Hng dn s dng gi amsmath (phin bn 2.

0)

Tc gi: Hi Ton hc M (AMS)

13/12/1999 (sa i 25/02/2002)

Bin dch: Ky Anh hkyanh@o2.pli

Bn dch mi nht 15/10/2005

http://VietTUG.org

Mc lc
1 Thut ng

2 Gii thiu

3 Cc ty chn ca gi amsmath

4 Biu din phng trnh

4.1 Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Phng trnh n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Chia nh phng trnh nhng khng canh ct . . .
4.4 Chia nh phng trnh v canh ct . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Nhm phng trnh khng canh ct . . . . . . . .
4.6 Nhm phng trnh c canh ct . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Canh ct cc khi phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8 Thay i v tr ch s phng trnh . . . . . . . . .
4.9 V-khong cch v ngt trang trong biu din nhiu
4.10 Xen lin t vo gia cc phng trnh . . . . . . .
4.11 nh s phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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5 Linh tinh, nhng quan trng

5.1 Ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 iu chnh khong cch . . . .
5.3 Cc du chm . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Gch ngang khng v . . . . .
5.5 Du nhn trong ton hc . . .
5.6 Cn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 ng khung biu thc . . . . .
5.8 Mi tn bn trn, bn di . .
5.9 Mi tn c ch s. . . . . . . . .
5.10 Gn cc k hiu vi nhau . . .
5.11 Phn s v cu trc lin quan .
5.12 Phn s lin tc . . . . . . . .
5.13 Lnh \smash t cao/su v
5.14 Du ngoc . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6 Tn ton t
23
6.1 nh ngha ton t mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.2 K hiu ng d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7 Lnh \text chn text vo biu thc
8 Tch phn v Tng
8.1 Ch s trn/di nhiu dng . .
8.2 Lnh \sideset . . . . . . . . .
8.3 V tr ca ch s di v limit
8.4 Du tch phn bi . . . . . . .

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9 Biu giao hon

10 S dng font ton
10.1 Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 Li khuyn . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 Cc k hiu in m . . . . . . .
10.4 Cc ch ci Hy Lp in nghing

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11 Li thng gp khi dng gi amsmath

11.1 General remarks . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 Error messages . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3 Warning messages . . . . . . . . . .
11.4 Wrong output . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ti liu tham kho

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Gii thiu

1
Thut ng
Di y l mt s thut ng dng trong ti liu ny.
dimension : di trong LATEX, v d: 6pt, -2pc, 5mm,...
font : kiu ch
hyphen : tch mt ch ( cui dng) vi nhiu k t thnh cc
phn nh ngn cch bi du gch ngang (du hyphen).
Vic tch ny gip cho mt ch qu di khng trn
ra khi dng.
number : bla bla bla. . .
preamble : phn nm trc \begin{document} ca tp tin ngun
LATEX.
tag : ch s phng trnh
robust : bla bla bla. . .
text : chui cc m ngun LATEX, v d: "xem Tin ~\ref{ax:1}"
typeset : sp ch nh LATEX
wrap : t ng chia mt dng qu di thnh nhiu dng nh,
chng b tr va trn mt chiu rng c nh cho
trc
canh ct : b tr cc phn ca phng trnh theo ct (chiu ng)
du ngoc : (phn cch); thut ng ting Anh l delimiter; l
cc du (,),[,],{,},|,...
ch s phng trnh : nhn dng phn bit cc phng trnh
phng trnh : biu thc ton hc bt k c biu din nh LATEX
v-khong cch : khong cch theo chiu ng

2
Gii thiu
Gi amsmath dnh cho LATEX cung cp nhiu tin ch typeset cc ti
liu Ton hc phc tp. Gi ny c trong hu ht cc bn phn phi mi
ca LATEX. ly cc thng tin cp nht v gi ny, bn xem
http://www.ams.org/tex/amsmath.html

Gii thiu

ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/
Ti liu ny m t cc tnh nng v ca gi amsmath v tho lun v cc
hng s dng chng. Ti liu cng cp s lc v cc gi
amsbsy
amscd
amsopn

amstext
amsxtra

Cc gi ny u lin quan n vic typseset biu thc ton hc. Thng tin
v cc k hiu v font m rng, xem [1] v
http://www.ams.org/tex/amsfonts.html
Ti liu v gi amsthm, cc
thy trong [3], [2] v

lp1

AMS (amsart, amsbook, etc.) c th tm

http://www.ams.org/tex/author-info.html
Nu bn lm vic lu di vi LATEX v phi typeset rt nhiu cc
biu thc ton hc, th vi gi amsmath, bn c th tm thy gii php cho
nhng vn hay gp nht:
D dng nh ngha ton t, hm ton hc mi (tng t nh \sin,
\cos); cc ton t mi s t ng canh chnh kch thc, kiu font
v khong cch tng quan vi cc phn t khc trong biu thc.
Nhiu bin th ca mi trng eqnarray sp xp nhiu loi (h)
phng trnh khc nhau.
Cc s ch phng trnh t ng chuyn dch ln, xung trnh tnh
trng trn trang (khc phc nhc im ca eqnarray).
Khong cch xung quanh du bng (=) ging ht khong cch bnh
thng trong mi trng equation (khng ging nh eqnarray).
C th to ch s di, ch s trn vi nhiu dng (thng gp khi lm
vic vi cc k hiu tng, tch)
D dng to cc bin th cho vic nh s mt phng trnh cho trc
(nu bn khng thch kiu nh s mc nh).
D dng nh s cc phng trnh con dng (1.3a) (1.3b) (1.3c) t
mt nhm cc phng trnh. Vic nh s ny l t ng.
Gi amsmath c phn phi cng vi mt s gi b tr
1

documentclass

Cc ty chn ca gi amsmath

amsmath Gi chnh; cung cp rt nhiu tin ch biu din phng trnh

v cc biu thc ton hc t n gin n phc tp.
amstext Cung cp lnh \text sp xp cc on vn bn trong biu thc
ton hc.
amsopn Cung cp lnh \DeclareMathOperator nh ngha cc ton t
mi, nh \sin, \lim.
amsbsy Gi ny vn tn ti bo m tnh tng thch; tuy nhin, bn
nn dng gi bm thay th cho amsbsy.
amscd Cung cp mi trng CD biu din cc biu giao hon n gin
(vi gi ny, bn khng th v cc mi tn cho).
amsxtra Gi b sung, nhm bo m tng thch vi ti liu dng phin bn
1.1 ca amsmath. Cung cp: \fracwithdelims, \accentedsymbol,...
Gi amsmath bao gp cc gi amstext, amsopn, and amsbsy; ngha l
khi np gi amsmath, ba gi kia s t ng np theo. Cn dng cc gi
amscd, amsxtra, bn phi np ring chng.

3
Cc ty chn ca gi amsmath
dng ty chn ca gi, bn tn ca ty chn vo trong phn tham
s b sung ca lnh np gi \usepakage. Cc ty chn cch nhau bng du
phy. V d:
\usepackage[intlimits]{amsmath}
\usepackage[sumlimits,intlimits]{amsmath}
Gi amsmath c cc ty chn sau y:
centertags (mc nh) nh s phng trnh bng cch t ch s canh
gia theo chiu cao ca phng trnh.
tbtags Top-or-bottom tags: t ch s ca phng trnh pha bn phi,
dng cui cng; hoc pha bn tri, dng u tin.
P
sumlimits (mc nh) t cc ch s trn v di ca cc k hiu tng ( )
trn v di (trong cng thc ring
dng).
Q `
N Ty
L chn ny cng nh
hng n cc k hiu cng loi , , , ,...(nhng k hiu
tch phn th khng; xem di y)
nosumlimits
P Q Lun t ch s trn v ch s di ca cc k hiu dng tng
P
( , ,...) bn cnh, ngay c trong cng thc ring dng. V d 10 .

