Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THANH TON
QUC T
Chng 1:
NHNG VN C BN TRONG
THANH TON QUC T
1.1. Khi nim v vai tr ca thanh ton quc t
1.1.1. Khi nim
Thanh ton quc t l qu trnh thc hin cc khon thu chi tin t quc t thng
qua h thng ngn hng trn th gii nhm phc v cho cc mi quan h trao i quc t
pht sinh gia cc nc vi nhau.
1.1.2. Vai tr ca thanh ton quc t
i vi nn kinh t: Thanh ton quc t gp phn m rng v thc y quan h
kinh t i ngoi, tng cng v th kinh t ca mi quc gia trn th trng quc t, to
cu ni gia cc quc gia trong quan h thanh ton.
i vi cc doanh nghip kinh doanh XNK: Thanh ton quc t phc v nhu cu
thanh ton cho hng ha v dch v XNK ca doanh nghip.
i vi cc ngn hng thng mi: thanh ton quc t to doanh thu dch v, thc
y cc hot ng khc ca ngn hng pht trin.
1.2. C s ca thanh ton quc t
C s hnh thnh hot ng thanh ton quc t l hot ng ngoi thng. Ngy nay,
ni n hot ng ngoi thng l ni n thanh ton quc t, v ngc li, ni n thanh
ton quc t th ch yu ni n ngoi thng, nhng hot ng ngoi thng l hot ng
c s, cn hot ng thanh ton quc t l hot ng phi sinh.
1.3. Nhng iu kin quy nh trong thanh ton quc t
1.3.1. iu kin tin t
iu kin v tin t c ngha l vic qui nh s dng n v tin t ca nc no
tnh ton v thanh ton trong hp ng thanh ton quc t, ng thi qui nh cc x l
khi c s bin ng v gi tr ca ng tin trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng xutnhp khu hng ha v thanh ton.
a. La chn tin t:
ng tin no c la chn s dng trong thanh ton quc t phi c tha thun
gia 2 bn mua v bn.
Nhn chung, ng tin c chn phi l nhng ng tin t do chuyn i (Free
convertible currency), c uy tn v c n nh cao, v ch nhng ng tin ny mi
c gi tr s dng rng ri trn phm vi ton th gii, v ngi s hu loi tin c t
do chuyn i sang nhng ng tin khc, hoc c chuyn i sang ng tin khc vi
iu kin d dng hn.
ng tin c s dng ph bin trong thanh ton quc t l USD, EURO, GBP,
JPY, HKD, AUD v mt s ngoi t t do khc.
b. La chn phng php m bo hi oi cho tin t
b1/ iu kin m bo ngoi hi
Hai bn mua bn s tha thun la chn mt ng tin tng i n nh, xc nh t
gi vi ng tin c la chn trong thanh ton m bo gi tr ca ng tin thanh
ton l iu kin m bo ngoi hi.
Trc 1 ngy thanh ton ly li t gi gia 2 ng tin ny i chiu vi t gi
xc nh, nu c s thay i s iu chnh tng gi tr hp ng theo s bin ng .
b2/ iu kin m bo theo r tin t
Khi la chn m bo hi oi theo r tin t, sau khi cc bn tha thun thng
nht s ngoi t chn a vo r tin t th s xc nh t gi trung bnh ca c r tin t
ny vi ng tin la chn trong thanh ton ti thi im k hp ng. Trc mt ngy
kt thc hp ng thanh ton th ly li t gi ny. i chiu s bin ng v iu chnh
gi tr hp ng thanh ton theo s bin ng cho tng thch.
1.3.2. iu kin a im thanh ton
a im thanh ton l ni ngi bn nhn c tin cn ngi mua tr tin. Trong
thanh ton ngoi thng, a im thanh ton c th nc ngi nhp khu hoc nc
ngi xut khu hoc nc th ba.
