ra tr = 432,4oC ta c: k = 0,578
Kp = 203,58.
= 0,087
= 0,120s.
+) i vi on 2:
x = 0,974; x = 0,002
tr =432.8 oC.
nhit ra tr = 432,8oC ta c: k = 0,595
Kp = 201,74.
= 0,087
= 0,139s.
+) i vi on 3:
x = 0,976; x = 0,002
tr = 433 + 199.0,005 = 433,2oC.
nhit ra tr = 433,2oC ta c: k = 0,612
Kp = 199,92.
= 0,087
= 0,331s
+) i vi on 4:
x = 0,978; x = 0,002
tr = 433,6oC.
nhit ra tr = 433,6oC ta c: k = 0,629
Kp = 198,12.
= 0,087
116

tt nghip
= 0,224s
+) i vi on 5:
x = 0,978; x = 0,002
tr = 434oC.
nhit ra tr = 434oC ta c: k = 0,646
Kp = 196,33.
= 0,087
= 0,357s
Tng thi gian tip xc lp th t:
3 = 0,12+0,139+0,331+0,224+0,357= 1,171(s)
Lng cht xc tc dng trong lp th t:
1
4 = 1,35.1,171. 25457,95. 3600 = 11,179( m3)

3.5 Tng th tch xc tc ton thp:
V = 13,629+9,538+10,887+11,179 = 45,251 (m3)
4.Tnh ton kch thc ch yu ca thit b
4.1 ng knh ca thp:
Din tch mi lp xc tc tnh theo cng thc:
F
V
3600.w
F: din tch,
m2
V: th tch hn hp kh, m3/s.
w: vn tc kh trong lp, m/s.
Nu coi th tch kh khng i khi qua mi lp v chn w = 0,3 m/s ta c:
F1 F2 F3 F4
25625
23,727
3600.0,3
ng knh trong ca thp:

D
4.F
4.23,727
5,5( m)
3,14
4.2 Chiu cao cc lp xc tc:

h
V
F
h: chiu cao, m
V: th tch lp xc tc, m3
F: din tch lp xc tc, m2
Chiu cao lp xc tc th nht:
h1 =
13,629
23,727
= 0,574 ( m)
117
( m2 )

tt nghip
Chiu cao lp xc tc th hai:

h2 =
9,538
23,727
= 0,402 ( m)
Chiu cao lp xc tc th ba:

h3 =
10,887
23,727
= 0,459 ( m)
Chiu cao lp xc tc th t:
h4 =
11,179
23,727
= 0,471 ( m)
Tng chiu cao cc lp xc tc:

h = 0,574 + 0,402 + 0,459 + 0,471 = 1,906 ( m)
4.3. Tnh tc kh :
4.3.1. Tc kh qua lp I:
1
4Vt I
D1 3600
2
4 V 0 I T1 P0
D1 3600 T0 P
2
Trong :
VtI l th tch kh iu kin lm vic qua lp I
Vt I
V0 .T1 .P0
T0 .P
Vi :
Vo : th tch kh iu kin tiu chun c ly trong bng cn bng
cht ca cc lp xc tc (m3 /h)
Po = 1 at
To = 273 oK
P = 1,16 at l p sut lm vic ca my tip xc
T1 : l nhit lm vic trung bnh ca lp xc tc I
T1
1
1
(TV TR ) (713 843) 778
2
2
Vo = 26264 m3/h
1
4.26264.778.1
.5,5 2.3600.273.1,16
= 0,75 m / s
4.3.2. Tc kh qua lp II:
2
T2
4Vt II
D1 3600
2
4 V 0 II T2 P0
D1 3600 T0 P
2
1
(736 773) 754,5
2
118

tt nghip
2
4.25687.754,5.1
.5,5 2.3600.273.1,16
= 0,71 m / s
4.3.3. Tc kh qua lp III :
3
4Vt III
D 2 3600
2
4 V 0 III T3 P0
D1 3600 T0 P
2
1
(711 721) 716 O K
2
4.25507.716.1
3
.5,5 2.3600.273.1,16
T3
= 0,67 m/s
4.3.4. Tc kh qua lp IV:
4
4 V0 IV T4 P0
D 2 3600 T0 P
2
T4 706 O K
4
4.25457.706.1
.5,5 2.3600.273.1,16
= 0,66 ( m/s)
4.4. Tr lc trong thp tip xc:
Tr lc ca cc lp xc tc c tnh nh sau:
P = 9,8 . A . i1,74. i . hi (N/m2) (3-39 ) [ 1 - 121]
Trong :
i : tc ca kh trong lp xc tc th i
i : khi lng ring ca kh vo lp xc tc i
m
T0 P
i = V TP
0
0
hi: chiu cao lp xc tc th i (m)
A: h s ph thuc vo dng v kch thc ht xc tc, ly kch thc
trung bnh ca ht xc tc l 6 mm th A = 420.
4.4.1. Tr lc lp I:
1 = 0,75 m/s
h1 = 0,574 m
1 =
36544.273.1,16
26264.778.1
= 0,566 (kg/m3)
P1 = 9,8 . 420 . 0,751,74 . 0,566. 0,574

119

tt nghip
= 810,607 N/m2
4.4.2. Tr lc lp II:
2 = 0,71 m/s
h2 = 0,402 m
2 =
36544.273.1,16
25687.754,5.1
= 0,597
2 = 9,8 . 420 . 0,71 1,74. 0,597 . 0,402
= 544,33 N/m2
4.4.3. Tr lc lp III:
3 = 0,67 m/s
h3 = 0,459 m
3 =
36544.273.1,16
25506.716.1
= 0,634
3 = 9,8 . 420 . 0,67 1,74 . 0,459 . 0,634
= 596,69 N/m2
4.4.4.Tr lc lp IV:
4 = 0,66 m/s
h4 = 0,471 m
4 =
36544.273.1,16
25457.706.1
= 0,644
4 = 9,8 . 420 . 0,66 1,74. 0,644 . 0,471
= 605,88 N/m2
Tr lc ton thp :
= 810,607 + 544,33 + 596,69 + 605,88
= 2557,507 ( N/m2)
5. Tnh v chn thit b trao i nhit trong thp :
5.1 B phn trao i nhit sau lp 1:
Tc dng: t nng kh nguyn liu trc khi vo thp tip xc, ng
thi lm ngui hn hp kh sau lp xc tc th nht.
Cu to: L b phn trao i nhit ng chm, bng thp, t bn trong thp
tip xc. Kh nng i trong ng t trn xung, kh lnh i trong khng gian
gia cc ng t di ln.
Tnh b mt truyn nhit:
Tng lng nhit trao i :
Q = 4617758,040 (kJ/h)
Nhit hn hp kh nng: 569oC 463oC
Nhit hn hp kh lnh: 425oC 317oC
120

tt nghip
144
n
146
Hiu s nhit trung bnh:

ttb =
1
2
(144+ 146) = 145oC
H s truyn nhit: K = 40 Kcal/ m2. .h

= 167,48
B mt truyn nhit:
F
Q
4617758,040
190,152( m 2 )
Kttb
167,48.145
Ly h s an ton 1,2 ta c b mt truyn nhit:

F = 228,182
(m2)
Chn ng truyn nhit : d = 75 mm
h = 1500 mm
Din tch mi ng:
s = 3,14.0,075.1,5 = 0,3532 (m2)
Tng s ng l :
N=
228,182
0,3532
= 646,04 (ng)
Ta b tr cc ng thnh hnh 6 cnh .