Gii thiu

intlimits Tng t nh sumlimits, nhng cho k hiu tch phn.

nointlimits (mc nh) Ngc vi intlimits.
namelimits (mc nh) Tng t sumlimits, nhng cho mt s ton t
nh det, inf, lim, max, min; cc ton t ny theo truyn thng thng
c ch s t bn di ton t (ch cng thc ring dng).
nonamelimits Ngc vi namelimits.
leqno t ch s phng trnh bn tri.
reqno t ch s phng trnh bn phi.
fleqn Biu din phng trnh vi l tri c nh; theo mc nh, cc phng
trnh c canh gia (do , l tri ca chng thay i ).
i vi ba ty chn cui cng (leqno, reqno, fleqn), bn c th chng
vo phn tham s b sung ca \documentclass; gi amsmath nhn bit iu
ny v do bn khng cn lp li khi np gi bng \usepackage{amsmath}:
\documentclass[reqno]{report}
\usepackage{amsmath}% c tc dng nh \usepackage[reqno]{amsmath}

4
Biu din phng trnh
4.1

Gii thiu

Gi amsmath cung cp thm cc mi trng biu din phng trnh sau y,

bn cnh cc mi trng chun ca LATEX:
equation
gather
multline
split

equation*
gather*
multline*

align
flalign
alignat

align*
flalign*
alignat*

(Mc d mi trng chun eqnarray vn dng c, nhng tt hn ht nn

dng mi trng align hoc t hp equation+split.)
Ngoi tr split, mi mi trng u c hai dng: c sao (*) v khng
sao; cc mi trng khng sao s s dng b m equation ca LATEX
nh s cc phng trnh mt cch t ng (do , ta gi chng l mi
trng c nh s ). Bn c th b qua vic nh s cho bt k dng phng
trnh no bng cch t lnh \notag trc khi dng \\; cng c th thay i
kiu nh s cho dng phng trnh c th, bng cch dng \tag{hlabel i},
y hlabel i l text bt k, chng hn $*$ hoc ii. Theo mc nh, hlabel i

Chia nh phng trnh nhng khng canh ct

ca \tag s c t trong cp du ngoc n, v d (3.32); nu khng

mun iu ny xy ra, bn c th dng \tag*. rng, \tag v \tag*
c th dng vi mi mi trng lit k trn, ch khng phi vi ch
cc mi trng c nh s (khng sao). V d v vic dng \tag c th tm
thy trong testmath.tex v subeqn.tex c phn phi cng vi ti liu
ny.
Mi trng split l mt dng c bit, ch c th c dng bn trong
cc mi trng khc. Tuy nhin, n li khng th dng bn trong multline.
Vi cc mi trng c chc nng canh ct (split, align,...), cc k hiu
quan h (du =, >, , ...) phi c t sau du &. y l im khc bit
so vi eqnarray.
4.2

Phng trnh n

Mi trng equation dng biu din phng trnh n v t ng nh s

cho phng trnh . Mi trng equation* c tc dng tng t, nhng
khng nh s.2
Hai mi trng ny ch biu din phng trnh trn ng mt dng; bn
khng th dng \\ bn trong hai mi trng . Nu biu thc qu di, s
xy trn trang. Hy xem mc tip theo.
4.3

Chia nh phng trnh nhng khng canh ct

Mi trng multline l bin th ca equation, cho php biu din cc

phng trnh qu di, khng th b tr va kht trn mt dng. Trong mi
trng ny, bn dng \\ tch cc dng. Dng u tin s canh l
tri, dng cui cng c canh l phi; ngay trc dng u tin v ngay
sau dng cui cng l khong trng indent c cung cp bi bin di
\multlinegap. Cc dng cn li s c canh gia trang, tr khi bn dng
ty chn fleqn.
Ging nh equation, mi trng multline ch nh s tt c cc dng
ca n bi ng mt ch s (do , bn khng th dng \notag cho ring
dng no trong mi trng). Ch s c nh s c dng cui cng
(ty chn reqno) hoc dng u tin (ty chn leqno); kiu nh s canh
gi nh split khng c h tr.
C th lm cho cc dng gia ca mi trng dch chuyn qua tri hoc
qua phi bng cch lnh \shoveleft hay \shoveright. Cc lnh ny s
2 A
L TEX chun khng c mi trng equation*, m ch c dng tng ng l
displaymath.

Chia nh phng trnh nhng khng canh ct

Bng 4.1. So snh cc mi trng biu din phng trnh (ng thng
ng dng ch l tri, phi ca t giy tng tng)
\begin{equation*}
a=b
\end{equation*}
\begin{equation}
a=b
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{xx}
\begin{split}
a& =b+c-d\\
& \quad +e-f\\
& =g+h\\
& =i
\end{split}
\end{equation}
\begin{multline}
a+b+c+d+e+f\\
+i+j+k+l+m+n
\end{multline}
\begin{gather}
a_1=b_1+c_1\\
a_2=b_2+c_2-d_2+e_2
\end{gather}
\begin{align}
a_1& =b_1+c_1\\
a_2& =b_2+c_2-d_2+e_2
\end{align}
\begin{align}
a_{11}& =b_{11}&
a_{12}& =b_{12}\\
a_{21}& =b_{21}&
a_{22}& =b_{22}+c_{22}
\end{align}
\begin{flalign*}
a_{11}& =b_{11}&
a_{12}& =b_{12}\\
a_{21}& =b_{21}&
a_{22}& =b_{22}+c_{22}
\end{flalign*}

a=b

(1)

a=b

a=b+cd
+ef

(2)

=g+h
=i

(3) a + b + c + d + e + f
+i+j+k+l+m+n

(4)

a1 = b1 + c1

(5)

a2 = b2 + c2 d2 + e2

(6)

a1 = b1 + c1

(7)

a2 = b2 + c2 d2 + e2

(8)

a11 = b11

a12 = b12

(9)

a21 = b21

a22 = b22 + c22

a11 = b11

a12 = b12

a21 = b21

a22 = b22 + c22

Chia nh phng trnh v canh ct

nhn c dng cn dch chuyn lm tham s (nhng tr ra \\ cui dng)

(4.10)

A
B
C
D

\begin{multline}
\framebox[.65\columnwidth]{A}\\
\framebox[.5\columnwidth]{B}\\
%
\shoveright{\framebox[.55\columnwidth]{C}}\\
%
\framebox[.65\columnwidth]{D}
\end{multline}
Gii tr ca bin di \multlinegap c th thay i nh cc lnh ca
LATEX l \setlength v \addtolength.
4.4

Chia nh phng trnh v canh ct

Ging nh multline, mi trng split dng biu din cc phng trnh

n qu di, khng b tr va trn ring mt dng v do phi chia chng
thnh nhiu dng. Nhng khng nh multline, mi trng split cho php
canh ct cc dng nh s dng & nh du ct. Khng nh cc mi
trng phng trnh khc ca gi amsmath, split khng nh s phng
trnh, bi n ch c th dng bn trong khc mi trng khc, thng l
equation, align, hay gather (cc mi trng va nhc n thc hin nh
s). V d:
n

1 X
Hc =
(1)l (n l)p2
2n
(4.11)

l=0

p  
Y
ni

l1 ++lp =l i=1

li

p
h
i
X
[(n l) (ni li )]ni li (n l)2
(ni li )2 .
j=1

\begin{equation}\label{e:barwq}
\begin{split}
H_c &=\frac{1}{2n} \sum^n_{l=0}(-1)^{l}(n-{l})^{p-2}
\sum_{l _1+\dots+ l _p=l}\prod^p_{i=1}\binom{n_i}{l _i}

10

Nhm phng trnh c canh ct

\\

&\quad\cdot[(n-l )-(n_i-l _i)]^{n_i-l _i}

\cdot\Bigl[(n-l )^2-\sum^p_{j=1}(n_i-l _i)^2\Bigr].
\end{split}
\end{equation}
Phn phng trnh biu din nh split nn c xem l mt phn ring
bit; lnh \label t bn trong mi trng s khng c tc dng.
4.5

Nhm phng trnh khng canh ct

Mi trng gather thng dng biu din nhm cc phng trnh m khng
quan tm n vic canh ct gia chng; mi phng trnh trong nhm s
nm dng ring (xem Bng 4.1). Cc phng trnh bn trong mi trng
gather c phn bit nh \\. Bt k phng trnh no bn trong gather
cng c th l dng \begin{split} . . . \end{split}
\begin{gather}
phng trnh th nht\\
\begin{split}
phng trnh & th hai\\
& vi hai dng
\end{split}
\\
phng trnh th ba
\end{gather}
4.6

Nhm phng trnh c canh ct

Mi trng align biu din nhm cc phng trnh v cho php canh ct
gia cc phng trnh. Xem Bng 4.1.
c vi ct phng trnh i cng nhau, hy dng thm cc du &
(4.12)

x=y
0

X=Y
0

(4.13)

x =y

(4.14)

x + x0 = y + y 0

X =Y

a=b+c
0

X + X0 = Y + Y 0

\begin{align}
x&=y
& X&=Y
& a&=b+c\\
x&=y
& X&=Y
& a&=b\\
x+x&=y+y & X+X&=Y+Y & ab&=cb
\end{align}

a0 = b
a0 b = c0 b

11

Canh ct cc khi phng trnh

C th thm ch thch cho phng trnh (nm cng dng vi phng trnh)
bng cch dng lnh \text bn trong mi trng align:
(4.15)
(4.16)
(4.17)

x = y1 y2 + y3 y5 + y8 . . .
0

=y y

theo (4.21)

theo (5.1)

theo Tin 1.