VD: t gi gia USD v VND, vit l USD/VND, chnh l s lng VND cn thit
mua 1 USD
1 USD = 20.600 VND
1.4.2. Cch biu th t gi
- Yt gi trc tip: l phng php biu th gi tr 1 n v ngoi t qua 1 s lng ni t
nht nh.
VD: 1 USD = 20.800VND; 1 GBP = 32.049 VND ( Vit Nam)
- Yt gi gin tip: l phng php biu th gi tr ni t thng qua mt s lng ngoi t
nht nh.
VD: 1 GBP = 1,4521 USD ( Anh)
1 USD = 103 JPY ( M)
- ng tin yt gi v ng tin nh gi
+ ng tin yt gi l ng tin biu th gi tr ca n qua ng tin khc
+ ng tin nh gi l ng tin dng xc nh gi tr ng tin khc
V d: EUR/VND = 23.459
t gi bn
c/ Ngang gi sc mua:
Ngang gi sc mua chnh l s so snh v o lng sc mua tng i ca hai
ng tin, c tnh ton bng cch so snh gi c ca cng mt s mt hng hai nc
khc nhau c tnh theo ng tin ca hai nc.
Nu cng mt s tin ngang nhau ngi ta mua c mt lng hng ngang nhau
mi nc th nh vy mu dch quc t s khng c li v khng kch thch ngoi thng
pht trin, iu c ngha l, cc ng tin u trong tnh trng ngang nhau v sc
mua.
V vy cn phi hiu nn tng ca ngang gi sc mua c th hin: nu nh mt
mt hng trong quc gia ny r hn th xut khu mt hng sang mt nc khc gi
t hn th s c li hn, v ngc li nu mt mt hng trong quc gia sn xut t hn
so vi gi th trng nc ngoi th tt hn ht nn nhp khu mt hng s c li hn.
Vn ny l gii s chnh lch v gi c ca cng mt mt hng cc nc khc nhau
trn th gii, nc no c li th kinh t tt hn s c iu kin thun li sn xut ra hng
ha vi chi ph thp, s l c hi cc nc ny y mnh xut khu v ngc li kch
thch nhp khu khi mt hng sn xut trong nc gi cao hn. S gia tng thng mi
mu dch th gii dn n thc hin cc khon thu chi ngoi t, t lm nh hng n
cung cu ngoi t trn th trng v tc ng n t gi hi oi.
d/ Cc iu kin kinh t:
V ngn hn, cc hot ng kinh doanh v u t hng ngy u tc ng trc tip
n cung v cu vn c bit l cc khon giao dch vi quy m ln trn th trng.
Nhng yu t kinh t chnh tr tc ng tc thi lm thay i ng k cc khong cch
chnh lch gia t gi bn v t gi mua, Mc cung, cu ngoi t bin ng trn th
trng thay i s nh hng n cc lung thu chi ngoi t, t tc ng n t gi hi
oi.
V di hn, t gi hi oi b nh hng bi tnh hnh v xu hng pht trin kinh
t quc gia cng nh cc bin ng trn th trng th gii, c th hin qua nhng yu
t c bn nh sau: cn cn thanh ton, tng trng kinh t, t l lm pht, tht nghip, thu
sut, cung v cu vn, Tt c nhng nhn t trn to nn p lc cung v cu vn trn th
7
Chng 2:
10
BILL OF EXCHANGE 1
No:
7
..,
2
For:
At..sight
4
of this first Bill of Exchange (second of the same tenor
6
and date being unpaid). Pay to the order of,
12
di dng in, photocopy v ng dum khng phi vit tay u khng c gi tr php
l.
V d:
* Mu hi phiu dng trong phng thc nh thu:
BILL OF EXCHANGE
Hanoi, May 10th, 2011
No: 01/XK
For: USD 100,000
At sight of this First Bill of Exchange (second of the same tenor and date
being unpaid). Pay to the order of Dong A Bank, Hanoi branch. The sum
of US dollars one hundred thousand only.