S hnh 6 cnh l :
14
S ng trn ng xuyn tm : 29.
Khong cch gia 2 ng l 112,5 mm( 1,5 d ng )
5.2. B phn trao i nhit sau lp 2:
Q = 2562790,32 (kJ/h)
180
213
ttb =
1
2
(180+ 213) = 196,5oC

= 167,48
B mt truyn nhit:
F
Q
2562790,32
77,87(m 2 )
Kttb 167,48.196,5

F = 93,45
(m2)
121

tt nghip
h = 800 mm
Din tch mi ng:
s = 3,14.0,075.0.8 = 0,1884 (m2)
Tng s ng l :
N=
93,45
0,1884
= 496,1
ly n = 497 ng
S hnh 6 cnh l :
12
S ng trn ng xuyn tm : 25
Khong cch gia hai ng l : 140 mm.
5.3. B phn trao i nhit sau lp 3:
Q = 689835,650 (kJ/h)
193
192
ttb =
1
2
(193+ 192) = 192,5oC

= 167,48
B mt truyn nhit:
F
Q
689835,65
21,4(m 2 )
Kttb 167,48.192,5

F = 25,68
(m2)
h = 500 mm
Din tch mi ng:
s = 3,14.0,075.0,5 = 0,11775 (m2)
Tng s ng l :
N=
25,68
0,11775
= 219 ( ng )

S hnh 6 cnh l :
8
S ng trn ng xuyn tm : 17
122

tt nghip
6. Tng chiu cao thp:

- V bng thp dy 10mm
- Hai lp gch chu nhit: 114 + 114 mm
- Lp lt aming tm dy 5mm
- Lp bo n bng bng thu tinh dy 150 mm
- Lp va aming bt trt ngoi dy 30 mm
- Khong trng di y thp: 1,50 m
- Khong trng trn nh thp: 1,50 m
- Khong trng trn cc lp xc tc I, II, III, IV l 1,5 m
- Tng chiu cao xc tc k c lp thch anh l 3,0 m
- Tng chiu cao ca cc khung gi di cc lp xc tc l:
0,3 m x4lp = 1,2 m
- Chiu cao khung v lp trn cng trc khi vo lp I l: 0,6 m.
- Chiu cao b trao i nhit 2,8.m
.
Vy: Tng chiu cao ca my tip xc l:
H = 1,5 + 1,5 + 1,5.4 + 3 + 1,2 + 2,8 = 16,0( m).
IV. Thp hp th lum.
1. iu kin lm vic.
- Kh vo:
80oC.
- Kh ra:
60oC.
- Nhit Oleum ti: 40oC
- Nhit Oleum chy: 57oC
- Nng Oleum ti : 20% SO3 t do.
- Nng Oleum chy : 21% SO3 t do.
- Hiu sut hp th: 40%
2. Tnh ton.
2.1. Tnh din tch m.
Theo cng thc:
F =
m
K .PTB
Trong :
m : Lng SO3 hp th c. (kg/h)
k : H s hp th (kg/m2.h.mmHg)
k = ko.0,8
ko: H s ph thuc nng v nhit axt .
Theo s liu thc nghim ko = 0,026
chn tc kh : 0,5 m/s
k = 0,026.0,50,8 = 0,015 (kg/m2.h.mmHg)
123

tt nghip
Ptb: ng lc hp th.
Ta c:
P' P1' P2'

P1' : p sut ring phn ca SO3 trong hn hp kh.
P2' : p sut cn bng ca SO3 trn b mt Oleum ti 20%
C:
P1' = y.P
Trong :
y: Nng SO3 u.
P = 760 (mmHg)
y=
VSO3
VK
1864
.100 7,33% (Theo bng )
25419
'
1
'
2
'
P = 0,0733.760 = 55,708 (mmHg)

P = 3,3 (mmHg.)
(Bng IV) [ 1 - 186]
P P1' P2' 55,708 3,300 52,408 (mmHg).
Ta c:
P'' P1'' P2''

P1'' : p sut ring phn ca SO3 trong kh ra.
P '2' p sut cn bng ca SO3 trn b mt Oleum 21%
Nng SO3 trong kh ra thp hp th lum:
y=
1118 ,842
0,045
24673,842
P 1'' = 0,045.760 = 34,462

(mmHg).
''
P 2 = 14 (mmHg). (Bng IV) [ 1 - 186]
P = 34,462- 14 = 30,462 (mmHg)
PTB
1
.(30,462 52,408) 41,435
2
(mmHg).
B mt m :
F =
2663,910
4305,294
0,015.41,435
(m2)
Ly h s bo m l 1,2 th ta c:
Fm = 4305,294.1,2 = 5166,353
2.2. Tnh tit din m.
Tit din m cng chnh l tit din thp:
V
Fth p k
124
(m2)

tt nghip
Trong :
Vk: Th tch kh vo (bng ).
VK = 25419 (m3/h)
: Tc gi ca kh i trong thp.
= 0,5(m/s)
F=
25419
14,12
0,5.3600
(m2)
ng knh thp :
D=
4.14,12
4,240
(m)
2.3. Xp m.
Cng chn s dng 5 loi m nh thp sy:
Xp 3 hng loi m n = 150x150x15 c = 40 (m2/m3).
h1 = 0,45 (m);
f1 = h1.Fthp. = 0,45.14,12.40 = 254,16 (m2)
h2 = 0,36 (m);
f2 = h2.Fthp. = 0,36.14,12.50 = 254,16 (m2)
h3 = 0,3 (m);
f3 = h3.Fthp. = 0,3.14,12.60 = 254,16 (m2)
h4 = 0,24 [m];
f4 = h4.Fthp. = 0,24.14,12.80 = 271,104 (m2)
Cn li loi m n = 50x50x5 c = 110 (m2/m3).
f5 = 5166,353 3.254,16- 271,104
= 4132,769
(m2)
h5 =
4132,769
2,661
14,12.110
(m)
2.4. Thp.
Tng chiu cao m:
Hm = 2,661 + 0,45 + 0,36 + 0,3 + 0,24 = 4,011 (m)
Ly chiu cao t y n gi m: 2,0 (m)
Ly chiu cao khong trng nh thp: 3,5 (m)
Chiu cao thp:
Hthp = 4,011 + 2,0+ 3,5 = 9,511 (m)
Kch thc thp: 4250x10000 (mm)
125

tt nghip
Vt
3600.F
Trong :
VO .T .PO
TO .P
Vt =
Vi :
Vo = 25420,5 m3/h
Po = 760 mmHg
To = 273 oK
T=
1
(353 333) 343O K
2
Vt
25420.343.1
32589,4
273.0,98
( m3/h )
Tnh tc kh :
32589,4
0,64
3600.14,12
(m/s)
7.Tr lc ca thp m :
7.1 Tr lc kh:
H .
Pk . d k 3 d
8
Vtd
2
Trong :
k
mK
36545
1,12
Vt
32589,4
(kg/m3)