= y(0)y

\begin{align}
x& = y_1-y_2+y_3-y_5+y_8-\dots
&& \text{theo \eqref{eq:C}}\\
& = y\circ y^*
&& \text{theo \eqref{eq:D}}\\
& = y(0) y
&& \text {theo Tin 1.}
\end{align}
Bin th alignat ca mi trng align cho php xc nh khong cch
(theo chiu ngang), nh s tit kim khng gian hn. Mi trng ny
nhn mt tham s, l "s ct phng trnh". c s ny, bn m s du
& trong cc phng trnh, chn ra s ln nht, cng s vi 1 ri chia kt
qu cho 2. So snh v d di y vi v d ngay trn.
(4.18)

x = y1 y2 + y3 y5 + y8 . . . theo (4.21)

(4.19)

= y0 y

(4.20)

= y(0)y

theo (5.1)
theo Tin 1.

\begin{alignat}{2}
x& = y_1-y_2+y_3-y_5+y_8-\dots
&\quad& \text{theo \eqref{eq:C}}\\
& = y\circ y^* && \text{theo \eqref{eq:D}}\\
& = y(0) y
&& \text {theo Tin 1.}
\end{alignat}
4.7

Canh ct cc khi phng trnh

Ging nh equation, cc mi trng phng trnh nhiu dng gather,

align v alignat b tr phng trnh trn c chiu rng ca dng. iu
ny dn ti, chng hn, ta khng th thm cc du ngoc bao quanh
phng trnh.
Cc mi trng gathered, aligned v alignedat khc phc nhc im
trn; chng biu din phng trnh trn mt chiu rng ng bng chiu rng
ca ni dung phng trnh. Nh , chng c th xem nh mt phn ca

12

Thay i v tr ch s phng trnh

biu thc, v d:
B 0 = E,

E 0 = B 4j,

Phng trnh Maxwell

\begin{equation*}
\left.% dng \left. b i du ngoc bn tri
\begin{aligned}
B&=-\partial\times E,\\
E&=\partial\times B - 4\pi j,
\end{aligned}
\right\}
\qquad \text{Phng trnh Maxwell}
\end{equation*}
Ging nh array, cc bin th -ed nhn tham s ty chn (b sung)
[t] hoc [b] ch v tr biu din (t cho top- trn; b cho bottom-
di)
Bin th cases dng chia cc trng hp:
(
0
nu r j l s l,
(4.21)
Prj =
(rj)/2
r! (1)
nu r j l s chn.
P_{r-j}=\begin{cases}
0& \text{nu $r-j$ l s l},\\
r!\,(-1)^{(r-j)/2}& \text{nu $r-j$ l s chn}.
\end{cases}
n vic dng lnh \text (xem Mc 7) v biu thc ton $...$ bn
trong \text.
Cn nh: cc bin th cases v -ed ch c dng bn trong cc mi
trng phng trnh khctng t nh split.
4.8

Thay i v tr ch s phng trnh

Thay i v tr t ch s phng trnh l vn kh phc tp trong biu

din phng trnh nhiu dng. Cc mi trng ca gi amsmath lun c
gng khng t ch s phng trnh ln ni dung phng trnh, v
nu cn thit th t ch s trn hoc di mt cht, thm ch, ring mt
dng. Nhng vic tnh chnh xc thuc tnh ca phng trnh l iu kh
khn; do , i khi vic dch chuyn ch s phng trnh do gi amsmath
thc hin s khng mang li kt qu p mt. Trong trng hp , bn

V-khong cch v ngt trang trong biu din nhiu dng

13

phi lm bng tay nh lnh \raisetag. dch chuyn ch s ln pha trn

mt qung 6pt, dng \raisetag{6pt}; cn dch xung, dng chng hn
\raisetag{-6pt}.
Vic iu chnh v tr ch s bng \raisetag l cng vic t m, cng
nh vic ngt dng, ngt trang bng \linebreak, \pagebreak. Bn ch nn
thc hin iu chnh khi ti liu ca bn gn nh hon tt, v cn lm li
mi khi bn thay i ni dung ti liu.
4.9

V-khong cch v ngt trang trong biu din nhiu dng

Bn c th dng \\[hdimensioni] thm cc v-khong cch gia cc dng

trong mi mi trng biu din phng trnh ca gi amsmath; iu ny
cng tng t trong LATEX.
Khi dng gi amsmath, vic ngt trang gia cc dng ca phng trnh
khng (t ng) xy ra; bi vic ngt trang nh vy s lm cho phng trnh
tr nn kh theo di i vi c gi. ngt trang bn trong phng trnh,
bn phi lm bng tay nh lnh \displaybreak. Ni t \displaybreak tt
nht l ngay trc \\ dng cn ngt trang. Ging nh lnh \pagebreak
ca LATEX, lnh \displaybreak nhn tham s b sung (ty chn) l mt
trong cc s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4; tham s ny cho bit mc ngt trang. Dng
\displaybreak[0] hm khng c ngt trang y,...; trong khi
\displaybreak (khng c tham s b sung), nh \displaybreak[4], hm
ngt trang y.
Vic ngt trang dng \displaybreak nh trn ch c th lm i vi
phng trnh c th. Nu mun cung cp cho gi amsmath giy php ngt
trang mt cch ton cc (cho mi phng trnh nhiu dng), bn dng
\allowdisplaybreaks[1] trong phn preamble ca ti liu. Tham s b
sung ca lnh ny nhn gi tr t 1 n 4: [1] c ngha l cho php ngt
trang, nhng trnh vic nu c th c; cc gi tr 2,3,4 cng tng kh
nng ngt trang. Khi dng \allowdisplaybreaks, th lnh \\* dng
cm xy ra ngt trang sau mt dng c th.
Cc mi trng split, aligned, gathered v alignedat c kh
nng wrap ni dung phng trnh trong cc hp khng cho php
ngt (unbreakable box); h qu l trong trng hp , c hai lnh
\displaybreak v \allowdisplaybreaks u khng c tc dng.

14

nh s phng trnh

4.10

Xen lin t vo gia cc phng trnh

Lnh \intertext dng xen lin t3 vo gia cc dng ca biu din

nhiu dng (xem thm v \text Mc 7). Nh , bm m vic canh
ct cc phng trnh, bn phi tn cng kt thc mt biu din ri sau
bt u li. Lnh \intertext ch c th t ngay sau \\ hoc \\*. Hy
ch n s xut hin ca lin t v trong v d sau.
(4.22)

A1 = N0 (; 0 ) (; 0 ),

(4.23)

A2 = (; 0 ) (; ),

v
(4.24)

A3 = N (; ).

\begin{align}
A_1&=N_0(\lambda;\Omega)-\phi(\lambda;\Omega),\\
A_2&=\phi(\lambda;\Omega)-\phi(\lambda;\Omega),\\
\intertext{v}
A_3&=\mathcal{N}(\lambda;\omega).
\end{align}
4.11

nh s phng trnh

4.11.1 H thng ch s phng trnh

Vi LATEX, nu bn mun nh s phng trnh theo mcngha l ch s
phng trnh c dng (1.1), (1.2), . . . , (2.1), (2.2), . . . , trong chng 1, 2,
v.v...bn c th nh ngha li lnh \theequation nh li khuyn trong
s tay (manual) LATEX [7, 6.3, C.8.4]:
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\thesection.\arabic{equation}}
Cch lm nh trn cho kt qu nh , nhng c iu bt tin l ch s
phng trnh s khng t ng t v 0 khi chuyn4 t mc ny qua mc
khc, v bn phi lm iu bng tay nh lnh \setcounter. cuc sng
d dng hn, gi amsmath cung cp lnh \numberwithin; nh lnh ny, bn
c th nh s phng trnh theo mc, vi ch s phng trnh t ng t
v 0 khi sang mc mi.
3

hay ci khc, ty bn!

mc 1, cc phng trnh c nh s (1.1), (1.2), . . . ; cn qua mc 2, ch s phi
bt u t (2.1) ri n (2.2), . . . ; ngha l ta phi t b m v 0 khi va qua mc 2.
4

Linh tinh, nhng quan trng

15

\numberwithin{equation}{section}
rng, lnh \numberwithin c tc dng i vi mi b m, ch
khng ring g b m equation.
4.11.2 Tham kho cho n ch s phng trnh
Vic tham kho cho n phng trnh c thc hin d dng hn vi lnh
\eqref. Lnh ny t ng t ch s phng trnh vo cp du ngoc n.
V d: dng \ref{abc} ta thu c 3.2, trong khi \eqref{abc} s cho (3.2).
4.11.3 nh s cc phng trnh con ca nhm phng trnh
Gi amsmath cung cp mi trng subequations cho php bn nh s cc
phng trnh con ca mt nhm cc phng trnh mt cch t ng. V d
\begin{subequations}
...
\end{subequations}
s khin cc ch s ca cc phng trnh bn trong mi trng subequations
s (t ng) c dng (4.9a) (4.9b) (4.9c) . . . , nu phng trnh i trc nhm
phng trnh ny c ch s (4.8). Ch l, nu bn t nhn tham chiu
(label) ngay sau \begin{subequations}, vic tham chiu bng \ref n
nhn s cho ra, chng hn, 4.9, ch khng phi l 4.9a. Vui lng xem ti
liu subeqn.pdf v m ngun subeqn.tex c cc v d v vic dng mi
trng ny.
Cc b m dng bi mi trng subequations l parentequation v
equation; cc lnh thay i b m \addtocounter, \setcounter, \value,
. . . u c tc dng bnh thng vi nhng b m . Chng hn, cc
phng trnh con c nh s nh ch ci alphabet (a,b,c,. . . ); thay
i iu ny, s dng phng php chun ca LATEX thay i kiu nh
s (xem trong [7, 6.3, C.8.4]). Trong v d di y, cc phng trnh con
s c nh ch s La M:
\begin{subequations}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\theparentequation \roman{equation}}
...