Invoice No: XV9396,
Dated: 10/5/2011
No: 01/XK
For: USD 100,000
At sight of this First Bill of Exchange (second of the same tenor and date
being unpaid). Pay to the order of Dong A Bank, Hanoi branch. The sum
of US dollars one hundred thousand only.
Invoice No: XV9396,
Dated: 10/5/2011
Irrevocable L/C No: LDM756VN, Dated: 10/4/2011
To: Habubank, Singapore
13
2.1.6. c im ca hi phiu
- Tnh tru tng ca hi phiu: c im ny th hin ch trn hi phiu khng
cn phi ghi ni dung quan h kinh t, m ch cn ghi r s tin phi tr l bao nhiu v tr
cho ai, ngi no s thanh ton, thi gian thanh ton l khi no khng cn phi ni ln
nguyn nhn vic phi tr tin trn hi phiu.
- Tnh bt buc tr tin ca hi phiu: Ngi tr tin phi tr tin y ng theo
yu cu ca t hi phiu. Ngi tr tin khng c vin l do ring ca bn thn i vi
ngi k pht hi phiu, tr trng hp hi phiu khng ph hp vi o lut chi phi n.
ng thi, ngi k pht phi chu trch nhim thanh ton cho ngi th hng v
iu kin nu hi phiu c chuyn nhng m khng c thanh ton.
- Tnh lu thng ca hi phiu: Hi phiu c tnh lu thng v hi phiu c th
c dng mt hay nhiu ln trong thi hn ca n.
Hi phiu c th chuyn nhng t ngi ny sang ngi khc trong thi hn ca
n, hoc c th dng hi phiu cm c, th chp vay vn ti NHTM hoc dng
chit khu ti NHTM,...
2.1.7. Cc nghip v lin quan n hi phiu
2.1.7.1. Chp nhn hi phiu
Chp nhn hi phiu l mt hnh thc xc nhn vic m bo thanh ton ca ngi
tr tin hi phiu. Chp nhn hi phiu l hnh vi ca ngi tr tin cam kt thanh ton v
iu kin khi hi phiu n hn.
Mc ch ca vic chp nhn hi phiu:
* Gip cho hi phiu lu thng nh mt dng tin t c bit.
* Rng buc trch nhim ca ngi tr tin (ngi chp nhn thanh ton) trc php lut
khi n hn thanh ton.
Cch thc thc hin chp nhn thanh ton hi phiu:
Ngi tr tin (ngn hng hoc nh nhp khu) ghi vo gc di bn tri ca mt phi t
hi phiu dng ch Accepted to pay on.(date) v k tn ca ngi tr tin bn
cnh.
2.1.7.2. K hu hi phiu
14
15
Ngi bo lnh khng phi l ngi tr tin, khng phi l ngi k pht hi phiu
m thng thng l mt ngn hng ln c uy tn.
Hnh thc bo lnh c thc hin bng cch ghi ch bo lnh (aval) vo mt
trc hoc mt sau ca hi phiu, v ngi bo lnh s k tn ln hi phiu.
2.1.7.4. Khng ngh vic khng tr tin hi phiu (protect for non-payment):
Khi hi phiu b t chi tr tin, ngi hng li hin hnh trn hi phiu c quyn
khng ngh ngi tr tin trc php lut. Ngi hng li phi lp n khng ngh trong
thi hn php lut cho php (thng l trong vng 2 ngy lm vic k t ngy hi phiu
n hn thanh ton).
Mc ch ca khng ngh l m bo quyn li ca ngi hng li hi phiu.
2.1.7.5. Chit khu hi phiu
L nghip v cho vay ca ngn hng bng cch mua li cc hi phiu c k hn
trc khi n hn thanh ton gip cc doanh nghip sm c tin ngay.
Tr gi tin m doanh nghip nhn c t ngn hng khi chit khu hi phiu bao
gi cng nh hn tr gi thc ca hi phiu v chnh lch gi tr l li tc chit khu ca
ngn hng.