4. k . k
Re = .
k
d
k

C SO . SO . M SO .TSO C O . O . M O .TO C N . N . M N .TN
3
C SO3 . M SO3 .TSO3 C O2 . M O2 .TO2 C N 2 . M N 2 .TN 2
Trong :
C SO3 , C O2 , C N 2 l nng phn th tch ca cc thnh phn kh
M SO3 , M O2 , M N 2 l khi lng phn t ca cc cu t
TSO3 , TO2 , TN 2 l nhit ti hn ca cc cu t
126

tt nghip
SO3 , O2 , N 2 l nht ng lc ca cc cu t
Ta c:
M SO3 .TSO3 116
M O2 .TO2 70,2
M N 2 .TN 2 59,5

(80 + 60) /2 = 70oC ta c:
SO3 = 1,50 x 10- 5 Ns/m2
O2
= 2,30 x 10- 5 Ns/m2
N2
= 1,95 x 10- 5 Ns/m2
CSO3 = 7,33 %
CO2
= 8,36 %
CN2
= 84,15 %

0,073.1,5.10 5.116 0,836.2,30.10 5.70,2 0,842.1,95.10 5.59,5

0,073.116 0,836.70,2 0,842.59,5
= 1,92.10-5 N/m2
Vy :
Re =
4.0,64.1,12
1,92.10 5.110
= 1357,57
16
16
3,78
0, 2
Re
1357,57 0, 2
Vy tr lc ca m kh l
k =
3,78.4,011.0,64 2 .110 .1,12

8.0,79 3
= 153,24 ( N/m2)

xp trong thp)
7.2. Tr lc t:
= K. k
sau :
K
1
(1 A) 3
A=
3.3
b GX 2
.(
) . 3 127
2g X
VTd

tt nghip
Trong :
1,745
Vi :
b= Re 0,3
x
4.G X
Re = .
d
X
Trong :
Gx =
193133
3,8
3600.14,12
(kg/m2.h)
X = 20.10 -3 Ns/m2 l nht ng lc ca lum 20% SO3

4.3,8
6,9
Re =
110 .20.10 3
b=
1,745
0,98
6,9 0,3
Vy ta c :
A 3.3
0,98.3,8 2.110
0,106
2.9,81.1897 2.0,79 3
Vy:
K=
1
(1 0,106) 3
= 1,4
Ta c : tr lc t l :
P = 1,4.153,24 = 214,5 ( N/ m2)
Hay P = 22,1 mmH2O
V. Thp hp th mn.
1. iu kin lm vic.
- Kh vo: 60oC
- Kh ra : 55oC
- Axt ti: 40oC
- Axt chy : 50oC
- Axt ti: 98,3 % H2SO4
- Axt chy : 98,6 % H2SO4
- Hiu sut hp th SO3: 99,9 %
2. Tnh ton.
2.1. Tnh din tch m.
Theo cng thc:
F =
m
K .PTB
Trong :
128

tt nghip
m : Lng SO3 hp th c. (kg/h)

k : H s hp th (kg/m2.h.mmHg)
k = ko.0,8
ko: H s ph thuc nng v nhit axt .
Theo s liu thc nghim ko = 0,175
chn tc kh : 0,5 m/s
k = 0,175.0,50,8 = 0,1 (kg/m2.h.mmHg)
Ptb: ng lc hp th.
Ta c:
P' P1' P2'
P1' : p sut ring phn ca SO3 trong hn hp kh.

P2' : p sut cn bng ca SO3 trn b mt axit ti
C:
P1' = y.P
Trong :
y: Nng SO3 vo thp .
P = 760 (mmHg)
VSO3
y=
VK
1118 ,842
.100 4,5%
24673,842
(Theo bng )
P 1' = 0,045.760 = 34,462 (mmHg)

P2' = 0,001 (mmHg.)
(Bng IV) [ 1 - 186]
'
'
'
P P1 P2 34,462 0,001 34,461 (mmHg).
Ta c:
P'' P1'' P2''
P1'' : p sut ring phn ca SO3 trong kh ra.

P '2' p sut cn bng ca SO3 trn b mt axit chy.
Nng SO3 trong kh ra thp hp th mno:
y=
1,12
4,75.10 5
23556,12
P 1'' = 4,75.10-5 .760 = 0,036

(mmHg).
''
P 2 = 0,005 (mmHg). (Bng IV) [ 1 - 186]
P = 0,036- 0,005 = 0,029 (mmHg)
34,461 0,029
4,87
34,461
2,3. lg
0,029
3991,870
= 0,1.4,87 8155,177
PTB
129
(mmHg)
(m2)

tt nghip
Ly h s bo m l 1,2 th ta c:
Fm = 8455,177.1,2 = 9786,212 (m2)
2.2. Tnh tit din m.
tit din m cng chnh l tit din thp:
V
Fth p k
Trong :
Vk: Th tch kh vo (bng ).
VK = 24673,842 (m3/h)
: Tc gi ca kh i trong thp.
= 0,5(m/s)
F=
24673,842
13,708
0,5.3600
(m2)
ng knh thp :
D=
4.13,708
4,18
(m)
2.3. Xp m.
Cng chn s dng 5 loi m nh thp sy:
h1 = 0,45 (m);
f1 = h1.Fthp. = 0,45.13,708.40 = 246,744 (m2)
h2 = 0,36 (m);
f2 = h2.Fthp. = 0,36.13,708.50 = 246,744 (m2)
h3 = 0,3 (m);
f3 = h3.Fthp. = 0,3.13,708.60 = 246,744 (m2)
h4 = 0,24 [m];
f4 = h4.Fthp. = 0,24.13,708.80 = 263,194 (m2)
Cn li loi m n = 50x50x5 c = 110 (m2/m3).
f5 = 9786,212 3.246,744- 263,194
= 8782,786
(m2)
h5 =
8782,786
5,826
13,708.110
(m)
2.4. Thp.
Tng chiu cao m:
Hm = 5,826 + 0,45 + 0,36 + 0,3 + 0,24 = 7,17 (m)
130

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Ly chiu cao t y n gi m: 2,0 (m)

Ly chiu cao khong trng nh thp: 3,5 (m)
Chiu cao thp:
Hthp = 7,17 + 2,0+ 3,5 = 12,675 (m)
Kch thc thp: 4220x13000 (mm)
Vt
3600.F
Trong :
Vt =
VO .T .PO
TO .P
Vi :
Vo = 24673 m3/h
Po = 760 mmHg
To = 273 oK
1
(333 328) 330,5 O K
2
24673.330,5.1
Vt
29869,7
273.1
T=
( m3/h )
Tnh tc kh :
29869,7
0,60
3600.13,708
(m/s)
7.Tr lc ca thp m :
7.1 Tr lc kh:
H .
Pk . d k 3 d
8
Vtd
2
Trong :
k
mK
33881
1,13
Vt
29869,7
(kg/m3)