16

Ma trn

5
Linh tinh, nhng quan trng
5.1

Ma trn

Gi amsmath cung cp mt s mi trng biu din ma trn tin li hn5

mi trng array ca LATEX. Cc mi trng pmatrix, bmatrix, Bmatrix,
vmatrix v Vmatrix t ng c (tng tng) cp du ngoc ( ), [ ], { }, | |, v
k k bao xung quanh. Ngoi ra, mi trng matrix cho mt ma trn khng
c km du ngoc no.
Cc mi trng ma trn ca amsmath s dng thut ton iu chnh
khong cch v canh ct tinh t, tit kim hn cch lm hoang ph6 ca mi
trng array. Hn na, khng ging nh array, bn khng cn ch ra s
ct khi dng cc mi trng -matrix; theo mc nh, s ct ti a ca cc
ma trn l 10con s ny c th thay i c7 . (Nu bn mun canh phi,
tri cc ct hoc mun tinh chnh ma trn theo bn, khng cn cch no
khc hn l bn phi quay li dng mi trng array.)
Cc ma trn c nh t xen vo biu thc

chung dng c cho bi mi
a
b
trng smallmatrix. V d, ma trn c d c b tr va vn trn dng
ny, tt hn hn so vi khi bn thay th smallmatrix bi matrix:
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
Ch rng cc du ngoc phi c ch ra khi dng smallmatrix; khng
c cc bin th p,b,B,v,V ca smallmatrix.
C mt lnh ht sc tin li, l \hdotsfor{hnumber i}. Lnh ny s sinh
ra dy cc du chm lng trong matrix. Tham s ca lnh l s ct cn b
qua. Quan st v d di y
a b c d
e .......
5

\begin{matrix} a&b&c&d\\
e&\hdotsfor{3} \end{matrix}

beyond
prodigal
7
C th hn: s ti a cc ct ca ma trn c xc nh bi b m MaxMatrixCols
(mc nh l 10); thay i s ny, bn dng cc lnh ca LATEX l \setcounter hoc
\addtocounter.
6

17

Cc du chm

Khong cch gia cc du chm cho bi \hdotsfor c th thay th nh

tham s b sung ca lnh; v d: \hdotsfor[1.5]{3}. Con s trong ngoc
vung ([1.5]) c dng nh mt tha s nhn; gi tr mc nh l 1.0.

D1 t
a12 t2 . . . a1n tn
a21 t1
D2 t
. . . a2n tn

(5.1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
an1 t1 an2 t2 . . .
Dn t
\begin{pmatrix} D_1t&-a_{12}t_2&\dots&-a_{1n}t_n\\
-a_{21}t_1&D_2t&\dots&-a_{2n}t_n\\
%
\hdotsfor[2]{4}\\% tng gp i khong cch gia cc du chm
%
-a_{n1}t_1&-a_{n2}t_2&\dots&D_nt\end{pmatrix}
5.2

iu chnh khong cch

Gi amsmath cung cp tp hp cc lnh iu chnh khong cch trong ch

ton. Phin bn rt gn (lnh ngn) hoc y (lnh di) ca cc lnh
ny u c tnh robust v c th dng bn ngoi ch ton.
Lnh ngn

Lnh di
(khng khong cch)

\,
\:
\;

\thinspace
\medspace
\thickspace
\quad
\qquad

V d

Lnh ngn

Lnh di
(khng khong cch)

\!

\negthinspace
\negmedspace
\negthickspace

V d

Tng qut hn, iu chnh khong cch trong ch ton, bn dng lnh
\mspace v n v ton. n v ton, k hiu l mu (math unit), l n v
di ca LATEX trong ch ton, bng 1/18 em8 . V d, c khong
\quad m, bn c th dng \mspace{-18.0mu}.
5.3

Cc du chm

V tr ca du ba chm (pha trn dng hay ngay chn dng) trong cc

ng cnh khc nhau thng khng nht qun, v c th l vn s thch
c nhn. Bng cch s dng cc lnh
8

Th em l ci chi?

18

Du nhn trong ton hc

\dotsc
\dotsb
\dotsm
\dotsi
\dotso

cho
cho
cho
cho
cho

du
du
du
du
du

ba
ba
ba
ba
ba

chm
chm
chm
chm
chm

i vi du phy
i vi ton t nh phn/quan h
i trong biu thc nhn
i trong biu thc tch phn
cho mi trng hp cn li

thay v dng \ldots v \cdots, bn c th lm cho m ngun TEX ca ti

liu tr nn trong sng hn, d chnh sa hn khi cn thit (chng hn theo
yu cu ca nh xut bn). nh ngha ca cc lnh trn l theo quy c
ca Hi Ton hc M (AMS).
Ta c chui $A_1, A_2, \dotsc$,
tng v hn $A_1 +A_2 +\dotsb $,
tch v hn $A_1 A_2 \dotsm $,
v tch phn khng xc nh
\[\int_{A_1}\int_{A_2}\dotsi\]

Ta c chui A1 , A2 , . . . , tng v
hn A1 + A2 + , tch v hn
A1 A2 , v tch phn khng xc
nh
Z Z

A1

5.4

A2

Gch ngang khng v

Lnh \nobreakdash gip ta hn ch s ngt dng sau mt du hyphen

hoc sau du gch ngang. V d, nu bn vit cc trang 19 bng cch
dng cc trang 1\nobreakdash--9 th vic ngt dng s khng bao gi
xy ra gia du gch ngang v s 9. Bn cng c th dng \nobreakdash
hn ch vic tch ch (hyphenation) ngoi mun, v d trong t hp
$p$-adic. tin li, bn c th nh ngha cc lnh tt nh sau:
\newcommand{\p}{$p$\nobreakdash}% cho "\p-adic"
\newcommand{\Ndash}{\nobreakdash--}% cho "cc trang 1\Ndash 9"
%
Cho khng gian "\n chiu" ("n-chiu"):
\newcommand{\n}[1]{$n$\nobreakdash-\hspace{0pt}}
V d cui cng trn cho bit cch lm th no ngn cn ngt dng
sau du hyphen nhng cho php tch ch bnh thng t tip theo du
hyphen . (Ch cn thm mt rng 0 sau du hyphen.)
5.5

Du nhn trong ton hc

Thng thng, LATEX kh c th biu din cho p cng lc hai du nhn

trn mt k hiu. Vi gi amsmath, vic ny kh hn rt nhiu; v d A (cho

bi \hat{\hat{A}}).

19

Mi tn bn trn, bn di

Cc lnh...\dddot v \ddddot biu din hai v ba du chm nh l du

nhn, v d C . y l cc lnh do amsmath cung cp; cn \dot v \ddot l
cc lnh ca LATEX.
c c ch s trn l du m hoc du ng, dng gi amsxtra v
cc lnh ca gi ny l \sphat, \sptilde. V d, Ab cho bi A\sphat (
y ta khng dng du ^).
t k hiu bt k vo v tr ca du nhn, hoc c cc du
nhn bn di, vui lng xem ti liu hng dn gi accents(vit bi Javier
Bezos).
5.6

Cn s

Cch biu
din cn s ca LATEX nhiu khi khng tht p mt, nh trong

v d k (cho bi \sqrt[\beta]{k}). Gi amsmath cung cp cc lnh

\leftroot (dch qua tri) v \uproot (dch ln trn) cho php bn iu
chnh v tr ca bc cn s9 . Chng hn
\sqrt[\leftroot{-2}\uproot{2}\beta]{k}

s cho k. Nu bn dng dimension m lm tham s ca \leftroot (nh

trong v d trn), th bc cn s s dch chuyn qua phi.
5.7

ng khung biu thc

Biu thc \boxed s ng khung ch nht quanh ni dung l tham s ca

n; lnh ny tng t nh lnh \fbox, nhng ni dung ca lnh ch
ton.
(5.2)

C(() + M (0, ))

\boxed{\eta \leq C(\delta(\eta) +\Lambda_M(0,\delta))}

5.8

Mi tn bn trn, bn di

LATEX chun ch cung cp cc mi tn bn-trn-qua-tri hoc bn-trn-quaphi nh cc lnh \overrightarrow, \overleftarrow. Di y l cc dng
mi tn khc do gi amsmath cung cp.
\overleftarrow
\overrightarrow
\overleftrightarrow

\underleftarrow
\underrightarrow
\underleftrightarrow

V d, \overleftarrow{XYZ} s cho bn XY Z.
9

bc ca cn s, v d trong

k.

