CIVIL LAW: ANNULMENT;ROOT CAUSE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INCAPACITY

The root cause of the psychological incapacity must be: (a) medically or clinically identified, (b)
alleged in the complaint, (c) sufficiently proven by experts, and (d) clearly explained in the
decision. Expert evidence may be given by qualified psychiatrists and clinical psychologists.
CRIMINAL LAW: PERSONS CRIMINALLY LIABLE; PRINCIPALS
One who participates in the material execution of the crime by standing guard or lending moral
support to the actual perpetrator is criminally responsible to the same extent as the latter.
REMEDIAL LAW: COMPLAINT AND INFORMATION; MOTION TO QUASH OR
DISMISS
It is clear from Section 2 of Rule 117, Rules of Court, that a motion to quash may be based on
factual and legal grounds, and since extinction of criminal liability and double jeopardy are
retained among the grounds for a motion to quash in Section 3 of the new Rule 117, it
necessarily follows that facts outside the information itself may be introduced to prove such
grounds.
LABOR LAW: RETURN-TO-WORK ORDER OF SECRETARY OF LABOR; FAILURE
OF EMPLOYER TO SATISFACTORILY ESTABLISH VIOLATION
Where the employer fails to satisfactorily establish any violation of the Labor Secretarys retunto-work-order, any contrary finding by the Labor Arbiter and the National Labor Relations
Commission is committed with grave abuse of discretion.
COMMERCIAL LAW: CORPORATION CODE; SUFFICIENCY OF SECRETARYS
CERTIFICATE
Being regular on its face, a Secretarys certificate is sufficient for a third party to rely on-it does
not have to investigate the truth of the facts contained in such certification, otherwise business
transaction of corporations would become tortously slow and unnecessarily hampered.