4. k . k
Re = .
k
d
131

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C SO . SO . M SO .TSO C O . O . M O .TO C N . N . M N .TN
3
C SO3 . M SO3 .TSO3 C O2 . M O2 .TO2 C N 2 . M N 2 .TN 2
Trong :
C SO , C O , C N l nng phn th tch ca cc thnh phn kh
M SO , M O , M N l khi lng phn t ca cc cu t
TSO , TO , TN l nhit ti hn ca cc cu t
SO , O , N l nht ng lc ca cc cu t
3
Ta c:
M SO3 .TSO3 116
M O2 .TO2 70,2
M N 2 .TN 2 59,5

(60 + 55) /2 = 57,50oC ta c:
SO3 = 1,45 x 10- 5 Ns/m2
O2
= 2,25 x 10- 5 Ns/m2
N2
= 1,90 x 10- 5 Ns/m2
CSO3 = 4,54 %
CO2
= 8,63 %
CN2
= 86,83 %

0,0454.1,45.10 5.116 0,0863.2,25.10 5.70,2 0,8683.1,90.10 5.59,5

0,0454.116 0,0863.70,2 0,8683.59,5
= 1,89.10-5 N/m2
Vy :
Re =
4.0,6.1,13
1,89.10 5.110
= 1304,47
16
16
3,8
0, 2
Re
1304,47 0 , 2
Vy tr lc ca m kh l
k =
3,8.7,17.0,6 2.110 .1,13

8.0,79 3
= 309,1 ( N/m2)

xp trong thp)
132

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7.2. Tr lc t:
= K. k
sau :
K
1
(1 A) 3
A=
3.3
b GX 2
.(
) . 3
2g X
VTd
Trong :
1,745
Vi :
b= Re 0,3
x
4.G X
Re = .
d
X
Trong :
Gx =
311525
6,3
3600.13,708
(kg/m2.h)
X = 12.10 -3 Ns/m2 l nht ng lc ca axit 98.3%

4.6,3
19,1
Re =
110 .12.10 3
b=
1,745
0,72
19,10, 3
Vy ta c :
A 3.3
0,72.6,3 2.110
0,138
2.9,81.1835 2.0,79 3
Vy:
K=
1
(1 0,138) 3
= 1,56
Ta c : tr lc t l :
P = 1,56.309,1 = 482,6 ( N/ m2)
Hay P = 49,8 mmH2O
VI. Tnh ton , chn thit b ph.
1. Qut gi l t qung.
133

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1.1. Lu lng khng kh:

Ta c:
298
VK =Vo .
273
Vo = 14234 (m3/h). Theo bng 1:
298
VKK = 14234. 273 . 3600 = 4.3 (m3/sec)

1.2. Tnh cng sut qut.
Theo cng thc:
N=
Q. .g .H
1000.
(Kw)
Trong :
Q = 4,3 m3/sec: Nng sut qut.
= 0,8: Hiu sut qut.
H : p sut ton phn ca qut:
Chn p sut ti ch ht:
P1 = 50 mmH2O.
Chn p sut ti ch kh ra: P2 = 1000 mm H2O.
B qua tn tht p sut khc phc lc ma st, tn tht ti ch t thu, t
m trong qut v ly b cng sut qut.
H = P2 - (-P1) = 1000 + 50 = 1050 mm H2O
N=
4,3.9,81.1,29.1050
1000.0,8
= 71,42 KW
Cng sut ng c:
N = 1,5. 71,42 = 107,13 KW
Cn c vo nng sut qut v cng sut qut, ta chn qut nh sau:
K hiu: BM: 50/1000 - 15.
c im: Nng sut qut : 30000 m3/h.
p sut kh ra: 1050mm H2O.
Cng sut ng c: 200 KW.
S lng: 2 ci.
2. Qut gi ton h thng.
y l b phn to nn ng lc chnh cho kh I t l n tn ng khi.
2.1. Lu lng kh.
t
1
Vk V0.(1
).
(m3/sec).
273 3600
Vo = 27197 ( m3/h)
t = 30oC
V=
27197.(1
30
1
).
273 3600
134
= 8,38 (m3/sec).

tt nghip
2.2. Tnh cng sut qut.

Theo cng thc:
N=
Vi:
Q.g . .H
1000.
= 37293
27197
(Kw)
= 1,37 (kg/m3)
Tnh H: Tr lc ca ton b h thng: Bao gm tr lc t cc thit b t

ni hi n thp hp th mono ni phn tnh thit b chnh.
Ni hi 18 mm H2O.
Lc in kh: 25 mm H2O.
Ra I: 50 mm H2O.
Ra II: 50 mm H2O.
Tng m: 20 mm H2O.
Lc in t: 25 mm H2O
Sy kh: 50 mm Hg.
Thp tip xc: 263 mm H2O
Thp Oleum: 30 mm H.
Thp Mono: 50 mm H.
Tr lc cc Trao i nhit, cc thp tch git, ng ng ly: 500
mm H2O.
H = 1080 (mm H2O).
= 0,8: Hiu sut ng c.
N=
8,38.1,37.9,81.1080
1000.0,8
= 152,04 (KW).
Cng sut ng c in :
N = 1,5.152,04 = 228,065 (KW)
Vi 1,5 : h s d tr ca ng c in.
2.3. Chn qut.
Cn c vo nng sut qut v cng sut ng c ta chn qut
c k hiu 700 11 2.
c im:
Nng sut qut: 700 (m3/pht).
p sut: 1900 (mm H2O).
S vng quay: 2975.
Cng sut ng c: 350 (kW/h).
Khi lng : 8,4 tn
S lng: 2 chic.
135

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3. Cc bm axit.
chn cc bm ny, ta cn c vo lu lng ti cc thp v cao
cc thp.
3.1. Lu lng ti cc thp.
Thp ra I: 55,5 (m3/h).
Thp ra II: 61,88 (m3/h).
Thp tng m: 38,48 (m3/h).
Thp sy: 38,44 (m3/h).
Thp Oleum: 101,8 (m3/h).
Thp Mono: 169,7 (m3/h).
3.2. Chn bm.
a. Cc thp ra, tng m dng bm c k hiu 5X 18.
c im bm chm:
S vng quay: 2900 vng/pht.
Cng sut ng c: 11 KW/h.
Chiu cao y: 24 m.
Nng sut: 90 m3/h.
S lng: 2 chic, mt d phng.
b. Thp sy:
Dng cc loi bm c c im:
Nng sut bm: 90 m3/h.
Chiu cao y: 49 m.
S lng: 2 ci.
b. Thp lum:
Dng cc loi bm 5x9 E - 7 c c im:
Chiu cao y: 29 m.
S lng: 2 ci.
b. Thp mn:
Dng cc loi bm c c im:
Chiu cao y: 42 m.
S lng: 2 ci.
136