20

Phn s v cu trc lin quan

5.9

Mi tn c ch s.

Cc lnh \xleftarrow v \xrightarrow cho ta cc mi tn t ng iu

chnh di cho bng vi ni dung ca ch s trn hoc di. Tham s b
sung ca hai lnh ny l ch s di, cn tham s bt buc l ch s trn.
C ch s trn v ch s di ca hai lnh ny u c th rng.
(5.3)

n+1

ni1

A B C
T

A\xleftarrow{n+\mu-1}B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1}C

5.10

Gn cc k hiu vi nhau

LATEX cung cp lnh \stackrel t ch s trn cho cc quan h (ton

t) nh phn. Vi gi amsmath, cc lnh \overset v \underset cn lm
c vic tng qut hn: t mt k hiu bn trn hoc bn di mt k
hiu khc, bt k k hiu c phi l ton t nh phn hay khng. V d,

vi \overset{*}{X} s t du sao bn trn ch X: X; lnh \underset

cng tng t, nhng n t ch s bn di k hiu.
Xem thm cch dng \sideset Mc 8.2.
5.11

Phn s v cu trc lin quan

5.11.1 Cc lnh \frac, \dfrac, v \tfrac

Lnh \frac, l lnh c bn ca LATEX, nhn hai tham st s v mu s
v biu din phn s theo kiu thng thng trong ton hc. rng, cc
phn s ch ton chung dng thng nh; khin chng to hn, bn
dng \displaystyle\frac.... tin li, gi amsmath cung cp thm cc
lnh: \dfrac, \tfrac ln lt l dng vit tt ca {\displaystyle\frac
... } v {\textstyle\frac ... }. V d
r
r
1
1
1
1
(5.4)
log2 c(f ) k log2 c(f )
log2 c(f )
log2 c(f )
k
k
k
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{k}\log_2 c(f)\;\tfrac{1}{k}\log_2 c(f)\;
\sqrt{\frac{1}{k}\log_2 c(f)}\;\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{k}\log_2 c(f)}
\end{equation}
5.11.2 K hiu T hp: \binom, \dbinom, \tbinom


biu din t hp dng nk , bn dng cc lnh \binom, \dbinom v
\tbinom. Cc tip v ng d v t c hiu tng t nh cc lnh v

21

Phn s lin tc

phn s.
2k

(5.5)

 
 
k k1
k k2
2
+
2
1
2

2^k-\binom{k}{1}2^{k-1}+\binom{k}{2}2^{k-2}
5.11.3 To phn s tng qut vi \genfrac
Kh nng ca cc lnh \frac, \binom v cc bin th c th c c nh
lnh \genfrac. y l lnh to phn s tng qut vi su tham s. Hai
tham s cui cng ca \genfrac ln lt l t s v mu s ; hai tham
s b sung u tin l cc du ngoc tri v phi (nh trong kt qu ca
\binom); tham s th ba l dy ca ng k ngang gia t s v mu
s (lnh \binom dng dy 0, ngha l khng thy c); tham s th
t xc nh ch ton trong phn s c biu din: tham s ny
nhn gi tr 0,1,2,3 tng ng vi cc ch \displaystyle, \textstyle,
\scriptstyle, \scriptscriptstyle.
\genfrac{left-delim}{right-delim}{thickness}{mathstyle}{numerator}
{denominator}
V d, cc lnh \frac, \tfrac v \binom c th c nh ngha nh sau:
\newcommand{\frac}[2]{\genfrac{}{}{}{}{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\tfrac}[2]{\genfrac{}{}{}{1}{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\binom}[2]{\genfrac{(}{)}{0pt}{}{#1}{#2}}
Cc lnh nguyn thy \over, \overwithdelims, \atop, \atopwithdelims,
\above, \abovewithdelims khi dng vi gi amsmath s sinh ra cnh bo li.
Vui lng xem thm ti liu technote.tex c trong texmf/source/latex/amsmath/
5.12

Phn s lin tc

Phn s lin tc
(5.6)

2+

1
2+
2 +

Du ngoc

22

c th thu c nh
\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}+
\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}+
\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}+\dotsb
}}}
Vic dng \cfrac cho kt qu d nhn hn so vi khi bn to phn s lin
tc bng \frac. Bn c th t v tr ca t s bn tri hoc bn phi
ty , bng cch dng \cfrac[l] hoc \cfrac[r] thay v \cfrac.
5.13

Lnh \smash t cao/su v 0

Lnh \smash khin cho cc biu thc con c chiu cao (heigth) v chiu
su (depth) bng 0; vic dng biu thc con nh vy rt c hu ch, chng
hn khi iu chnh v tr ca biu thc con theo cc k hiu. Gi amsmath
cung cp lnh \smash vi tham s ty chn l t v b, bi i khi ta ch cn
lm cho chiu cao (ng vi t) hoc chiu su (ng vi b) tr v 0.
V d, chiu cao ca cc du cn bc hai trong mt biu thc khng bng
nhau v chiu cao ty thuc vo ni dung bn di du cn. (Xem

phng i ln,) bn s thy du cn trong y trong biu thc x+ y + z
i xung pha di chn dng hn so vi hai du cn cn li. Ta s dng

\smash[b] t su ca ch y v 0, nh , du cn trong y s ging

ht du cn trong x:
$\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{\smash[b]{y}} + \sqrt{z}$.

By gi, bn c x + y + z. Bn c thy s khc bit biu thc ny

vi biu thc trc kia khng?
5.14

Du ngoc

5.14.1 Kch c du ngoc

Vic dng du ngoc t ng iu chnh kch c vi \left v \right c hai
hn ch: th nht, cc lnh ny my mc iu chnh cho du ngoc c chiu
cao va bng vi chiu cao ca ni dung cao nht, v th hai, tp hp cc
kch c do chng to ra khng bin thin u n, m c nhng bc nhy
qu ln10 .
Trong thc t, thng c hai hoc ba trng hp ta cn iu chnh kch
c ca du ngoc nh vo cc lnh big ca gi amsmath.
10

Ngha l: hai du ngoc k tip nhau trong cng biu thc to bi \left hoc \right
c th c chiu cao chnh nhau n 3pt hoc nhiu hn, v nh th s qu xu!

23

Du ngoc

C
ngoc

C
text

Kt qu

c
(b)( )
d

\left
\right
c
(b)
d

\bigl
\bigr

c

b
d

\Bigl
\Bigr
  c 
b
d

\biggl
\biggr
  
c
b
d

\Biggl
\Biggr
!
!
c
b
d

Trng hp u tin, l khi xy ra s chng cht (cumulative) cc ton

t vi ch s trn v di. Vi \left v \right, cc du ngoc to ra thng
ln hn nhiu so vi mun; vic dng Big or bigg thay th cho \left v
\right cho kt qu kh quan hn hn:

p 1/p



X X 


xij 
ai 


j
i

so vi

X
i

X p 1/p


ai 
xij 
j

\biggl[\sum_i a_i\Bigl\lvert\sum_j x_{ij}\Bigr\rvert^p\biggr]^{1/p}

Trng hp th hai, l khi cc du ngoc lng nhau lin tip. Trong
trng hp ny, lnh \left v \right cho ra cc du ngoc cng mt kch
c11 , trong du ngoc cng bn ngoi cng cn c kch thc ln hn.




((a1 b1 ) (a2 b2 )) ((a2 b1 ) + (a1 b2 )) versus (a1 b1 )(a2 b2 ) (a2 b1 )+(a1 b2 )
\left((a_1 b_1) - (a_2 b_2)\right)
\left((a_2 b_1) + (a_1 b_2)\right)
\quad\text{so vi}\quad
\bigl((a_1 b_1) - (a_2 b_2)\bigr)
\bigl((a_2 b_1) + (a_1 b_2)\bigr)
Trng hp th ba, l khi biu din cc biu thc qu kh trong mt
 0
dng, chng hn biu thc  db 0  trong dng ny. Cc du ngoc to bi \left
v \right, nh bn thy, s lm cho dng b dn qu nhiu theo chiu ng.
Khi , vic dng \bigl v \bigr ch cho ra du
 b0  ngoc va cao v nh
dng khng b v-dn nhiu qu, nh trong  d0 .
Cc lnh \big, \bigg, \Big v \Bigg m LATEX cung cp khng thay
i kch c du ngoc mt cch chnh xc trong cc kch c font khc nhau
ca LATEX. Gi amsmath khc phc nhc im .
11

because that is adequate to cover the encompassed material.

nh ngha ton t mi

24

5.14.2 K hiu |
Gi amsmath cung cp cc lnh \lvert, \rvert, \lVert, \rVert (so snh
vi \langle, \rangle) nhm gii quyt vn trng hp ngha ca k
t |. K t ny c dng trong ti liu LATEX ch nhiu i tng ton
hc khc nhau: ch quan h c s trong l thuyt s, v d nh trong
biu th p|q; ch gi tr tuyt i |z|; hay l vit tt ca sao cho khi biu
din tp hp; hoc hm ly gi tr ti trong k hiu f (t)t=0 . Tnh a
ngha ca k hiu | khng phi l iu g xu; ci khng hay l ch: khng
phi tt c cch dng ca | u c cng cch th hin xt v mt in n
(typographical), v s phn bit phc tp ca c gi c kin thc khng
th no th hin c trong typeset. V vy, trong bt k ti liu no, bn
cng nn cho tng ng k t | vi mt khi nim ton hc c th; v cng
nn lm iu tng t vi k t \|. iu ny khng bao gm cch dng |
v \| nh cc du ngoc, bi v cch dng du ngoc tri hoc phi khc
hn vi cc cch dng ca | nh k trn.
V d, bn nn nh ngha
\providecommand{\abs}[1]{\lvert#1\rvert}
\providecommand{\norm}[1]{\lVert#1\rVert}
v sut trong ti liu ca mnh, bn dng \abs{z} c |z| v dng
\norm{v} c kvk.

6
Tn ton t
6.1

nh ngha ton t mi

Cc ton t ton hc nh log, sin, lim theo truyn thng c typeset vi

kiu ch roman c th d dng phn bit chng vi cc tn bin ton
hc (cc tn bin c typeset vi font nghing). Cc ton t thng gp
nht l \log, \sin, \lim,... c nh ngha; cn cc ton t mi c th
nh ngha d dng nh lnh \DeclareMathOperator. Lnh ny ch c th
t trong phn preamble ca ti liu. Chng hn, nh ngha hm s
\tg (l cch vit hm s tangement theo kiu Vit Nam), c th dng
\DeclareMathOperator{\tg}{tg}
nh , vic dng \tg s cho ra tg vi font chnh xc ng thi t ng
thm cch khong cch xung quanh ton t tg khi cn thit, nh , ta thu
c A(tg x)B thay v A(tgx)B.

25

K hiu ng d

Nu ton t mi cn cc ch s trn v ch s di, nh trong cc ton

t lim, sup, or max, th bn dng dng * ca lnh \DeclareMathOperator:
\DeclareMathOperator*{\Lim}{Lim}
Xem thm Mc 8.3 v vic t ch s di.
Cc ton t c nh ngha trc l
\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\arg
\cos
\cosh
\cot
\coth
\csc

arccos
arcsin
arctan
arg
cos
cosh
cot
coth
csc

\deg
\det
\dim
\exp
\gcd
\hom
\inf
\injlim
\ker

deg
det
dim
exp
gcd
hom
inf
inj lim
ker

\varlimsup
\varliminf

lim
lim

\lg
\lim
\liminf
\limsup
\ln
\log
\max
\min
\Pr

lg
lim
lim inf
lim sup
ln
log
max
min
Pr

\varinjlim
\varprojlim

lim

lim

\projlim
\sec
\sin
\sinh
\sup
\tan
\tanh

proj lim
sec
sin
sinh
sup
tan
tanh

Ngoi ra, cn c lnh \operatorname: v d

\operatorname{abc}
trong biu thc ton hc tng ng vi vic khai bo nh \DeclareMathOperator
ri dng \abc. Lnh \operatorname ch nn dng nu ton t thi thong
gp trong ti liu; cn nu ton t xut hin nhiu ln, bn nn khai bo
ton t mi nh \DeclareMathOperator.
dng \operatorname* trong trng hp ton t cn ch s.
6.2

K hiu ng d

Cc lnh \mod, \bmod, \pmod, \pod biu din cc k hiu ng d. Lnh

\bmod v \pmod c trong LATEX, nhng trong gi amsmath, chng c
tinh chnh cho ra khong cch tt hn trong cc biu thc chung dng.
Cc lnh \mod v \pod l bin th ca \pmod; lnh \mod khng to ra cp
du ngoc n, trong khi lnh \pod li b mod v cc th khc vo cp
du ngoc.
(6.1) gcd(n, m mod n);

xy

(mod b);

xy

mod c;

xy

(d)

Ch s trn/di nhiu dng

26

\gcd(n,m\bmod n);\quad x\equiv y\pmod b;

\quad x\equiv y\mod c;\quad x\equiv y\pod d

7
Lnh \text chn text vo biu thc
Mc ch chnh ca lnh \text l chn vn bn, text vo gia cc biu
thc ton hc. Lnh c tc dng tng t nh lnh \mbox ca LATEX, nhng
dng \text hay hn nhiu im. Nu bn mun vn bn thm vo c
ch sub-script, bn c th dng ..._{\text{t hoc cu}}, trong khi
vi \mbox, bn phi dng ..._{\mbox{\scriptsize t hoc cu}}. im
hay khc, l tn ca lnh \text phn nh c y tc dng ca n hn
lnh \mbox.
(7.1)

f[xi1 ,xi ] l n iu, i = 1, . . . , c + 1

f_{[x_{i-1},x_i]} \text{ l n iu,}

\quad i = 1,\dots,c+1

8
Tch phn v Tng
8.1

Ch s trn/di nhiu dng

Nh lnh \substack, bn biu din cc ch s trn, di vi nhiu dng. V

d
X
\sum_{\substack{
P (i, j)
0im
0\le i\le m\\
0<j<n
0<j<n}}
P(i,j)
Tng qut hn, mi trng subarray cn cho php bn canh tri cc dng
ca ch s trn/di, thay v canh gia nh mc nh. Hy n tham
s {l} ca subaray trong v d di y.
X
\sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}
P (i, j)
i
i\in\Lambda\\ 0<j<n
0<j<n
\end{subarray}}
P(i,j)

27

V tr ca ch s di v limit

8.2

Lnh \sideset

Lnh \sideset dng cho mc ch c bit, l t cc k

vo v tr
P hiu Q
ca ch s trn v ch s di ca cc ton t ln nh
hay . Ch
rng, lnh ny khng c mc ch p dng vo cc k hiu khng thuc lp
k hiu tng. V d d thy nht l khi bn mun c mt du phy ch
bin th ca k hiu tng:
X0
En
(8.1)
c nh trn, bn c th dng \sum\nolimits E_n; y, \nolimits
phi c dng, bi nu khng, du phy s c t bn trn ch khng
phi l gc trn-bn-phi ca k hiu tng. Nu bn lm nh vy, th ny
ra vn
P nan gii l, by gi kh c th t th g vo bn trn v bn di
ca
na (bi bn dng \nolimits). Cch gii quyt vn ny nh
lnh \sideset c minh ha trong v d sau:
\sideset{}{}
\sum_{n<k,\;\text{$n$ odd}} nE_n

X0

nEn

n<k, n odd

Phi dng cp du ngoc rng ({}) nh trn, l bi lnh \sideset c kh

nng t cc k hiu vo bn gc ca ton t ln. Hy hc hi v d rt
th v sau y:

\sideset{_*^*}{_*^*}\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}

n=1

8.3

V tr ca ch s di v limit

V tr mc nh ca ch s di ca
P k
Q hiu ph thuc vo tnh cht k hiu
. Vi cc k hiu dng tng ( , ), v tr l displaylimits: ngh l,
khi k hiu dng tng xut hin trong biu thc ring dng, ch s trn v
ch s di c b tr bn trn hoc bn di k hiu; cn nu k hiu
xut hin trong ch chung dng, th cc ch s trn, di c t
bn cnh k hiu, nhm trnh vic dn dng qua mc cn thit. i vi cc
k hiu dng tch phn, v tr mc nh ca cc ch s lun l bn cnh
k hiu, ngay c trong cc cng thc ring dng. (Nhng xem v ty chn
intlimits trong Mc 3.)
Cc ton t nh sin, lim u c v tr ch s thuc loi displaylimits
hay limits ty theo cch chng c nh ngha, v iu c chn theo
thi quen ph bin trong gii ton hc.

28

Biu giao hon

Cc lnh \limits v \nolimits dng bt qua li gia hai ch t

v tr ch s:
ZZ
X
,
limn
,
X

\sum\nolimits_X,\qquad \iint\limits_{A},
\qquad\varliminf\nolimits_{n\to \infty}
nh ngha mt lnh mi m ch s di ca n c thuc tnh displaylimits, bn t lnh \displaylimits v cui nh ngha ca lnh. Trong
dy gm cc lnh \limits, \nolimits, \displaylimits tip nhau, th lnh
cui cng c tc dng u tin.
8.4

Du tch phn bi

Cc lnh \iiint, \iiint v \iiiint cho ta cc du tch phn bi vi khong

cch gia cc du tch phn c tinh chnh tt hn. Lnh \idotsint cho
ta du tch phn bi vi s lp ty .
ZZ
ZZZ
(8.2)
f (x, y) dx dy
f (x, y, z) dx dy dz
Z Z ZA
Z
(8.3)

Z
f (w, x, y, z) dw dx dy dz

f (x1 , . . . , xk )

9
Biu giao hon
Mt s lnh to biu giao hon nh trong AMS-TEX c gp thnh
gi ring bit, l amscd. Vi cc biu phc tp, bn nn dng gi chuyn
dng hn l kuvio hoc xypic; nhng vi cc biu n gin, khng c
cc mi tn cho, th dng gi amscd s nhanh chng cho kt qu. Di y
l v d.
j
S W T
T

y
yEnd P
(S T )/I
\begin{CD}
S^{{\mathcal{W}}_\Lambda}\otimes T

(Z T )/J
@>j>>

T\\

29

Li khuyn

@VVV
(S\otimes T)/I
\end{CD}

@=

@VV{\End P}V\\
(Z\otimes T)/J

Trong mi trng CD, cc lnh @>>>, @<<<, @VVV v @AAA ln lt cho cc

mi tn qua phi, tri, xung, ln. Vi cc mi tn ngang, mi th t gia
hai k hiu > hoc < u tin s c xem l ch s trn, cc i tng t
gia k hiu th hai v th ba c xem l ch s di. Tng t, i tng
t gia k hiu A hay V th nht v th hai s l ch s bn tri, cn i
tng t gia k hiu A hay V th nh v th ba s l ch s bn phi. Cc
lnh @= v @| s cho cc ng-ngang-kp v ng-ng-kp. Mt mi tn
rng c cho bi lnh @..

10
S dng font ton
10.1

Gii thiu

Mi vn v font c th tm thy trong hng dn (fntguide.tex) hoc

The LATEX Companion [4].
Cc lnh c bn (ca LATEX) iu chnh font trong ch ton bao
gm: \mathbf, \mathrm, \mathcal, \mathsf, \mathtt, \mathit. Ngoi ra,
gi amsfonts cung cp cc lnh c bit: \mathbb cho kiu blackboard bold
(R), \mathfrak cho kiu Fraktur (R).
10.2

Li khuyn

Nu bn phi thng xuyn thay i kiu font trong ch ton, bn c

th ngh n cc nh ngha vn tt, chng hn, dng \mb thay v \mathbf.
Tt nhin, khng g ngn cn bn lm iu , v bn c trong tay lnhto-nh-ngha \newcommand. Nhng vi LATEX, vic a ra cc dng nh
ngha vn tt nh vy cn nn trnh, cn thay th bi gii php hay hn:
nh ngha mt lnh da trn thuc tnh ca i tng ton hc, hn l da
trn tn ca font dng phn bit cc i tng. V d, nu bn mun
dng font m ch cc vct, bn nn nh ngha mt lnh to vct vi
font m, hn l nh ngha mt lnh to font m to vct; nh
\newcommand{\vect}[1]{\mathbf{#1}}
bn c th vit \vect{a} + \vect{b} c a + b; bn khng nn dng,
chng hn \mb{a}+\mb{b} vi lnh \mb l dng vit tt ca \mathbf. Sau

Cc k hiu in m

30

mt vi thng chng hn, bn thy cn phi dng font m cho mc ch

khc, ch khng phi ch cc vct, v mun cc vct by gi c thm
cc mi tn, th bn c th d dng thc hin c ca mnh nu bn
dng nh ngha \vect to vct; cn nu ngc li, bn phi thay th
ton b cc lnh \mb trong ti liu ca bniu ny nguy him ch, vic
thay th c th nh hng n cc i tng khng l vct nhng c
biu din bng \mb.
S c ch nu bn to cc lnh mi ly ra cc k t c bit trong
mt font c th no , v d
\DeclareSymbolFont{AMSb}{U}{msb}{m}{n}% or use amsfonts package
\DeclareMathSymbol{\C}{\mathalpha}{AMSb}{"43}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\R}{\mathalpha}{AMSb}{"52}
Cc dng trn nh ngha cc lnh \C, \R ly ra k hiu blackboard
t b AMSb l font cc k hiu. Nu bn thng xuyn lm vic vi cc
trng s thc, phc, bn c th c mt cch tin li, l nh ngha lnh
\field v sau dng \field{C}, \field{R},... c cc trng s mong
mun. Nhng tng ti a tnh uyn chuyn v kh nng iu khin, bn
hy nh ngha lnh \field ri sau nh ngha cc lnh \C, \R da trn
\field nh sau:
\usepackage{amsfonts}% to get the \mathbb alphabet
\newcommand{\field}[1]{\mathbb{#1}}
\newcommand{\C}{\field{C}}
\newcommand{\R}{\field{R}}
10.3

Cc k hiu in m

Lnh \mathbf thng c dng c c phin bn m ca cc ch ci

trong ch ton, nhng vi hu ht cc k hiu ton khc (khng phi l
ch ci), lnh ny khng c tc dng, hoc c tc dng nhng kt qu ca
n khng c lin h cht ch vi font ang c dng. V d, vit
\Delta \mathbf{\Delta}\mathbf{+}\delta \mathbf{\delta}
s cho bn +; rng, trong kt qu thu c, cc du cng v du
khng b nh hng bi \mathbf.
Gi amsmath v vy cung cp thm hai lnh mi, l \boldsymbol v \pmb;
cc lnh ny c tc dng lm m mi loi k hiu. Lnh \boldsymbol c
th c dng cho cc k hiu ton khng b nh hng bi lnh \mathbf

31

Cc ch ci Hy Lp in nghing

nu v ch nu font ton ang dng c phin bn m tng ng ca k

hiu . Lnh \pmb c dng, nh l gii php cui cng, cho trng hp
lnh \boldsymbol bt lc; pmb l vit tt ca poor mans bold; nguyn
l lm vic ca lnh \pmb l typeset nhiu bn sao ca k hiu v sp xp
cc bn sao st bn nhau (ging nh khi bn dng bt k nhiu ng
lin tip nhau trn giy c mt ng m nt). R rng, cht lng
kt qu ca lnh \pmb l khng tt lm, nht l nt ca k hiu. Trong
khi b font chun ca LATEX c dng typeset cc biu thc ton, l
b font CM (Computer Modern), th cn n lnh \pmb ch l cc k hiu
ton t ln, nh \sum, cc du ngoc qu c, hay l cc k hiu ton hc
b sung bi gi amssymb (xem [1]).
Cc biu thc sau cho thy mt s kt qu kh d:
A_\infty + \pi A_0
\sim \mathbf{A}_{\boldsymbol{\infty}} \boldsymbol{+}
\boldsymbol{\pi} \mathbf{A}_{\boldsymbol{0}}
\sim\pmb{A}_{\pmb{\infty}} \pmb{+}\pmb{\pi} \pmb{A}_{\pmb{0}}
A + A0 A + A0 A + A0
Nu bn mun dng lnh \boldsymbol c lp m khng ti gi amsmath,
th hy dng gi bm; y l gi thuc chun LATEX, khng thuc b phn
phi ca cc gi AMS. Gi ny tch hp trong b LATEX phin bn nm 1997
hoc cao hn.
10.4

Cc ch ci Hy Lp in nghing
\varGamma
\varDelta
\varTheta
\varLambda
\varXi
\varPi

\varSigma
\varUpsilon
\varPhi
\varPsi
\varOmega

Error messages

32

11
Li thng gp khi dng gi amsmath
11.1

General remarks

This is a supplement to Chapter 8 of the LATEX manual [7] (first edition:

Chapter 6). For the readers convenience, the set of error messages discussed here overlaps somewhat with the set in that chapter, but please be
aware that we dont provide exhaustive coverage here. The error messages
are arranged in alphabetical order, disregarding unimportant text such as
! LaTeX Error: at the beginning, and nonalphabetical characters such as
\. Where examples are given, we show also the help messages that appear
on screen when you respond to an error message prompt by entering h.
There is also a section discussing some output errors, i.e., instances where
the printed document has something wrong but there was no LATEX error
during typesetting.
11.2

Error messages

\begin{split} wont work here.

Example:
! Package amsmath Error: \begin{split} wont work here.
...
l.8 \begin{split}
? h
\Did you forget a preceding \begin{equation}?
If not, perhaps the aligned environment is what you want.
?
Explanation: The split environment does not construct a stand-alone displayed equation; it needs to be used within some other environment such as
equation or gather.
Extra & on this line
Example:
! Package amsmath Error: Extra & on this line.
See the amsmath package documentation for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...

33

Error messages

l.9 \end{alignat}
? h
\An extra & here is so disastrous that you should probably exit
and fix things up.
?
Explanation: In an alignat structure the number of alignment points per
line is dictated by the numeric argument given after \begin{alignat}. If
you use more alignment points in a line it is assumed that you accidentally
left out a newline command \\ and the above error is issued.
Improper argument for math accent
Example:
! Package amsmath Error: Improper argument for math accent:
(amsmath)
Extra braces must be added to
(amsmath)
prevent wrong output.
See the amsmath package documentation for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.415 \tilde k_{\lambda_j} = P_{\tilde \mathcal
{M}}
?
Explanation: Non-simple arguments for any LATEX command should be enclosed in braces. In this example extra braces are needed as follows:
... P_{\tilde{\mathcal{M}}}
Font OMX/cmex/m/n/7=cmex7 not loadable ...
Example:
! Font OMX/cmex/m/n/7=cmex7 not loadable: Metric (TFM) file not found.
<to be read again>
relax
l.8 $a
b+b^2$
? h
I wasnt able to read the size data for this font,
so I will ignore the font specification.
[Wizards can fix TFM files using TFtoPL/PLtoTF.]