2.1.8. Phn loi hi phiu
a/ Cn c vo thi hn thanh ton
- Hi phiu tr tin ngay (At sight Bill): l loi hi phiu quy nh ngi b k pht
phi thanh ton cho ngi cm phiu ngay khi nhn thy hi phiu. Nhng hi phiu
khng quy nh thi hn thanh ton c xem l hi phiu tr ngay.
- Hi phiu c k hn (Usance Bill): Ngi k pht hi phiu c th quy nh thi
hn thanh ton hi phiu theo cc cch sau: tr sau 1 thi hn nht nh k t ngy k pht
hi phiu, hay tr sau 1 thi hn nht nh k t ngy giao hng, hay tr ti 1 ngy c th
trong tng lai,.
Cc hi phiu c k hn phi c xut trnh k chp nhn nu cn.
b/ Cn c vo chng t km theo
- Hi phiu trn (Clean Bill of Exchange): l loi hi phiu m vic tr tin khng
km theo chng t thng mi (chng t v hng ha).
16
17
S tin: s tin phi c ghi r rng bng s v bng ch phi thng nht nhau.
Tn ngi pht hnh Sc
Tn, a ch, ch k ca ngi pht hnh Sc.
Tn ngn hng thanh ton sc.
2.2.5. Thi hn hiu lc ca sc
c im ng ch ca t sc l n c tnh cht thi hn, tc l t sc ch c gi tr
thanh ton nu thi hn hiu lc ca n vn cn. Qu thi hn, nu sc khng quay tr li
ngn hng th t sc s mt hiu lc.
Thi hn hiu lc ca t sc c tnh t ngy pht hnh sc v c ghi r trn t
sc. Thi hn ca sc thng thng l ty thuc vo phm vi khng gian m sc lu thng
v lut php cc nc quy nh. Nhng ni chung, sc lu hnh trong ni a th ngn hn
sc lu hnh trong thanh ton quc t.
2.2.5. Cc loi sc
- Sc ch danh (nominal cheque) l loi sc ghi r tn ngi hng li trn t sc.
- Sc v danh (Bearer cheque) l loi sc khng ghi r tn ngi th hng, ch ghi cu
tr cho ngi cm sc (Pay to the bearer). i vi loi sc ny c th chuyn qua tay
nhiu ngi, ai l ngi cm sc, ngi c th mang sc n ngn hng lnh tin.
- Sc theo lnh (Order cheque) l loi sc c dng ph bin trong thanh ton quc t
v l loi sc ghi tr theo lnh ca ngi hng li trn t sc. Trn sc c ghi cu tr
theo lnh ca ng (b)... Loi sc ny c th chuyn nhng cho ngi khc bng
th tc k hu ging nh hi phiu. Trong thi hn hiu lc, sc theo lnh c th chuyn
nhng cho nhiu ngi lin tip bng cch k hu.
- Sc gch cho (crossed check) l loi sc m trn mt trc ca n c 2 gch cho song
song vi nhau. Mc ch ca gch cho l khng rt c tin mt, dng chuyn
khon qua ngn hng.
- Sc du lch (travellers cheque) l loi sc do ngn hng pht hnh v c tr tin ti
bt c chi nhnh hay i l ca ngn hng trong hay ngoi nc. Ngn hng pht
hnh sc ng thi l ngi tr tin. Ngi hng li sc du lch l ngi c tin gi vo
ngn hng pht hnh sc.
19
20
Th tn dng l mt cng c thanh ton khng dng tin mt, cho php ngi s
dng kh nng chi tiu trc tr tin sau. Khong thi gian t khi ch th c dng
thanh ton tin mua hng ha, dch v ti lc ch th tr tin cho ngn hng ph thuc vo
tng loi th tn dng ca cc t chc khc nhau. Nu ch th thanh ton ton b s d n
vo ngy n hn, th ch th hon ton c min li i vi s d n cui k. Nu ht
thi gian ny m ton b s d n cui k cha c thanh ton cho ngn hng th ch th
s chu nhng khon ph v li tr chm.
+ Th ghi n (debit card)
Bt c khch hng no c ti khon m ti ngn hng u c th pht hnh th ghi n
hoc trong trng hp cha c ti khon, khch hng mun pht hnh th ghi n th bn
thn th ghi n ny s gn lin vi mt ti khon ca khch hng. Th ghi n cho php
khch hng tip cn vi s d trong ti khon ca mnh qua h thng kt ni trc tuyn
thanh ton hng ha, dch v ti cc n v chp nhn th. Nh vy, mc chi tiu ca ch
th ch ph thuc vo s d trong ti khon.
21
Chng 3:
MT;TT
(3)
(2)
(4)
Ngi bn
Ngn hng
Bn mua
(1)
Ngi mua
(5)
(0)
22
MT;TT
(4)
(3)
)
(5)
Ngi bn
Ngn hng
Bn mua
(2)
Ngi mua
(1)
(0)
(4) Ngn hng bn mua ra lnh (bng th hay in bo) cho ngn hng i l ca
mnh nc ngoi chuyn tin tr cho ngi bn.
(5) Ngn hng i l chuyn tin cho ngi bn (trc tip hoc gin tip qua ngn
hng khc) v gi giy bo cho n v .
3.1.4. Hnh thc chuyn tin: c 2 hnh thc
a/ Chuyn tin bng th (mail transfer M/T):
Ngn hng chuyn tin thc hin vic chuyn tin theo cch gi th ra lnh cho ngn
hng i l nc ngoi tr tin cho ngi hng li.
b/ Chuyn tin bng in (telegraphic transfer T/T):
Ngn hng chuyn tin thc hin vic chuyn tin theo cch ra lnh bng in cho
ngn hng i l nc ngoi tr tin cho ngi hng li.
Trong hai hnh thc chuyn tin trn th hnh thc chuyn tin bng in c li cho
ngi xut khu v nhn tin nhanh hn nhng in ph cao. Cn hnh thc chuyn tin
bng th th chm song chi ph thp.
3.2. Phng thc thanh ton nh thu (COLLECTION PAYMENT)
3.2.1. Khi nim chung v nh thu
Nh thu l phng thc thanh ton, theo , bn bn (nh xut khu) sau khi giao
hng hay cung ng dch v, y thc cho ngn hng phc v mnh xut trnh b chng t
thng qua ngn hng i l cho bn mua (nh nhp khu) c thanh ton, chp nhn
hi phiu hay chp nhn cc iu kin v iu khon khc.
3.2.2. Cc bn tham gia
- Ngi u nhim thu (Principal): l ngi xut khu, ngi hng li. L ngi yu cu
ngn hng phc v mnh thu h tin.
- Ngi tr tin (Drawee): l ngi m Nh thu c xut trnh thanh ton hay chp
nhn thanh ton. Ngi tr tin trong ngoi thng l ngi nhp khu.
- Ngn hng nh thu Remitting Bank (hay cn gi l ngn hng nhn u nhim thu):
l ngn hng phc v ngi xut khu.
- Ngn hng thu h (Collecting Bank):l ngn hng phc v ngi nhp khu.
Thng thng, y l ngn hng i l hay chi nhnh ca ngn hng nh thu c tr
s nc Ngi tr tin.
24
25
Ngn hng
Nh thu
Ngn hng
Thu h
(6)
(4)
)
(2)
(7)
Ngi
xut khu
(0)
(5)
Ngi
nhp khu
(1)
26
(8)
(3)
(7)
(2)
Ngi
xut khu
Ngn hng
Thu h
(4)
)
(0)
(5)
(6)
Ngi
nhp khu
(1)
27
28
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Nu ngi xut khu chnh l ngi hng li (thng l nh vy) th nhim v ca ngi
ny l:
* Tip nhn L/C bn gc v nh gi kh nng thc hin c cc ni dung ny ca mnh.
* ngh tu chnh ni dung ca L/C khi cn thit.
* Giao hng theo ng quy nh ca L/C.
* Lp b chng t thanh ton xut trnh cho ngn hng theo ng quy nh ca L/C.
* Tr cc ph dch v ngn hng nh ph thng bo L/C, ph tu chnh L/C, chit khu b
chng t, ph kim tra b chng t c bt hp l,.
Quyn li ca ngi xut khu:
+ T chi giao hng nu ni dung L/C khc vi ni dung hp ng ngoi thng tha
thun gy thit hi cho ngi bn v ngi bn ngh tu chnh L/C nhng khng c
p ng.
+ Quyn c nhn tin hoc ch nh ngi thay th mnh hng li L/C.
d. Ngn hng thng bo th tn dng (the advising bank)
y l ngn hng phc v ngi xut khu, thng l ngn hng i l ca ngn hng m
th tn dng c tr s nc ngi xut khu.
Nhim v ca ngn hng ny:
* Tip nhn L/C bn gc v chuyn n ti ngi xut khu di dng nguyn vn mt
cch kp thi.
* nh gi ban u tnh hp l ca b chng t.
* Chuyn b chng t thanh ton n ngn hng pht hnh.
* Thanh ton tin cho ngi xut khu nu c y quyn thanh ton.
Quyn li ca ngn hng thng bo:
c hng ph dch v ngn hng.
e. Ngn hng xc nhn th tn dng (the confirming bank)
L ngn hng xc nhn trch nhim ca mnh s cng ngn hng m th tn dng bo
m vic tr tin cho ngi xut khu trong trng hp ngn hng m th tn dng khng
kh nng thanh ton. Ngn hng xc nhn c th va l ngn hng thng bo th tn
dng hay l mt ngn hng khc do ngi xut khu yu cu, thng l mt ngn hng
ln, c uy tn trn th trng tn dng v ti chnh quc t.
30
li) mt s tin nht nh, trong mt thi gian nht nh vi iu kin ngi ny thc hin
ng v y nhng iu khon quy nh trong l th
3.3.4.2. Ni dung ca th tn dng
Trong th tn dng c nhng ni dung sau:
(1) S hiu, a im v ngy m L/C
* S hiu ca L/C: Tt c cc L/C u phi c s hiu ring ca n. Tc dng ca
s hiu l dng trao i th t, in tn c lin quan n vic thc hin L/C. S hiu
ca L/C cn c dng ghi vo cc chng t c lin quan trong b chng t thanh ton
ca L/C, c bit l tham chiu khi lp hi phiu i tin.
* a im m L/C: L ni ngn hng cam kt tr tin cho ngi hng li.
* Ngy m L/C: l ngy bt u pht sinh v c hiu lc v s cam kt ca ngn
hng m L/C i vi ngi th hng.Ngy m L/C l ngy bt u tnh thi hn ca L/C
v cng l cn c ngi xut khu kim tra xem ngi nhp khu c thc hin vic m
L/C ng thi hn nh trong hp ng khng.
(2) Loi th tn dng:
Mi loi L/C u c tnh cht, ni dung khc nhau, quyn li v ngha v ca
nhng ngi lin quan ti th tn dng cng khc nhau. Do , khi m th tn dng, ngi
c nhu cu cn phi xc nh c th loi th tn dng no cn m.
(3) Tn, a ch ca nhng ngi lin quan.
(4) S tin ca th tn dng: y l mt ni dung rt quan trng. Tn n v tin t phi
c th, r rng.
(5) Thi hn hiu lc ca L/C:
L thi hn m ngn hng m L/C cam kt tr tin cho ngi xut khu, nu ngi
xut khu xut trnh b chng t thanh ton trong thi hn v ph hp vi nhng iu
quy nh trong L/C.