tt nghip
4. Bng ti.
Chiu di bng ti: 50 (m).
Chiu rng bng ti: 0,5 (m)
Tc chuyn ti: 0,5 (m/sec).
Nng sut : 8 tn/h.
Cng sut: 4,5 KW
5. Cu trc.
Trng ti cu trc: 10 tn.
Cng sut ng c: 14 KW.
Dung tch gu: 2 m3
Tc cu: 100 m /pht
Tc gu : 32 m/pht.
S lng: 1 chic.
6. Chn l sy.
Cn c vo nng sut l ta chn loi my sy thng quay. Yu cu:
m qung sau sy: 5%.
Dng than t lm tc nhn sy.
Kch thc thng quay: = 2,4 (m),
LLm vic = 7,2 (m).
S vng quay: n1 = 13,6 (vng/pht)
n2 = 18 (vng/pht)
n3 = 23,4 (vng/pht).
Cng sut ng c: 28 (KW) (C ba cp tc ).
7. Chn sng qung.
Cn c vo kch thc ht yu cu v nng sut l ta chn loi
sng phn 4 loi.
Lt ry cui c kch thc ht: 0 0,21 (mm).
Lt ry gia c kch thc ht: 0,21 0,25 (mm).
Lt ry trn cng c kch thc ht: 0,25 6 (mm).
Khng lt ry trn cng c d > 6 mm cho quay li nghin
8. Cc gin ti.
8.1. Vt liu ch to.
i vi gin lm ngui axit ti cho cc thp ra tng m do nng
axit long, tnh n mn cao nn chn vt liu lm ng dn axit l Graphit.
Cc gin cho thp sy v thp hp th chn vt liu gang v thp.
8.2. Chn gin ti.
137

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Cn c vo b mt truyn nhit, ta chn s gin lm lnh cho cc thp:

Chn kch thc ng:
100 [mm].
ng knh ng:
9 [m].
Chiu cao gin:
4,4 [m].
S ng/1 gin:
36 [ng].
B mt truyn nhit ca mt gin:
102 [m2].
Chn s gin:
Thp ra I: 4 gin.
Thp ra II: 4 gin.
Thp tng m: 6 gin.
Thp sy: 3 gin.
Thp hp th Oleum: 5 gin.
Thp hp th Mono: 5 gin.
9. Cc thng cha.
9.1.Thng cha thp ra 1 , 2 v tng m:
Dung tch : 60 m3
Loi b : Hnh tr t nm ngang, bn trong c lt ch.
ng knh : 2,5 m
Chiu di : L = 12 m
9.2 Thng cha olum v mn:
a) Thng lum.
Dung tch : 60 m3
Loi b : hnh tr t nm ngang, v thng ch to bng thp
ng knh : 2,5 m
Chiu di: L = 12 m
b) Thng cha mn:
Dung tch : 80 m3
Loi b : hnh tr t nm ngang, v thng ch to bng thp
ng knh : 2,5 m
Chiu di: L = 16 m
9.3 . Kho cha sn phm:
Thng cha lum : Loi hnh tr , dung tch 600 m3
ng knh : 10m
Chiu cao : 8m
Thng cha axit : Dng 2 thng loi hnh tr , dung tch 600 m3
ng knh : 10m
Chiu cao : 8m
138

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PHN TH NM
KINH T
Mc ch:
Tnh ton kinh t l mt phn quan trng, n phn nh c cu t chc
sn xut, vn u t, cc yu t to nn gi thnh sn phm. Qua bit
c s hp l hay khng ca gi thnh, bit c hiu qu ca vic u t
xy dng nh my thit k.
Ni dung:
I- Xc nh ch lm vic ca nh my:
139

tt nghip
Phn xng sn xut axt sunfuric nng sut 60000 T/nm lm vic
theo ch lin tc 3 ca /ngy, khng ngh ch nht ngy l. Thi gian 1 ca
l 8h. S gi ngy lm vic trong nm l :
Tlv = 330.3.8 = 7920 gi
II- Tnh ton nhu cu v in:
1) in dng cho thp sng:
Ngoi nh sng t nhin ban ngy, v ban m cn in chiu sng
m bo cho lm vic (thi gian 12h/1ngy)
S bng in thp sng cho sn xut c xc nh theo cng thc
sau:
n
S .E
W .
Trong :
n : s bng in
S : din tch nh cn chiu sng (m2)
E : chiu sng yu cu (W/m2)
W : cng sut 1 bng n chn (W)
: h s s dng n chiu sng = 0,7
Cn c vo cng thc trn v chiu sng yu cu ca tng
cng trnh, ta c kt qu bng tnh ton sau:
STT
Tn nh xng
01
02
Nh d qung pyrt
Kho cha, gia cng
qung
Nh t qung
Nh qut thi kh
Nh tip xc
Nh ra - sy - hp th
Kho axt v bm
03
04
05
06
07
Din
tch
(m2)
144
1440
648
432
432
648
432
140
E
Cng sut
S
2
W/m
1bng
bng
(W)
5
200
6
10
200
103
10
10
10
10
10
200
200
200
200
200
48
32
16
48
32
Tng
(W)
1200
20600
9600
6400
3200
9600
6400

tt nghip
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Phn xng C-in

Phn xng Mc-N
Phn xng Nc-Hi
Trm bin th in
Nh th nghim trung
tm
Nh xe
Hi trng
Nh hnh chnh
Nh y t
Nh cu ho
Trm gc
Trm s l nc thi
Nh n gia ca
Nh dch v bn hng
v gii thiu sn phm
Cng
648
648
648
144
432
10
10
10
10
10
200
100
100
100
75
48
93
93
22
83
9600
9300
9300
2200
6225
432
432
432
432
288
36
216
648
288
5
10
5
10
10
5
10
5
5
100
100
75
100
100
100
75
75
75
33
63
42
33
42
3
42
63
29
3300
6300
3150
3300
4200
300
3150
4725
2175
9990
Tng cng sut:

W = 124225 (W)
Tng cng sut cc bng n chiu sng ng i li ly bng 5%
tng cng sut chiu sng trong nh:
0,05 . 124225 = 6211,25 ( W )
Tng cng sut chung l:
124225 + 6211,25 = 130436,25 ( W)
Cng sut n chiu sng tiu th trong 1 nm l:
130436,25 . 12 . 330 = 516527550( W)
hay 516527 (KW )
2) Nhu cu in ng lc:
Nhu cu in nng cho cc ng c thit b cc b phn lm vic
c cn c vo cng sut cc ng c chn. Cng sut chung thc t
lm vic thng ly bng 75% cng sut ng c. Ta c bng sau:
Stt
01
Tn thit b
Cng sut
/c (KW)
14
Cu trc 10 tn
141
Cng sut
thc t (KW)
10,5

tt nghip
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Bng ti cp liu
Qut l t
lc in kh
Thp ra 1
Thp ra 2
Lc in t 1
Lc in t 2
Tng m
Sy
Qut h thng
Qut lm ngui
Thp lum
Thp mn
Cc dn lm ngui
Bm axit kho
in cho lc nc
in cho trung tm k
Cng
n
13,5
200
15
11
11
15
15
11
40
350
150
55
100
50
28
18
6
10
150
11,25
8,25
8,25
11,25
11,25
8,25
30
262,5
112,5
41,25
37,5
75
21
13,5
4,5
826,75
Tng cng sut in ng lc tiu th trong 1 nm l:

826,75 x 24 x 330 = 6547860 (KW)
III- Tnh ton nhu cu v nc:
1) Nc lm lnh cho dn sy:
Axt chy ra khi thp trc khi ti ln thp tun hon tr li cn
phi lm lnh, rt i mt lng nhit l:
Qtc = Qaxc Qaxt
Qtc = 5693084-4297059 = 1396025 (kJ/h)
Ngoi ra a xt sy thng cha c nng 94% H2SO4 c b xung
thm mt lng axt t thp Mono sang nng nng ln 95 % H 2SO4.
Khi n to ra mt lng nhit, chp nhn gn ng bng 5% Qtc.
Qhh = 5% .1396025 = 69801 (kJ/h )
Vy lng nhit cn rt ra dn lm lnh a xt l:
Qr = 1396025+ 69801 = 1465826 (kJ/h )
Ta c phng trnh:
Qr = CH2O . mH2O . (tc tt )
Vi CH2O = 4,187 (kJ/kg.
142

tt nghip
tc = 35 oC l nhit chy ca nc
tt = 25 oC l nhit ti ca nc .
Ta c :
1465826 = 4,187 . m .( 35 25 )
mH2O = 35009
kg/h
VH2O = 35,009 m3/h
2) Nc lm lnh dn lum
Nhit cn rt:
Qr = 15859000-10977706 = 4881294
Ta c :
4881294 = 4,187. mH2O ( 35-25 )
mH2O = 116582 (Kg/h )
VH2O = 116,582 ( m3/h )
3) Nc lm lnh dn Mono:
Nhit rt t axt ti chy l:
Qtc = Qaxc Qaxt
Qtc = 24581961- 18255396 = 6326565 (kj/h)
Nhit hn hp khi b xung a xt sy vo thng cha Mono h nng
axt sau hp th chp nhn gn ng bng 5% Qtc.
Qhh= 5% . 6326565 = 316328 (kj/h)
Vy nhit cn rt l:
Qr = 6326565 + 316328 = 6642893
Ta c :
6642893 = 4,187 . mH2O (35 25 )
mH2O = 158655 (kg/h )
VH2O = 158,655 ( m3/h )
Tng cng lng nc cho cc dn lm lnh a xt trong dy chuyn l:
VH2O = 305 (m3/h)
Lng nc cn trong mt nm l:
305 . 24 . 330 = 2415600 ( m3/nm )
Hiu sut s dng nc trn dn ti l 95% . Do thc t nc phi ti
l:
2415600
0,95
= 2542737 (m3/nm )
4) Nc trong dng cho sn xut:

Chp nhn l 2 m3 /h . Trong 1 nm cn dng l:
2 . 24 . 330 = 15840 (m3/nm )
143

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5) Nc trong dng cho sinh hot :

Chp nhn l 2 m3/h . Trong 1 nm cn dng l:
2 . 24 . 330 = 15840 (m3/nm )
6) Nc mm cho ni hi :
Theo s liu phn cn bng cht ni hi nc cp cho ni hi
l: 8,503 (m3/h)
Trong 1 nm l: 8,503. 24 . 330 = 67343 ( m3/nm )
7). Lng nc tng cng l:
V = 2542737 + 15840 + 15840 + 67343
= 2641760 (m3 /nm)
IV- Ga thnh sn phm:
1) Chi ph nguyn liu:
Ga nguyn liu : 600 /kg pyrit:
Chi ph cho nguyn liu trong 1 nm :
600.7147,745.24.330 = 33966084240 (ng)
Hay 33966,084 triu ng
2) Chi ph xc tc:
Thi gian thay xc tc l 3 nm . Ta c tiu tn xc tc cho mt tn sn
phm:
m=
hay
45,251.500
3.60000
= 0,1256 (kg/tn axit)
125,6 g/tn axit
Lng xc tc cho 1 nm sn xut l:

0,1256 . 60000 = 7536 kg
n gi: 280000/1kg xc tc (Tnh trung bnh cho 2 loi xc tc)
Chi ph : 280000 . 7536 = 2110,08. 106 ng
hay 2110,08 ( triu ng )
3) Chi ph in:
n gi in sn xut kinh doanh: 800/1KW
7064387.800 = 5651509600 ng
hay 5651,51 triu ng
4) Chi ph nc:
n gi : - Nc lm lnh a xt 500/1m3
- Nc trong 1000/1m3
144

tt nghip
- Nc mm 2000/1m3
Tng chi ph v nc l :
(500.2542737) + (1000.31680) + (2000.67343) = 1437734500 ng
Hay1437,734 triu ng.
5) Chi ph lng cng nhn:
D kin lng bnh qun ca c x nghip l 1200.000 ng
cho 1 ngi /thng.
Tng chi ph tin lng mt nm l :
160 . 1200000 . 12 = 2304000000 ng
hay 2304 triu ng
6) Chi ph bo him x hi: Bng 6% tng qu lng
0,06.2304 = 138,24 triu ng
7) Chi ph bo h lao ng:
Bng 10% tng qu lng
0,1.2304 = 230,4 triu ng
8) Ph qun l x nghip:
Bng 10% tng qu lng
0,1.2304 = 230,4 triu ng
9) Chi ph bn hng, qung co, tip th:
Bng 10% tng qu lng
0,1. 2304 = 230,4 triu ng
10) Chi ph sa cha my mc thit b,sa cha cng trnh , khu
hao ti sn c nh: 25000 (triu ng )
Tng chi ph:
Gsp = 71298,848 ( triu ng )
Gi thnh 1 n v sn phm l
71298,848.10 6
60000.100
Stt
01
02
03
= 1188,314 (ng/kg)
Thnh phn
Gi
(/1kgH2SO4)
636,267
35,168
94,2
Nguyn liu
Xc tc
in nng
145
%
53,54
2,96
7,93

tt nghip
04
05
06
07
Nc
Lng cng nhn
Cc chi ph khc
Cng
n
23,96
38,4
360,319
1188,314
2,02
3,23
30,32
100,00
PHN VI
PHN XY DNG
1. H v tn :
2. Lp
:.
3. Tn ti :
Thit k phn xng sn xut axit sunfuric nng sut 60.000 tn/nm .
146

tt nghip
Nguyn liu : Qung pyrit .