Error messages

34

You might try inserting a different font spec;

e.g., type I\font<same font id>=<substitute font name>.
?
Explanation: Certain extra sizes of some Computer Modern fonts that were
formerly available mainly through the AMSFonts distribution are considered
part of standard LATEX (as of June 1994): cmex79, cmmib59, and cmbsy5
9. If these extra sizes are missing on your system, you should try first to
get them from the source where you obtained LATEX. If that fails, you could
try getting the fonts from CTAN (e.g., in the form of Metafont source files,
directory /tex-archive/fonts/latex/mf, or in PostScript Type 1 format,
directory /tex-archive/fonts/cm/ps-type1/bakoma).
If the font name begins with cmex, there is a special option cmex10 for
the amsmath package that provides a temporary workaround. I.e., change
the \usepackage to
\usepackage[cmex10]{amsmath}
This will force the use of the 10-point size of the cmex font in all cases.
Depending on the contents of your document this may be adequate.
Math formula deleted: Insufficient extension fonts
Example:
! Math formula deleted: Insufficient extension fonts.
l.8 $ab+b^2$
?
Explanation: This usually follows a previous error Font ... not loadable;
see the discussion of that error (above) for solutions.
Missing number, treated as zero
Example:
! Missing number, treated as zero.
<to be read again>
a
l.100 \end{alignat}
? h
A number should have been here; I inserted 0.
(If you cant figure out why I needed to see a number,
look up weird error in the index to The TeXbook.)
?

Error messages

35

Explanation: There are many possibilities that can lead to this error. However, one possibility that is relevant for the amsmath package is that you
forgot to give the number argument of an alignat environment, as in:
\begin{alignat}
a& =b&
c& =d\\
a& =b&
c& =d
\end{alignat}
where the first line should read instead
\begin{alignat}{2}
Another possibility is that you have a left bracket character [ following a
linebreak command \\ in a multiline construction such as array, tabular,
or eqnarray. This will be interpreted by LATEX as the beginning of an additional vertical space request [7, C.1.6], even if it occurs on the following
line and is intended to be part of the contents. For example
\begin{array}
a+b\\
[f,g]\\
m+n
\end{array}
To prevent the error message in such a case, you can add braces as discussed
in the LATEX manual [7, C.1.1]:
\begin{array}
a+b\\
{[f,g]}\\
m+n
\end{array}
Missing \right. inserted
Example:
! Missing \right. inserted.
<inserted text>
\right .
l.10 \end{multline}
? h
Ive inserted something that you may have forgotten.
(See the <inserted text> above.)
With luck, this will get me unwedged. But if you
really didnt forget anything, try typing 2 now; then

Error messages

36

my insertion and my current dilemma will both disappear.

Explanation: This error typically arises when you try to insert a linebreak
inside a \left-\right pair of delimiters in a multline or split environment:
\begin{multline}
AAA\left(BBB\\
CCC\right)
\end{multline}
There are two possible solutions: (1) instead of using \left and \right, use
big delimiters of fixed size (\bigl \bigr \biggl \biggr . . . ; see 5.14.1);
or (2) use null delimiters to break up the \left-\right pair into parts for
each line:
AAA\left(BBB\right.\\
\left.CCC\right)
The latter solution may result in mismatched delimiter sizes; ensuring that
they match requires using \vphantom in the line that has the smaller delimiter (or possibly \smash in the line that has the larger delimiter). In the
argument of \vphantom put a copy of the tallest element that occurs in the
other line, e.g.,
xxx \left(\int_t yyy\right.\\
\left.\vphantom{\int_t} zzz ... \right)
Paragraph ended before \xxx was complete
Example:
Runaway argument?
! Paragraph ended before \multline was complete.
<to be read again>
\par
l.100
? h
I suspect youve forgotten a }, causing me to apply this
control sequence to too much text. How can we recover?
My plan is to forget the whole thing and hope for the best.
?
Explanation: This might be produced by a misspelling in the \end{multline}
command, e.g.,

37

Error messages

\begin{multline}
...
\end{multiline}
or by using abbreviations for certain environments, such as \bal and \eal
for \begin{align} and \end{align}:
\bal
...
\eal
For technical reasons that kind of abbreviation does not work with the more
complex displayed equation environments of the amsmath package (gather,
align, split, etc.; cf. technote.tex).
Runaway argument?
See the discussion for the error message Paragraph ended before \xxx
was complete.
Unknown option xxx for package yyy
Example:
! LaTeX Error: Unknown option intlim for package amsmath.
...
? h
The option intlim was not declared in package amsmath, perhaps you
misspelled its name. Try typing <return> to proceed.
?
Explanation: This means that you misspelled the option name, or the package simply does not have an option that you expected it to have. Consult
the documentation for the given package.
Old form \pmatrix should be \begin{pmatrix}.
Example:
! Package amsmath Error: Old form \pmatrix should be
\begin{pmatrix}.
See the amsmath package documentation for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
\pmatrix ->\left (\matrix@check \pmatrix
\env@matrix
l.16 \pmatrix

38

Warning messages

{a&b\cr c&d\cr}
? h
\pmatrix{...} is old Plain-TeX syntax whose use is
ill-advised in LaTeX.
?
Explanation: When the amsmath package is used, the old forms of \pmatrix,
\matrix, and \cases cannot be used any longer because of naming conflicts.
Their syntax did not conform with standard LATEX syntax in any case.
Erroneous nesting of equation structures
Example:
! Package amsmath Error: Erroneous nesting of equation structures;
(amsmath)
trying to recover with aligned.
See the amsmath package documentation for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.260 \end{alignat*}
\end{equation*}
Explanation: The structures align, alignat, etc., are designed for top-level
use and for the most part cannot be nested inside some other displayed
equation structure. The chief exception is that align and most of its variants
can be used inside the gather environment.
11.3

Warning messages

Foreign command \over [or \atop or \above]

Example:
Package amsmath Warning: Foreign command \over; \frac or \genfrac
(amsmath)
should be used instead.
Explanation: The primitive generalized fraction commands of TEX\over,
\atop, \aboveare deprecated when the amsmath package is used because
their syntax is foreign to LATEX and amsmath provides native LATEX equivalents. See technote.tex for further information.
Cannot use split here
Example:
Package amsmath Warning: Cannot use split here;
(amsmath)
trying to recover with aligned

Wrong output

39

Explanation: The split environment is designed to serve as the entire body

of an equation, or an entire line of an align or gather environment. There
cannot be any printed material before or after it within the same enclosing
structure:
\begin{equation}
\left\{ % <-- Not allowed
\begin{split}
...
\end{split}
\right. % <-- Not allowed
\end{equation}
11.4

Wrong output

11.4.1 Section numbers 0.1, 5.1, 8.1 instead of 1, 2, 3

This most likely means that you have the arguments for \numberwithin in
reverse order:
\numberwithin{section}{equation}
That means print the section number as equation number.section number
and reset to 1 every time an equation occurs when what you probably
wanted was the inverse
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
11.4.2

The \numberwithin command had no effect on equation

numbers
Are you looking at the first section in your document? Check the section
numbers elsewhere to see if the problem is the one described in 11.4.1.

Ti liu tham kho

40

Ti liu tham kho

[1] AMSFonts version 2.2users guide, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI,
1994; distributed with the AMSFonts package.
[2] Instructions for preparation of papers and monographsAMS-LATEX,
Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1996, 1999.
[3] Using the amsthm Package, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1999.
[4] Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and Alexander Samarin, The LATEX
companion, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1994. [Note: The 1994 edition
is not a reliable guide for the amsmath package unless you refer to the
errata for Chapter 8file compan.err, distributed with LATEX.]
[5] G. Gr
atzer, Math into LATEX: An Introduction to LATEX and
AMS-LATEX http://www.ams.org/cgi-bin/bookstore/bookpromo?
fn=91&arg1=bookvideo&itmc=MLTEX, Birkhauser, Boston, 1995.
[6] Donald E. Knuth, The TEXbook, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1984.
[7] Leslie Lamport, LATEX: A document preparation system, 2nd revised ed.,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1994.
[8] Frank Mittelbach and Rainer Schopf, The new font family selection
user interface to standard LATEX, TUGboat 11, no. 2 (June 1990),
pp. 297305.
[9] Michael Spivak, The joy of TEX, 2nd revised ed., Amer. Math. Soc.,
Providence, RI, 1990.