Thi hn hiu lc ca L/C bt u tnh t ngy m L/C n ngy ht hiu lc ca
L/C.
(6) Thi hn tr tin ca L/C: Thi hn tr tin c th nm trong thi hn c hiu lc ca
L/C hoc c th nm ngoi thi hn hiu lc ca L/C. Trong trng hp ny phi lu l
hi phiu c k hn phi c xut trnh chp nhn trong thi hn hiu lc ca th tn
dng.
32
33
Advising
bank
Issuing bank
(6)
(2)- L/C
(8)
(5)
(1)
(3)- L/C
Exporter
The beneficiary
(9)
(10)
Importer
The applicant
(4)
)(0)
34
- Nu thy ph hp vi quy nh ca L/C th tin hnh tr tin hoc chp nhn hi phiu
(i vi L/C tr chm).
(8) Ngi xut khu nhn c tin
(9) Ngn hng pht hnh th tn dng trao b chng t cho nh nhp khu v pht lnh i
tin nh nhp khu.
(10) Nh nhp khu kim tra b chng t:
Nu thy ph hp vi quy nh ca L/C th n ngn hng lm th tc thanh ton, ngn
hng pht hnh k hu b chng t cho i nhn hng.
Nu thy khng ph hp vi quy nh ca L/C th nh nhp khu c quyn t chi
thanh ton.
3.3.5. Cc loi th tn dng ch yu:
a/ Th tn dng khng th hu ngang (Irrevocable L/C): L loi th tn dng m sau khi
c m, th Ngn hng pht hnh khng c sa i, b sung hay hy b trong thi hn
hiu lc ca L/C nu khng c s ng thun ca tt c cc bn c lin quan. Trong
thng mi quc t th tn dng ny c s dng ph bin nht.
b/ Th tn dng khng hy ngang, c xc nhn (Confirmed irrevocable L/C): L loi
th tn dng khng hy ngang, c mt ngn hng khc m bo tr tin theo yu cu
ca ngn hng pht hnh th tn dng.
c/ Th tn dng chuyn nhng (Transferable L/C): L loi th tn dng khng hu
ngang, trong cho php ngi hng li th nht chuyn nhng mt phn hay ton b
ngha v thc hin L/C cng nh quyn i tin m mnh c c cho mt hoc nhiu
ngi hng li th hai.
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Chng 4:
+ Tng s tin
+ Ch k ca ngi XK. Ch : ch k ca ngi lp ha n khng nht thit phi
th hin.
4.2. Phiu ng gi (packing list)
L bn k khai tt c hng ha ng trong mt kin hng (thng hng, container,).
Phiu ng gi c lp khi ng gi hng ha. Phiu ng gi c t trong bao b sao
cho ngi mua c th d dng tm thy, cng c khi c trong mt ti gn bn ngoi
bao b.
Phiu ng gi to iu kin cho vic kim hng ha trong mi kin.
Phiu ng gi thng c lp thnh 3 bn:
+ Mt bn trong kin hng cho ngi nhn hng c th kim tra hng trong kin khi
cn, n l chng t i chiu hng ha thc t vi hng ha do ngi bn gi.
+ Mt bn km theo ha n thng mi v cc chng t khc lp thnh b chng t xut
trnh cho ngn hng lm c s thanh ton tin hng.
+ Mt bn cn li lp h s lu.
Ni dung ca phiu ng gi bao gm cc chi tit sau: tn ngi bn v ngi mua, tn
hng, s hiu hp ng, s L/C, tn tu, ngy bc hng, cng bc, cng d, s th t ca
kin hng, trng lng hng ha , th tch ca kin hng, s lng container v s
container,
4.3. T khai hi quan (Entry, Customs Declaration)
L nhng chi tit khai bo ca ch hng cho c quan hi quan thc hin th tc
hi quan khi xut khu hoc nhp khu hng ha.
4.4. Vn n ng bin (Ocean Bill of lading hay Marine Bill of lading thng
c vit tt l B/L):
a. Khi nim:
Vn n ng bin l mt chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin do
ngi chuyn ch (Carrier) hoc i l ca ngi chuyn ch (As only Agent) cp cho
ngi gi hng (Shipper) sau khi xp hng ln tu hoc sau khi nhn hng xp
ln tu.
b. Chc nng ca B/L:
Bill of Lading c ba chc nng c bn sau:
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Th nht: B/L l mt bin lai nhn hng ca ngi chuyn ch pht hnh cho ngi gi
hng lm bng chng l nhn hng t ngi gi hng vi chng loi, s lng v tnh
trng hng ha nh ghi trn vn n.
Th hai: B/L l mt bng chng ca hp ng chuyn ch hng ha gia ngi gi hng
v ngi chuyn ch.
Th ba: Chc nng c bit quan trng: B/L l mt chng t s hu hng ha.
c. Cng dng ca B/L:
T cc chc nng k trn, B/L c th c dng :
* Lm cn c khai hi quan, lm th tc xut nhp khu hng ha.
* Lm ti liu v hng ha km theo trong b chng t thng mi ngi bn gi cho
ngi mua hoc ngn hng nhn thanh ton tin hng.
* Lm chng t mua bn, cm c v chuyn nhng hng ha.
* Lm cn c xc nh s lng hng c ngi bn gi cho ngi mua, da vo
ngi ta ghi s, thng k, theo di vic thc hin hp ng.
d. Phn loi B/L:
Cn c vo ph ch trn vn n, th B/L c th c chia lm 2 loi:
* Vn n hon ho (Clean B/L): l vn n khng c ph ch xu v hng ha v/hoc
bao b.
* Vn n khng hon ho (Unclean B/L): l loi vn n trn ngi chuyn ch c
ph ch xu v tnh trng hng ha v/hoc bao b. i vi cc loi B/L ny, ngn hng
s t chi thanh ton, tr khi c quy nh ring.
Cn c vo tnh trng bc xp hng ha, th B/L c chia lm 2 loi:
* Vn n bc hng ln tu (Shipped on board B/L): l vn n c cp cho ngi
gi hng khi hng ha nm trong khoang tu.
* Vn n nhn hng ch (Received for shipment B/L): l vn n c pht hnh
sau khi ngi chuyn ch nhn hng ch v trc khi hng ha c xp ln tu.
Trn B/L khng ghi r ngy thng hng ha c xp xung tu. Do vy, sau khi hng
ha c xp xung tu, ngi gi hng phi em vn n ny n hng tu i ly vn
n xp hng mi c gi tr thanh ton.
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chng nhn phm cht c th do xng hoc X nghip sn xut hng ha cung cp, cng
c th do c quan kim nghim hng xut khu cp.
4.12. Giy chng nhn v sinh (Sanitary Certificate): Nhng chng t do c quan c
thm quyn ca nh nc cp cho ch hng xc nhn hng ha c p dng cc
bin php x l nhm m bo an ton cho ngi tiu dng v mt dch bnh, su hi,
nm c.... Thng s dng i vi hng ha thc phm nh bnh, ko, ru bia, rau qu,
hi sn ng lnh,
4.13. Giy chng nhn kim dch thc vt: (Phytosanitary Certificate)
Do c quan bo v v kim dch thc vt cp, xc nhn thc phm hoc sn phm
thc vt khng b nhim su bnh, v c coi l ph hp vi nhng quy nh kim dch
thc vt hin hnh ca nc nhp khu.
4.14. Giy chng nhn kim dch ng vt (Veterinary Certificate): Do c quan th y
cp khi hng ha l ng vt hoc c ngun gc ng vt hoc khi bao b ca chng l
ng vt, c kim tra khng mang vi trng gy bnh hoc c tim chng phng
bnh v x l chng cc dch bnh.
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