4. Cn b hng dn phn cng ngh:
T.S. Bnh.
5. a im xy dng nh my:
Phn xng nm trong tng th nh my sn xut phn bn ho hc
c xy dng ti a im x Cao mi huyn Lm thao tnh Ph Th vi
tng din tch phn xng l 40.000 m 2 (160m x 250m) trn nn t phi
nng nghip cch thnh ph Vit tr 15 km v pha ng nam, cch th x
Ph Th 8 km v pha Bc, cch sng Hng 1,5 km v pha Ty, cnh nh
my l quc l 32 C.
Khu vc c kh hu nhit i gi ma, hng gi ch o l ng
nam, m trung bnh 85%.
5.1.Phn tch yu cu chung ca khu t xy dng.
a) Vic b tr mt bng :
t phn xng ti a im ny l hon ton ph hp vi quy hoch
khu cng nghip nng ca Trung ng, quy hoch dn c ca a phng.
b) Tng i gn ngun cung cp nguyn liu:
Trong tnh c m Pirit Thanh sn dng cho dy chuyn axt 2, c
ngun qung aptt vn chuyn theo tuyn ng st Lo cai H ni v.
Vic tiu th sn phm cng thun tin: sn phm ca dy chuyn axt
ch yu cung cp ti ch cho phn xng sn xut phn bn trong lin hp
cng nghip, sn phm phn bn phc v cho nng dn cc vng ln cn v
trn min Bc.
c) V ngun nng lng:
C li in quc gia H ni Thc b i qua vi 2 mng li in
110KV v 35KV rt thun li v hon ton ch ng v in nng cho nh
my hot ng sn xut lin tc
d) V cp v thot nc:
- Cp nc lm mt cng nghip: a im ny gn sng Hng nn c
th dng trm bm ly nc sng Hng v dng ti lm lnh cho h thng
dn ti.
- Cp nc sch cho cng nghip v sinh hot: Nc sng Hng c
bm v s l lng lc v ho cht cung cp nc sch cho sn xut v
sinh hot ca ton b nh my rt thun li. Ngoi ra cn ngun nc ngm
n nh chiu su 6-7 m nh h thng ging khoan.
- V thot nc: Do khu t l cao ro, dc 1% nn ton b nc
thi ca qu trnh sn xut cng nh nc ma u c nhanh chng thi
147

tt nghip
theo ng cng ngm ra pha h lu sng Hng, khng gy ng nc

trong mt bng nh my.
e ) V mt giao thng vn ti rt thun tin:
- ng thu: Nh my cch sng Hng 1,5 km
- ng b: Con ng quc l 32C tri nha rng 10m i qua trc
mt nh my, ni lin khu m Pyrit Thanh sn vi nh my v quc l 2 i
Vit tr.
- ng st: C tuyn ng st t ga Lm Thao cnh nh my i ra
ga Tin kin ni lin vi tuyn ng Lo cai H ni v t H ni i khp
mi min ca t nc.
V mt giao thng rt thun tin cho vic vn chuyn vt t, thit b khi
xy dng nh my cng nh vn chuyn nguyn liu, tiu th sn phm
trong qu trnh sn xut
g) Ngun vt liu xy dng ti ch sn c:
Nh x nghip gch ngi sng Thao, nh my xi mng Tin kin, x
nghip ct si sng L, cn cc vt liu khc cng vn chuyn v mt cch
d dng, m bo khi xy dng nh my thun li v gim bt c vn u
t XDCB (do gim chi ph vn chuyn).
h) Khu vc p ng c ngun nhn cng cho xy dng cng trnh v cho
vn hnh sn xut:
Khu vc ny c nhiu dn sinh sng v c 2 trng o to cng nhn v
cn b k thut v ngnh Ho cht cu B cng nghip. Do vy m bo p
ng v nhn lc c sc kho trnh cho nh my t khi xy dng
n khi sn xut.
5.2 Yu cu v khu t xy dng
a) a hnh:
Khu t nm trn vng t phi nng nghip ca x, canh tc cy t c
hiu qu nh c, da .... Khu t tng i bng phng nn vic san i l t.
C hnh dng hnh ch nht thun tin cho b tr mt bng
dc trung bnh ca khu t l 1%
Din tch khu t 40.000m2 m bo thoi mi cho b tr mt bng dy
truyn cng ngh nh xng.
b) a cht:
Khu t l thuc vng t i trung du kh nng chu lc ca t tt, cng
trung bnh ca t l Rt = 2KG/cm2, v a cht n nh v khng phi
l vng c khong sn.
148

tt nghip
5.3 Y u cu v v sinh cng nghip:

- Khu t xy dng nh my cch vng dn c ca x v ln cn sinh
sng l 1000m m bo c khong cch ly hp l i vi dy chuyn sn
xut ho cht l H2SO4
- Khu t nm gn st vi sng Hng v khu sn xut l nm cui
hng gi ch o l gi ng nam do vy t nh hng ti mi trng dn
sinh sng.
- Nc thi ca sn xut c s l trit bng ho cht, khi thi ra
sng Hng v pha h lu v ming ch cng thi cch khu dn c sinh sng
> 500m m bo yu cu khong cch quy nh.
6. S khi dy chuyn sn xut:
Qung
L t
ni hi
cyclon
lc in
kh
Thp tng
m
lc in
t 1
Thp ra
hai
Thp sy
Thp tip
xc
Thp ra
mt
lc in
t 2
Thp
lum
V kho
Thp
mn
7. c im sn xut ca nh my:
- Qu trnh sn xut l lin tc, c tin hnh hu ht trong cc thit b
kn, trng thi hi nh l t, ni hi, tip xc, v cc trng thi lng
nh hp th.
- Ch lm vic 3 ca, s lng cng nhn t, cng nhn lm vic ch yu
l kim tra, quan st, iu chnh t ng v bn t ng.
- Nh my c nhiu cht c hi gy hin tng n mn kt cu nh v
thit b nh H2SO4, SO3, SO2 . . .
- B phn l t nhit cao 800oC
8. S cn b cng nhn vin :
149

tt nghip
Vi c im ca dy chuyn sn xut c s t ng ho cao, ni lm

vic c nhiu bi v kh c, cng nhn lm vic ch yu l iu khin dy
chuyn sn xut v kim tra ch lm vic. Do vy vi nng sut l 60.000
tn /nm, nhng ta ch b tr 160 cng nhn vin lm vic l . Ta chia ra 4
kp , mi kp 40 ngi , ngy lm vic 3 ca.
9. Cc ch tiu:
Tiu hao nguyn liu :
Vi nng sut 60000 tn / nm , mt nm nh my lm vic trong 330 ngy
Lng sn phm cn sn xut trong 1 gi:
m=
60000
.
330.24
= 7,576 (tn /gi) .
Lng qung pyrit tiu hao:

m = 7,147 (tn /gi )
Tiu hao nguyn liu:
m=
7,147
7,576
= 0,943 (tn / tn sp).
Tiu hao khng kh:

Ta c tiu hao khng kh l : 14234 (m3/h)
Tnh cho mt tn sp:
V=
14234
7,576
= 1878,83 (m3/tn sp).
Tiu hao nc :
V = 44,03
(m3/tn sp)
10. Cc hng mc trong nh my :
Stt Tn cng trnh
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
Nh d qung pyrt
Kho cha, gia cng qung
Nh t qung
Nh qut thi kh
Nh tip xc
Nh ra - sy - hp th
Kho axt v bm
Phn xng C-in
Phn xng Mc-N
Phn xng Nc-Hi
Trm bin th in
Nh th nghim trung tm
Kch thc
Di rng cao
12
12
60
24
36
18
24
18
24
18
36
18
24
18
42
18
42
18
36
18
12
12
36
12
150
Din tch S
Ghi
2
(m)
tng ch
144
1440
648
432
432
648
432
648
648
648
144
432
1
1

tt nghip
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
27
Nh xe
Hi trng
Nh hnh chnh
Nh y t
Nh cu ho
Trm gc
Trm s l nc thi
Nh n gia ca
Nh dch v bn hng v
gii thiu sn phm
Khu t m rng sn xut
42
36
36
36
24
6
18
42
24
n
12
18
12
12
12
6
12
18
12
432
432
432
432
288
36
216
648
288
2
1
1
1
1
8000
Cng :
9900
11.Phn tch vic thit k tng mt bng:

Ton b khu t ca nh my nm trn khu t bng phng c cao
trung bnh 21-22m so vi mt nc bin. Cn c vo yu cu thit k tng
mt bng ca nh my ho cht ta b tr theo nguyn tc phn vng. C th
gm 4 vng nh sau:
11.1. Vng sn xut:
Gm cc phn xng chnh, c b tr gia nh my. Vng ny rt
quan trng , c lin h mt thit cc vng khc. Trong vng ny ta chia ra
cc nhm nh c tnh cht cng ngh sn xut khc nhau nh phn xng
sn xut H2SO4 ring, phn xng sn xut Supe ring.
11.2.Vng nng lng ph tr:
Gm cc phn xng: in, nc, c in, vn ti . . .v.v. c b tr
xung quanh bn cnh vng sn xut m bo vic i li vi nhau l tin li
nht, phc v sn xut tt nht.
11.3. Vng kho - Thit b vn chuyn:
Gm cc kho vt t, thit b, kho thnh phm bn cnh vng ph tr
m bo thun tin cho cng tc lnh vt t thay th.
11.4. Vng nh phc v, sinh hot:
151

tt nghip
Vng ny c b tr trc nh my gm cc nh hnh chnh, th

nghim, nh n ca. Vng ny kin trc p to nn cnh quan mi trng tt
cho CBCNV trong gi lm vic v ngh ngi. Vic b tr vng ny va m
bo u hng gi va m bo khong cch i li t ni sn xut n khu
phc v nh hn 800m.
Vic b tr tng mt bng theo nguyn tc phn vng c nhng u
nhc im sau:
u im:
- D qun l theo cc xng sn xut
- H thng ng giao thng b tr c mt cch d dng v thun
li trong qu trnh i li ni b, vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, sn phm
gia kho cng ty v ni sn xut.
- Khu hnh chnh phc v ni cui hng gi ch o nn cng
m bo mi trng tt.
- Trong mt bng d b tr c vn hoa - cy xanh - thm c khng
ch khu hnh chnh m c khu sn xut bn ng i li, to nn cnh
quan p gp phn iu ho kh hu nh lm gim nhit ma h cho
khng kh, lm gim ting n, chng bi, cn gi nng.
- Vic thng gi, chiu sng cho cc nh sn xut rt thun tin.
- Vic pht trin m rng nh my d dng do b tr khu t d tr
gn xng sn xut chnh.
Nhc im:
ng sn xut di, tn kinh ph xy dng. H thng ng ng k
thut nh ng nc, hi, kh nn, ng dn nhin liu . . . ko di theo dy
chuyn sn xut nn chi ph u t tng hn, h s xy dng thp.
Qua cc phn tch trn y ta thy rng v c bn mt bng p ng
c yu cu, tuy u t xy dng ban u c cao hn cht t song c th
chp nhn c.
12. Cc ch tiu thit k tng mt bng :
Tng din tch ton nh my : 40000 m2
Din tch xy dng
: 9900 m2
Din tch sn bi
: 2000 m2
Din tch ng giao thng : 9000 m2
Din tch h
: 1500 m2
Ta c :
K
XD
152
A B
F

tt nghip
Trong :
K : l h s xy dng
A : Din tch xy dng nh , cng trnh
B : Din tch kho bi ,bi l thin.
F : din tch ton Phn xng
XD
KXD =
9900 2000
40000
= 0,2975
- H s s dng c tnh theo cng thc:

KSD =
A B C
F
C : din tch dnh cho giao thng, h thng x l nc thi

KSD =
9900 2000 9000 1500

40000
13. Nh sn xut:
S sn xut:
un nng
= 0,56
Tip xc
Lm
ngui
Cc thit b trong nh sn xut xy ho gm : thp xy ho, trao i

nhit ngoi, thp lm ngui SO3.
Thp xy ho 5,5 (m) H = 16 (m) (l thit b c kch thc ln nht)
Chn mt bng hnh ch nht c kch thc 1824 m ; mt bng n
gin d s dng din tch v d b tr thit b.
Vic b tr dy truyn cng ngh cc ng ng k thut gia thp tip
xc v cc trao i nhit d dng.Vn thng gi, chiu sng, v sinh cng
nghip d.
Chn gii php thit k : khung thep Zamil, xung quanh nh trng cho
nh c thng thong, trong nh ch b tr 3 thit b , khng c phng lm
vic.
153

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Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lch s pht trin ca axit sunfuric..3

1. Khi nim chung.....5

I. La chn dy chuyn cng ngh.... .22.

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

I.Xc nh ch lm vic ca nh my..134

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

T lu loi ngi bit n axit sunfuric, t th k X ngi ta iu

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

mt s axit v c nh : axit photphoric, axit boric , axit flohidric, mt s bt

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

1. Khi nim chung:

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Khi tng nng th nhit si ca dung dch axt sunfuric tng t

Khi tng hm lng SO3 t do t trng ca lum cng tng t cc i

Khi lng rimg, g/cm3

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Nhit dung, cal/g.oC

Hnh 3: Khi lng ring ca axit sunfuric v oleum 20 0C

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

nht ca axt sunfuric v lum c gi tr cc i nng 84,5%

Hnh 5: nht ca a xit sunfuric v oleum 20 oC

C: Hm lng SO3 trong axit, %

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

L nhit lng to ra khi hn hp cc a xt c nng khc nhau. Nhit

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

vn chuyn khi lng ln axt i xa thng dng cc toa hng

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

2FeS2 2FeS + S2 724,8 kJ.

q: L nhit to ra khi chy hon ton 1 kg s trong nguyn

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Tc chy ca qung pyrt phc thuc vo cc yu t nh : nhit ,

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Pl, Pl : p sut bo ho ca hi nc trn dung dch axt sunfuric

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Cp : l hiu nhit dung ca sn phm v cc cht ban u:

Khi phn ng t trng thi cn bng th mc chuyn ho t gi tr cc

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

K: Hng s tc phn ng ( s-1.at-1)

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Khi tng nhit xt nh hng ca gi tr K v Kp ti tc phn ng

Hnh6 : nh hng ca thnh phn hn hp kh v mc chuyn ho SO2 n

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Q: lng SO3 hp th c ( kg/h).

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

I. La chn dy chuyn cng ngh.

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

tip xc pha gia pha lng v pha kh ln, kh lu li trong thp lu nn kh

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Trn nc thp l h thng thit b ti a xt xung, kh i t di y thp

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Tnh ton tng hp cc yu t nh hng ca vic tng ti tng h s

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Hn hp kh ra khi b phn tinh ch kh n b phn sy kh sau

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lng S a vo theo pyrit:

1. Tiu hao pyrit kh:

2.Tiu hao pyrit m: